The VX9100 phone has been designed to operate on the latest digital mobile communication technology, Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA). This CDMA digital technology has greatly enhanced voice clarity and can
provide a variety of advanced features. Currently, CDMA mobile communication technology has been
commercially used in Cellular and Personal Communication Service (PCS). The difference between them is the
operating frequency spectrum. Cellular uses 800MHz and PCS uses 1.9GHz. The VX9100 support GPS Mode, we
usually call it tri-band phone. Also, VX9100 works on Advanced Mobile Phone Service (S-GPS). We call it dualmode phone. If one of the Cellular, PCS base stations is located nearby, Call fail rate of triple-mode phone is less
than dual-mode phone or single-mode phone.
The CDMA technology adopts DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum). This feature of DSSS enables the phone
to keep communication from being crossed and to use one frequency channel by multiple users in the same specific
area, resulting that it increases the capacity 1 0 times more co mpar ed with that in the analog mode currently used.
Soft/Softer Handoff, Hard Handoff, and Dynamic RF power Control technologies are combined into this phone to
reduce the call being interrupted in a middle of talking over the phone.
Cellular and PCS CDMA network consists of MSO (Mobile Switching Office), BSC (Base Station Controller), BTS
(Base station Transmission System), and MS (Mobile Station). The following table lists some major CDMA
Standards.
14.4kbps radio link protocol and inter-band operation
IS-95 adapted for PCS frequency band CDMA20
1xRTT Air Interface
MAS-BS
PCSC-RS
Intersystem operations
Non-signaling data comm.
Speech CODEC
Short Message Service
Packet Data
Position Determination Service (gpsOne)
High Speed Packet Data
CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface
1x EV-DO Inter-Operability Specification for HRPD
s Network Interface
Acces
Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for
High Rate Packet Data Access Terminal
Test Application Specification (TAS) for High Rate
Packet Data Air Interface
The CDMA mobile communication system has a channel hand-off function that is used for collecting the information
on the locations and movements of mobile telephones from the cell site by auto matically controlling several cell site
through the setup of data transmission routes, and then enabling one switching system to carry out the automatic
remote adjustment. This is to maintain continuously the call state through the automatic location co nfirmation and
automatic radio channel conversion when the busy subscriber moves from the service area of one cell site to that of
another by using automatic location confirmation and automatic radio channel conversion functions. The call state
can be maintained continuously by the information exchange between switching systems when the busy subscriber
moves from one Cellular system area to the other Cellular system area.
In the Cellular system, the cell site is a small-sized low output type and utilizes a frequency allocation system that
considers mutual interference, in an effort to enable the re-use of corresponding frequency from a cell site separated
more than a certain distance.
Unlike the time division multiple access (TDMA) or frequency division multiple access (FDMA) used in the band
limited environment, the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system which is one of digital Cellular systems is
a multi-access technology under the interference limited environment. It can process more number of subscribers
compared to other systems (TDMA system has the processing capacity three times greater than the existing FDMA
system whereas CDMA system, about 12~15 times of that of the existing system).
CDMA system can be explained as follows; TDMA or CDMA can be used to enable each person to talk alternately
or provide a separate room for each person when two persons desire to talk with each other at the same time, whereas
FDMA can be used to enable one person to talk in soprano, whereas the other in bass (one of the two talkers can
carry out synchronization for hearing in case there is a bandpass filter function in the area of the hearer). Another
available method is to make two persons to sing in different languages at the same time, space, and frequency when
wishing to let the audience hear the singing without being confused. This is the characteristic of CDMA.
On the other hand, when employing the CDMA technology, each signal has a different pseudo-random binary
sequence used to spread the spectrum of carrier. A great number of CDMA signals share the same frequency
spectrum. In the perspective of frequency area or time area, several CDMA signals are overlapped. Among these
types of signals, only desired signal energy is selected and received through the use of pre-determined binary
sequence; desired signals can be separated, and then received with the correlator used for recovering the spectrum
into its original state. At this time, the spectrums of other signals that have different codes are not recovered into its
original state, and appears as the self-interference of the system.
When employing the narrow band modulation (30kHz band) that is the same as the analog FM modulation system
used in the existing Cellular system, the multi-paths of radio waves create a serious fading. However, in the CDMA
broadband modulation (1.25MHz band), three types of diversities (time, frequency, and space) are used to reduce
serious fading problems generated from radio channels in order to obtain high-quality calls.
Time diversity can be obtained through the use of code interleaving and error correction code whereas frequency
diversity can be obtained by spreading signal energy to wider frequency band. The fading related to normal
frequency can affect the normal 200~300KHz among signal bands and accordingly, serious effect can be avoided.
Moreover, space diversity (also called path diversity) can be realized with the following three types of methods.
