Landis Tool Modern Methods of Cylindrical Grinding Grinder, Cylindrical

MODERN METHODS

OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDING

The efficiency of a modern cylindrical grinder is based on its capacity to

do a precise job - and do it reliably. To meet the demands of today's
production, Landis designers are building machines with a combination
of important new features built around four major grinding machine

essentials:

(1) work support (2) wheel support (3) wheelfeed (4) wheel dressing

(1) WORK SUPPORT

In cylindrical grinding the work must be supported and

rotated about its axis. This axis must be held in relation

to the rest of the machine. The work centers must be rigid

within the expected tolerance. In many instances the
workpiece must also be supported against bowing due to
its own weight or the cutting pressure of the grinding

(2) WHEEL SUPPORT

The grinding wheel and spindle must be adequately sup­ported by the spindle bearings to provide rotation about
the true geometric axis, and to hold this axis in relation to
the wheelhead.

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wheel, or both.

Preloaded ball sleeve footstock

The Landis footstock has been
designed to provide a shake-free
support to the work.

Universal headstock

This universal headstock is an
example of the greater rigidity
designed into Landis grinders
which are producing parts with

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Landis HARD FILM MICROSPHERE bearing

Here is a bearing guaranteed for the life of the machine.
The Landis Hard Film Microsphere bearing is the coolest

running, and has the closest clearances of any spindle

bearing in any machine tool today.

roundness to less than 25 mil-

lionths. Work can be chucked or

on centers.

Wedge work rest

The work rest has been designed
to give dependable follow-up
support of the workpiece. The
work rest jaws, actuated by
hardened steel wedges, are held
in contact with the workpiece,
and move forward as the work­piece diameter is reduced.

Extremely close running clearance produces high oil film
pressures which completely surround the spindle at the
bearings. This creates a 360 ° oil film preload which keeps

the spindle rotating on its geometric axis regardless of
grinding load or forces from wheel unbalance.

The bearing improves finish and roundness, and contrib-

utes to grinding work to finishes of less than 2 micro inch

and to less than 25 millionths roundness.

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2

Copyright Litton lndustric , 1971

The Landis cylindrical grinders shown on the following pages demon­strate the flexibility and capacity of these modern machines and the
profitable advantages of improved accuracy, simplified setup and
operation, and easier maintenance.

Nole The production rates shown for the machines are customer
requrremeMs and do not necessarily represent max, mum capability

(3) WHEELFEED

Given adequate work support and wheel support, it is then
necessary to bring the wheel into contact with the work
and to accurately advance the wheel as the work surface

is reduced.

Five different type wheelfeeds are available on Landis pre­cision grinders to meet the requirements of any grinding
application.

(4) WHEEL DRESSING

A precision dresser is required on all production grinders.

This provision reduces time lost for dressing and elimi­nates the need for operator care and skill.

The Landis Truform dresser is mounted solidly on the
wheelhead casting to assure a more uniform relationship
of the dresser with the wheel spindle axis. It produces
more uniform parts in less time and reduces both wheel
and diamond costs.

The principal operational feature of this dresser is the
ability to duplicate with extreme accuracy the shape of the
form bar on the cutting face of the grinding wheel.

1. Standard. Hand operated for feeding in thousandths or

tenths. Includes adjustable automatic increment feed at
carriage reversal with advance at either or both points of
carriage reversal.

2. Hydraulic lnfeed for plunge grinding with power feed to

a positive stop set in relation to final size.

3. Landis Microfeed automatically compensates for all

grinding variables that affect size of workpiece. It provides
closer size control and uniformity on any plunge grinding
job that justifies the use of in-process grinding gaging.

4. Landis Micro-Size is an ultrafine power grinding feed

for size and roundness tolerances in the low millionths
range.

1. Truform Dresser-Single Point Diamond-used pri-

marily where a high finish (25 rms or less) is required
and where different profile wheels are part of varying job
requirements.

2. Truform Dresser-Rotary Diamond Wheel-used in high

5. Landis Numerical Feed is a new grinding feed actuated

by a stepping motor which controls rate, distances, and di-

.rection of movement. The stepping motor turns the preci-

sion feed screw as commanded by a Landis solid state
digital programmed controller.

production and repetitive operations where finish require­ments are 25 rms or above.

3. Rotary Form Dresser-uses a formed diamond wheel

for high production operations when dresser traverse is not
applicable. This is a plunge type dresser.

