Lennox PS40 Installation Manual

INSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL

US

Portland

Free-Standing

Pellet Stove

Save These Instructions

For Future Reference

P/N 775,228M, Rev. C, 11/2008

Pellet Stoves

Model Winslow™ (PS40)

A French manual is available upon request. Order P/N 775,228CF.

Ce manuel d’installation est disponible en francais, simplement en faire la demande. Numéro de la pièce

775,228CF.

Report No. 050-S-13-2

These appliances must be properly installed and operated in order to prevent the possibility

of a house re. Please read this entire manual before installation and use of this pellet

fuel-burning room heater. Failure to follow these instructions could result in property

damage, bodily injury or even death. Contact your local building or re ofcials

to obtain a permit and information on any installation requirements and

inspection requirements in your area.

WARNINGS

• Hot! Do not touch! The glass and surfaces of this appliance will be
hot during operation and will retain heat for a while after shutting off
the appliance. Severe burns may result.

• Carefully supervise children in the same room as appliance.

• Lennox™ pellet-burning appliances are designed for use as a supple­mental heater. They are not intended for continuous use as a primary
heat source.

IMPORTANT SAFETY AND WARNIING
INFORMATION

READ THIS MANUAL IN ITS ENTIRETY AND UNDER­STAND THESE RULES TO FOLLOW FOR SAFETY

WARNING

Improper installation, adjustment, alteration, ser­vice or maintenance can cause injury or property
damage. Refer to this manual. For assistance or
additional information consult a qualified installer,
service agency or the gas supplier.

WARNING

Do not attempt to alter or modify the construction of
the appliance or its components. Any modification
or alteration may void the warranty, certification
and listings of this unit.

1. DO NOT CONNECT THIS UNIT TO A CHIMNEY FLUE SERVING
ANOTHER APPLIANCE.

2. Do not connect this appliance to air ducts or any air distribu­tion system.

3. DO NOT INSTALL A FLUE DAMPER IN THE EXHAUST VENTING
SYSTEM OF THIS UNIT.

4. Do not use class B venting intended for gas appliances as a
chimney or connector pipe on a pellet-fired appliance.

5. The minimum clearances must be maintained for all com­bustible surfaces and materials including; furniture, carpet,
drapes, clothing, wood, papers, etc. Do not store combustibles
within this clearance space (see Clearances on Pages 6, 7
and 8).

6. INSTALLATION DISCLAIMER - It is imperative that the exhaust
venting system be installed correctly and sealed gas-tight
(not allowing exhaust to leak). Follow the vent manufacturer's
instructions for proper installation. Since Lennox Hearth
Products has no control over the installation of your stove,
Lennox Hearth Products grants no warranty, implied or stated
for the installation or maintenance of your stove and assumes
no responsibility for any consequential damage(s).

7. Burning any kind of fuel consumes oxygen. If outside air is
not ducted to the appliance, ensure that there is an adequate
source of fresh air available to the room where the appliance
is installed.

8. The appliance will not operate using natural draft, nor without
a power source for the blower and fuel feeding systems.

9. Never use gasoline, gasoline-type lantern fuel, kerosene,
charcoal lighter fluid, or similar liquids to start or “freshen
up” a fire in this heater. Keep all such liquids well away from
the heater while it is in use.

10. The authority having jurisdiction such as municipal build­ing department, fire department, fire prevention bureau, etc
should be consulted before installation to determine the need
to obtain a permit.

2

11. APPROVED FUEL: This appliance is designed specifically
for use only with pelletized wood fuels only. This appliance
is designed and approved for the burning of wood residue
pellets with up to 3% ash content. This appliance is NOT
approved to burn cardboard, nut hulls, cherry pits, corn, etc.

.

regardless if it is in pellet form. Failure to comply with this
restriction will void all warranties and the safety listing of
the stove. Consult with your Lennox Hearth Products dealer
for more information on approved pellet fuels.

12. These appliances are designed as supplemental heaters.
Therefore, it is advisable to have an alternate heat source
when installed in a dwelling.

13. CONTINUOUS OPERATION: When operated correctly, this
appliance cannot be overfired. Continuous operation at a
maximum burn can, however, shorten the life of the electri­cal components (blowers, motors and electronic controls)
and is not recommended. Typical approved operation would
include running at the low to mid range setting with occasional
running on the maximum setting during the coldest periods
of the winter. DO NOT OVER-FIRE THIS STOVE. Follow all
instructions regarding the proper use of this stove.