First, it can be obtained by the duplication of cell site receive antenna. Second, it can be obtained through the use of
multi-signal processing device that receives a transmit signal having each different transmission delay time and then,
combines them. Third, it can be obtained through the multiple cell site connection (Soft Handoff) that connects the
mobile station with more than two cell sites at the same time.
2.2 Power Control
The CDMA system utilizes the forward (from a base station to mobile stations) and backward (from the mobile
station to the base station) power control in order to increase the call processing capacity and obtain high-quality calls.
In case the originating signals of mobile stations are received by the cell site in the minimum call quality level (signal
to interference) through the use of transmit power con trol on all the mobile stations, the syste m capacity can be
maximized.If th e signal power of mobile station is received too strong, the performance of that mobile station is
improved. However, because of this, the interference on other mobile stations using the same channel is increased
and accordingly, the call quality of other subscribers is reduced unless the maximum accommodation capacity is
reduced.
In the CDMA system, forward power control, backward open loop power control, and closed loop power control
methods are used. The forward power control is carried out in the cell site to reduce the transmit power on mobile
stations less affected by the multi-path fading and shadow phenomenon and the interference of other cell sites when
the mobile station is not engaged in the call or is relatively nearer to the corresponding cell site. This is also used to
provide additional power to mobile stations having high call error rates, located in bad reception areas or far away
from the cell site.
The backward open loop power control is carried out in a corresponding mobile station; the mobile station measures
power received from the cell site and then, reversely increases/decreases transmit power in order to compensate
channel changes caused by the forward link path loss and terrain characteristics in relation to the mobile station in the
cell site. By doing so, all the mobile transmit signals received by the base station have same strength.
Moreover, the backward closed loop power control used by the mobile station is performed to control power using
the commands issued out by the cell site. The cell site receives the signal of each corresponding mobile station and
compares this with the pre-set threshold value and then, issues out power increase/decrease commands to the
corresponding mobile station every 1.25msec (800 times per second). By doing so, the gain tolerance and the
different radio propagation loss on the forward/backward link are complemented.
The bi-directional voice service having variable data speed provides voice communication which employs voice
encoder algorithm having power variable data rate between the base station and the mobile station. On the other hand,
the transmit voice encoder performs voice sampling and then, creates encoded voice packets to be sent out to the
receive voice encoder, whereas the receive voice encoder demodulates the received voice packets into voice samples.
One of the two voice encoders described in the above is selected for use depending on inputted automatic conditions
and message/data; both of them utilize four-stage frames of 9600, 4800, 2400 , and 1200 bits per second for Cellular
and 14400,7200,3600,1800 bits per second for PCS, so PCS provide relatively better voice quality (almost twice
better than the existing cellular system). In addition, this type of variable voice encoder u tilizes adaptive threshold
values on selecting required data rate. It is adjusted in accordance with the size of background noise and the data rate
is increased to high rate only when the voice of caller is inputted.
Therefore, background noise is suppressed and h igh-qu ality voice transmission is possible under the environment
experiencing serious noise. In addition, in case the caller does not talk, data transmission rate is reduced so that the
transmission is carried out in low energy. This will reduce the interference on other CDMA signals and as a result,
improve system performance (capacity increased by about two times).
2.4 Protecting Call Confidentiality
Voice privacy is provided in the CDMA system by means of the private long code mask used for PN spreading.
Voice privacy can applied on the traffic channels only. All calls are initiated using the public long code mask for PN
spreading. The mobile station user may request voice privacy during call setup using the origination message or page
response message, and during traffic channel operation using the long code transition request order.
The Transition to private long code mask will not be performed if authentication is not performed. To initiate a
transition to the private or public long code mask, either the base station or the mobile station send s a long code
transition request order on the traffic channel.
2.5 Soft Handoff
A handoff in which the mobile station commences communications with a new base station without interrupting
communications with the old base station. Soft handoff can only be used between CDMA channels having identical
frequency assignments.
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2.6 Frequency Re-Use and Sector Segmentation
Unlike the existing analog Cellular system, the CDMA system can reuse the same frequency at the adjacent cell.
there is no need to prepare a separate frequency plan. Total interference generated on mobile station signals received
from the cell site is the sum of interference generated from other mobile stations in the same cell site and interference
generated from the mobile station of adjacent cell site. That is, ea ch mobile station signal generates interference in
relation to the signals of all the other mobile stations.
Total interference from all the adjacen t cell sites is the ratio of interference from all the cell sites versus total
interference from other mobile stations in the same cell site (about 65%). In the case of directional cell site, one cell
normally uses a 120°sector antenna in order to divide the sector into three. In this case, each antenna is used only for
1/3 of mobile stations in the cell site and accordingly, interference is reduced by 1/3 on the average and the capacity
that can be supported by the entire system is increased by three times.
2.7 Soft Capacity
The subscriber capacity of the CDMA system is flexible depending on the relation between the number of users and
service classes. For example, the system operator can increase the number of channels available for use during the
busy hour despite the drop in call quality. This type of function requires 40% o f normal call channels in the standby
mode during the handoff, in an effort to avoid call disconnection resulting from the lack of channels.
In addition, in the CDMA system, services and service charges are classified further into different classes so that
more transmit power can be allocated to high class service users for easier call set-up; they can also be given higher
priority of using hand-off function than the general users.
3. Structure and Functions of tri-band CDMA Mobile Phone
The hardware structure of CDMA mobile phone is made up of radio frequency (RF) part and logic part. The RF part
is composed of Receiver part (Rx), Transmitter part (Tx) and Local part (LO). For the purpose of operating on triband, It is necessary dual Tx path, tri Rx path, dual PLL and switching system for band selection. The mobile phone
antenna is connected with the frequency separator which divide antenna input/output signals between Cellular
frequency band (824~894 MHz) and PCS frequency band (1850~1990MHz). Each separated path is linked with the
Cellular duplexer and PCS duplexer. Duplexer carries out separating Rx band and Tx band. The Rx signals from the
antenna are converted into intermediate frequency(IF) band by the frequency synthesizer and frequency down
converter. And then, pass SAW filter which is a band pass filter for removing out image frequency. The IF output
signals that have been filtered is converted into digital signals via Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). In front of the
ADC, switching system is required to choose which band path should be open. The digital signals send to 5
correlators in each CDMA de-modulator. Of these, one is called a searcher whereas the remaining 4 are called data
receivers (fingers). Digitalized IF signals include a great number of call signals that have been sent out by the
adjacent cells. These signals are detected with pseudo-noise sequence (PN Sequence). Signal to interference ratio
(C/I) on signals that match the desired PN sequence are increased through this type of correlation detection process,
but other signals obtain processing gain by not increasing the ratio. The carrier wave of pilot channel from the cell
site most adjacently located is demodulated in order to obtain the sequence of encoded data symbols. During the
operation with one cell site, the searcher searches ou t multi-paths in ac cordance with terrain and building reflections.
On three data receivers, the most powerful 3 paths are allocated for the parallel tracing and receiving. Fading
resistance can be improved a great deal by obtaining the diversity combined output for de-modulation. Moreover, the
searcher can be used to determine the most powerful path from the cell sites even during the soft handoff between the
two cell sites. Moreover, 3 data receivers are alloc ated in order to carry out the de-modulation of these paths. Output
data that has been demodulated changes the data string in the combined data row as in the case of original
signals(deinterleaving), and then, are demodulated by the forward error correction decoder which uses the Viterbi
algorithm.
Mobile station user information send out from the mobile station to the cell site pass through the digital voice
encoder via a mike. Then, they are encoded and forward errors are corrected through the use of convolution encoder.
Then, the order of code rows is changed in accordance with a certain regulation in order to remove any errors in the
interleaver. Symbols made through the above process are spread after being loaded onto PN carrier waves. At this
time, PN sequence is selected by each address designated in each call.
Signals that have been code spread as above are digital modulated (QPSK) and then, power controlled at the
automatic gain control amplifier (AGC Amp). Then, they are converted into RF band by the frequency synthesizer
synchronizing these signals to proper output frequencies.
Transmit signals obtained pass through the duplexer filter and then, are sent out to the cell site via the antenna.
Single Tone : -30dBm at 900 kHz (CELLULAR), -30dBm at 1.25MHz(PCS)
Two Tone : -43dBm at 900 kHz & 1700kHz(CELLULAR), -43dBm at 1.25 MHz & 2.05 MHz (PCS)
1) The Battery pack is keyed so it can only fit one way. Align the groove in the battery pa ck with the rail on the back
of the phone until the battery pack rests flush with the back of the phone.
2) Slide the battery pack forward until you hear a “click”, which locks the battery in place.
5.2 For Adapter Use
1) Plug the adapter into a wall outlet. The adapter can be operated from a 110V source. When AC power is connected
to the adapter.
2) Insert the adapter IO plug into the phone with the installed battery pack.
Red light indicates battery is being charged.. Green light indicates battery is fully charged.
5.3 For Mobile Mount
5.3.1 Installation Position
In order to reduce echo sound when using the Hands-Free Kit, make sure that the speaker and microphone are not
facing each other and keep microphone a generous distance from the speaker.
5.3.2 Cradle Installation
Choose an appropriate flat surface where the unit will not interface with driver’s movement or passenger’s comfort.
The driver/user should be able to access the phone with ease. Using the four self-tapping screws provided, mount the
supplied bracket on the selected area. Then with the four machine screws provided, mount the counterpart on the
reverse side of the reverse side of the cradle. Secure the two brackets firmly together by using the two bracket joint
screws provide. The distance between the cradle and the interface box must not exceed the length of the main cable.