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Landis 5R automatic crankpin grinder

with Numerical Feed for uniform cycles and increased production

A coordinated function of digital commands
and stepping motor feed

PRODUCTION DATA

Part: V-8 crankshaft
Operation: automatica lly grinds all pin

diameters of automotive
crankshafts in one hand Ii ng

Rate: 30 shafts per hour at

100 % efficiency

Stock removal: 0.040" on diameter

0.006" to 0.008" for sidewall

Tolerances: 0.000 5" size

0.0002 5" roundness and taper
25 rms finish

Solid state control coordinates all wheelfeed func-

tions for greater uniformity and reliability.

The stepping motor responds to digital commands.

It turns the feed screw for the programmed rate,

distance and direction of the wheelhead, and also

stops the feed screw for required dwell periods. It
can be manually actuated for positioning of the
grinding wheel head for wheel change and setup.

Digital commands from a solid state programmed
controller are timed by a 400,000 cps crystal con-

trolled oscillator, accurate within 0.02%. Inherent

grinding feed variables associated with hydraulic
wheelfeeds are eliminated.

Absolute uniformity of programmed grinding feed

rates results from this new system. Constant and
predictable production for all crankpin grinders of

the same size and type is assured.

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Numbered thumbwheel switches can be set to program

complete grinding feed and dressing cycles.

Tamper-proof cycles: Each thumbwheel switch-

board can be replaced by a hard wired board of

the same programmed value.

Automatic indexing on-the-fly greatly reduces cycle time by re­positioning crankshafts for each new pin to be ground without
stopping shaft rotation.

Landis Truform dresser with rotary diamond
dressing wheel is programmed by thumbwheel
switches for amount of feed, frequency of dress,
and wheelhead compensation.

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Landis multi,le wheel grinder with Numerical Feed

giinds 75 to 80 camshafts per hour

The new Landis 5RIW multiple wheel grinder with Numerical

Feed simultaneously grinds bearings of camshafts in a com-

pletely automatic operation. It's also used extensively to grind

line bearings of crankshafts.

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The Landis 5RIW multiple wheel grinder

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features automatic taper eliminator which
eliminates taper in the workpiece .

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a contour grinder with Numerical Feed rough and finish

grind 16 cam contours in one loading

Landis 5" 30" Type R camshaft grind r with Numerical Feed
rough and finish rind 8 intak and 8 haust cams with one
loading of th camshaft.

Th am contours ar in a rough cast condition when they are

load d into th machin . Th rnachine removes 0.150" stock
during th rou hing op r tion and 0.008 " to 0.010 '' stock

during th finishin op ration to a 20 rms finish at a produc­tion rat of 12 sh fts p r hour. Grinding wheel speed for

roughing op ration is 12,000 sfpm; 6,000 sfpm for finishing .

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7

Plunge grinder with Numerical Feed grinds
110 steering knuckles per hour

Landis 14" Type 5R 30° angular wheelhead plunge grinder
featuring the new Landis Numerical Feed finish grinds the
bearing diameter , fillet radius, and adjacent face of automo-

tive steering knuckles, removing 0.010 " to 0.012 " stock from
diameter and 0.008" stock from face to a 25/30 rms finish,

holding 0.0005 " size tolerance at a production rate of 110

parts per hour.

The machine is equipped with a wheelhead mounted rotary
diamond form dresser. Dressing is automatically initiated
after a preselected number of steering knuckles have been
ground .

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Landis automatic bearing race grinder with Numerical Feed

N w l nd1s utomc1tir Type R conjugate bearing race

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grind r with L ndis Numeric I Feed grind s inner races

f tap r droll r b arings removing 0.018 " stock from

th di met rand holds 0.00025 '' size tol erance in a 14

s and floor to floor cycle.

This n w n1achine can handle bearin g races from 0.500 "
to 4.800 " fl nge diameter. The bearing races ground

on thi s machine are supported and located on OD

work support shoes during the grind ing operation. An

I ctro -rnagnetic chuck is used to hold the inner race

against a unipo le work dri ver in the grinding position .

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Plunge grinding with angular wheelhead

cuts production time

Landis 10" x 18" Type 2R plain semi-automat ic machine with. :
30 ° angle wheelhead is equipped with Landis Microfeed, lat­eral locator , air-electric in-process sizing gage, hydraulic work

rest, Truform dresser and automatic wheelfeed compensation.

Stock removal is 0.040 " from each diameter and 0.006 " to 0.008 "
from each face. Production is 31 shafts per hour.

◄ Two diameters, adjoining radii and faces of crankshaft are ground

on single machine.

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Landi piston grinding machine improves uniformity

The cam shaped piston skirt, when ground by the Landis
method, is held in a chuck that grips the ring lands. Pistons are
ground to any one of eight dial selected sizes to a 0.00025 "

tolerance. With the Landis Type R automatic piston grinder it

is no longer necessary to select from a large random supply

of pistons ground to varying sizes.

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Production: 148 pistons per hour. Stock removal is 0.020 " from

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diameter to 60 micro inch finish. Fast, automatic loading and
unloading of pistons eliminates handling, speeds production .

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High production bearing race grinding

Two Landis centerless grinders in tandem grind OD of bear-

ing races with stock removal of 0.015 " in three passes. Pro-

duction is 60 per pass per minute. Tolerances: 2 point round-

ness 0.0001 " ; 3 point roundness 0.00015 " ; taper across OD

0.001 " and 15 rms finish across OD.

If-~ ----- 3.1496 -- -- -1

- - -+- - - - - .8263

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_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_----,--+:...-=---=---=---=---=---=--=--=--=-~ _L

lf------ 2.8920 --- -

Important advantage of Landis bed mounted work rest is demonstrated

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here: Loaders and conveyors need never be repositioned on Landis cen-

terless grinders to compensate for wheel wear. Both grinding and regu-

lating wheelheads are adjustable.

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Two diameters and shaft extension ground in one operation

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This Landis R plunge grinder is equipped with Landis center
drive, a Landis development that makes it possible to grind all
shaft diameters in one operation.

Center drive saves important tim e and handling by eliminat-

ing the dogging of parts, the need to turn the workp iece end-

for-end and break setup. Center drive consists of live spindle

headstock and live spindle footstock. The work centers drive

the workpiece.

Eccentric shaft on which two diameters and extension
are ground in single operation. Stock removal is 0.008''
on rough grind and 0.002 " on finish grind from diame-

ters to a 16 micro inch finish.

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Simultaneous grinding of two diameters, radius
and face of differential cases

Differential case with two diame-

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ters, a radius and face ground in a
simultaneous operation, requiring

35 seconds grinding time.

Landis Type 4R semi-automatic

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plain grinder removes 0.015 " on di­ameter and 0.003 " /0.005" on face.

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Landis 14" x 18" Type 4R semi-automatic plain grinder with 30°
angle wheelhead is equipped with Landis Microfeed, air-electric in-

process sizing gage, automatic wheelfeed compensation, Truform
dresser, bed mounted indicator, workpiece counter and air operated
chuck.

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Plung grmding large railroad axles on centerless grinders

Journal nd orl seal diameters, ad101ning radii on both ends of

r ilro d axl s are ground wrth one handling on a Landis 14P

c nt rless grinder. Grinding time is 1 minute, 55 seconds for

ch nd.

Aft ran a le is loaded onto an elevator unit, it is lowered into
grinding position. Upon completion of the grind, the part is

I vated, turned 180 and lowered for grinding the opposite
nd diameters.

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◄ In-process sizing gage is in position as one end of the axle is ground.

Stock removal is 0.010 " to 0.012 ". Diameters are held to a maximum
taper of 0.001 " per foot.

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15

Landis 3R universal grinds plunger shafts

to tolerances of + 0.000 l''-0.0000''

Where fast setup and fast change of setup are positive requirements,
as in this installation, the Landis 3R universal proves that small lot
grinding can be profitable. Workpieces ground on this machine
range in length from l/2"to 72", with diameters from 7 /16" to 14" .

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Grinding the plunger shaft for a hydraulic arm. Di­ameter is ground to 1.7490" +0.0001" -0.0000".

Typical shafts and bushings ground on Landis 3R
universal. Internal grinding attachment grinds ID
of bushings up to 12".

Landis centerless grinders hold 0.000020'' roundness

on piston pins

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Here is an example of how centerless grinding can combine productivity and
uniform high quality. Total stock removal in grinding piston pin diameters is

0.016" from the five machines, and production is 1800 per hour.

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Piston pin diameters are ground to toler­ances of 0.000020" for roundness and taper
and 0.0001" for size with 4½ to 5 micro

inch finish. First four machines in the line
have post~process gaging. The final machine
is equipped with Landis Micro-Size.

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Conveyor unit located between two of
the five 12R centerless grinders set
in tandem .

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Plain grinder with hydraulically operated work rests

grinds heavy crankshaft main bearings

Four hydraul ically operated follow-up work rests , one
fixed type hydraulica lly operated work rest , a bed
mounted manually operated lateral work locator and
Landis Microfeed are part of the special toolin g on
this 14" x 48 " Type 4R plain grinder . The machine
grinds the four main bearin gs and sidewa lls, includ­ing blending radi i of a heavy crankshaft.

◄ Stock removal is 0.025 " from the diameter and 0.006 " to

0.007 " from each sidewall. Finish is 40 micro inch; grinding
time is 9 minutes per shaft.

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u omatic plunge grinder grinds 125 axle shaft per hour

f 111 111 t II t1on p s nts

tility of th L ndis R plung grinder. The rotary work

rri r poc;itions th Ion work parts between work cen-

t r . Tw p rt I n the; m y b intermixed in earner with-

ut n c ss1ty of op r tor att nt1on or adjustment. After
rind in , th c rri r is utomatically indexed and the

p , ts r utom tic lly unlo d d.

Grinding two bearing diameters, adjacent face and radius in one

op ration. Stock removal is 0.020"; production is 125 parts per

hour .

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ood ample of the versa-

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19

Two Landis chucking grinders increase

rotor production 54%

At a major automotive plant, two Landis 2R chucking

grinders have been tooled to grind both the diameter
and face of pump rotors in one operation. Pump rotors
are hand fed to an inclined chute. An automatic loader
positions the rotor onto an expanding arbor for location
and grinding.

Part: pump rotor

Operation: grinding diameter and face simultaneously
Stock removal: 0.016" diameter

Production: 6550 parts per day-two Landis grinders

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0.007" face

(4254 parts per day-two other grinders)

Parallelism: 0.0005"
Customer tolerance for diameter: 0.001"

Apprentices grind small parts to accuracies of 0.0001'',

hold 2 micro inch finishes with Landis IR

• A I ncti 1 " x 2 " 11 tmiv ,r .ii grtnclur 1:, ,111 impr:>r

t nt part f 1he 1t,1inin '. progr ~11n for rn.ir l11nist tool

111 k t d r pr ,. n t i · d 1 , i I ,id i n g .. !I ' I r i r .-1 I 11 1 d t ll Jf d r I LI re r .

t;1inin1 on th l r i~ nn of th , f 1r1c:1I t1ssign1nr,nts for

th top p r forrn rs 1n 1 h c:1ppr __.nl ic _. shop. Parts

roun Jin lucJ ! p11 h reds, sl · v •':,. pins. c1nd shc1ve cli :s.

On l '1

to-+ 0. 0and 0.001''. Tap r ft orn encl to r·11d is helcl
with in .0001'. Cone; ntn c1ty of n1ult1cl1c11118ters to

ITI'lJ r 1s h Id w1th1n 0.0001 '.

11

" long 1null1dk1n1 t r push tod, oo·:> <1r · helcl

Typical parts ground by apprentices on Landis 1 R are

1 ½" long sleeve, top, and 4½ ,., long multidiameter

push rod.

Automatic dual head valve grinder raises

production 100%-holds 0.000025" flatness

A Landis special dual work head grinder automatically finish grinds
faces of two valves simult_aneously-increasing production over former

method by 100%. The two parts are ground in a single operation by

the same grinding wheel. The Landis dual head grinder can be tooled to
grind a wide variety of parts at considerable savings in time and costs.

Production: Two valves every 7 seconds or 960 per hour.
Stock removal: 0.0095". Flatness: 0.000025".

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The valves are positioned in collets of dual work heads
located above and below wheel centerline.

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Plunge grinder with three spaced wheels grinds four diameters

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130 shafts per hour are being produced on this

R plunge grinder equipped with Landis center
drive which consists of a live spindle headstock
and hydraulically operated live spindle foot­stock. The four shaft diameters are plunge
ground in a single operation. Center drive
eliminates the need to break setup and turn
workpieces end-for -end when two end diame -

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ters are to be ground .

Each of the four diameters are ground to a comme rcial
finish with stock removal of 0.025 " from each diame-

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ter. Long length of workpiece and pressure of grind-

ing wheels requires use of hydraulic follow-up work
supports .

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Landis grinders hold 0.0001" tolerances

and less than 2 rms finish

A New England produ cer of thin strip is using Landis precision grinders

to regrind mill rolls to close tolerances and mirror finishes . Landis
grind ers provide simplif ied adjustment for crowning and concaving , ex­act duplicati on of repeat settings , and reduced downtime through fast

setups.

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The company's grinding department includes three Landis

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plain grinders and two sine bar grinders. Some of the
smaller rolls and slitter knives ground on the Landis ma­chines are shown here.

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Landis grinders provide fast setup and fast changeover

from one roll to another.

a1n grinder with

itntP nn Jin of 11111ltipl Ii, m t r 'Nork, as shown on this

l 4'' ' T pc 4 f~ pldin f'llrl l .,t. cl .,rnonstrc t s th fficiency of Landis

S, find r ,.,j h ~i,crof ( I. i find r in this install tion reduced setup

11111 , n I .. 1n1pl1f1 J 1h , in iin op r tion on 6 different shafts with

n11ilf i1 Ii 11 rn t t .

izefinder cuts grinding time

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Grinding time for 6 diameters on this camlock spindle is 12

minutes , 38 seconds. Stock removal is 0.020 " from each

diameter to a 25 micro inch finish.

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Sizefinder is a positive direct reading indicator which cuts
setup time when grinding multiple diameters .

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Landis NC grinder cuts production time in half

on multidiameter shafts

The Landis NC grinder will grind multidiameter shafts and.

spindles faster, with more uniform quality in half the time

taken by conventional grinders. It makes small lot grinding

profitable, and its simplified operation helps you cope with

the shortage of ski I led operators.

A single punched data card programs a Landis NC grinder
to:

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automatically position the worktable

■

automatically qualify the workpiece for shoulder
clearance, stock allowance, and readiness to grind

■

automatically select work speed

■

automatically select wheelfeed rate

■

automatically size by in-process gage

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automatically dress the wheel and compensate

• for dressing

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automatically grind in sequence

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automatically clean up shoulders

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automatically reposition the carriage to load station

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and exactly duplicate the programmed production rate

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The Landis electronic programmed sizing gage is the major
technological development which made numerical control

L..-___,; -- for OD precision grinding practical.

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Plunge grinding three diameters with 9''

wide wheel set at a 10 ° angle

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Production is increased on this 10" x 36" Type 4R
plain grinder with the 9'' wide grinding wheel. The ma-.
chine is tooled for plunge grinding three diff erent di-

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ameters , adjoining faces and radii of a shaft. Actual

grinding time is 45 seconds per part.

Stock removal is 0.012" to 0.015 " from each diameter to a 32

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micro inch finish, and 0.004 " to 0.005 " from face surfaces.
Landis Truform dresser maintains exact profile on the wheel.

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27

Universal grinder holds combined tolerances

within 0.000040''

This Landis 10" x 24" Type 2R superprecision uni­versal grinder is equipped with hydraulic infeed,

Landis Microfeed with 10 millionth increment, in­process gaging, Landis Micro-Swivel, EAM auto pair­ing attachment plus a combination magnetic and

fabric type filter. The part being ground is a pivot

and holder assembly part.

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Closeup view of workpiece in grinding position also shows in-

process sizing gage. Allowable total of combined tolerances

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-...;~ __..___;;,_-..J for roundness, size, and taper is 40 millionths.

Landis roll grinder finishes more rolls per day

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1. Landis Hard Film Microsphere wheel spindle bear-

ings-guaranteed for life- run at closer clearances

than wheel spindle bearings in any other roll grinder.

2. New hydrostatic pressure pads assure smoother
movement of wheel carriage and wheelhead.

3. New sequential control for programming automatic
adjustment of wheel speed, wheelfeed, work speed,
and traverse speed for rough to semi-finish to finish
grinding.

4. New automatic wheelfeed monitor provides choice of

three automatic grinding feeds .

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5. Crowning and concaving mechanism is five times
more accurate.

6. Stepless variab le speed controls for all machine
movements .

Landis Type R roll grinder is available in 36

or 60 " swings, and m lengths starting with 120 "

between centers .

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, 50 ''

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Landis IR grinds 30 different parts a day

to close tolerances and fine finishes

In a company that specializes in producing small

parts to closest tolerances in prototype work,
toolroom grinding, and precision machine parts,
a Landis 1 R universal is grinding gages to toler­ances as low as 50 millionths with a 2 micro inch

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finish. The IR replaced an older machine which

required an expert machinist to produce accept-

able work.

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The 1 R has proven easy to operate and fast to set up. It

can be operated by most apprentices .

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• the world's most complete line of

cylindrical precision grinders is

designed and built by Landis . ..

universal

plain

centerless

roll

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crankshaft

DIS

plunge

piston

numerically controlled

.

' '

camshaft

multiple wheel

chucking

conjugate

other special purpose grinders

Landis Tool Company, