LG GCA-4040N Service Manual

P/NO : 3828HS1045A
D e c e m b e r, 2003
Printed in Korea

MODEL : GCA-4040N/GWA-4040N

website http://biz.LGEservice.com

e-mail http://www.LGEservice.com/techsup.html

DVD/CD Rewritable Drive

S E RVICE MANUAL

MODEL: GCA-4040N/

G WA - 4 0 4 0 N

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................3

FEATURES........................................................................................................................................................3~4

SPECIFICATIONS...........................................................................................................................................5~10

DISASSEMBLY ...................................................................................................................................................11

1. CABINET .....................................................................................................................................................11

2. MAIN CIRCUIT BOARD...............................................................................................................................11

3. FRONT PANEL............................................................................................................................................11

4. BASE PICK-UP............................................................................................................................................11

EXPLODED VIEW ...............................................................................................................................................12

MECHANICAL REPLACEMENT PARTS LIST.............................................................................................13~15

GLOSSARY...................................................................................................................................................16~17

THE DIFFERENCES OF CD-R/CD-RW DISCS AND GENERAL CD-ROM .................................................18~24

1. Recording Layer...........................................................................................................................................18

2. Disc Specification.........................................................................................................................................18

3. Disc Materials...............................................................................................................................................19

4. Reading Process of Optical Disc..................................................................................................................20

5. Writing Process of CD-R Disc......................................................................................................................21

6. Writing Process of CD-RW Disc...................................................................................................................21

7. Organization of the PCA, PMA and Lead-in Area........................................................................................22

8. Function of PCA and PMA area...................................................................................................................23

9. OPC and ROPC...........................................................................................................................................23

10. Writing Process of DISC ............................................................................................................................24

THE DIFFERENCES OF DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW DISCS AND DVD-ROM................................................25~33

1. Recording Layer...........................................................................................................................................25

2. Disc Specification.........................................................................................................................................26

3. Disc Materials...............................................................................................................................................26

4. Writing Pulse Wave Form of DVD+R...........................................................................................................29

5. Writing Pulse Wave Form of DVD+RW........................................................................................................31

6. Organization of the Inner Drive Area, Outer Drive Area, Lead-in Zone and Lead-out Zone........................32

DESCRIPTION OF DATA PROCESSING.....................................................................................................34~37

1. Data Precessing Flow..................................................................................................................................34

2. Copy Protection and Regional Code Management Block............................................................................35

3. About Prevention the DVD-ROM from to be copy........................................................................................36

4. About the DVD-ROM Regional Code...........................................................................................................37

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE PICK-UP................................................................................................38~39

1. KWS-301A Circuit Diagram..........................................................................................................................38

2. Signal detection of the P/U...........................................................................................................................39

DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT.........................................................................................................................40~42

1. ALPC Circuit.................................................................................................................................................40

2. Focus/Tracking /Sled Servo Circuit..............................................................................................................41

3. Spindle Servo Circuit....................................................................................................................................42

MAJOR IC INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM AND PIN DESCRIPTION .........................................................43~65

TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE......................................................................................................................66~85

BLOCK DIAGRAM ..............................................................................................................................................86

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ......................................................................................................................................87~89

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DIAGRAM .......................................................................................................90~93

ELECTRICAL REPLACEMENT PARTS LIST....................................................................................................94

CAUTION - INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION WHEN OPEN AVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAM.

3

INTRODUCTION

FEATURES

♦ MODEL : GCA-4040N

1. General

1) Enhanced IDE interface.

2) Ultra Slim Type CD-RW/DVD+RW Drive (Height : 12.7 mm)

3) 2 Mbytes buffer memory.

4) Buffer Under Run Preventive function.

5) 3 Way eject support (Software, Open button, Emergency eject).

6) Supports Power saving mode and Sleep mode.

7) Vertical and Horizontal Operation.

8) Ultra DMA Mode2 (33.3Mbytes/s Max.) is supported.

2. Supported disc formats

1) Reads and writes data in each CD-ROM, CD-ROM XA, CD-I, CD-Text, Video CD, and CD-EXTRA

2) Reads data in Photo CD (Single and Multi session).

3) Reads standard CD-DA.

4) Reads and writes CD-R discs conforming to “Orange Book Part 2”.

5) Reads and writes CD-RW discs conforming to “Orange Book Parts 3”.

6) Reads data in each DVD-ROM and DVD-R/RW.

7) Reads and writes in each DVD+R/RW(Ver1.1)

3. Supported write method

1) CD-R/RW : Disc at Once, Session at Once, Track at Once and Packet Write.

2) DVD+R : Disc at Once, Sequential write

3) DVD+RW : Sequential write, Random Write

4. Performance

1) Random access time : CD-ROM 140ms (typical)
DVD-ROM 150 ms (typical)

2) Write speed : CD-R 8x, 12x, 16x

CD-RW 4x, 10x (Ultra Speed CD-RW is supported : 10x)
DVD+R 2.4x, 4x

DVD+RW 2.4x

3) Read speed : CD-ROM / R / RW 24x / 24x / 20x Max.

CD-DA (DAE) 15x Max.

