LASCO VPS-27 User Manual

THIS LIST PRICE SHEET IS AVAILABLE IN PDF AND EXCEL FORMAT AT WWW.LASCOFITTINGS.COM

BALL VALVES

Corrosion Resistant
Thermoplastic Valves
and Unions

PRICE GROUP DESCRIPTION DISCOUNT MULTIPLIER

VA TUBVS, SUBVS, SUPER C COMPACTS, BALL CHECK,
SWING CHECK, SPRING CHECK, LAB VALVES

VB REPAIR PARTS, ACCESSORIES, Y-STRAINERS
VC BUTTERFLY VALVES
VK CONTRACTOR KITS (BFV & WAFER CHECK)
VM MIP COMPACT BALL VALVES
VS SLO-CLOSE BALL VALVES (SEE PRICE SHEET VPSC-6)
VT CPVC CTS BALL VALVES

For a list of changes, see page 2.

LIST PRICE SHEET

EFFECTIVE - October 1, 2018

VPS-27

Supersedes VPS-26

ACTUATED VALVES

MIP BALL VALVES

BUTTERFLY VALVES

CHECK VALVES

STRAINERS

UNIONS

SLO-CLOSE VALVES

INFO/TERMS/WARRANTY

Distributed by:

CUSTOMER SERVICE: 414 Morgan Street, Brownsville, TN 38012
Toll-free Phone [phone] or [phone] • Fax [phone]

www.lascottings.com

Visit Us Online!

Design & Installation Information I Installation/Operation/Maintenance Sheets

Sample Engineering Specs I Industry Standards I Chemical Resistance Information

www.lascofittings.com

Overview of changes in this price sheet – VPS-27

Some products have increased by 5% due to material and other costs. The increase is higher for other products
affected by the Section 301 tariffs that are now imposed on imports. The summary of changes is shown below.
This is also shown in detail in the Excel sheet that is posted on the website.

Valve Series Increase

Full Block Industrial TUBV 5%
Commercial TUBV 5%
801 Series TUBV 10%
131W White SUBV 10%
Super C Compact Valve 5%
Two-Pc Compact 2-1/2 – 4 5%
Lab Valves 5%
CPVC CTS Valves 10% on 1, 3/4, & 2" [List prices have been lowered on 1" – 1-1/2" to meet market pricing]
Industrial MIP valves 5%
491 COML MIP 1/2 – 2 10%
491 COML MIP 2-1/2 – 4 5%
461 Series Sch 40 MIP 10%
411 BFV 5%
311 BFV 5%
711 BFV 10%
Bolt Sets for BFVs and Wafer Checks 5%
BFV Contractor Kits 411 5%
BFV Contractor Kits 311 5%
BFV Contractor Kits 711 7% [ also corrected the pricing on KIT30711G AND KIT30711Z ]
Wafer Checks & Kits 5%
Ball Checks – True Union 10%
Ball Checks – Single Union 5%
Swing Checks 10%
Spring Checks 10%
Y-Strainers 5%
Slo-Close Valves 5% [ On List Price Sheet VPSC-8 ]

RECOMMENDATIONS TO INSTALLERS AND USERS

For over 50 years, thermoplastic valves have been
growing in acceptance as an effective choice over
metal valves in many applications. The advantages
of thermoplastic valves include:

• Thermoplastic valves are dielectric, so they do not
support an electrical charge. This enables them to
be immune from the electro-chemical corrosion that
occurs with metal valves.

• Thermoplastic materials are immune to
microbiological-influenced corrosion that leads
to rust and pitting in metal valves.

• Interior walls are molded with a smooth finish that
enables high flow coefficient and consistent
performance over an extended service life.

• Up to 50% lighter in weight than metal valve
counterparts. This allows for lower freight and
handling costs, and ease of installation.

• Lower thermal conductivity than metal valves,
minimizing heat loss or gain.

Value-added engineering, adherence to ASTM standards
for materials and dimensions, and stringent
manufacturing quality make Colonial Thermoplastic
Valves your solution for reliable flow control.

