LC Zappulse2_2SE SERVICE MANUAL

ZAPpulse2.2SpecialEdition

AndZAPpulse2.2Standard

COOKBOOK

Pulse Field

Technology

AssembledandtestedPWMAmplifiermoduleforDIYAudio!

CreditCardsizedfootprint!

[upto580WattsRMSin4Ohms]

ZAPpulseamplifiersrepresentthebestin
PWM(PulseWidthModulation)
amplifiers.Basedonasingleintegrating
modulatorstage,theZAPpulsehasthe
shortestfeedbackdelayofanyPWM
amplifieravailableonthemarket,
allowingforbestpossiblesoundquality.
Thesemodulesareultraefficientatsome
96%oftheappliedpowerisusableaudio
power!Thismeansalmostnoheatsinking

LCAudioTechnologyInc.

isnecessary.Despitethesmallsize
thesemodulesareincrediblyruggedand
willdrive2Ohmsandevenlower
impedanceswithnohazzle!Power
exceeding1kWpermoduleisfully
supported!Theinputstageisfully
balanced,withoutconversioncircuits,so
bothbalancedandunbalancedsignals
areequallyusable.Soundqualityison
levelwithmarketleadingClassAamps!

Content.

ActiveCrossoverwithZAPpulse2.2
BridgeTiedLoad,anddisablingofprotection
CompensatedMode
CompleteAmplifierSchematic

Connectionofinput/output
Connectionofpower

CoolingRequirements
Effectsofswitchingfrequency
Mechanicalproperties
MoreZAPpulsetechtalk
MinimalistSystem
PassiveVolumeControl
PrincipleofOperation
Professionaluse(PA)

supply

19
8
11
14
7
5
17
9
20
4
17
7
3

19
ShoppingList
SurroundSystem
SyncronousMode
TableofOutputpowervs.PowerSupplyVoltage
TechnicalData

1.0

2.2SE

2.1SE

2.0

1.0
ZAPpulseSoundQualityvs.Version ZAPpulseEmissionsvs.Version

1.1

1.1

2.0

2.1SE

MoreInformations:www.lcaudio.com

2.2SE

18
19
16
6
12

IDE

Harddisk

LCAudioTechnologyApS

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

2

2

LCAudioTechnologyInc

PrincipleofOperation.

Inaconventionalamplifiertheinput
signalisamplifiedthroughvarious
analogstagestoaprogressivelyhigher
amplitude.Inthefinalstagesofthe
amplifier,theoutputstage,highcurrent
capabilityisaddedtoenablethe
amplifiertodriveloudspeakerloads.
Whencurrentisdrawnoutoftheoutput
stagetotheload,heatisdissipatedin
theoutputstages,sincetheload
currentmultipliedwiththevoltagedrop
overtheoutputdevicegivesapower
value(ofaverage60%ofthemax.
outputpower)thatneedstodissipatein
heatsinks.60%isnotthepowerloss

Filter

atmaximumoutputpower,butthe
averageheatdissipatedatvarious
outputpowerlevels(exceptverysmall
levelsbelow1W).Soa100Watt
amplifierwillasaverageneedto
dissipate60Wattspowerintoheat
sinks.TheZAPpulseoperatesina
differentway,theoutputdevicesare
eitherofforonwithnosignificant
voltagedrop.Soevenwhentheload
drawlargeamountsofcurrent,thereis
onlyminimalpowertobedissipated.To
controlthesignalamplitude,thepulse
widthoftheoutputsquarewaveis
controlledveryaccurately.

