LeCroy 9101, 9109, 9100 User Manual
I OPERAToR’s MANUAL I
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MODEL 9100 SERIES
April 1993
[ TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 General Information
Purpose
Unpacking and Inspection
Warranty
Product Asskmnce
Maintenance Agreements
Documentation Discrepancies
Software Licensing Agreement
Service Procedure
2 Product Description
9100 System Description 2-1
9100 Waveform Generation Concept
91 O0 Architecture 2-3
Front Panel Controls, Connections and Indicators 2-11
Rear Panel Controls, and Connections 2-13
Specifications 2-15
$ Operations
Preparation For Use 3-1
Standard Functions 3-3
Arbitrary Waveforms and File Conventions
Defining An Arbitrary Waveform In Terms
OfA Waveform File
Transferring Waveform Data Files Into the
AFG RAM Disk Via GPIB 3--6
Loading the Waveform Files From RAM Disk
Into the Waveform Generator Circuit 3-9
Control Settings Summnry-(amplitude, dock, ...) 3-12
Specifying How the Data Values Are
Convened to Voltage Levels 3-13
Spedfying the Time Per Point 3-14
Specifying The Trigger Mode 3-14
Specifying the Trigger Delay 3-27
Specifying External Triggering 3-27
Using the Filters to Smooth the Waveform 3-27
Disconnecting the Output While the Generator
is Running 3-28
Inverting Channel 1 or 2
Summing Channel 1 and Channel 2 Signals
Using the External Sum Input
Using an External Clock Reference 3-29
Using an External Clock Source 3-29
Synchronizing with Another 9100 Series AFG 3-29
Starting and Stopping the Waveform
1-1
1-I
1-1
1-2
1-9
1-2
1-2
1-3
2-2
3--4
3-5
3-28
3-28
3-28
3-30
I TABLE OF CONTENTS I
Automating the Setup and Loading of Waveforms 3-30
4 Operating Instructions
Control Panel Operation 4-1
Basic Description 4-1
Main Menu Keys
Understanding the 9100/CP Menus 4-11
Entry Changes 4-19
Controlling the Arbitrary Function Generator
with the 9100/CP
Selecting an Arbitrary Waveform 4-23
Selecting a Standard Waveform
Selecting Attributes of Standard Sine 4-26
Selecting Attributes of Standard Square 4--27
Selecting Attributes of Standard Triangle 4-28
Selecting Attributes of Standard Ramp 4-28
Selecting Attributes of Standard Pulse 4-29
Selecting Attributes of Standard DC
Channel 1 Waveform Attributes 4-30
Channel 2 Waveform Attributes 4-33
Controlling the Tunebase 4--33
Trigger Control
Arming and Firing Trigger
Working with Setup Files
Working with Sequence Files
Loading and Linking Waveforms ~ ~3
Executing Waveforms
Aborting Waveforms
Accessing the State of the AFG
4-5
’ 4-22
4-25
4-30
4--37
~ ~0
~ ".0
~ ~2
~ ~5
~ ~5
~ ~5
5 Operating over the GPIB
Genera]
Introduction
Remote Mode
Local Mode
Addressing
Messages
Device Dependent Messages
Message Input Format
Command Format
Command Parameters
General Rules for Commands
IEEE-488 Standard Messages
Receiving the Device Clear Message
Receiving the Trigger Message
5-1
5-1
5-1
5-1
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-3
5-3
5--4
5-5
5-5
5-5
l TABLE OF CONTENTS
Receiving the Remote Message
Receiving the Local Message
Receiving the Local Lockout Messages
Sending Messages
Sending the Require Service Message (SRQ)
Sending the Serial Poll Status Byte
Sending the Secondary Status Bytes
Operation of the Status Bytes
Acronym Guidelines
Programming Command Reference Section
Command Summary
File Handling Commands
File Structures
Setup and Sequence Files
Setup Files
Executing Setup Files
Sequence Files
Executing Sequence Files
Single Waveform Files
Dual Waveform Files
Executing Waveform Files
File Handling Commands
DELETE
END
LEARN_SETUP
LINK
LOAD
RECAIJ~
SEQUENCE
SETUP
STORE
Action Commands
ABORT
ARBITRARY
ARM
CALIBRATE
CI.FAR
GO
NEXT
SELFTEST
STOP
TRIGGER
Channel Parameter Commands
CH 1 AMPLITUDE (CH2_AMPLITUDE)
CH I"FILTER (CH2_FILTER)
5-5
5-5
5-5
5-6
5-6
5-6
5-7
5-7
5-14
5-15
5-18
5-18
5-19
5-19
5-20
5-20
5-21
5-22
5-22
5-23
5-24
5-25
5-26
5-27
5-29
5-30
5-31
5-32
5-33
5-34
5-35
5-36
5-37
5-38
5-39
5-40
5-41
5-42
5-43
5-44
5-45
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CH l_I NVERT (CH2_I NVERT)
CHI OFFSET (CH2_OFFSET)
CHI__.OLrI~UT (CH2_OUTPUT)
CH I_ZERO_REF (CH I_ZERO_REF)
EXTERNAL SUM
SUM_MODI~
Timebase Commands
CLOCK_SOURCE
CLOCK_LEVEL
CLOCK_MODE
CLOCX_RA~
CLOCK_SLOPE
CLOCKPERIOD
CLOCKREFERENCE
Trigger Commands
DELAY MODE
MARKI~R DELAY
TRIGGEI~ ARM SOURCE
TRIGGER_-DELAY
TRIGGER_LEVEL
TRIGGER_MODE
TRIGGER_SLOPE
TRIGGER_SOURCE
Standard Function Commands
STANDARD
SINE
SINE_MODE
SINE_FREQUENCY
SINE CHI PHASE
SINE_-CH2-_PHASE
SQUARE
SQUARE_MODE
SQUARE_FREQUENCY
SQUARE_PHASE
SQUARE_P.ELATIVE_PHASE
TRIANGLE
TRLkNGLE_MODE
TR/ANGLE FREQUENCY
TRIANGLE_PHASE
TRIANGLE_RELATIVE_PHASE
RAMP
RAMP_MODE
RAMP_PERIOD
RAMP_PHASE
5--46
5-47
5-48
5-49
5-50
5-51
5-52
5-53
5-54
5-55
5-56
5-57
5-58
5-59
5-60
5-61
5-62
5--63
5--64
5-65
5--66
5-68
5-69
5-70
5-71
5-72
5-73
5-74
5-75
5-76
5-77
5-78
5-79
5-80
5-81
5-82
5-83
5-84
5-85
5-86
5-87
TABLE OF CONTENTS I
RAMP_RELATIVE_PHASE
PULSE
PULSE_WIDTH
PULSE_PERIOD
PULSE DELAY
PULSE-OPTIMIZE
DC
DC_MODE
Query Type Commands
ACTIVE FILES
FUNCTION
EXIST
DIRECTORY
IDENTIFY
MEMORY
VIEW
Communication Commands
COMM_FORMAT
COMM_HEADER
MASK
STB
TSTB
COMMAND SUMMARY
Figure 5.1 - Heirarchical Structure Of The 9100
Status Bytes
Table 5.1 -Status Byte Bit Assignments
Table 5.2 - Error Codes
Table 5.3 - 9100 GPIB Acronyms
5--88
5-89
5-90
5-91
5-92
5-93
5-94
5-95
5-96
5-97
5--98
5-99
5-101
5-102
5-103
5-105
5-106
5-107
5-108
5-109
5-110
5-9
5-10
5-11
5-14
6 RS--232-Interface
Selecting the RS-232C Interface
Configuring the RS--232C Interface
Using RS-232
Typical RS-232C Dialog
RS-232 Commands
COMM_RS_CONF
COMM_PROMPT
COMM_RS_SRQ
6-1
6-1
6-2
6-3
6--4
6--6
6-7
]TABLE OF CONTENTS I
7 Model 9109
General Description
High Speed Memory
Digital Output Specifications
Reconfiguring the Digital Output
Interconnection Information
Application InformatiOn
9109 Front Panel Diagram
7-1
7-1
7-1
7-4
7-6
7-10
7-12
8 Model 9101
Introduction
Differences Between 9101 and 9100
9101 Front Panel Diagram
9 9100/MM, /MM1,/MM2
Description
U.ing The Memory Expamion Option
Using The Control Memory Image Functions
Learning A CMI File
Deleting A CMI File
Reviewing The Contents ofA CMI File
10 9100/RT
Introduction
Verifying Installation
Functional Description
9100/RT LOAD and LINK Comands
FIFO Memory Commands
External FIFO Loading
FIFO Reading
F..yamples of Operation
External Real-Time Port
Using the 9100/RT Option
Using the External Real-Time Port
Waveform Selection Using BASICA
Specifications
8-1
8-1
8-4
9..-1
9--2
9--3
9-3
9--5
9-6
10-I
10-1
10-2
10-4
1 0-5
10--6
10--8
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-15
10-17
10-19
Appendix I
Index
1
GENERAl, INFORMATION
"
PURPOSE
UNPACKING AND
INSPECTION
WARRANTY LeCroy warrants its instrument products to operate within speci-
This manual is intended to provide instruction regarding the
setup and operation of the covered instruments. In addition, it
describes the theory of operation and presents other information
regarding its functioning and application.
The Service Documentation, packaged separately, should be
consulted for the schematics, parts lists and other materials that
apply to the specific version of the instrument as identified by
its ECO number.
LeCroy recommends that the shipment be thoroughly inspected
immediately upon delivery. All material in the container(s)
should be checked against the enclosed Packing List and shortages reported to the carrier promptIy. If the shipment is damaged in any way, please notify the carrier. If the damage is due
to mishandling during shipment, you must file a damage claim
with the carrier. The LeCroy field service office can help with
this. LeCroy tests all products before shipping and packages all
products in containers designed to protect against reasonable
shock and vibration.
fications under normal use and service for a period of one year
from the date of shipment. Component products, replacement
parts, and repairs are warranted for 90 days. This warranty ex-
tends only to the original purchaser. Software is thoroughly
tested, but is supplied "as is" with no warranty of any kind cov-
ering detailed performance. Accessory products not manufac-
tured by LeCroy are covered by the original equipment manu-
facturers warranty only.
In exercising this warranty, LeCroy will repair or, at its option,
replace any product returned to the Customer Service Depart-
ment or an authorized service facility within the warranty pe-
riod, provided that the warrantor’s examination discloses that
the product is defective due to workmanship or materials and
has not been caused by misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal
conditions or operations.
The purchaser is responsible for the transportation and insur-
ance charges arising from the return of products to the servicing
facility. LeCroy will return all in-warranty products with trans-
portation prepaid.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or im-
plied, including but not limited to any implied warranty of mer-
1-1
General Information
chantability, fitness, or adequacy for any particular purpose or
use. LeCroy shall not be liable for any special, incidental, or
consequential damages, whether in contract, or otherwise.
PRODUCT ASSISTANCE
MAINTENANCE
AGREEMENTS
DOCUMENTATION
DISCREPANCIES
SOFTWARE LICENSING
AGREEMENT
Answers to questions concerning installation, calibration, and
use of LeCroy equipment are available from the SSD Customer
Services Department, 700 Chestnut Ridge Road, Chestnut
Ridge, New York 10977-6499, (914) 578-6020, or your local
field service office.
LeCroy offers a selection of customer support services. For example, Maintenance agreements provide extended warranty that
allows the customer to budget maintenance costs after the initial
warranty has expired. Other services such as installation, training, on-site repair, and addition of engineering improvements
are available through specific Supplemental Support Agreements.
Please contact the Customer Service Department or the local
field service office for details.
LeCroy is committed to providing state-of-the-art instrumenta-
tion and is continually refining and improving the performance
of its products. While physical modifications can be imple-
mented quite rapidly, the corrected documentation frequently
requires more time to produce. Consequently, this manual may
not agree in every detail with the accompanying product and the
schematics in the Service Documentation. There may be small
discrepancies in the values of components for the purposes of
pulse shape, timing, offset, etc., and, occasionally, minor logic
changes. Where any such inconsistencies exist, please be assured that the unit is correct and incorporates the most up-todate circuitry.
Software products are licensed for a single machine. Under this
license you may:
1-2
¯ Copy the software for backup or modification purposes in sup-
port of your use of the software on a single machine.
¯ Modify the software and/or merge it into another program for
your use on a single machine.
¯ Transfer the software and the license to another party if the
other party accepts the terms of this agreement and you relin-
General Information 1
quish all copies, whether in printed or machine readable form,
including all modified or merged versions.
SERVICE PROCEDURE Products requiring maintenance should be returned to an
authorized service facility. If under warranty, LeCroy will repair
or replace the product at no charge. The purchaser is only responsible for the transportation charges arising from return of
the goods to the service facility.
For all LeCroy products in need of repair after the warranty
period, the customer must provide a Purchase Order Number
before any inoperative equipment can be repaired or replaced.
The customer will be billed for the parts and labor for the repair as well as for shipping.
All products returned for repair should be identified by the
model and serial numbers and include a description of the defect or failure; name and phone number of the user. In the
case of products returned, a Return Authorization Number is
required and may be obtained by contacting the Customer gerv-
ice Department in your area.
New York Corporate Headquarters
East Coast Regional Service
New Hampshire
Virginia
New Mexico
California
(914)
(914)
(603)
(703) 368-1033
(505)
(415) 463-2600
425-2000 or
578-6059
627-6303
293-8100
1-3
2
9100 SYSTEM
DESCRIPTION
9100, 9101, 9109
9100R
9100/CP
9100/SW
9100GPIB2
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The LeCroy 9100 Series Arbitrary Function Generators (AFG)
are high performance ATE or benchtop instruments which can
generate either standard or user-defined, complex waveforms
with unparalleled point-to-point resolution. They are fully programmable via either GPIB or RS-232. Wavef6rm creation and
editing software is offered for PC-DOS compatible computers.
The products in the 9100 Series are:
9100 high speed dual channel Arbitrary Function Generator
9101 high speed single channel Aribitrary Function Generator
9109 high speed dual channel Arbitrary Function Generator
with digital outputs.The common elements of the 9100 Series
are described in the early chapters of this manual. Product spe-
cific information for the 9109 and 9101 is located in Chapter 7
and 8 respectively.
The 9100 Series instruments are part of a complete custom
waveform generation system. The main products which support
this system are listed below.
ARBITRARY FUNCTION GENERATOR MAINFRAME. This
is the basic mainframe unit. The standard unit is remotely programmable over GPIB. This unit has local control ONLY
through use of the optional 9100/CP control panel.
9100 REAR PANEL CONNECTOR MAINFRAME. Same as
9100 except all signal input and output connectors are brought
to the rear panel.
9100 HAND-HELD CONTROL PANEL. This is the control
panel which adds local operation of all features of the 9100 with
the exception of waveform file creation, editing and downloading. Metal brackets are included to allow control panel to be
free-standing or attached to side of the 9100 mainframe.
The EASYWAVE® Operating Manual covers the following
products:
EASYWAVE SOFTWARE. An optional software package for
PC-DOS compatible computers which provides easy waveform
creation and editing. This includes creating waveforms from a
simple waveform element library, equations, tabular editing, or
direct acquisition from LeCroy Oscilloscopes. Without this
package waveform files must be created on a host computer
either with a text editor or a user written program and then
downloaded either over GPIB or RS-232.
IBM PC COMPATIBLE GPIB CARD AND SOFTWARE. This
GPIB card and driver software are required to run EASYWAVE
2-1
Product Description
from an IBM XT/AT compatible. Manuals are included with
this for detailed operation of GPIB without EASYWAVE.
Operation of the 9100 AFG via the EASYWAVE software package provides full capability without compromise. All waveforms
may be edited at any time and the 9100 can be operated via a
full-screen interface on the host IBM XT/AT.
NOTE: Waveform editing capability has not been provided in
the 9100 Series mainframe.
Some applications may not need to have waveform creation or
editing facilities on hand at all times. In these cases, after the
waveforms have been created with EASYWAVE (or other user
supplied program) and downloaded to the AFG non-volatile
RAM disk the host computer may be disconnected and the
AFG can be used as a "custom" waveform generator with all
control accessible via the 9100/CP control panel.
Some users may need to use other host computers to operate
their test systems. In this case the basic waveform shapes
needed for testing may be edited using EASYWAVE and downloaded into the 9100 or transferred to the test system host computer.
9100 WAVEFORM
GENERATION CONCEPT
2-2
The 9100 is a signal source whose output voltage as a function
of time .can be programmed via an array of data values and
various control settings. The instrument generates the waveform
by sequentially steppir~g through the array and outputting a volt-
age proportional to each data value for a fixed time interval or
sample period (point). Selecting or specifying the contents
the data array are performed separately from entering the con-
trol settings commands so the user has a great deal of flexibility
in modifying a waveform without having to change its basic
shape (the waveform data array).
A simple way of thinking about the operation of an AFG is
shown in Figure 2.1. Basically, an oscillator clocks a counter
which in turn advances the address applied to a memory. The
memory data value which is stored in the next sequential loca-
tion is then output to the digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Finally the DAC converts the data value to an analog level. As
the counter steps through the memory addresses, the associated
data values are converted by the DAC. This results in a voltage
waveform being output which is proportional to the data array
which resides in the memory.
COUNTER
Product Description 2
SIMPLIFIED AFG
RAM
ADDRESS DATA
DAC
~
Figure 2.1
The 9100 can emulate standard types of generators without the
use of a host computer to edit the data arrays. The available
standard waveforms are sine, square, triangle, ramp, pulse and
DC.
WAVEFORM
OUTPUT
9100 ARCHITECTURE
The 9100 Series mainframe and CP is most easily visualized in
four main blocks (Figure 2.2):
1. RAM DISK
2. INSTRUMENT CONTROL
3. CONTROL PANEL
4. WAVEFORM GENERATOR CIRCUIT
2-3
Product Description
BATTERIES
( REAR PANEL)
35OK BYTE
NON’VOLATILE
STORAGE
USER DEFINED:
¯ WAVEFORM FILES
SETUP FILES
SEQUENCE FILES
RAM DISK
RAM DISK
LeCroy
91001CP
r-, CI D I~ I’~
0 rZ_, 0 ,D ,_-I
, ~ I:l i’ll_ I=l 1:7
:
i_~ ,~ ~_ ~_ ,-,
,..~ I-, O. Ci ,-,
1
The RAM disk is used for storage of the waveform data arrays
which are referred to as "waveform files". The RAM disk is
350Kbytes of non-volatile storage. All waveform files must be
stored in the RAM disk before they (~an be loaded into the
waveform generator circuit.
~........................../
1
RS232 GPIS
REMOTE
CONTROL
INTERNAL BUS
Figure 2.2
EXT TRIG
MANUAL TRIG
SUM
EXT CLK
EXT REF
WAVEFORM
GENERATOR
CIRCUITS
CLK I OUT
CLK2 OUT
8YNC
START
MARKER
CH I OU1
CH 2 OUT
BNC
CONN
B-IOI I
2-4
Depending on the size of the waveform files and the number
that are needed on the RAM disk at any one time, all files may
be kept on the RAM disk so they don’t have to be reloaded
every time they need to be generated or when the unit is pow-
ered on. Other types of files are used for automating the setup
of waveform data and waveform control settings, these are re-
ferred to as "sequence files" and "setup files". All standard file
handling commands are available such as delete, directory, etc.
For summary of file handling commands see Chapter 5,
Product Description 2
INSTRUMENT CONTROL
CONTROL PANEL
WAVEFORM
GENERATOR CIRCUIT
All functions of the instrument are accessible remotely via either
GPIB or RS-232. All details of operation over GPIB are located in Chapter 5 of this manual. The command syntax and
operation over GPIB and RS-232 are identical with a few exceptions outlined in the section covering RS-232.
Once arbitrary waveform files are transferred into the RAM disk
via the GPIB interface or the RS-232, all other operations can
be controlled locally from the control panel. This includes loading waveforms from the RAM disk into the Waveform Generat-
ing Circuit, setting all waveform attributes and executing "sequence files" and "setup files" as well as accessing status sum-
maries. Operation of all standard functions are supported via
the 9100/CP control panel. For complete instructions on operating via the control panel refer to Chapter 4.
This is the block which takes the waveform files and converts
them into an analog waveform. Brief block diagrams are shown
in Figures 2.3 and 2.4. The five main subcircuits are the trigger, time base, waveform memory, digital-to-analog converter,
and signal conditioner.
An understanding of some of the internal architecture will help
explain the response of the analog output to various combina-
tions of output amplitude and offset while in different operating
modes.