Plastic piping systems should be engineered, installed, operated and maintained in
accordance with accepted standards and procedures. Suitability for the intended
application should be determined and verified by the designer and/or installer. Prior
to assembly, all piping components should be inspected for damage or irregularities,
and for the proper fit of mating components. The published instructions of the
manufacturers of all attributes of the piping system (including but not limited to: pipe,
fittings, valves, solvent cement & primer, thread sealant or Teflon tape) must be
followed. All design, installation, operation and maintenance personnel must be
trained on the proper precautions, use, handling, and installation of thermoplastic
piping systems prior to use. A NOTE ON VALVE SELECTION: Ball Valves are designed
for On/Off service and are NOT SUITABLE for long-term throttling in a semi-closed
position. Butterfly Valves ARE SUITABLE for both throttling and for On/Off service.

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTORS
FOR VALVES & UNIONS (ABOVE 73°F)

Temp (°F) PVC CPVC PP

73 1.00 1.00 1.00
80 .88 .96 .93
90 .75 .92 .83
100 .62 .85 .74
110 .50 .77 .66
120 .40 .70 .58
130 .30 .62 .51
140 .22 .55 .40
150 NR .47 .38
160 NR .40 .35
170 NR .32 .29
180 NR .25 .23
200 NR .18 .14
210 NR .15 .10
240 NR NR NR
280 NR NR NR

NR: Not Recommended

Caution: Colonial recommends a minimum installation distance of
10 X the pipe diameter from a pump or other sources of turbulence.

COMPRESSED AIR WARNING

The products in this document are only intended for
use in transferring or storing chemically compatible
pressurized liquids. Do not test or use products in this
document with compressed air or other gases. Doing
so is dangerous and could cause injury or great bodily
harm should a system fail under compressed air.
Only use products that are specifically designed for
compressed air/gas service. Call Colonial technical
service for more information.

METAL TO PLASTIC TRANSITION WARNING

Colonial does not recommend the joining of metal
pipe threads with plastic female pipe threads. To join
a metal system with a plastic system, we recommend
the use of a transition union or flanged end
connections (shown below).

INFORMATION

All socket and thread dimensions meet ASTM
requirements:

• PVC D-2467, D-2464 (ANSI B1.20.1)

• CPVC F-439, F437 (ANSI B1.20.1)

• All flange dimensions are ANSI/ASME B16.5 Class 150
(Steel flange bolt pattern).

Viton® is a registered trademark of DuPont
Performance Elastomers.

Material Specifications
PVC conforms to ASTM D-1784, Cell Class 12454
CPVC conforms to ASTM D-1784, Cell Class 23447
PP conforms to ASTM D-4101 (Natural)

See Page 22 For Details on
Seat and O-Ring Materials

2” Compact Valve on Water Treatment
system in St. Thomas USVI.

4” Butterfly Valve on Commercial

Pool system in Texas.

Pressure ratings are for non-shock water at 73°F.

3

FULL BLOCK™ INDUSTRIAL TRUE UNION BALL VALVE WITH TEFLON® SEATS

BALL VALVES

• Premium performance in piping systems since 1984

• Pressure Rating (non-shock water 73°F):
235 psi 1/2" - 2"
150 psi 2-1/2" - 6"

• Pressure rating per ASTM F-1970

• Features external seat-wear adjustment.

• Actuated valve packages available on TUBV’s and
Butterfly Valves.

• Full Port Schedule 80 Design

• Smooth Turning

• Repair Parts Available

• Full Port Sch 80 design virtually eliminates pressure
drop, providing excellent flow characteristics.

• Assembled with water soluble,
silicone-free O-ring lubricant.
(Exception: 2-1/2")

• Certified to NSF/ANSI 61 and 372

Note: 3/8" and ¼" sizes are available
( ½" valves pre-assembled with reducer
bushings). Contact Customer Service for
part number and pricing.

Opening Torque Under Pressure
Size Torque (In lbs.) Size Torque (In lbs.)

1/2 16 1-1/4, 1-1/2 110
3/4 35 2 180
1 60 3 600
4 1,000

Certied to

NSF/ANSI 61 & 372

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

PVC w/EPDM O-RINGS: Pricing Schedule A

Socket & Threaded End Connectors

V07101N 1/2 24 $49.52
V08101N 3/4 24 57.98
V10101N 1 24 68.45
V14101N 1-1/4 12 116.28
V17101N 1-1/2 12 116.28
V20101N 2 6 155.08
V27050N2 2-1/2 6 217.53

Socket

V30101N 3 4 $368.55
V40101N 4 1 636.02
V60101N 1 6 1 986.19

Threaded

V30111N 3 4 $368.55
V40111N 4 1 636.21

Flanged

V07121N 1/2 1 $79.91
V08121N 3/4 1 101.23
V10121N 1 1 122.54
V14121N 1-1/4 1 143.83
V17121N 1-1/2 1 181.15
V20121N 2 1 289.02
V27151N 2 2-1/2 1 470.92
V30121N 3 1 559.37
V40121N 4 1 1,124.69
V60121N 1 6 1 1,639.88

PVC w/Silicone O-RINGS: Pricing Schedule A
(For use with Sodium Permanganate systems)

Socket & Threaded End Connectors

V07109N 1/2 24 $57.62
V08109N 3/4 24 65.38
V10109N 1 24 79.78

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

CPVC w/EPDM O-RINGS: Pricing Schedule A

Socket & Threaded End Connectors

V07103N 1/2 24 $78.47
V08103N 3/4 24 98.85
V10103N 1 24 117.66
V14103N 1-1/4 12 197.55
V17103N 1-1/2 12 197.55
V20103N 2 6 264.23
V27053N 2 2-1/2 6 437.39

Socket

V30103N 3 4 $729.42
V40103N 4 1 1,118.58

Threaded

V30113N 3 4 $729.04
V40113N 4 1 1,118.58

Flanged

V07123N 1/2 1 $131.79
V08123N 3/4 1 161.18
V10123N 1 1 186.53
V14123N 1-1/4 1 277.07
V17123N 1-1/2 1 304.23
V20123N 2 1 423.75
V30123N 3 1 1,097.40
V40123N 4 1 1,923.17

(Flanged Type)

1

6" Venturied: Assembled with 4" valve and

6 x 4 reducing couplings

2

2-1/2" TUBVs are from the Commercial Series.

Full Port. PTFE seat. 150 psi.

See page 22 for details on O-Ring and Seat Materials

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

PVC w/FKM O-RINGS: Pricing Schedule A

Socket & Threaded End Connectors

V07102N 1/2 24 $56.22
V08102N 3/4 24 65.17
V10102N 1 24 78.53
V14102N 1-1/4 12 129.51
V17102N 1-1/2 12 129.51
V20102N 2 6 170.77
V27052N 2 2-1/2 6 311.58

Socket

V30102N 3 4 $410.59
V40102N 4 1 701.25
V60102N 1 6 1 1,050.74

Threaded

V30112N 3 4 $410.59
V40112N 4 1 701.28

Flanged

V07122N 1/2 1 $89.46
V08122N 3/4 1 110.11
V10122N 1 1 132.47
V14122N 1-1/4 1 143.83
V17122N 1-1/2 1 197.84
V20122N 2 1 304.51
V27152N 2-1/2 1 524.85
V30122N 3 1 695.02
V40122N 4 1 1,302.31
V60122N 1 6 1 1,680.80

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

CPVC w/FKM O-RINGS: Pricing Schedule A

Socket & Threaded End Connectors

V07104N 1/2 24 $87.21
V08104N 3/4 24 109.86
V10104N 1 24 130.73
V14104N 1-1/4 12 214.33
V17104N 1-1/2 12 214.33
V20104N 2 6 303.76
V27054N 2 2-1/2 6 461.48

Socket

V30104N 3 4 $783.96
V40104N 4 1 1,324.86
V60104N 1 6 1 2,164.99

Threaded

V30114N 3 4 $783.96
V40114N 4 1 1,325.09

Flanged

V07124N 1/2 1 $148.48
V08124N 3/4 1 170.22
V10124N 1 1 197.40
V14124N 1-1/4 1 286.11
V17124N 1-1/2 1 315.09
V20124N 2 1 505.24
V27154N 2-1/2 1 920.80
V30124N 3 1 1,120.94
V40124N 4 1 2,001.05
V60124N 1 6 1 3,269.74

Pressure ratings are for non-shock water at 73°F.