DVD-ROM / R / RW 8x / 6x / 6x Max.

DVD-Video(Single/Dual layer) 6x / 6x Max.

4) Sustained Transfer rate : CD-ROM 3,600 KB/s (24x). Max.
DVD-ROM 11.08 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.

5) Burst Transfer rate : Ultra DMA Mode2, Multi word DMA Mode2, PIO Mode 4.

6) Multimedia MPC-3 compliant

7) Support CD-Text and Write

5. Audio

1) Outputs 16 bit digital data over ATA interface.

2) Equipped with audio line output for audio CD playback

3) Software Volume Control

This service manual provides a variety of service

information.

It contains the mechanical structure of the CD­RW/DVD+RW Drive and the electronic circuits in
schematic form. This CD-RW/DVD+RW Drive was
manufactured and assembled under our strict quality
control standards and meets or exceeds industry
specifications and standards.

This CD-RW/DVD+RW drive is an internal slim
drive unit designed for use with IBM PC, HP Vectra,
or compatible slim notebook computer. It can write
as much as 700 Mbytes of digital data into CD-R/RW

disc, and can read as much as 700 Mbytes of digital
data stored in a CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW disc.

It can write as much as 4.7Gbytes of digital data

into DVD+R/RW disc, and can read as much as

4.7Gbytes of digital data stored in a DVD-ROM,
DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R and DVD+RW disc.

This CD-RW/DVD+RW Drive can easily meet the
upcoming MPC level 3 specification, and its
Enhanced Intelligent Device Electronics (E-IDE) and
ATAPI interface allows Plug and play integration in
the majority of today’s PCs without the need of an
additional interface card.

4

♦ MODEL : GWA-4040N

1. General

1) Enhanced IDE interface.

2) Ultra Slim Type CD-RW/DVD+RW Drive (Height : 12.7 mm)

3) 2 Mbytes buffer memory.

4) Buffer Under Run Preventive function.

5) 3 Way eject support (Software, Open button, Emergency eject).

6) Supports Power saving mode and Sleep mode.

7) Vertical and Horizontal Operation.

8) Ultra DMA Mode2 (33.3Mbytes/s Max.) is supported.

2. Supported disc formats

1) Reads and writes data in each CD-ROM, CD-ROM XA, CD-I, CD-Text, Video CD, and CD-EXTRA

2) Reads data in Photo CD (Single and Multi session).

3) Reads standard CD-DA.

4) Reads and writes CD-R discs conforming to “Orange Book Part 2”.

5) Reads and writes CD-RW discs conforming to “Orange Book Parts 3”.

6) Reads data in each DVD-ROM and DVD-R/RW.

7) Reads and writes in each DVD+R/RW(Ver1.1)

3. Supported write method

1) CD-R/RW : Disc at Once, Session at Once, Track at Once and Packet Write.

2) DVD+R : Disc at Once, Sequential write

3) DVD+RW : Sequential write, Random Write

4) DVD-R : Disc at Once and Incremental Recording

5) DVD-RW : Disc at Once, Incremental Recording and Restricted Overwrite

4. Performance

1) Random access time : CD-ROM 150ms (typical)
DVD-ROM 160 ms (typical)

2) Write speed : CD-R 8x, 12x, 16x

CD-RW 4x, 10x (Ultra Speed CD-RW is supported : 10x)
DVD+R 2.4x, 4x

DVD+RW 2.4x

DVD-R 2x

DVD-RW 1x, 2x

3) Read speed : CD-ROM / R / RW 24x / 24x / 20x Max.

CD-DA (DAE) 15x Max.

DVD-ROM / R / RW 8x / 6x / 6x Max.

DVD-Video(Single/Dual layer) 6x / 6x Max.

4) Sustained Transfer rate : CD-ROM 3,600 KB/s (24x). Max.
DVD-ROM 11.08 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.

5) Burst Transfer rate : Ultra DMA Mode2, Multi word DMA Mode2, PIO Mode 4.

6) Multimedia MPC-3 compliant

7) Support CD-Text and Write

5. Audio

1) Outputs 16 bit digital data over ATA interface.

2) Equipped with audio line output for audio CD playback

3) Software Volume Control

5

SPECIFICATIONS

♦ MODEL : GCA-4040N

1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

- CPU: IBM Compatible Pentium 500MHZ (or faster)

- 128MB Memory or greater

2. SUPPORTING OPERATING SYSTEM

3. GENERAL

1) Host Interface.......................................................................................................................ATAPI compliant

2) Applicable disc formats
DVD DVD-ROM: 4.7GB (Single Layer)

8.5GB (Dual Layer)

DVD-R: 4.7GB (Ver.2.0 for Authoring:read)

4.7GB (Ver.2.0 for General: read)
DVD-RW: 4.7GB (Ver.1.1 read)
DVD+R: 4.7GB/side (Ver. 1.1)
DVD+RW: 4.7GB/side (Ver. 2.1)

CD CD-ROM Mode-1 data disc

CD-ROM Mode-2 data disc
CD-ROM XA, CD-I, Photo-CD Multi-Session, Video CD
CD-Audio Disc
Mixed mode CD-ROM disc (data and audio)
CD-Extra
CD-Text
CD-R (Conforming to “Orange Book Part2”: read & write)
CD-RW (Conforming to “Orange Book Part3”: read & write)

3) Writing method

• For CD-R/RW...........Disc at Once (DAO)

Session at Once (SAO)
Track at Once (TAO)
Packet Writing

• For DVD+R/RW ........Disc at Once

Sequential write
Random Write

* Applied Format depend on Authoring Tool

4) Disc diameter...................................120mm / 80mm (CD only)

5) Data capacity

• User Data/Block DVD-ROM/-R/-RW/+R/+RW ..........2,048 bytes/block

CD (Yellow Book) ......................................2,048 bytes/block(Mode 1 & Mode 2 Form 1)

2,336 bytes/block (Mode 2)
2,324 bytes/block (Mode 2 Form 2)
2,352 bytes/block (CD-DA)

6) RPC (Regional Playback Control) Phase2

7) MTBF

• 60,000 POH at an operating duty of 10% at room temperature.

• DOS 3.1 or higher

• Windows ’98/’2000 /ME/XP or higher

6

4. DRIVE PERFORMANCE

1) Read/Write & Rotational speed

<Read> CD-ROM ........................................................10x ~ 24x (CAV), Approx. 5,150r/min

CD-RW data/CD-I/Video CD..........................8x ~ 20x (CAV), Approx. 4,100 r/min

CD-DA (DAE).................................................6x ~ 15x (CAV), Approx. 3,000 r/min

CD-DA (Audio out).........................................4x ~ 10x (CAV), Approx. 2,000 r/min

DVD-ROM (Single layer)...................3.3x ~ 8x (CAV), Approx. 4,600 r/min

(Dual layer)......................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD-Video(CSS) ...........................................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD-R...................4.7GB..............................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD-RW................4.7GB..............................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD+R..................4.7GB ..............................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD+RW...............4.7GB..............................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

<Write> CD-R..............................................................8x, 12x (ZCLV), 16x (ZCLV)

CD-RW...........................................................4x, 10x (CLV)

DVD+R...........................................................2.4x, 4x (ZCLV)

DVD+RW .......................................................2.4x (CLV)

* Rotational speed (CLV, ZCLV)

CD-ROM/R/RW..............................................1x: Approx. 500(Inside) ~ 210 r/min(Outside)

DVD-R/RW.....................................................1x: Approx. 1,390(Inside) ~ 580 r/min(Outside)

DVD+R/RW....................................................1x: Approx. 1,390(Inside) ~ 580 r/min(Outside)

* Sustained Data Transfer Rate ..........................................150 Kbytes/s (1x)

300 Kbytes/s (2x)
600 Kbytes/s (4x)
1,200 Kbytes/s (8x)
1200 to 3000 Kbytes/s 8x to 20x CAV
1,500 to 3,600 Kbytes/s 10 to 24x CAV

2) Sustained transfer rate

<Read> CD-ROM/R.....................................................1,500 ~3,600 KB/s (24x) Max.

CD-RW ..........................................................1,200 ~ 3,000KB/s (20x) Max.

CD-DA (DAE).................................................900 ~ 2,250KB/s (15x) Max.

DVD-ROM (Single layer) ...................4.6 ~ 11.0 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.

(Dual layer)......................3.3 ~ 8.31 Mbytes/s (6x) Max.

DVD-R/+R......................................................3.3 ~ 8.31Mbytes/s (6x) Max.

DVD-RW/+RW ......4.7GB..............................3.3 ~ 8.31 Mbytes/s (6x) Max.

<Write> CD-R .....................8x , 12x, 16x....................1,200, 1,800, 2,400KB/s (Mode-1)

CD-RW..................4x, 10x ............................600, 1,500 KB/s (Mode-1)

DVD+R..................2.4x, 4x ...........................3.32, 5.54 Mbytes/s

DVD+RW...............2.4x..................................3.32 Mbytes/s

3) Burst transfer rate

Ultra DMA Mode 2..........................................33.3 Mbytes/s Max.

Multiword DMA Mode 2..................................16.6 Mbytes/s Max.

PIO Mode 4....................................................16.6 Mbytes/s Max.

4) Average Access Time

Random Access.............................................140ms Typical(CD-ROM),

150ms Typical(DVD-ROM)

5) Data Buffer Capacity...........................................................2 Mbytes

7

5. POWER REQUIREMENTS

1) Voltage
+5 V DC with +5% tolerance, less than 100 mVp-p Ripple voltage

2) Current

• Maximum ..........................................................................1,600mA under

• Normal Read.....................................................................900mA Typical

• Normal Write.....................................................................950mA Typical

• Standby.............................................................................70mA Max

• Sleep.................................................................................70mA Max