Refer to the signal conditioning section of Figure 2.4. Under
ideal circumstances the 9100 will choose the post-amplifier attenuators to achieve the requested amplitude. This allows the am-
plifier to produce large swings. The post amp attenuators attenu-
ate all three aspects of the signal: the signal itself, the offset and
any background noise. To offer extra versatility, there are pre-
amplifier attenuators which may be selected in lieu of or in addition to the post-amplifier attenuators. The preamplifier atte-
nuators attenuate only the signal; any offset or background noise
of the amplifier is not attenuated. When using the preamplifier
attenuators to accommodate large offsets, the apparent Signalto-Noise ratio of the output may decrease slightly.
Amplitude always refers to the peak-to-peak swing at the output
for a digital change of 255 counts in a waveform field. Offset is
the voltage level that will be output when a digital value equal to
the ZREF level is generated by a waveform file. In the following
text ideal calibration of the analog circuits is assumed. In actual
9100 units, the internal calibration will create transitional points
which may differ from the exact values discussed below. This is
normal.
2-5
Product Description
If there is a conflict in requested amplitude and offset settings,
the 9100 always tries to achieve the requested amplitude in pref-
erence to the requested offset. A general guideline relating
maximum offset to requested amplitude is that you can always
achieve an offset of between 8 and 16 times the requested amplitude as long as all points of the waveform are within the
4-5 V limitation (assuming a 50 12 load) of the output amplifier.
To calculate the exact value of maximum offset achievable for a
given amplitude you first divide the requested amplitude into
10 V. This gives you the total attenuation factor that is re-
quired. If this value is less than 32 then the achievable output
levels will be anywhere within the 4-5 V range. For attenuation
factors greater than or equal to 32, divide the required attenu-
ation factor by 32 and choose the next higher power of 2 than
the result. For example, if the division yields a result of 11.32
the next higher power of 2 would be 16. This power of 2 is the
least amount of post-amplifier that will be utilized up to a maxi-
mum of 64 (2^6). The maximum achievable output level
4-5 V divided by post-amplifier attenuation.
In requesting an offset value you should be aware that any point
of the output waveform which exceeds the achievable output
levels due to the combination of amplitude, offset and ZREF
will generate an error message. A clipped or distorted output
may also result from exceeding the maximum output levels.
NOTE: The amplifier will appear to operate, with reduced performance, for levels up to 125% of the calculated maximum
levels.
When the 9100 detects an output programming which exceeds
the maximum levels an warning code of 202 is set into STB4
and bit 4 of STB7 (a warning) is set. The facts described above
can be quickly understood with the following example. Start by
generating any convenient waveform with the 9100 and set the
offset to 4.8 V and ZREF to 127.5. Set the amplitude to 10 V.
Clearly the top half of the waveform is cutoff or clipped due to
the limitation of the amplifier and an error message has been
generated. Reduce the amplitude to 1 V. The output will appear
correct since the amplifier has some usable range beyond the
5 V limitation described above, but an error message will again
be generated. Further reduce the amplitude to 330 inV. At this
point the offset to amplitude ratio is near the maximum achiev-
able value of 16.
A reduction in the requested amplitude to 300 mV requires additional post-amplifier attenuation. As a result, the 300 mV am-
plitude request will allow for only a 2.5 V offset even though
the unit has been requested to generate a 4.8 V offset. An error
2-6
Product Description 2
"
message will be generated. Also at this point the amplifier is
being driven well above its 25% safety margin and the output is
fully saturated; no visible signal appears, only insufficient offset
is perceived. The unit will not indicate the erroneous offset
value if queried, but instead returns the requested offset value.
If the requested amplitude is changed back to 330 mV, then the
9100 will again generate 4.8 V of offset. As a final example, if
the requested amplitude is 40 mV, then the maximum achievable offset is 625 mV.
Similar concerns apply to attenuator selection when sum modes
are utilized. When external sum mode is selected, the sum signal is injected at the input of the output amplifier. To avoid
attenuating the external sum signal, the 9100 chooses to use the
preamplifier attenuators in preference to the post-amplifier atte-
nuators. This tends to cause a slight reduction in signal-to-noise
ratio. However, when the requested amplitude for the internal
generated signal is less than 312 mV, some post-amplifier atte-
nuators are required. This causes the external portion of the
summed signal to be attenuated.
NOTE: No error message is generated.
The 312 mV comes from the fact that the pre-amp attenuators
offer an attenuation factor of 16 and the fine gain control of
the Signal DAC offers a factor of 2 for a total attenuation of 32
without using the post-amplifier attenuators. 10 V divided by 32
equals 312.5 mV.
When the two channels are summed, the summing is dgne at
the preamplifier point of the circuit. To be certain that the cor-
rect gain will be applied to each channel’s contribution to the
summed’ signal you should verify that both channels’ amplitudes
can be generated with the same amount of post-amplifier attenuation. This typically limits the ratio of the two channels’
amplitudes to a value between 16 and 32. A safe method is to
limit the ratio of the two channels’ amplitudes to less than or
equal to 16. If this is not done, then the amplitude contribution
of the lower amplitude channel will be greater than pro-
grammed.