4

VENTED FULL BLOCK™ TRUE UNION BALL VALVE WITH TEFLON® SEATS

(For Sodium Hypochlorite Applications)

For Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) and other chemical
process applications where entrapped fluids may
cause plating, and may form a build up of gasses
produced as a result of decomposing solution trapped
in the ball and body of the valve in the closed position.
The vented Ball Valve provides a solution for the
application (see illustration).

Standard Valve - Fluid entrapped in ball and body in
closed position.

With Colonial Vented Ball Valves, the ball is vented to
the pressure (upstream) port allowing the interior
of the ball and body to remain wetted to
prevent the occurrence of decomposition
and plating.

1

6" Venturied: Assembled with

4" valve and 6 x 4 red couplings

2

2-1/2" TUBVs are from the Commercial

Certied to

NSF/ANSI 61 & 372

Series. Full Port. PTFE seat. 150 psi.

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

PVC w/FKM: Pricing Schedule A

Socket & Threaded End Connectors

V07102N-V 1/2 1 $66.44
V08102N-V 3/4 1 75.37
V10102N-V 1 1 88.75
V14102N-V 1-1/4 1 146.54
V17102N-V 1-1/2 1 146.54
V20102N-V 2 1 191.19

V27052N-V 2 2-1/2 1 379.14

Socket End Connectors

V30102N-V 3 1 $436.14
V40102N-V 4 1 726.79
V60102N-V 1 6 1 1,076.26

PVC/FKM THREADED: Pricing Schedule A
V30112N-V 3 1 $436.14
V40112N-V 4 1 726.79

PVC w/FKM FLANGED: Pricing Schedule A
Socket & Threaded End Connectors

V07122N-V 1/2 1 $99.67
V08122N-V 3/4 1 120.31
V10122N-V 1 1 142.68
V14122N-V 1-1/4 1 176.78
V17122N-V 1-1/2 1 214.87
V20122N-V 2 1 324.92
V27152N-V 2-1/2 1 559.84
V30122N-V 3 1 720.55
V40122N-V 4 1 1,327.84
V60122N-V 1 6 1 1,706.34

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

CPVC w/FKM: Pricing Schedule A

Socket & Threaded End Connectors

V07104N-V 1/2 1 $90.34
V08104N-V 3/4 1 117.91
V10104N-V 1 1 141.48
V14104N-V 1-1/4 1 223.85
V17104N-V 1-1/2 1 223.85
V20104N-V 2 1 325.25

V27054N-V 2 2-1/2 1 592.09

Socket End Connectors

V30104N-V 3 1 $810.82
V40104N-V 4 1 1,351.74
V60104N-V 1 6 1 2,191.86

CPVC/FKM THREADED: Pricing Schedule A
V30114N-V 3 1 $810.82
V40114N-V 4 1 1,351.74

CPVC w/FKM FLANGED: Pricing Schedule A

V07124N-V 1/2 1 $159.24
V08124N-V 3/4 1 180.98
V10124N-V 1 1 208.13
V14124N-V 1-1/4 1 304.03
V17124N-V 1-1/2 1 333.02
V20124N-V 2 1 526.74
V27154N-V 2-1/2 1 963.78
V30124N-V 3 1 1,147.83
V40124N-V 4 1 2,027.93
V60124N-V 1 6 1 3,296.61

BALL VALVES

FULL BLOCK™ PP TRUE UNION BALL VALVE WITH TEFLON® SEATS

• Pressure rating 150 psi

Polypropylene valves offer high chemical resistance,
low extractable values, and elevated temperature
capabilities.* They are suitable for a wide range of
applications including corrosive chemical waste,
and process piping in chemical and industrial plants,
water treatment facilities, laboratories, the
semiconductor market, and biotechnology.

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

PP w/FKM O-RINGS: Pricing Schedule A

Socket (Fusion) & Threaded End Connectors

V07106N 1/2 24 $63.67
V08106N 3/4 24 74.47
V10106N 1 24 94.29
V17106N 1-1/2 12 156.44
V20106N 2 6 212.53

For information on Actuated Valve assemblies
and Mounting Brackets, see pages 7-8.

Pressure ratings are for non-shock water at 73°F.