14.CAUTION: NEVER PUT FINGERS NEAR AUGER. Pellet fuel is
fed to the burn-pot by a screw auger. This auger is driven by
a high torque motor. The auger is capable of doing serious
harm to fingers. Keep pellets in the hopper at all times and
keep fingers away from auger. The auger can start and stop
automatically at any time while the stove is running.

15. CAUTION: HOT WHILE IN OPERATION. An appliance hot
enough to warm your home can severely burn anyone touching
it. Keep children, clothing and furniture away. Contact may
cause skin burns. Do not let children touch the appliance.
Train them to stay a safe distance from the appliance.

16. FLY ASH BUILD-UP: For all wood pellet fuel-burning heaters,
the combustion gases will contain small particles of fly-ash.
This will vary due to the ash content of the fuel being burned.
Over time, the fly-ash will collect in the exhaust venting
system and restrict the flow of the flue gases. The exhaust
venting system should be inspected regularly and cleaned
as necessary.

17. SOOT FORMATION: Incomplete combustion, such as occurs
during startup, shutdown, or incorrect operation of the room
heater will lead to some soot formation which will collect in
the exhaust venting system. A precautionary inspection on
a regular basis is advisable to determine the necessity of
cleaning. The exhaust venting system should be inspected
regularly and cleaned as necessary.

18. DISPOSAL OF ASHES: Ashes should be placed in a metal
container with a tight-fitting lid. The closed container of
ashes should be placed on a noncombustible floor or on the
ground, well away from all combustible materials, pending
final disposal. If the ashes are disposed of by burial in soil
or otherwise locally dispersed, they should be retained in
the closed container until all cinders have been thoroughly
cooled.

19. The instructions must be strictly adhered to. Do not use
makeshift methods or compromise in the installation.

20. Do not abuse the door glass by striking, slamming or similar
trauma. Do not operate the stove with the glass removed,
cracked or broken.

21. SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS.

22. See the listing label on the appliance.

CONGRATULATIONS!

When you purchased your new pellet stove, you joined the ranks of
thousands of individuals whose answer to their home heating needs,
aesthetics, efficiency and our environment. We extend our continued
support to help you achieve the maximum benefit and enjoyment available
from your new pellet stove.

It is our goal at Lennox Hearth Products to provide you, our valued
customer, with an appliance that will ensure you years of trouble free
warmth and pleasure.

Thank you for selecting a Lennox Hearth Products stove as the answer
to your home supplemental heating needs.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Important Safety Warnings ................................................... Page.2

Using This Manual ............................................................... Page.3

Planning Your Installation .................................................... Page.4

Selecting Your Location ....................................................... Page.4

Features And Specifications ................................................. Page.5

Stove Dimensions ................................................................. Page.6

Clearances To Combustibles ................................................ Page.6

Hearth Protection ................................................................ Page.8

Vent Termination Requirements ........................................... Page.8

Vent Termination Locations ................................................. Page.9

Installation ..................................................................... Page.10-18

Venting ..................................................................

Fireplace Chimney Installations ..............................

Vertical Vent ............................................................

Mobile Home Installation .......................................

Outside Air .............................................................

Thermostat .............................................................

Door Trim Installation Instructions .........................

Door Grill Installation Instruction ...........................

Brick Panel Installation Instructions .......................

Log Set Installation Instructions ............................

Operation ....................................................................... Page.19-20

Control Board .........................................................

Filling The Hopper ..................................................

Lighting Your Pellet Stove ......................................

Manual Operation ...................................................

Thermostat Operation ............................................

Shut Down .............................................................

Paint Curing ...........................................................

Convection Blower Operation .................................

Operating Sounds ..................................................

Page.10
Page.11
Page.12
Page.12
Page.12
Page.12
Page.13
Page.15
Page.16
Page.18

Page.19
Page.19
Page.19
Page.19
Page.19
Page.20
Page.20
Page.20
Page.20

Pellet Fuel ...............................................................

Corn Fuel ................................................................

Cautions .................................................................

Page.20
Page.20

Page.20

Cleaning and Maintenance .............................................Page.21-25

Burn-Pot Cleaning ..................................................

Cleaning Glass

.......................................................Page.21

Ash Drawer Removal And Cleaning .......................

Cleaning Heat Exchanger .......................................

Cleaning Combustion Blower .................................

Cleaning Flue Gas Passageways .............................

Cleaning Convection Blower ...................................

Cleaning Vent Pipe .................................................

Cleaning “Proof of Fire” Switch ..............................

Front Door Removal ..............................................

Side Door Removal ...............................................

Back Removal And Lower Cover Plate ...................

Page.21

Page.21
Page.22
Page.22
Page.22
Page.23
Page.23
Page.23
Page.24
Page.24

Page.25

Component Location and Functions ...............................Page 25-26

Igniter

Vacuum Switch ....................................................

Auger And Auger Motor .......................................

...................................................................Page.25

Page.25

Page.25
Over Temperature Snap Switch

(Manual Reset) ................................................

Proof Of Fire Snap Switch ......................................

Convection Blower Snap Switch ...........................

Draft Adjuster ........................................................

Wiring Diagram .....................................................

Page.25

Page.25

Page.25

Page.26

Page.26

Diagnostic Codes .............................................................. Page.27

Troubleshooting ................................................................Page.27

Replacement Parts List ..................................................... Page.28

Accessories ......................................................................... Page.29

Product Reference Information ........................................... Page.30

USING THIS MANUAL

Please read and carefully follow all of the instructions found in this
manual. Please pay special attention to the safety instructions provided
in this manual.

PRODUCT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

3

PLANNING YOUR INSTALLATION

Questions To Ask Local Building Official

A correct installation is critical and imperative for reducing fire hazards and
perilous conditions that can arise when wood pellet burning appliances
are improperly installed. The installer must follow all of the manufactur­ers’ instructions.

WARNING

Check all local building and safety codes before
installation. The installation instructions and appro­priate code requirements must be followed exactly
and without compromise. Alterations to the stove are
not allowed. Do not connect the stove to a chimney
system serving another stove, appliance, or any air
distribution duct. Failure to follow these instructions
will void the manufacturers warranty.

Surge Protectors - A surge protector is recommended to ensure the

stove’s electrical components are not damaged due to a surge in the
electrical supply. Only high quality protectors should be used - cheap
ones do not provide the protection needed.

Smoke Detectors - Since there are always several potential sources of
fire in any home, we recommend installing smoke detectors. If possible,
install the smoke detector in a hallway adjacent to the room (to reduce
the possibility of occasional false activation from the heat produced
by these appliances). If your local code requires a smoke detector be
installed within the same room, you must follow the requirements of
your local code. Check with your local building department for require­ments in your area.

Installation / Maintenance Standards - National Fire Protection Associa­tion – The primary NFPA standard that refers to installation and main­tenance of pellet appliances and venting is NFPA 211 – Latest Edition:
Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel appliances.

SELECTING A LOCATION

The installation of this appliance must conform to local codes and appli­cable state and federal requirements. Familiarity with these requirements
before installation is essential. Important considerations to discuss with
local building officials include:

Applicable codes (i.e. Uniform Mechanical Code, State or Regional

1.
Codes).

Electrical codes:

In USA, NEC, ANSI/NFPA 70 – Latest Edition
In Canada, CSA C22.1 – Latest Edition

Power Supply Requirements

The power cord must be plugged into a standard, 120 volt, 60 Hz
grounded electrical outlet. The power supply cord must be routed to
avoid contact with any of the hot or sharp exterior surface areas of the
stove. When installed in a manufactured home, the appliance must be
electrically grounded to the steel chassis (see Page 12, Manufactured
Home Requirements for additional requirements). These requirements
must be met unless otherwise specified by state or local authorities.

Electrical

• The stove requires 120 volts AC for operation.

• Maximum wattage is 700.

• Igniter wattage is 400.

• Normal operating wattage is 300.

Electrical Generator Operation

Your Winslow™ PS40 stove can be powered with a gas driven electrical
generator. However, the generator’s electrical regulator may not be compat­ible with the stove’s electronics. The higher the quality of the generator,
the greater the chance that it is compatible with the stove.

WARNING

Electrical grounding instructions: This appliance is
equipped with a three-prong (grounding) plug for
your protection against shock hazard and should
be plugged directly into a properly grounded three­prong receptacle. Do not cut or remove the ground­ing prong from this plug. Do not route power cord
under or in front of appliance.

2. Local amendments

3. Is a permit required - cost. You may wish to contact your insurance
company to ask if they require this.

4. If outside combustion air is required

5. Rooms where the installation is not allowed

4

The design of your home and where you place your stove will determine
its value as a source of heat. This type of appliance depends primarily on
air circulation (convection) to disperse its heat, and therefore, a central
location is often best. There are other practical considerations, which
must be considered before a final selection of locations is made.

• Existing Chimneys

• Pellet Fuel Storage

• Aesthetic Considerations

• Roof Design (rafter locations & roof pitch)

• Room Traffic

• Proximity to Combustibles

• Electrical Wiring

CAUTION

The body of these appliances are very heavy. The
use of a heavy duty escalara (stair step hand truck)
is recommended for lifting the appliance body.

NEGATIVE PRESSURE WARNING

This appliance is not designed to be operated in a negative pressure. Very
airtight homes with large kitchen exhaust fans, or homes with furnace
cold air returns located in close proximity to the stove may create nega­tive pressure in the same room as the heating appliance. This can create
dangerous condition, drawing combustion by-products into the home. Be
sure your home has adequate makeup air to eliminate negative pressures
caused by the above-mentioned sources. Outside air connected to the
appliance probably will not resolve such a problem as the stove is not the
source of negative pressure. Lennox Hearth Products accepts no liability
for damages resulting from negative pressures described here.

Ventilation Requirements - Provide adequate air for combustion. The

fresh air requirements of this appliance must be met within the space where
it will be installed. Ventilation is essential when using a solid-fuel-burning
heater. In well insulated and weather tight homes, it may inhibit the rate
the exhaust flows through the venting system (caused by a shortage of
air in the home). The lack of air is caused by many common household
appliances which exhaust air from the home (such as a furnace, heat
pump, air conditioner, clothes dryer, exhaust fans, fireplaces, and other
fuel burning appliances). Also, the combustion process of this heater
uses oxygen from inside the dwelling. If the available fresh air delivery
in the dwelling is insufficient to support the demands of these appli­ances, problems can result (i.e. excessive negative pressure will result
in performance problems. To correct this problem it may help to open
a window (preferably on the windward side of the house) or install an
outside combustion air duct to the appliance.

FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS

Installation Options

• Residential

• Vented vertical and horizontal (see venting instructions)

• Manufactured home and mobile home

• Thermostat or manual operation

• Bedrooms

Heating

• Max. feed rate is 4.7 pounds/hour or 39,500 BTU/hour

• Min. feed rate is 1.8 pounds/hour or 15,120 BTU/hour

Venting

This stove is approved for venting with Type L and Type PL pellet vent
pipe listed to UL 641 and ULC S609. We recommend the use of venting
products manufactured by Security Chimneys International.. The flue
collar on the stove accepts 3” diameter pipe.

The combustion air for this stove is drawn through a pipe at the lower
rear of the stove. For mobile home installations a 3” ID flex line or pipe
must be attached to the stove’s air intake to draw air from outside the
house. The vent pipe can be installed vertically or horizontally (see Venting
section for recommended installations).

Wood pellets manufactured to the pellet fuels institute (P.F.I.) certification
standard are available in two grades, Standard and Premium. The primary
difference between the two is the ash content of the pellets.

The P.F.I. specification for standard grade and premium grade residential
pellet fuel is as follows:

• CHLORIDES (Salt): Less than 300 p.p.m. to avoid stove and vent
rusting.

• BULK DENSITY: 40 lb. / Cu. Ft. minimum

• MOISTURE CONTENT: 8% maximum

• ASH CONTENT: < 3% maximum (standard grade) < 1% maximum
(premium grade)

• FINES: 0.5% maximum through a 1/8” screen

• BTU CONTENT: There are a number of variations in pellet fuels that are
not included in PFI standards. For example, BTU (heat value) content
may range from just under 8,000 to almost 9,000 Btu, depending upon
species and region of the country and other variables.

Corn Specifications: Use only clean-shelled corn with a moisture content
less than 15% and approximate fuel value of 7000 BTU/lb (16,200 kJ/kg).
Do not attempt to burn corn with higher moisture content or burn lesser
grade fuels. Do not burn other types of agricultural pellets or by-products
(alfalfa, cherry pits, olive pits, nut shells, etc.) as they are not permitted
to be burned in these appliances.

Note: When installing this stove at altitudes of 4000 feet and above, we
suggest the use of 4” pellet vent.

Thermostat

This stove can be operated manually or with a thermostat.

Lighting

This stove is equipped with an electric self igniter for ease of ignition.

Fuel Specifications

This stove is designed to burn wood pellet fuel. In addition, a corn/wood
pellet mixture, with a maximum of 50 percent corn can be burned. Burning
any other fuel that is not approved for use with this appliance will void the
appliance warranty. IMPORTANT: The corn/wood mix needs to be mixed

evenly before being put in the Winslow™ pellet stove hopper.

Wood Pellet Specifications: This appliance has been designed to burn

wood residue pellets with up to 3% ash content. Dirty fuel will adversely
affect the performance of the stove. Any questions regarding pellet fuel

CAUTION

THE USE OF UNAPPROVED, DIRTY, WET AND/OR
HIGH SALT CONTENT FUEL WILL VOID THE WAR­RANTY!

Weight - 305 pounds

Hopper Capacity - 60 pounds

Listing information

The Winslow™ PS40 stove is safety tested and listed with the following
agencies;

• OMNI-Test Laboratories, Inc., Portland, Oregon to ASTM E 1509

• US EPA List of Approved Wood Heating Appliances

• List of Colorado Approved Pellet Stoves

Appearance Choices

The Winslow PS40 stove can be ordered with the following door trims
and grills, log set and brick panel options:

Door Trim Kits Grill Kits

Black .......................79038 Black ............................ 79000

Gold .......................79034 Gold ............................. 79001

Nickel .....................79037 Nickel .......................... 79002

Brushed Nickel ........79035 Brushed Nickel ............ 79022

Black Nickel ............79036 Black Nickel ................. 79039

Log Set ..............................H5142

Brick Panel Kit ..................... 79030

5

STOVE DIMENSIONS

8

Side ViewFront View

C/L

C/L

31”

(787mm)

26-1/4”

(667mm)

4-1/8” (105mm)

Exhaust

1” (25mm)

Air Intake

C/L

Figure 1

Front View

23-1/4”

(591mm)

Exhaust
3” (76mm) O.D.

Air Intake
3” (76mm) O.D.

Figure 2B

CLEARANCES TO COMBUSTIBLES

Top View

IMPORTANT

• Minimum clearances specified may not allow
for ease of operation and maintenance (please
take this in to account when planning the instal
lation). If installed to the minimum clearances,
removal of the appliance may be necessary for
servicing.

• Recommended clearance zone from the front
of the appliance to combustibles is 4 feet mini
mum.

• Clearances to combustibles for the appliance
can only be reduced by means approved by the
regulatory authority.

INSTALL VENT AT CLEARANCES SPECIFIED BY THE VENT
MANUFACTURER.

-

-

Figure 2A

6

4-5/8” (118mm)

8-7/8” (225mm)

The center of the flue is 8­7/8” above the surface upon
which the stove rests.

Side View

NOTE: DIAGRAMS & ILLUSTRATIONS ARE NOT TO SCALE.

8”

(203mm)

Corner Installations

Left Wall Horizontal Venting

Parallel Installations

Vertical Venting

17-1/4”

(423mm)

3” (76mm)

See Vent Manufactures Clearances

Figure 3

3”

(76mm)

Corner Installations

Right Wall Horizontal Venting

6-3/4”

(172mm)

7”

(178mm)

Figure 6

6”

(152mm)

8”

(203mm)

Top Vent

Horizontal Venting

Figure 4

5-7/8”

(149mm)

Figure 5

7”

(178mm)

Corner Installations

Vertical Venting

5-7/8”

(149mm)

Figure 7

8”

(203mm)

NOTE: DIAGRAMS & ILLUSTRATIONS ARE NOT TO SCALE.

3” (76mm)

7

Stove Base

Firebox Front Edge

Hearth Protection

Outline of Stove Base

Alcove Installations

Minimum Size Hearth Protection

Minimum alcove height is 41” (1041 mm), minimum width is 42-1/4” (1073
mm) and maximum depth is 48” (1219 mm). Note, it is quite difficult to
load pellets into the hopper when installed in an alcove only 41” (1041
mm) high. For alcove wall clearances see parallel clearances below.

41”
(1041mm)

48”

(1219mm)

9-5/8”

(245mm)

28”

(711mm)

7-9/16”

(192mm)

14-1/4”

(362mm)

18-3/8”

(467mm)

33-1/2”

(851mm)

Figure 10

VENT TERMINATION REQUIREMENTS

9-5/8”

(245mm)

10-3/4”

(273mm)

8-7/8”

(225mm)

8-7/8”

(213mm)

7-9/16”

(192mm)

42-1/4”

(1073mm)

Figure 8

HEARTH PROTECTION

The floor protector must be a non-combustible material extending beneath
the stove and to the front and sides as shown below.

3-7/8”

(98mm)

6”

(152mm)

Figure 9

6”

(152mm)

3-7/8”

(98mm)

6”

(152mm)

1. Do not terminate the vent in any enclosed or semi-enclosed areas
such as a carport, garage, attic, crawlspace, narrow walkway, closely
fenced area, under a sundeck or porch, or any location that can build
up a concentration of fumes such as stairwells, covered breezeway,
etc.

2. Vent surfaces can become hot enough to cause burns if touched.
Non-combustible shielding or guards may be required.

3. Termination must exhaust above the inlet elevation. It is recommended
that at least five feet of vertical pipe be installed outside when the
stove is vented directly through a wall. This will create a natural draft
to prevent the possibility of smoke or odor during appliance shut
down or power failure and avoid exposing people or shrubs to high
temperatures.

4. The vent should terminate no less than four feet below, no less than
four feet horizontally from and no less than one foot above doors and
windows, or gravity/ventilation air inlets into the building.

5. The distance between the bottom of termination and grade should be
a minimum of 12” (305 mm). The distance between the bottom of
the termination and a public walkway should be a minimum of seven
feet.

6. Locate the vent termination at least two feet away from combustible
materials such as shrubs, plants, grass, fences, roof overhangs and
adjacent buildings.

8

NOTE: DIAGRAMS & ILLUSTRATIONS ARE NOT TO SCALE.

VENT TERMINATION LOCATIONS

Vent Terminal
Area Where Terminal Is Not Permitted

(From Eave)

Vertical Terminal

Vertical Terminal

Fixed Closed

Able To Open

A

A

B

B

B

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

J

K

L

M

N

24”

(610mm)

B

Air Supply Inlet

24”

(610mm)

A = Clearance above grade, veranda, porch, deck, or balcony (min.

12”/30cm)

B = Clearance to window or door that may be opened (min. 12”/30cm

above - 48”/1.2m below and to the side)
C = Clearance to permanently closed window *(min. 12”/30cm)
D = Vertical clearance to ventilated soffit located above the terminal

within a horizontal distance of *(min. 24”/60cm) from the center-

line of the terminal (min. 22”/55cm) check with local code.
E = Clearance to unventilated soffit *(min. 12”/30cm)
F = Clearance to outside corner *(min. 12”/30cm)
G = Clearance to inside corner *(min. 12”/30cm)
H = Not to be installed above a meter/regulator assembly within *(min.

36”/90cm) horizontally from the centerline of the regulator.
J = Clearance to service regulator vent outlet *(min. 72”/1.8m)
K = Clearance to non-mechanical air supply inlet to building or the

combustion air inlet to any other appliance *(min. 48”/1.2m)

Figure 11

L = Clearance to a mechanical air supply inlet *(min. 120”/3.1m)
M = **Clearance above paved sidewalk or a paved driveway located on

public property *(min. 84”/2.1m)

N = ***Clearance under veranda, porch, deck, or balcony (min.

12”/30cm)

Notes:

* Local codes or regulations may require different clearances.

** A vent shall not terminate directly above a sidewalk or paved

driveway which is located between two single family dwellings
and serves both dwellings.

*** Only permitted if veranda, porch, deck, or balcony is fully open on

a minimum of two sides beneath the floor.

NOTE: DIAGRAMS & ILLUSTRATIONS ARE NOT TO SCALE.

9