2-7
Product Description
EXT TRIG
I
INPUT
(MANUAL
EXT CLK I
INPUT
tN PUT
COMMAND
~
I
_1__
oo
~..
I INPUT ~ I
sELEcT
I
, [ TRIG I z
TRIGGER
MASTER CLOCK
SYNTHESIZER -’
IMHz - 20OMHz
I 1
TI MEBASE
i
~
I CLKOUT, I
I O~TPOT I
~H ~1
OUTPUT
/
~~
START
MASTER
CLOCK
GATE
STOP
T
END OF
WAVEFORM
CLK OUT 2
OUTPUT I
I
OUTPUT
]
1
GATED
v CLOCK
B-IOI2
2-8
Figure 2.3
Product Description 2
Figure 2.4
2-9
Product Description
LaCroy 9100 ARBITRARY FUNCTION GENERATOR
2-10
"
II
HAN I CHAN
¯ UM 1"2
I I Ill
B-1004
Figure 2.5
FRONT PANEL CONTROLS,
CONNECTIONS AND
INDICATORS
Product Description 2
[] Power Switch Rocker switch that turns AC power on or off.
LED above switch indicates power is on.
[] Manual Trigger Pushbutton: Will cause a single shot trig-
ger when pressed, if it is enabled via trigger source selection. If
held down it will cause continuous triggers at a rate of about 2
per second.
[] Armed LED: Indicates trigger is armed, that is, if a trigger
is received on an enabled trigger source the waveform will be
output. Meaningful only if 9100 is "in a triggered mode (not
free-running) and a waveform is active.
[] GPIB Status LED’s
STATUS LED’s
[] Waveform Output Status LED’s
Talk: Indicates 9100 is currently addressed to talk.
Listen: Indicates 9100 is currently addressed to listen.
SRQ: Indicates 9100 is asserting SERVICE REQUEST.
[] Waveform Active LED: When lit, indicates waveform is
loaded and running.
[] CHAN 1 or CHAN 2 invert LED’s: The waveform for the
indicated channel is inverted if one of these is lit.
[] Self-Test Controls: The self-test is performed automatically
on power-up, and can be invoked at any other time by pressing
the pushbutton to the right of the self-test LED. The self-test
LED is lit when the Model 9100 is performing the self-test. If
the self-test procedure identifies a fault the test-fault LED will
flash temporarily. If the test fault LED is lit steadily, it indicates that the 9100’s CPU has stopped functioning.
[] Battery Low LED: Indicates when the RAM disk back-up
battery is low. When this LED is lit, the batteries should be replaced by an equivalent pair of 3 V lithium cells.
[] Local LED: When lit means the 9100 is being controlled
via the 9100/CP control panel or RS-232. When off, the 9100
is capable of responding to commands from GPIB. The 9100 is
in the local state on power-up.
CHAN 1: Indicates waveform being output on Channel 1. When
blinking an overload has occurred. The overload can be cleared
by enabling the channel’s output.
CHAN 2: Indicates waveform being output on Channel 2. When
2-11
Product Description
blinking an overload has occurred.
SUM 1+2: Indicates that the 2 channels of a dual waveform are
being summed and output on Channel 1 output. A flashing indi-
cation is caused by an overload on the External Sum input. An
overload can be cleared by reasserting the Sum On command.
Input/Output Connectors
[] Keypad Connector: The cable from the 9100/CP plugs into
this connector.
[] CHAN 1 Waveform Output: BNC connector for Channel 1
output. Active when either CHAN 1 LED or SUM 1+2 LED is
lit.
[] CHAN 2 Waveform Output: BNC connector for Channel 2
output. Only active when the CHAN 2 LED is lit.
[] SUM(CH 1): Input connector for summing an external
analog signal in with the signal being generated on Channel 1.
The external sum input must be enabled using the XSUM command or selection on the 9100/CP.
[] TRIGGER/GATE: External trigger or gate input connector.
Acts as trigger or gate input depending on trigger mode selected.
[] MARKER: Timing pulse which can be programmed to be
output in the range from 2 to 1 million clock cycles after receipt
of trigger. The marker output is functional only in Single, Burst,
or Recurrent trigger modes. Note that if the Marker delay is
programmed for a number greater than the sum of the trigger
delay and the total number of points that will be output (includ-
ing segment repetitions, links, and waveform repetitions), no
Marker pulse will be generated. Also, at clock rates greater than
10 MHz, the width of the Marker pulse (nominally 100 nsec)
may be reduced if it is positioned within 100 nsec of the last
point generated.
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[] START: Timing pulse which is output at the beginning of
each iteration of the waveform.
[] SYNC: Is a pulse that occurs approximately 2 clock cycles
after receipt of trigger and is synchronized to the selected clock
source.
REAR PANEL CONNECTIONS
AND CONTROLS
Product Description 2
[] Batteries: This compartment contains 2 Lith-
ium batteries for powering the RAM disk memory. The compartment door is easily opened for
battery replacement.
[] GPIB Connector: Standard IEEE-488
connector.
[] RS-232: 25 pin DIN (panel mounted fe-
male) connector.
[] GPIB Address Configuration Dip-switch:
The right-most 5 switches (bits) are used
set the address. Note the LSB is marked and
is the rightmost bit. A switch in the up posi-
tion is a I and in the down position a 0. The
sixth switch from the right is used to specify
whether the 9100 powers up with the GPIB or
RS-232 as the default active interface. The
last 2 switches are unused.
[] RS-232 Configuration Dip-switch:
This switch is used to set up the RS-232
parameters.
[] AC Power Connector: IEC type.
Figure 2.6
@
[] 115 V FUSE: Used only for 115 V
operation. 3A fuse required.
[] 220 V Fuse: Used only for 220 V
operation. 1.5A fuse required.
[] Line Voltage Selector Switch: This
switch should be properly set before in-
serting line cord into power receptacle.
Upper position for 115 and lower posi-
tion for 220.
[] 9100R BNC Mounting Holes: In
the Model 9100 the blank holes are
covered with metal plugs. In the Model
9100R, the normal front panel signal
BNC connectors are located here and a
special front panel without connectors is
mounted.
2-13
Product Description
[] CLOCK IN REF: A 4 MHz reference oscillator, amplitude
between 1 and 4 V p-p, may be used as the 9100 reference
oscillator instead of the internal crystal. It is input here and the
signal is AC coupled.
[] CLOCK IN EXT: The internal synthesizer may
be bypassed altogether and the 9100 can be driven by a clock
signal that is input to this connector. This input is selected via
the CLOCK SOURCE command.
m
[] CLOCK OUT 1: Ungated clock output at the point rate for
single channel waveforms, or twice the point rate for dual channel waveforms.
[] CLOCK OUT 2: Gated clock output for master-slave op-
eration.
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SPECIFICATIONS
WAVEFORM OUTPUTS Channels: 2
D.C. Accura.cy: 1.0% of level or 1.0% of Full Scale amplitude
or 20 mV (whichever is greater).
Resolution: 8 bits (256 levels).
Dynamic Range: Single or dual channel - 8 bits; Channels
summed - 9 or more bits, depending on wave shape, filtering,
offset requirements.
Total Harmonic Distortion: < -50 dBc for output frequency of
1 MHz or less. < -35 dBc @ 10 MHz, Typically < -38 dBc @
10 MHz for output levels < 5V p p
Spurious and non-harmonic distortion:
Intermodulation distortion: Two tone intermodulation (CHI:
10 MHz, 1 V p-p; CH2:10.25 MHz, 1 Vp p, summed
mode) typical -58 dBc 3rd order; -70 dBc 5th order.
Signal to Noise Ratio:
Full Scale Amplitude
75 mV or greater
30 mV
5 mV 25 dB
S/N specified at 0 V offset, sum mode off.
Maximum Output Voltage: 10 V p-p (4- 5 V) into 50 11,
V p-p into high impedance.
Minimum Output Voltage: 5 mV p-p into 50 fl.
Risetime: <5 nsec, 10% to 90% (no filter)
Overshoot and Ringing: 5% of p-p amplitude, maximum; 3%
of p-p amplitude, typical
Settling Time: 20 nsec to 3% for 5 V transition, including
risetime (filters off).
Offset: Individually programmable for each channel.
Offset Resolution: < 6 mV steps
Offset Accuracy: Same as D.C. accuracy
Product Description 2
<-65 dBc, f < 1 MHz
<-60 dBc, f > 1 MHz
excluding the band within
1 kHz of carrier.
S/N
~45 dB
40 dB
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Product Description
STANDARD FUNCTIONS
(WAVEFORMS)
Maximum Offset Voltage:
External Load: Max. Offset V:
50 n 4-5 V
Open Circuit 4-10 V
Output Smoothing: Built-in filters with programmable cutoff
frequencies: bypassed, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 MHz; 18 riB/octave
(Bessel)
Crosstalk between channels: < I%
Ch I to Ch 2 Phase Accuracy:
Sinewave - Frequency Range: 0.01 Hz to 25 MHz
Frequency Resolution: 0.035%
Squarewave - Frequency Range: 0.01 Hz to 100 MHz
(50 MHz dual channel)
Frequency Resolution: 0.035%
Triangle -
Pulse - (single channel only) Period: 40 nsec to 10 sec; Width:
variable, 5 nsec to 10 sec (not to exceed period); Orientation:
selectable, positive or negative going.
Ramp - Period: 40 nsec to 100 sec; Resolution: 0.035%;
Linearity:--1-1%; Orientation: selectable, positive or negative going.
DC - Generates a D.C. level, the value of which is the offset
level. Accuracy: the greater of 1% or 20 mV.
Frequency Range: 0.01 Hz to 25MHz
Frequency Resolution: 0.035%
Linearity: 4-1%
Internal Summing -I-.5 nsec
Dual Outputs 4-1 nsec
TIME BASE (Clock Rate)
TRIGGER
Modes
2-16
Range: 5 nsec to 20 sec per point
Resolution: 0.035%
Accuracy: 5 ppm, at achievable set points, 230 C,
115 VAC/60 Hz, after 30 minute warmup
Stability: < 0.5 ppm/° C
Continuous: The generator runs continuously at the selected
frequency.
Product Description 2
Recurrent: The waveform is cycled with a programmable delay
of up to 1 million points (1/2 million in dual channel) between
cycles. Number of waveforms per cycle is programmable up to
65,535.
Single: Upon receipt of a trigger, the selected waveform is generated only once. The start of the waveform can be delayed
from the trigger point by up to 1 million points (1/2 million in
dual channel).
Burst: Upon receipt of a trigger, the selected waveform is generated the number of times set into the burst counter, up to
65,535. The start of the burst can be delayed up to 1 million
points (1/2 million in dual channel).
Gated (uses the trigger threshold): Uses a triggered start and
stops at the completion of the current waveform cycle after the
gate closes.
External Trigger Threshold:
Source
Arm Source:
WAVEFORM MEMORY
Slope + or Range-4-2.5 V
Resolution 20 mV (8 bits)
Manual
External
Bus
Auto - Automatically rearms itself.
Bus - Rearmed from the GPIB, RS-232 or the
Control Panel.
Trigger sources and arm sources may be individually enabled or
disabled.Internal triggering is automatically selected in continuous or recurrent trigger modes
Delay: Variable, from four to one million points (2 to 1/2 million in dual channel).
Fast Memory Length: Single Channel - 64 Kpoints; Dual
Channel - 32 kpoints each channel.
Storage Memory Length (RAM Disk): > 350 Kpoints for
waveforms, setup and sequence files.
RAM Disk to Fast Memory Load Rate: 250 msec +0.7 l~sec/
byte.
Front-panel button
External trigger applied via a front panel BNC
Trigger from GPIB, RS-232 or Control Panel
Control Panel Trigger Key
2-17
Product Description
Battery back-up:>3 years (non-rechargable Lithium cells).
Minimum Waveform Length: Nonlinked waveform segment, no
looping - 8 points (4 points for each channel in dual mode);
linked waveforms - Single channel operation - 72 points, Dual
channel operation - 36 points for each channel.
Waveform Length Resolution: Single channel operation - 8
point blocks, Dual channel operation - 4 point blocks.
Waveform Loop Counter: One counter per linked waveform
maximum repetitions - 4095.
OUTPUTS:
Front Panel:
Rear Panel:
INPUTS
Front Panel
Protection: Waveform outputs are protected against applied
voltages to 4-40 V. If an externally applied overvoltage condition is detected, the output relay is opened, the LED for that
channel is flashed and, if enabled, an SRQ is generated on the
GPIB. The condition can be cleared by reconnecting the channel’s output.
Waveform Outputs - Output impedance, 50 12; All Timing
Outputs - Output impedance, 50 12, source 1.5 V peak into
50 12, approximately 75 nsec duration.
Time Marker Output - Settable from two up to one million
clock cycles, referenced to the trigger point.
Sync Output - Occurs at the next Sample Clock edge after
receiving a trigger.
Waveform Start Output - Occurs at the start of the waveform.
Clock Outputs - 0 to -0.8 V into 50 12. Approximately a
square wave. Present in all modes including External Clock.
Protection: The maximum input voltage level for all inputs
should not exceed 5 V.
External Gate/Trigger Input - Impedance: 50 12
Sum Input - Impedance: 50 12. Overload is indicated by flash-
ing Sum 1 + 2 LED. Gain: X 1, 4-5% for >350 mV full scale
output ranges. Bandwidth: >80 MHz at 3 dB
Hand-Held Keypad (Control Panel) Input - DIN connector is provided for attaching the hand-held control panel and
display.
Rear Panel
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External Clock Input - When this input is selected, the inter-
nal clock is deselected and the waveform is generated using the
Product Description 2
external clock. Impedance: 50 12 Threshold: Variable -4-2.5 V,
8 bits resolution.
External Reference Input: Selection of this input causes the
internal clock to phase lock to it. It requires a 4 MHz signal
with 1 to 4 V p-p amplitude into 50 12, AC coupled.
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Product Description
FRONT-PANEL
INDICATORS AND
CONTROLS
Controls
Indicators
Power ON/OFF
Manual Trigger Button
Manual Self Test Button
Hand-held Control Panel (optional)
Power on LED - ON when power is applied to the instrument.
Trigger Armed LED - ON when awaiting a trigger signal.
Waveform Output LED’s: Chan 1: ON when Channel 1 is
turned on; Chan 1 & 2: ON when Channel 1 is being summed
with channel 2. Chan 2: ON when Channel 2 is turned on.
Waveform Active LED: ON when a waveform is being clocked
out of the fast memory to one or both waveform outputs or if
the unit is armed and waiting for a trigger.
GPIB: Talk LED - ON when the instrument is in the talk
mode.
Listen LED - ON when the instrument is in the listen
mode.
SRQ LED - ON when the SRQ line is asserted and the
instrument is awaiting action from a GPIB controller.
Remote - This word is spelled out in the hand-held
control panel display whenever the instrument is put into
remote by a GPIB controller.
Local LED - Located with the keypad input connector,
it indicates when the instrument is in the LOCAL mode
and the hand-held control panel is operative. When it
is not ON, the instrument is in the GPIB remote state.
Self Test LED - ON when a self test or calibrate is in progress.
Test Fault LED - Flashes for 10 seconds when a self test or
calibrate determines there is a fault or steady ON in the event
of a microprocessor failure.
Battery Low LED - ON when the RAM Disk memory backup
battery is too low.
Chan 1, Invert LED - ON when Ch 1 output is inverted.
Chan 2, Invert LED - ON when Ch 2 output is inverted.
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