5

FULL BLOCK™ REPAIR KIT REPLACEMENT PARTS

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

EPDM: Pricing Schedule B

V07101NR 1/2 1 $6.39

BALL VALVES

Number Component Quantity Material

1 Locking Strip 1 PVDF
2 Stem O-Ring 2 EPDM, FKM
3 Ball Seat 2 TEFLON®
4 Carrier O-Ring 1 EPDM, FKM
5 Face O-Ring 2 EPDN, FKM

V08101NR 3/4 1 6.94
V10101NR 1 1 12.23
V14101NR 1-1/4 1 21.08
V17101NR 1-1/2 1 21.08
V20101NR 2 1 30.04
V30101NR 3 1 38.80
V40101NR 4 1 58.92

FKM: Pricing Schedule B
V07102NR 1/2 1 $13.75
V08102NR 3/4 1 19.33
V10102NR 1 1 25.73
V14102NR 1-1/4 1 28.97
V17102NR 1-1/2 1 28.97
V20102NR 2 1 44.88
V30102NR 3 1 95.81
V40102NR 4 1 139.31

PLASTIC LOCKOUT FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL

TRUE UNION BALL VALVES, AND SUPER C BALL VALVES

Sizing for Industrial Sizing for Super C
Full Block Series & & 2-Piece Compact
Part No. Commercial Series TUBV Ball Valves Ctn. Qty. List

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

REPLACEMENT HANDLES FOR FULL BLOCK™ TRUE
UNION BALL VALVES

Pricing Schedule B
V07101K2 1/2 1 $2.91
V08101K2 3/4 1 4.45
V10101K2 1 1 5.84
V14101K2 1-1/4 1 8.76
V17101K2 1-1/2 1 8.76
V20101K2 2 1 11.71
V30101K 3 1 23.37
V40101K 4 1 30.54

OTHER AVAILABLE REPLACEMENT PARTS

Ball, Stem, End Connector, Union Nut

Check with Customer Service for availability.
Colored and round handles also available.
Call customer service for details.

ROUND HANDLES

Pricing Schedule B

V481 Fits Size 1/2 - 1" TUBV Fits Size 1/2 - 1" Valve 1 $71.58
V482 Fits Size 1-1/4 - 2" TUBV Fits Size 1-1/4 - 2" Valve 1 97.89
V483 Fits Size 2-1/2 - 4" TUBV Fits Size 2-1/2 & 3" Valve 1 120.00

(Shown on TUBV)*

Note: Padlock not included

Part No. Size Ctn. Qty. List

PVC: Pricing Schedule B

V07101KR 1/2 1 $2.92
V08101KR 3/4 1 3.35
V10101KR 1 1 4.40

Round handles available for 1/2, 3/4, and 1" Full

Block TUBV. Replaces original T-handles.

Pressure ratings are for non-shock water at 73°F.

6

ØC

D

I

MOUNTING KIT FOR 1/2" - 2" FULL BLOCK TRUE UNION BALL VALVE SERIES

BRACKET: Pricing Schedule B

Part No. For Valve Size ISO Pattern List

V07501A 1/2 F04 / F05 $36.96
V08501A 3/4 F04 / F05 40.32
V10501A 1 F04 / F05 42.56
V17501A 1-1/2 & 1-1/4 F05 47.03
V20501A 2 F05 50.39

Plastic Bracket:

Upper & lower bracket
sections and mounting
plate. SS Fasteners.

• Custom designed for
Full Block TUBV 1/2 - 2".

• Molded from fiberglass-filled PVC for extra strength

• Includes SS fasteners (Stem coupling must be
ordered separately)

• ISO 5211 mounting pattern

• Can be retro-fitted to an installed Full Block TUBV

NEWLY UPDATED DESIGN - BRACKET FOR 3" & 4" FULL BLOCK TRUE UNION BALL VALVES

E

I

D

ØC

A

SS STEM COUPLINGS: Pricing Schedule B

SIZE

1/2"

3/4"

1"

1-1/2"
1-1/4"

1-1/2"
1-1/4"

2"

2"

A

.320

.380

.440

.560

.560

.690

.690

B

.335

.390

.450

.570

.570

.575

.575

C

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

(Shown mounted on valve -

sold separately)