+60V

Gnd

Integrator

Differential
Comparator

+

Aftertheoutputdevicesthesquare
waveneedtobefilteredwithachoke
andcapacitor.Thisfilterregeneratesan
analogsignalthatcanbefedtothe
loudspeakers.Thechokeand
capacitor'squalityisparamountinorder
togetagoodsoundquality,soweuse
anoversized(1.5kW)ultrahighspeed
ferritecorewithsilverconductorand
TEFLONinsulator.Thischokehasa
verylowimpedance(only5milliOhms),
andallowsforagooddampingfactorin
anyspeakerload.Togetanoutput
signalofsay30V,theoutputdevices
aremadetoswitchhigh75%oftime,
and25%oftimelow.Inthiscase

PulseField

Technology

GateDriver

OutputFilter

PowerStage

thePulseWidthis75%.SinceV+toV­voltageis120V,theoutputvoltageseen
fromV-is75%of120V=90Vasseen
fromtheminusrail.Translatingto30V,
aboveGND.(Aswantedinour
example.Operatingfrom+60Vto-60V
allowsforanyoutputvoltageinthis
range,including0V.ThusatotalDC
coupledsystemforhighestpossible
soundperformance.PulseWidth
ModulationisoftenshortenedtoPWM.
AveryimportantstageinaPWM
amplifieristhemodulator.Itcanbe
madeivariousways,withdifferent
properties.Wehaveselectedand
optimizedthebalancedintegratingtype.

Out

Gnd

-60V

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

3

LCAudioTechnologyInc

MoreZAPpulseTechtalk!

TheheartoftheZAPpulseamplifierisa
balancedintegratingPWMmodulator.It
basiclyintegratestheDClevelofone
switchingcycleoftheoutputstage,
includinganyswitchingnoises,slope
differencesetc.Thenthisvalueis
compared,andcorrectedinthenext
switchingcycletocreateanoutput
signalofexactly0Volt.Thiscorrection
isperformedeveryswitchingcycle,
whichisabout500.000timesper
second.

Theinputsignalisinjecteddirectlyinto
theintegratortokeepsignalpathsultra
short.Nosignalconditioning,suchas
DCblocking,HFblockingorother
limitingfactors arepresentonthe
ZAPpulsemodule.Soifthisisrequired
byyourapplication,youhavetoadd
thesefunctionsoutsidethemodule.
Whensignalisappliedtotheinput,the
integratornolongercorrectstheoutput
signallevelto0Volts,buttotheaudio
signal.
Thefeedbackgroupdelayiskeptvery
low,onlyaround1uS,toallowforTIM
freeoperation.Theanalogintegrating
feedbackloophasalowergroupdelay
ofanycompletelydigital(DSPbased)
feedbackloop.Andsinceoutput
switchingnoiseproductsarethesame
nomatterthemodulatortype,the
analogfeedbackloopgivesamuch
betterrejectionofnoiseproductsthana
truedigitalapproach.It'sallabout
speed,andhowfastthenoisecanbe
cancelled.

switchinglosseslowatheavyspeaker
loads.Howeveratlowsignalamplitudes
themainpowerlosscomesfrom
capacitiesintheMOSFET's,so
transitionsareslowedtoreduceEMI,
noiseandidleloss.Thisiscontrolledby
thePulseFieldcircuitintheGatedriver.

Asimplerulesaysthatatnosignal,a
ZAPpulselosessome9.5Wattspower
tocapacitiesintheMOSFET's,andat
fullpoweritlosesanother9.5Wattsto
serialresistance.Soat500Woutyou
onlyhavetodissipatearound19Watts
totheheatsinks.

OnegreatadvantagePWMamplifiers
haveoverconventionalanalog
amplifiersis,thatPWMamplifiershave
exceptionalabilitytoexpandthesound
stagewithaddedsoundlevel.An
analogamplifierwouldtypicallycollapse
thesoundstageathigherlevels,
dependingonthesizeofthepower
supply(whywehavehugepower
supplybanksinallouranalog
amplifiers).ThePWMwillplaywithwide
anddeepsoundstageatanylistening
level,evenwithavery(almosttoo)
smallpowersupply.Wehavemade
testswitha2x250WRMSZAPpulse
amp,runningwithonlytwo2200uF
100Vmaincaps.Anditstillhasplenty
ofbasscontrol,definition,widthand
depth.Opportunitiesforinteresting
experimentsinthisfieldareobvious.