6. AUDIO PERFORMANCE

Item Typical Limit Test Signal Test Condition Note

Output Level

0.7 Vrms

+

10 % 1KHz 0 dB No Filter at 47 kΩ

S/N 80 dB 75 dB 1KHz 0 dB with IHF-A + 20KHz LPF at 47kΩ

THD 0.05 % 0.1 % 1KHz 0 dB with IHF-A + 20KHz LPF at 47kΩ

Channel

70 dB 65 dB 1KHz 0 dB with IHF-A + 20KHz LPF at 47kΩ

Separation

Frequency +

2dB

Response

AUDIO OUT

+

3 dB 20Hz~20KHz 0 dB No Filter at 47 kΩ

8

♦ MODEL : GWA-4040N

1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

- CPU: IBM Compatible Pentium 500MHZ (or faster)

- 128MB Memory or greater

2. SUPPORTING OPERATING SYSTEM

3. GENERAL

1) Host Interface.......................................................................................................................ATAPI compliant

2) Applicable disc formats
DVD DVD-ROM: 4.7GB (Single Layer)

8.5GB (Dual Layer)

DVD-R: 4.7GB (Ver.2.0 for Authoring:read)

4.7GB (Ver.2.0 for General: read)

3.95GB (Ver.1.0 read Only)
DVD-RW: 4.7GB (Ver.1.1 read)
DVD+R: 4.7GB/side (Ver. 1.1)
DVD+RW: 4.7GB/side (Ver. 2.1)

CD CD-ROM Mode-1 data disc

CD-ROM Mode-2 data disc
CD-ROM XA, CD-I, Photo-CD Multi-Session, Video CD
CD-Audio Disc
Mixed mode CD-ROM disc (data and audio)
CD-Extra
CD-Text
CD-R (Conforming to “Orange Book Part2”: read & write)
CD-RW (Conforming to “Orange Book Part3”: read & write)

3) Writing method

• For CD-R/RW...........Disc at Once (DAO)

Session at Once (SAO)
Track at Once (TAO)
Packet Writing

• For DVD+R/RW ........Disc at Once

Sequential write
Random Write

* Applied Format depend on Authoring Tool

• For DVD-R/RW.........Disc at Once

Incremental Recording
Restricted Overwrite(DVD-RW only)

* Applied Format depend on Authoring Tool

4) Disc diameter...................................120mm / 80mm (CD only)

• DOS 3.1 or higher

• Windows ’98/’2000 /ME/XP or higher

9

5) Data capacity

• User Data/Block DVD-ROM/-R/-RW/+R/+RW ..........2,048 bytes/block

CD (Yellow Book) ......................................2,048 bytes/block(Mode 1 & Mode 2 Form 1)

2,336 bytes/block (Mode 2)
2,324 bytes/block (Mode 2 Form 2)
2,352 bytes/block (CD-DA)

6) RPC (Regional Playback Control) Phase2

7) MTBF

• 60,000 POH at an operating duty of 10% at room temperature.

4. DRIVE PERFORMANCE

1) Read/Write & Rotational speed

<Read> CD-ROM ........................................................10x ~ 24x (CAV), Approx. 5,150r/min

CD-RW data/CD-I/Video CD..........................8x ~ 20x (CAV), Approx. 4,100 r/min

CD-DA (DAE).................................................6x ~ 15x (CAV), Approx. 3,000 r/min

CD-DA (Audio out).........................................6x ~ 15x (CAV), Approx. 3,000 r/min

DVD-ROM (Single layer)...................3.3x ~ 8x (CAV), Approx. 4,600 r/min

(Dual layer)......................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD-Video(CSS) ...........................................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD-R...................4.7GB..............................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD-RW................4.7GB..............................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD+R..................4.7GB ..............................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

DVD+RW...............4.7GB..............................2.4x ~ 6x (CAV), Approx. 3,500 r/min

<Write> CD-R..............................................................8x, 12x (ZCLV), 16x (ZCLV)

CD-RW...........................................................4x, 10x (CLV)

DVD+R...........................................................2.4x, 4x (ZCLV)

DVD+RW .......................................................2.4x (CLV)

DVD-R............................................................2x (CLV)

DVD-RW ........................................................1x, 2x (CLV)

* Rotational speed (CLV, ZCLV)

CD-ROM/R/RW..............................................1x: Approx. 500(Inside) ~ 210 r/min(Outside)

DVD-R/RW.....................................................1x: Approx. 1,390(Inside) ~ 580 r/min(Outside)

DVD+R/RW....................................................1x: Approx. 1,390(Inside) ~ 580 r/min(Outside)

* Sustained Data Transfer Rate ..........................................150 Kbytes/s (1x)

300 Kbytes/s (2x)
600 Kbytes/s (4x)
1,200 Kbytes/s (8x)
1200 to 3000 Kbytes/s 8x to 20x CAV
1,500 to 3,600 Kbytes/s 10 to 24x CAV

2) Sustained transfer rate

<Read> CD-ROM/R.....................................................1,500 ~3,600 KB/s (24x) Max.

CD-RW ..........................................................1,200 ~ 3,000KB/s (20x) Max.

CD-DA (DAE).................................................900 ~ 2,250KB/s (15x) Max.

DVD-ROM (Single layer) ...................4.6 ~ 11.0 Mbytes/s (8x) Max.

(Dual layer)......................3.3 ~ 8.31 Mbytes/s (6x) Max.