5.3.3 Interface Box
Choose an appropriate flat surface ( somewhere under the dash on the passenger side is preferred ) and mount the IB
bracket with the four self-tapping screws provided. Clip the IB into the IB bracket.
5.3.4. Microphone Installation
Install the microphone either by clipping I onto the sunvisor (driver’s side) or by attaching it to door post (driver’s
side), using a velcro adhesive tape (not included).
Connect the red wire to the car battery positive terminal and the black wire to the car ground. Connect the green wire
to the car ignition sensor terminal. ( In order to operate HFK please make sure to connect green wire to ignition
sensor terminal.) Connect the kit’s power cable connector to the interface box power receptacle.
5.3.5.2 Antenna Cable Connection
Connect the antenna coupler cable connector from the cradle to the external antenna connector. ( Antenna is not
included.)
The TX and RX part employs the Direct-Conversion system. The TX and RX frequencies are respectively
824.04~848.97 and 869.04~893.97 for cellular and 1850~1910 and 1930~1990 for PCS. The block diagram is shown
in [Figure 1-1]. CDMA RF signals received through the antenna are separated by the Diplexer.
RF Signal fed into the low noise amplifier in RFR6500(LNA) through the duplexer. Then, they are fed into Mixer in
RFR6500. In RFR6500, the RF signal is changed into baseband signal directly. Then, this signal is changed into
digital signal by the analog to digital converter (ADC, A/D Converter), and the digital circuit part of the
MSM(Mobile Station Modem) 6550 processes the data from ADC. The digital processing part is a demodulator.
In the case of transmission, RFT6150 receives OQPSK-modulated analog signal from the MSM6550A.
The RFT6150 connects directly with MSM6550A using an analog baseband interface. In RFT6150, the baseband
quadrature signals are upconverted to the Cellular or PCS frequency bands and amplified to provide signal drive
capability to the power amp.
After that, the RF signal is amplified by the Power Amp in order to have enough power for radiation. Finally, the RF
signal is sent out to the cell site via the antenna after going through the duplexer.
The Quintplexer consists of the Rx bandpass filter (BPF), the Tx BPF and the GPS filter (BPF) which has the
function of separating Tx, Rx and GPS signals in the full Triplex system for using the common antenna. The Tx part
BPF is used to suppress noises and spurious out of the Tx frequency band. The Rx BPF is used to receive only Rx
signal coming from the antenna, which is usually called preselector. It’s main function is to limit the bandwidth of
spectrum reaching the LNA and mixer, attenuate receiver spurious response and suppress local oscillator energy. As
a result frequency sensitivity and selectivity of mobile phone increas e. The specification of VX9100 Quintplexer
described below;
z PCS band
TxRxTx to Rx (min)
Pass Band1850.5~1909.5 MHz1930.5~1989.5 MHz
Insertion Loss3.9 dB max4.2 dB max
Return Loss9.5 dB min9.0dB min
Attenuation
z Cellular band
Pass Band824~849 MHz869~894 MHz
Insertion Loss2.6 dB max3.4 dB max
Return Loss9.0 dB min9.0dB min
Attenuation
z GPS band
Pass Band1574.42~1576.42MHz
Insertion Loss1.9 dB m a x
40 dB min
(1930.5~1989.5MHz)
TxRxTx to Rx (min)
40 dB min
(869~894MHz)
(1850.5~1909.5MHz)
(824~849MHz)
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50dB min
55dB min
53 dB (1850.5~1909.5MHz)
40 dB (1930.5~1909.5MHz)
5
5 dB (824~894MHz)
40 dB (869~894MHz)
Return Loss9 min
Isolation150 dB min(Cel
Isolation245 dB min(PCS Tx à GPS)
The RFR6500 has cellular, and PCS LNA, respectively. The characteristics of Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) are low
noise figure, high gain, high intercept point and high reverse isolation. The frequency selectivity characteristic of
mobile phone is mostly determined by LNA.
The specification of VX9100 LNA is described below:
Parameter
Gain-19-203-31415dB
Noise Figure20204.561.31.1dB
Input IP3101051073dBm
1.2.3 GPS LNA(U101)
The characteristics of Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) are low noise figure, high gain, high intercept point and high
reverse isolation. The frequency selectivity ch aracteristic of mobile phone is mostly determined by LNA.
The specification of VX9100 GPS LNA is described below
Low gainMiddle gainHigh gainUnits
CellularPCSCellularPCSCellularPCS
UnitsGPS BandParameter
dB13.1Gain
dB0.77Noise Figure
dBm3.41dB compression point
dBm+7IIP3
1.2.4 RX RF Dual SAW Filter(F100)
The main function of RX RF SAW filter is to attenuate mobile phone spurious frequency, attenuate noise amplified
by the LNA and suppress second harmonic originating in the LNA.