Theoutputsquarewavehasabase
frequencyoftyp.460kHz,andrise
timesofsome10.000V/uS.Theslopes
areminimisedtoaround80nStokeep

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

4

LCAudioTechnologyInc

ConnectionofaPowerSupply

TomakeZAPpulse2.2SEwork,simply
connectatypicalAudioPowerSupply
of+/-35Vto+/-72V.(max.60Vforthe
standardversion).Theoutputpower
dependsonthevoltageofthepower
supply.The2.2standardversionuses
63Vcapacitors,ontheboard,whilethe

2.2SEuses100Vcaps.Thisiswhythe
SEcanbemadetodelivermuchhigher
powersthanthestandardmodules.In
thestandardversion,thesoundquality
ofthemaincapsmustbeconsidered.

+60V

Power
GND

Power
GND

OUT

-60V

Themidrangeandtreblesonic
propertiesofthesecaps,willinteract
withtheoverallsoundperformanceof
theamplifier,sowerecommendusing
veryhighqualitycapswithstandard
modules.WiththeSEmodulesthemid
andhighfrequencyperformanceisfixed
atthehighestlevelbytheBCVishay
seriesRLI136(100uF100V).SoPSU
capsonlyneedtohavegoodbass
props. Alwaysuseshortandheavy

wirebetweenPSUcapsandmodules
(lessthan4-5inches).

SHORT!

SHORT!

SHORT!

Thereisnoneedtousehugecapacitorbanks,like
withClassAorA/Bamplifiers.Almosallthepower
ofthePSUwillbetranslatedtoaudiopower,so
smallercapswillworkjustaswell.10.000uFis
adequatefordriving2channelsatfullpower.

10.000uF
63V

10.000uF

63V

+60V

Power
GND

-60V

ExternalGateDrive.

-60V

SHORT!

SHORT!

SHORT!

+

+

10.000uF
63V

10.000uF

63V

Remove
bubble

+60V

Power
GND

Power
GND

OUT

TheZAPpulse2.2SEmodulehasanon-boardGateDriveregulator.Itderivesit's
voltagefromthenegative-60Vrail(whythenegativerailhasahigherconsumption
thanthepositiverail).Byfeedingaseparategatedrivevoltagefromthepowersupply
(15-20VDC200mA)youcanreducetheidlelossofaZAPpulsemodulefrom9.5W
to5W.Thiswillmakeyouramplifierevencooler!IMPORTANT!TheGatedrivevoltage
(minus)mustbetiedtothe-60VrailNOTtoGND!

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

5

LCAudioTechnologyInc

+60V

Power
GND

GateDrive

-60V

OutputPowervs.PowerSupplyVoltage.

TheOutputpowercanbecalculatedas
afunctionofthemax.signalamplitude,
whichdependsonthesupplyvoltage.
At+/-60VSupplyVoltagetheampcan
ideallydeliver120Vpp.Tocalculatethe
outputpowerweneedtheRMSvalue,
whichissimply120/2pi=120/2,82=
42,6Vrms(inthisexample).
Outputpoweristhencalculatedusing
OhmsLaw:

2

U

P=

R

P=OutputPowerRMS
U=RMSVoltage(42,6)
R=SpeakerImpedance(8)

TransformerACV
2x24VAC
2x27VAC
2x33VAC
2x36VAC
2x40VAC
2x42VAC
2x45VAC
2x50VAC

DCVoltage
+/-32VDC
+/-36VDC
+/-45VDC
+/-49VDC
+/-55VDC
+/-58VDC
+/-62VDC
+/-69VDC

Inthisexample223wattsRMS.
Thiswasidealvalues,inZAPpulsethe

practicalvaluesarecorrectedwitha
seriallossof1-3VDCdependingon
loadimpedance(1V@8Ohms).

At+/-60VDCyouwillgetapractical
outputpowerof:some210WattsRMS.

Seebelowforoutputpowersatother
transformervoltages,andload
impedances.

Bottomtableshowsbridgemode
ZAPpulsemodulesoperatingatvery
highpower!

8OhmsPower
60W
78W
119W
144W
180W
200W
230W
286W

4OhmsPower
106W
137W
222W
266W
340W
380W
438W
548W

YoucanalsoBridge-tieyourspeaker
loadstogethigheroutputpower.For
thisyouneed2ZAPpulsemodulesper
audiochannel.