DVD-R/+R......................................................3.3 ~ 8.31Mbytes/s (6x) Max.

DVD-RW/+RW ......4.7GB..............................3.3 ~ 8.31 Mbytes/s (6x) Max.

<Write> CD-R.....................8x , 12x, 16x....................1,200, 1,800, 2,400KB/s (Mode-1)

CD-RW..................4x, 10x ............................600, 1,500 KB/s (Mode-1)

DVD+R..................2.4x, 4x ...........................3.32, 5.54 Mbytes/s

DVD+RW...............2.4x..................................3.32 Mbytes/s

DVD-R...................2x ....................................2.77 Mbytes/s

DVD-RW................1x, 2x...............................1.37, 2.77 Mbytes/s

10

3) Burst transfer rate

Ultra DMA Mode 2..........................................33.3 Mbytes/s Max.

Multiword DMA Mode 2..................................16.6 Mbytes/s Max.

PIO Mode 4....................................................16.6 Mbytes/s Max.

4) Average Access Time

Random Access.............................................150ms Typical(CD-ROM),

160ms Typical(DVD-ROM)

5) Data Buffer Capacity...........................................................2 Mbytes

5. POWER REQUIREMENTS

1) Voltage

+5 V DC with +5% tolerance, less than 100 mVp-p Ripple voltage

2) Current

• Maximum ..........................................................................1,600mA under

• Normal Read.....................................................................900mA Typical

• Normal Write.....................................................................950mA Typical

• Standby.............................................................................70mA Max

• Sleep.................................................................................70mA Max

6. AUDIO PERFORMANCE

Item Typical Limit Test Signal Test Condition Note

Output Level

0.7 Vrms

+

10 % 1KHz 0 dB No Filter at 47 kΩ

S/N 80 dB 75 dB 1KHz 0 dB with IHF-A + 20KHz LPF at 47kΩ

THD 0.05 % 0.1 % 1KHz 0 dB with IHF-A + 20KHz LPF at 47kΩ

Channel

70 dB 65 dB 1KHz 0 dB with IHF-A + 20KHz LPF at 47kΩ

Separation

Frequency +

2dB

Response

AUDIO OUT

+

3 dB 20Hz~20KHz 0 dB No Filter at 47 kΩ

11

DISASSEMBLY

1. CABINET

A. Release 3 screws (A).
B. Lift up the Cabinet in the direction of arrow (1).

(See Fig.1)

2. MAIN CIRCUIT BOARD

A. Insert and press a rod in the Emergency Eject Hole and

then the CD Tray will open in the direction of arrow (2).
B. Release 2 screws (B).
C. Remove the Main Circuit Board.

3. FRONTP ANEL

A. Remove the Front Panel.(The Front Panel is a snap on

type.)

B. At this time, be careful not to damage the 3 hooks (a) of

the it. (See fig.3)

C. Release 3 screws (C) and remove the Cover Bottom (3).

4. BASE PICK-UP

A. Remove two FPC Cables. At this time, the FPC

connector must be pulled in the direction of Front
carefully.

B. Remove the Base Pick-up (4).

(1)

(A)

(A)

(A)

CABINET

2 HOOKS

HOOKS (a)

FRONT PANEL

COVER BOTTOM

BASE PICK-UP

FPC CONNECTOR

MAIN CIRCUIT BOARD

EMERGENCY EJECT HOLE

Fig.1

Fig.3

Fig.2

Fig.4

(2)

(3)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(2)

(B)

(B)

(4)

12

PBM00(MAIN C.B.A)˚

ABCD

1

2

3

4

5

450

450

450

001

012

011

014

451

451

451

450

450

005

004

003

A02

010

A00

A01

EXPLODED VIEW

ATIP Absolute Time in Pre-groove. With an additional modulation of the “Wobble”, the “Groove” contains a time

code information.

Wobble The pre-groove in the Disc is not a perfect spiral but is wobbled.

With : – A typical amplitude of 30 nm

– A spatial peried of 54~64 µm
CW Continuous Wave. The laser light output is at a constant level.
DOW Direct Over-Write. The action in which new information is recored over previously recorded information in

CD-RW disc.

Overwrite

The action in which new information is recorded over previously recorded information.

(Pre-)Groove

The guidance track in which clocking and time code information is stored by means of an FM
modulated wobble.

Land Land is characterized in the following way:

When radial signals are concerned,land is defined as the area between the grooves.
When HF signal are concerned,land is defined as the area between the marks(pits) in tangential
direction.

Hybrid Disc A Multisession disc of which the first Session is mastered. On a hybrid disc, recorded and

mastered information may co-exist.

Mastered Information,stored as pits on the disc during the manufacturing process of the disc.
Information (when making the master)

OPC Optimum Power Control. Procedure is determined optimum recording power according to CD-

R/RW Media in recording start step.

ROPC Running OPC. The purpose is to continuously adjust the writing power to the optimum power

that is required.
When the optimum power may change because of changed conditions of disc and change in
operating temperature.

Jitter The 16 value of the time variation between leading and trailing edges of a specific (I3 … I11) pit

or land as measured by Time Interval Analysis.
Deviation The difference between a fixed value of Pit length and Land length.
TOC Table Of Contents : in the Lead-in Area the subcode Q-channel contains information about the

Tracks on the disc.
Packet A method of writing data on a CD in small increments.

Writing Two kinds of packets can be written : Fixed-length and Variable-length.
Write The shape of the HF write signal used to modulate the power of the laser.

Strategy The Write Strategy must be used for recordings necessary for disc measurements.
Information Wobble, ATIP, Disc Identification, Write Power, Speed Range OPC Parameters, etc are

Area recorded in the Information area of CD-RW Disc
Finalization The action in which (partially) unrecorded or logically erased tracks are finished and the Lead-in

and/or Lead-out areas are recorded or overwritten with the appropriate TOC subcode.
Logical Erase

A method to remove information from a disc area by overwriting it with an EFM signal containing

mode 0 subcode

A logically erased area is equivalent to an unrecorded
Physical Erase

The action in which previously recorded information is erased by overwriting with a CW laser

output.

After a Physical Erase action, the erased area on the CD-RW disc is in the unrecorded state

again.
Session

An area on the disc consisting of a Lead-in area, a Program area, a lead-out area.
Multi session

A session that contains or can contain more than one session composed Lead-in and Lead-out

GLOSSARY

16

17

The arithmetic sum obtained from a bit stream by allocating the decimal value 1
to ONE and the decimal value-1 to bits set to ZERO.

An optical disk with one or two entrance surface(s), in which each entrance
surface gives access to a different pair of recorded layers.

An optical disk with one or two entrance surface(s), in which each entrance
surface Gives access to different recorded layer.

A trench-like feature of the disc, applied before the recording of any information,
and used to define the track location. The groove is located nearer to the
entrance surface than the so-called land in between the grooves. The recording
is made in the groove.

A non-reversible feature of the recording layer which may take the form of less
reflective area, a pit, or any other type or form that can be sensed by the optical
system. The pattern of marks and spaces represents the data on the disc.

A serial number allocated to physical sectors on the disk.
A continuous part of the information Zone of the disc consisting of a Lead-in or

intro Zone, a Data Zone and a Lead-out or Closure Zone.
A feature of the recording layer represented by any area between two marks

which can be sensed by optical system. The pattern of marks and spaces
represents the Data on the disc.

An annular area of the disk.
The smallest part of a track in the Information Zone that can be accessed

independently of other addressable parts.

Digiatal Sum Value

(DSV)

Dual Layer Disk

Single Layer Disk

Land and Groove

Mark

Physical Sector number

Session

Space

Zone

Sector

The differences of CD-R/CD-RW discs and General CD-ROM

1.Recording Layer

Recordable CD has a wobbled pre-groove on the surface of disc for laser beam to follow track.

2.Disc Specification

Read-only Disc

CD-R and CD-RW Disc

3~1 1T

1.6um

0.4~0.5 um

(Pit)Groove

Land

Track pitch(p)

Radial Direction

Iw

A

O

a

a

Groove

Land

Radial Error Signal

The Groove wobble

Average center

Actual center

CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW

Standard Yellow Book Orange Book II Orange Book III

Record Not available Write once Re-writable

I 11/Itop

> 0.6 > 0.6 0.55 > M11> 0.70

(HF Modulation)
Write Laser Power(mW) 20 - 60 mW 10 - 30 mW
Read Laser Power(mW) < 0.5 mW < 0.7 mW < 1.0 mW

Jitter < 35 nsec < 35 nsec < 35 nsec

Reflectivity (Rtop) 70 % 65 % 15 % ~ 25 %

18

CD-ROM (READ-ONLY DISC)

19

3.Disc Materials

1) CD-ROM disc

Laser Beam

Groove

Substrate
(Polycarbonate)

Organic Dye Layer

Reflective Layer

Protective Layer

Label Printing

2) CD-R disc

Pigment Reflective Layer Color

Phtalocyanine Gold/Silver Yellow/White

Cyanine Gold/Silver Dark Green/Bright Green

Azo Gold/Silver Dark Blue

• It is composed of Silver _ colored aluminum plate and Reflective layer.

• Groove (Pit) of aluminum plate make a track.

• Laser wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (Read): 0.5mW

• Signal is detected by the

difference of reflective beam
intensity between “pit” and

“Land” on the disc.

• It is so-called WORM (Write Once Read Many) CD.

• It is composed of polycarbonate layer, Organic dye layer, Reflective layer, and Protective

layer.Gold/Silver Reflective layer is used to enhance the reflectivity

• According to the kinds of Organic dye layer, it is divided by Green CD, Gold CD, Blue CD.

• Laser Wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (read) : 0.7 mW

• Recording Power : 8x(20~40mW), 12x(30~50mW), 16x(40~60mW).

• When some part of dye layer is exposed to laser heat, it’s color changs black.Therefore, writing and

reading is enabled by the difference of reflectivity between changed part and unchanged part.

• Polycarbonate layer has Pre_Groove which make a Track.

Laser Beam

Pit

Substrate
(Polycarbonate)

Reflective Layer

Protective Layer

Label Printing

20

3) CD-RW Disc

4.

Reading process of Optical Disc

Laser Beam

Groove

Substrate
(Polycarbonate)

Reflective Layer

Dielectric Layer(TL)

Dielectric Layer(UL)

Protective Layer

Label Printing

• It is composed of polycarbonate layer, alloy(silver, arsenic) layer, aluminum reflectivity layer, protective layer.

• An crystalized alloy layer is transformed into noncrystalized by the laser heat. Therefore, writing and reading

is enabled by the difference of reflectivity.

• It is possible to overwrite about 1000 times.

• Laser Wavelength : 780 nm, Laser Power (Read) : 1.0mW

• Recording Power : Erase (3~15mW), Write (10-~30mW)

• When disc rewriting, new data is overwritten previously recorded data.

• Polycarbonate layer has a Pre-Groove which make a track.

Lens

H

D

Beam
Spot

Focusing
Lens

Laser Spot
at Constant
Read Intensity

Reflected
Light
Signal

Laser Spot
Position
(Time)

Previously Recorded Marks

Groove Land Mirror

I

3

I

top

I

11

I

G

I

L

I

0

Numerical aperture: NA=nsinθ,

n: Refractive index

Focus depth : H =

λ

/NA

laser spot diameter : D =

λ

/NA

2

θ

21

5.Writing Process of CD-R Disc

a b c d e f g

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Incident
Laser
Power

(Read)

(Read)

(Write)

Laser Spot
Position
(Time)

a b c d e f g

Laser Spot
Position
(Time)

Laser
Spot

Recorded
Mark

Reflected
Light
Signal

Reflected
Light
Signal

Below "ORP"– Mark Too Short

At Optimum Record Power ("ORP")

Above "ORP" – Mark Too Long

Time

6.Writing process of CD-RW Disc

Write Power

Erase Power

Read Power

Groove

Crystal

Amorphous

Amorphous

Recorded state

(lower reflectivity)

Melting/

quenching

Heating/

gradual cooling

Crystal phase

Erased state

(higher reflectivity)

7.Organization of the PCA, PMA and Lead-in Area

1) Layout of CD-ROM disc

22

Center hole Clamping and Label Area Information Area

Lead-in Area

Lead-in Area

Diameter 15 mm

Diameter 46 mm

Diameter 120 mm

Program Area

Read Only Disc

Lead-out Area

Program Area Lead-out Area

Center hole

Clamping and Label Area

Information Area

PCA PMA

Test Area Count Area

Diameter 15 mm

Diameter 45 mm

Diameter 120 mm

Unrecorded Disc

Tsl-00:35:65 Tsl-00:15:05

Tsl-00:13:25

Tsl

99:59:74
00:00:00

in out

Test Area : for performing OPC procedures.
Count Area : to find the usable area immediately in T.A
Tsl : start time of the Lead-in Area, as encoded in ATIP
PMA : Program Memory Area

Disc Center

Disc Center

2) Layout of CD-R/RW disc

23

8. Function of PCA and PMA area

1) PCA (Power Calibration Area)

• PCA area is used to determine the correct Laser Power for a disc.
– Method 1 : PCA area is divided by a track.
– Method 2 : The previous Calibration value is referred.
– Method 3 : ROPC is used to determine Laser Power value automatically in data writing.

• CD-R Disc can write maximum 99 Tracks but CD-RW Disc can write unlimited tracks because it has a rewritable

function.

2) PMA (Program Memory Area)

• It has a track information (track No, track Start/End time) of every track before writing completed.
– PMA area has the last written point and the next writable point of a disc.
– In case of CD to CD copy, some writer may not write PMA area.

* When Disc is Finalized,

PMA information is transferred to the Lead_In area so that general Driver can read it.

* Because PCA and PMA area exist before Lead-In area, General CD Player or CD-ROM Drive can’t read

these areas.

9. OPC and ROPC

1) OPC (Optimum Power Control)

• This is the first step of writing process, because CD writer has its own laser power value and media have different
writing characteristics,

– This is determined by the Writing characteristic, speed, temperature, and humidity.
– Laser wavelength is determined by the environmental temperature (775~795nm) and Optical Laser Power is

determined by the test and retry.

• Asymmetry and optimum writing Power

– EFM signal Asymmetry is determined by the writing power.

Therefore, Optical Power which has the same value to the preset power value can be estimated by measuring
HF signal Asymmetry on the PCA area.

• Measurement of Asymmetry

* Parameter setting (Beta) : Using AC coupled HF signal before equalization

Beta = (A1+A2)/(A1-A2)

Time

P << Po

Time

P = Po

HF Signal

A1

0

A2

Time

P >> Po

2) ROPC (Running Optimum Power Control)

• Variable primary factor of Optimum Power

– Change of Power sensitivity on the Disc. (limited to 0.05 *Po)
– Wavelength shift of the laser diode due to the operating temperature change.
– Change of the Spot aberration due to the Disc skew,

Substrate thickness, Defocus.

– Change of Disc or Optics conditions due to the long term OPC

==> It is necessary to adjust continuously to obtain the Optimum Power.

• Principle of Running OPC

– To meet the factors mentioned above,

a horizontal _ direction movement of a curve is uesd.

– Beta = f(B-level) = constant on the Recorded Disc
– Procedure of ROPC

a. Reference B-level is determined during OPC Procedure.
b. During Recording, B-level value is controlled to have a close

Reference B-level value.

c. Normalization of B-level is used to eliminate the effect of reflectivity fluctuation.

==> The reflected B-level value is normalized by the disc reflectivity itself.

24

CD-R/RW Media

Write Strategy
Determination

PCA Test Area

Program Area

PMA Area

Lead-In Area

Lead-out Area

OPC

PCA Count Area

ROPC

* Recording Capacity of CD-R/RW (74Minute Recording media)

• (2048 Byte/Sector) X (75 Sector/Second) X (60 Second/Minute) X 74 Minute
= 681,984,000 Bytes = 682 Mbytes

• But the actual recording capacity is about 650 Mbytes. (according to the ISO 9660 standard, approximately
30 Mbytes are used to make directory structure and volume names.)

Incident recording pulse

Reflected recording pulse

Sampled timing B

11T

Sample B-level (Write Power)

Level B

Sampled at timing B

Pwo decided by OPC

Recording Power

Level B with Pwo

normalized to recording power

Sample Disc Reflectivity
(Read power)

10. Writing Process of DISC

25

The differences of DVD-R/RW , DVD+R/R W discs and DVD-ROM

1.Recording Layer

LPP
(Land Pre-Pit)

DVD+R/RW Disc

DVD-R/RW Disc

0.74

um

3

T

0.4 um

DVD-ROM (Read Only Disc)

26

2.Disc Specification

3.Disc Materials

1) DVD-ROM

DVD-ROM

Media T ype

User data capacity

Single-Layer

Read Only

4.7GB

Dual-Layer

Read Only

8.54GB

DVD-R DVD-RW DVD+R DVD+RW

Dye Phase change Dye Phase change

4.7GB 4.7GB 4.7GB 4.7GB

Wavelength

650nm 650nm 650nm 650nm 650nm 650nm

Reflectivity

45~85% 18~30nm 45~85% 18~30% 45~85% 18~30nm

Track pitch

0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74

Minimum pit length

0.4 0.44 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Modulation

>0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6

Channel bit-rate

26.16MHz 26.16MHz 26.16MHz 26.16MHz 26.16MHz 26.16MHz

Wobble Frequency

- - 140KHz 140KHz 817.4KHz 817.4KHz

Addressing

26.16MHz 26.16MHz Wobble & LPP W obble & LPP Wobble(ADIP) Wobble(ADIP)

Read Power (mW)

0.7 0.1 0.7 0.1

Write Power (mW)

- -

JItter

<8% <8% <8% <8% <9% <9%

++

Bonding layer

Polycarbonate

Semi-reflective
Polycarbonate

Reflective layer

Label
Polycarbonate

Label

Bonding layer
Reflective layer

Polycarbonate

<Single Layer >

<Dual Layer >

27

2) Recording format using organic dye material (DVD-R/DVD+R)

* The format that records data through the creation of recorded marks by changing the organic dye material

with a laser beam.

DVD-R

Adhesive layer

Protective layer
Reflective layer

Recording layer(dye)
Disc substrate

DVD+R

Adhesive layer
Protective layer

Reflective layer
Recording layer(dye)

Disc substrate

Adhesive layer

Protective layer

Reflective layer

Dye layer

Substrate

Laser beam

> Disc structure

> Recording Principles

[Recording]
Recording is done by changing the organic dye layer and the substrate with a laser when a strong is
applied to a disc, the temperature of the organic dye material goes up, the dye is decomposed and the
substrate changes at the same time. At this time, a durable bit is created as is the case with a CD-ROM.

[Playback]

Signals are read with the differences of the reflection of a laser from pits.

28

3) Recording format using phase-change recording material (DVD-RW/DVD+RW)

* Data is recorded by changing the recording layer from the amorphous status to the crystalline status, and

played back by reading the difference of the reflection coefficient.

[ Amorphous : Non-crystalline ]

Substrate

Laser beam

Recording data

(Melting/Quick cooling)

Erasing data

(Heating/Gradual cooling)

Data erased state

(High reflection coefficient)

Recorded state

(Low reflection coefficient)

Crystalline status

Amorphous status

DVD-RW

Adhesive layer
Protective layer
Reflective layer

Dielectric layer
Recording layer

(Phase change material)

Dielectric layer
Disc substrate

DVD+RW

Adhesive layer
Protective layer
Reflective layer

Dielectric layer
Recording layer

(Phase change material)

Dielectric layer
Disc substrate

> Disc structure

> Recording principles

[Recording]
When a high-power laser is applied to the recording material, it melts and then becomes amorphous with
a low reflection coefficient when it quickly cools off. When a mid-power laser is applied to heat gradually
the recording material and then gradually cools it off, it becomes crystal with a high reflection coefficient.

[Playback]
A low-power laser is used for playback. The amount of reflected light depends on the status (amorphous
or crystalline) of the recording material. This is detected by an optical sensor.