D

.430

.430

.430

.550

.430

.550

.430

F

B

E

.500

.500

.500

.629

.500

.629

.500

F

1.440

1.410

1.490

1.740

1.490

1.920

1.65

ISO

F04

F04

F04

F05

F04

F05

F04

PART NUMBER

V07502A

V08502A

V10502A

V17502A

V17502A-F04

V20502A

V20502A-F04

List

$40.00

40.00

41.05

42.11

42.11

42.11

42.11

Torque Values For Full Block
True Union Ball Valves

Valve Size Opening Torque (In-Lbs)

1/2" 16
3/4" 35
1" 60
1-1/4" 110
1-1/2" 110
2" 180
3" 600
4" 1,000

ACTUATED VALVES

New Updated Design:

Molded from high impact PVC material, this bracket features a mounting pad with a PCD of
102mm (ISO 5211 F10). The valve and mounting bracket are ordered separately. The bracket can
be field-mounted on a Colonial Full Block TUBV (produced after 2013). It is secured to the valve
body with anchoring fasteners (included).

The PVC mounting kit is suitable for use on both PVC and CPVC valves, providing that the
atmospheric temperature (on the exterior of the valve) does not exceed 120 degrees. It is
designed only for horizontal installation (valve stem / actuator facing UP), not for vertical (valve
stem/actuator facing to the side) applications. Maximum allowable weight for actuator: 25 lbs.

17mm square stainless steel stem coupling (K11033) is sold separately.

Order valve, bracket, and stem coupling separately.

Pressure ratings are for non-shock water at 73°F.

Pricing Schedule B

Part No. Description List Price

V30501P Bracket* to fit 3" Valve $92.63
V40501P Bracket* to fit 4" Valve $92.63
K11033 Stem Coupling 17mm SQ SS $94.74

* Bracket includes SS fasteners to anchor bracket to body,

but does not include fasteners to mount the bracket to
the actuator.

7

ACTUATED VALVES

ACTUATED VALVES

Colonial offers pneumatic or electric actuated True Union Ball Valves and Butterfly Valves.
Mounting Kits, Valves, Actuators and Accessories can be sold separately, or as complete, tested assemblies.

Colonial offers actuators from Bonomi/Valbia (Electric and Pneumatic), Valvsys (Electric) and Max-Air
(Pneumatic). Actuators are sized to fit Colonial Full Block TUBVs in sizes ranging from 1/2 - 4", and
(Direct Mount) Butterfly Valves 2"-12".

Please contact customer service with your request for quotation.
Required information for Actuated Valve assembly quotations:

Electric Actuator Pneumatic Actuator

115 VAC or 24 VAC or 24VDC Double Acting or Spring Return (Fail-safe)?
On/Off Electric or Fail-safe? Solenoid (pilot valve) needed?
Heater for outdoor use required? 1/4" NPT Air Connections?
4-20 mA positioner needed? Remote Position Indicators or other
Extra limit switches / position indicators needed? accessories needed?
Desired cycle time for 1/4 turn rotation?

Bonomi Electric Actuator features:

• Housing constructed of self-extinguishing, corrosion-resistant technopolymer material.

• Stainless Steel fasteners.

• Electronic Circuit adjusts the motor speed depending on the mechanical charge variations to
keep the drive cycle time consistent.

• Electronic torque limitation

• Built-in heater activates when temperature in the housing drops below 77° F.

• Battery activated Fail-Safe accessory available.

• Available 24V or 115 VAC

Pneumatic Actuator features:

• Housing constructed of self-extinguishing, corrosion-resistant technopolymer material for
Ball Valve sizes 1/2 - 2" (Max-Air)

• Anodized Aluminum housing (Bonomi)

• Stainless Steel fasteners

• Namur VDI/VDE 3845 and ISO 5211 dimensions on all sizes. No special blocks are required to
mount solenoid valves, limit switches or positioners

• Air-to-Air and Spring Return (fail-safe) models available

• Supply: Air (lubricated if possible), min 40 psi and max 120 psi

Submittals and wiring diagrams for actuators are
available at www.colonialengineering.com or call
customer service.

Complete technical brochures (PDFs) are available at www.colonialengineering.com

Industrial TUBV with Electric Actuators on
a chlorine dispensing system in Florida.

Pressure ratings are for non-shock water at 73°F.

8