TransformerACV
2x24VAC
2x27VAC
2x33VAC
2x36VAC
2x40VAC
2x42VAC
2x45VAC
2x50VAC

:Notrecommendedforsafeoperationofmodules.note

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

DCVoltage
+/-32VDC
+/-36VDC
+/-45VDC
+/-49VDC
+/-55VDC
+/-58VDC
+/-62VDC
+/-69VDC

8OhmsPower
219W
286W
448W
542W
682W
758W
879W
1100W

6

4OhmsPower
397W
526W
837W
1019W
1291W
1439W

note
note

LCAudioTechnologyInc

ConnectionofIn-andOutputs.

HereyoucanseehowinputsandoutputsareconnectedtotheZAPpulsemodule.

UnbalancedInput.

+60V

STRIPLINE

Power
GND

-Out

OUT

-60V

+Out

BalancedInput

+60V

STRIP
LINE

1 2

3

OUT

XLRFEMALE
Chassisplugas
seenfromrearside.

IfyouwanttoensuresafeoperationofyourZAPpulsemodule,dontlettheinputwiresclosetoloudspeaker
cable,powerlinecable,powertransformersortheFerritecoil.Dontleavelonginputwiresunconnected.

Power
GND

-60V

-Out

+Out

PassiveVolumecontrol

Potentiometer22klog.

Seenfrom
FRONT

OUT

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

7

LCAudioTechnologyInc

+60V
Power

GND

-60V

-Out

+Out

BridgeTiedLoadanddisablingofProtectionsystem.

ThankstoZAPpulse'struebalancedmodulatoritisveryeasytoBLTthemodules.
Duetotheincreasedloadoneachmodule,youmayexperiencepumpingor
falloutinthesignal,thiscomesfromtheprotectioncircuit.Toavoidpumping
simplydisabletheprotectionsystemasshownbelow.

UnbalancedInput

+60V
Power

GND

SHORTandHEAVY!

OUT

-60V

AddBubble

+60V
Power

GND

+Out

BalancedInput

1 2

3

XLRFEMALE
Chassisplug
asseenfrom
rearside.

AddBubble

OUT

OUT

OUT

-Out

-60V

Thetwobubblesshouldonlybeadded
ifyouwishtodisabletheprotaction
system.

+60V
Power

GND

SHORTandHEAVY!

-60V

+60V
Power

GND

-60V

Thetwobubblesshouldalsobeadded
hereifyouwishtodisabletheprotection
system.

+Out

-Out

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

8

LCAudioTechnologyInc

EffectsoftheSwitchingFrequency.

TheSwitchingFrequencyisthenumber
ofswitchingcyclespersecond.Itis
NOTthesameasthebandwidthofthe
amplifier!Higherswitchingfrequencies
maytheoreticallyleadtohigher
resolutioninthetrebleregions,butmay
alsoaddswitchingnoiseandextra
distortions.Thefreerunningfrequency
ofaZAPpulse2.2SEis460kHz+/-20
kHz.Werecommendleavingthe
moduleinthefreerunningmodeunless
therearespecialfactorsspeakingforan
externalfrequencycontrol.Thismaybe
tohavethemodulerunsyncronously
withaD/Aconverter,orifyouhave
severalchannelsinthesame
enclosure.

Inthiscaseonormoreofthemodules
mayinteractwiththeotherstocreatea
backgroundnoise.Inthiscaseyoucan
syncronizethemoduleswithacommon
clock,toeliminatethehighpitchnoise.
Moreaboutthislater.
Inourexperiencethereisreallyno
incentivetorunthemodulesathigher
frequencies,asitwillmostprobablynot
addtoyoursoundquality.

RemoteShutdown.

+60V
Power

GND

Gnd

Standby

St.By

ZAPpulse2.2SE(ogZAPpulse2.2)canberemotelyturnedonorofftoastandbymode.Instandbythe
moduleishalted,sothemodulatorstops,buttheanalogcircuitsarestillactive.Theconsumptionin
standbymodeisroughly4Wattspermodule.
Toletthemodulerun,donothing.Toturnitoff,connectSt.By.terminaltoGNDwithaswitch,relayor
collectorofanNPNtransistor(1mA).SeveralSt.By.terminalsmaybeconnecteddirectlytoeachother.

OUT

-60V

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

9

LCAudioTechnologyInc

Thisishowsimpleacomplete2x200WattamplifierwithVolumeControlcanbebuilt!
ThecircuitintheupperleftcornerisaDCfiltertoavoidDCvoltageonthepowergrid
tomakethetoroidtransformerproduceamechanicalhum.Afterthetransformerthere
isaPredatorpowersupplywithrectifiersand2x10.000uFcapacitors.Thenthe
2modules,apotentiometer(forVolumeControl)andinputplugs.
Forcoolingisusedthebottomoftheenclosure,herein1mm.Steelplatewithpowder
paint.Thisshowsjusthowlittlecoolingisrequiredforhighpoweroperation.

ThePredatorPowerunitmakesitreallysimpletoconnectmodulestothepowersupply.
APredatorpowersupplyalsohasonboardexternalGateDrivevoltage,shouldyou
wishtousethatoption.

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

10

LCAudioTechnologyInc

CompensatedMode

TheoutputfilterofZAPpulse2.2is
madewithachokeandacapacitor.
Thismeansitisnotonlya12dB/
Octavefilter,butatthecritical
frequency,itisalsoasuctionnetwork.
Thisfrequencyisaround150kHz,and
willcauseasignalpeakofaround12­14dB@8Ohmsload.(6dB@4
Ohms).Completelyoutofaudible
range,butenoughtocausesome
tweeterstosoundsharp,evenif
ZAPpulsehasarulerstraightfrequency
responseto70kHz.

ThisishowCompensated
modeisinduced.Connect
asmallpieceofwirefrom

+IntoSync.

Itisimpossibletoremovethe
resonancecompletely,butyoucan
compensateforthepeak,asshown
below.Withthissmallcompensation,
thefrequencyresponsewillbestraight
fromDCtoaround180KHzwithin3-4
dB.(Seefrequencycurvesonpage13.)

Soincaseyouexperiencealittle
sharpnessinthetreble,thissimple
compensationmaybethesolution.

Youcanalterthecompensationoreven
make1storderlowpassfiltersby
connectingacapacitorfrom+inputto­input.(Resistoris17k0).

Youcanalsoconnecta
100pFcapacitorfrom
+inputto-input(onlyin
caseofunbalancedinput
signal).

Hereshownwith
aZP2.1module.

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

11

LCAudioTechnologyInc

TekniskeData

AbsoluteMaximumRatings

OperatingTemperature..........................................0-70C

StorageTemperature..........................................-10-70C

SupplyVoltagePower.....................................+and-63V

SupplyVoltagePower(2.1SE).......................+and-75V

InputVoltage..........................................................+/-15V

OutputCurrentDC.................................................+/-22A

RepetitiveOutputCurrent<100mS......................+/-44A

DCCharacteristics

LEGALandWARRANTYNOTICE

Useofthisproductisatownriskand
liability.Nolegalliabilityisassumedby
producer,distributor,wholesaleror
anyotherstafforassociateof
LCAudioTechnology.Warrantiescover
anyfailure,occuringwhenproductis
usedwithinmaximumratingsbounds,
andasshownonapplicationnotes.
Ifproductisstressedbeyondthese
limits,thewarrantyisvoid.
WedirectyourattentiontohighEMC
levelsofthisproductmayaffectother
electronicsystems,suchaspacemakers,
lifesupportsystemsinvicinity,TVand
radioreceptionequipment,computers,
andotherelectronicequipment.
Insuchcaseswhereanydisturbances
occur,theriskanddamagesarefully
assumedbytheuseroftheproduct.
Warrantiesdonotcoveranyotheritem
thantheproductitself,evenincases
wherefailurecanbetracedtotheproducer.

Symbol

Vp

Vp

Ip0
Ip0

Ip0
Ip0

Zin
Zout

Parameter
MainSupplyVoltage
MainSupplyVoltage
MainSupplyIdleCurrent

MainSupplyIdleCurrent
MainSupplyIdleCurrent

MainSupplyIdleCurrent

SignalInputLoad

OutputESR

Condition

2.2SE

Fsw=500kHz45V
Fsw=500kHz45V

Fsw=500kHz60V
Fsw=500kHz60V

Vp-<<Vo<<Vp+

Min
35

35

-

-

-

­14,8 17,0

Typ

38

-110
50

-120

6

Max
60

75
60

-142
74

-160
47

10

ACCharacteristics

Symbol

G

GdB GaindB 32 32,7 dB
IN
FmaxLDSignalBandwidth
Fmax

Fmax

Parameter
VoltageGain

Equivalentinputnoise

SignalBandwidth
SignalBandwidth,Comp.

Condition

BWL20-20.000Hz
8Ohms+/-3dB
8Ohms+0-1dB

8Ohms+/-4dB

Min
40

80
60

160

Typ

41,2
32,3

200
91
62

180

Max
43

100
70

200

Units
Volts

Volts

mA

mA

mA

mA

kOhm
mOhm

Units

uV
kHz
kHz

kHz

LoadImpedance

LDD LoadImpedance 5-100.000Hz 2 8 16 Ohms
THD
OD

TotalHarmonicDistorsion
OutputDampingFactor

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

20-20.000Hz

BWL20-20.000Hz
8Ohms

12

2

200

8

0,03
250

LCAudioTechnologyInc

32

tbd
320

Ohms

%

Vp=30V

Typ.IdleConsumption.

PLOSS PLOSS

Watt

Vp=75V

Watt

mA

mA

mA

PLOSS

Vp=45V

Vp=60V

PLOSS

PLOSS

30
28
26
24
22
20

18

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

PLOSS

Watt

30
28
26
24
22
20

18

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

PLOSS

Watt

30
28
26
24
22
20

18

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

PLOSS

mA

FrequencyResponseandTHD

dB

12

9
6
3
0

-3

-6

-9

-12

100k

50

100

200k

200

%THD

0,7
0,5
0,2

0,1
0,05
0,02

100

200

500

FrequencyResponse

(dottedisComp.Mode)

5
2
1

0,1

0,2

0,51k12k25k5

THD+Nvs.OutputPower1kHz8Ohm

10k1020k2050k

30
28
26
24
22
20

18

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

13

LCAudioTechnologyInc

+ +

CompleteAmplifier

UnbalancedInput

LCAudioTechnologyZAPpulse2.2SE

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

14

LCAudioTechnologyInc

+ +

CompleteAmplifier

BalancedInput

LCAudioTechnologyZAPpulse2.2SE

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

15

LCAudioTechnologyInc

SyncMode.

IfyousimplyconnectZAPpulse
modulestoapowersupply,theywillrun
inthefreerunningmode,atsome460
kHz.Thisworksfine,butinsomecases
itisbeneficialtoalterorsyncronizethe
switchingfrequency.Especiallyifyou
haveseveralchannelsinone
enclosure,thesyncmodewillreduce
thetotalEMCnoise,andeliminate
backgroundnoisesfrommagnetic
interferenceinsidetheensclosure.
WeONLYrecommendsync'ingincases
whereyouhave3ormorechannelsin
oneenclosure,at2orlessitissimply

Clock

Generator

GND

NB!Thesyncmodule
shouldonlybegrounded
toinputGNDnot
PowerGND.Remember

3-10Vpp
250kHz­1MHz

toalsoconnectthe
GND'softhetwo
moduleswithSHORT
andHAEVYwires.
(Asshown).

notnecessaryorbeneficial.
Tosyncthemoduleaddasquarewave
orsinewaveofthesync.freq.tothe
sync.input.Eachmodulesloadis22k.
At460Khzthemodulewillsyncata
fewhundredmV,butthefurtherfrom
thisfreq.thehigheramplitudeis
required.At1MHzyoumayneedas
muchas10Vpptosync.Toavoidmode
jumping(sometimesheardasa
cracklingnoiseinthetreblespeakers,
whenplayingathighvolume),youmust
makesurethesyncsignalisremoved
athighvolumes.

+

Gnd

­Sync

+
Gnd

-

Sync

OUT

OUT

+60V
Power

GND

-60V

+60V
Power

GND

-60V

IC1

74HC4060

10

VCC

C2

0.1

GND

OUT

XTALOscillatoreller
LClockXO3

5

1612 8

C3

C4

0.1

10u

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

500kHz

R2
4k72W

D1
4V7

16

+60V

R1
1k

BC548

T2
BC558

0.1

Fsync
OUT

GND

LCAudioTechnologyInc

C1

T1

Thisisarecipeforagoodclockgenerator.
Theamplifierisnotjittersensitive,soyou
canuseanormalmetalcanclockgenerator
of16.9344MHzforinput.Ifyoualsosync
theamplifierswithyourCDplayer,we
recommendusingabetterclock,likeLClock
XO3.
The+60Vcanbeconnecteddirectlywithmain
powersupplyoftheamplifier.(30V-75V
willworkjustfine).

HeatSinking.

Coolingrequirementsdependsonthe
appliedsupplyvoltage,asmostofthe
heatisgeneratedinidlemode,withno
load.Ifyouwanttobesuretohave
appropriatecooling,simplyuseaA5
size(½Letter)sizealuminumsheetper
module.Butlesswillmostprobablydo.
A200Wattstereoamplifiercanbe
cooledjustusingthebottomofathin
steelsheet19"Rackenclosure(42x30
cm).Evenplayingatfullpowerfor
extendedperiodswillnotthermally
overloadtheZAPpulseamplifier.
Sotheobviouscoolingsolutionwould

mostoftenbetoplacethemoduleson
theenclosurefloororsidewalls.
Withsmallerpowersuppliesof+/-35­40Vwhichgivespowersof50-80
Wattsin8Ohms,noheatsinkingor
cabinetfasteningiscalledforatall.
Notallpowerisdissipatedintheheat
sink,some3Wattsaredissipatedinthe
powerresistorsontheboard,and1-2
Wattsinthefilterchokealldepending
onsignalload.

Athermalprotectioncircuitwillshutthe
moduledownataround100deg.C.

MinimalistSystem...

ToruntheZAPpule2.2SEmoduleonly
requirein/outplugs,apairofcapacitors,
rectifierandatransformer.

Eventhedescriptionisminimalistic:-)

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

17

Hereshownabovea200Wattmono
block.Theheat
sinkshownhereisvastlyoversized.

LCAudioTechnologyInc

PredatorSEisbasedonZAPpulse2.2SE

ShoppingList.

Hereisallyouneedtobuildacompleteworkingamplifier(2x200Wattsin8Ohms
and2x400Wattsin4Ohms:

2pcs.ZAPpulse2.2SE
1pcs.PredatorPowerSupplyUnit
2pcs.PancakeTransformer2x42V+15V
2setSpeakerTerminal
2pcs.RCAphonoplug
1pcs,.Mainsfusedinletwithfuses.
1pcs.Enclosure(Metal).

Optionals:
2pcs.XLRFemaleconnectors
1pcs.DCFilterforMains
1pcs.Sync.Module
1pcs.BlueLED
1pcs.Potentiometer2x22klogforvolume
1pcs.ActiveX-over

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

18

LCAudioTechnologyInc

SurroundAmplifier

ZAPpulse2.2SEisidealtobuild
multichannelamplifiers.Thesmallsize
andlackofheatsinkrequirements
allowsforverycompactapplicationsof
5-7or8channelamplifierswithhigh
power.Enoughpowerandperformance
tomeetprofessionalCinema
requirements.
OurV4PpowerSupplyboardisperfect
formultichannelamplifiers,asithas
connectionforupto8channels.For
normaluseone500VAtransformeris
enoughtodrive5channelsof200
WattsRMS(total1000WattsAudio
Power)becausethereisnothermal
lossintheamplifiers,andevenifthe
poweratclippinglevelis1000Watts
total,theaveragepowercointentofa
signalintegratedoveraperiodof½
hour(thermaltimeconstantofthe
transformer),isonlylessthan50%.
Acomplete5ch.200Wattscanbebuilt
foraround1500USD.Abigger
professionalCinemaamplifierwith6ch.
200Wattsplus1ch.800Wattssub.
and1.5kWtransformerscanbebuiltfor
around2500USD.

ActiveCrossover.

Anotherobviousapplicationfor
ZAPpulse2.2SEisasystemamplifier
wherethecrossoverismadewithsmall
signalparts,beforetheamplifierstage.
Theadvantagesofthisaremany.First
thecrossoverpartscostcloseto
nothing,soitischeaptoexperiment.
Thedampingfactorisoptimalinthe
entirefreq.range,whereasinpassivex­overs,thedampingfactorisverypoorin
thecrossregions.Veryhighsound
pressurelevelscanbeachieved,with
thismethod,asyoucannothearifthe
bassamp.isclippingaslongasthe
mid.amp.isnot.Thiseffectisusedin

RockConcertsasitismuchmore
efficientthanbridgingamplifierstohuge
outputpowers.Inthiswaythereisno
needforpassivex-overnetworksinthe
speakers,theZAPpulseampsare
connectedDIRECTLYtothespeaker
driver.(Thereisnosignificantpopnoise
atpowerup/down).

Thefilterboardwith1-2-3or4th
orderhighandlowpassfilterspluslevel
controlforeachoutputandpowersupply
canbepurchasedfromusatonlythe
priceofonegoodfiltercoil.(USD160).

See

www.lcaudio.dk/com/index.php?page=13

AFirstordersimplefiltercanevenbe
madewithonlytheZAPpulsemodule
andonecapacitor.HPorLP.

ProfessionalUse

Despitethesmallsizeofthese
modules,theyareextremelyrugged.
Theycanproducevastamountsof
distortionfreeandcleanAudioPower.
Thelackofheatdissipationmeansit's
hardtooverloadaZAPpulsemodule.

Balancedinputandshortcircuit
protectionarestandardprofessional
featuresoneveryZAPpulsemodule.To
allowfortroublefreefieldoperationwe
recommendbuildinginDCblockingand
HFfilteringontheinput.
Simplyconnecta470nFand1kOhms
inserieswitheachsignalinput,and1n
fromeachsignaltognd(afterthe1k
Ohms).

AZAPpulse2.2SEwillsoundmuch
betterthananormalPAAmplifier,and
nocoolerfans,heavypowersuppliesor
hugeheatsinksareneededatall!

.

ZAPpulse2.2SE

ThisbookletisintendedfornoncommercialusebyDIYaudioconstructors.Contentsmaybecopiedanddistributedfreelyforprivateornon
commercialuse.Nocopyingforcommercialpurposesisallowed.Copyright2004-2005LCAudioTechnologyInc.

19

LCAudioTechnologyInc

MekaniskeMålogmonteringsinformation.

52.0

+

Gnd

­Sync

3.2

3.2

M3Bolt

86.0

45.0

31.0

FilterCoil

+60V

Power
GND

54.0

OUT

-60V

r5.0

46

8-10

6.0

NOTESonmountingofZP2.2SE
Modules..

Themountingsurfaceshouldpreferably
beofheatconductingmetalsuch
asAluminium,Copper,Brass
orothersemiorhighconducting
metals.
Surfacemustbesmooth,andfree
drillingparticles,oil,liquidsand
dirt.
Whenmountingonroughorpainted
surface,useastandardheatconducting
grease.
TheM3holeinthemountingbasemust
beclearedwitha0.5mm.recession
toavoidmetalsplintersfromtiltingthe
modules.
ThealuminumblockonZP0202is
electricallyisolated,andconductsno
voltage.
Fastenmountingscrewstightly,
andassuretheyhaveatightgrip
inthemountingBase.

MountingBase

LCAudioTechnologyInc

LCAudioTechnologyInc
Christiansgade1
DK7500Holstebro
Danmark
VATno26556732
Tel[phone]
Fax[phone]
mail:
web:

[e-mail]
www.lcaudio.com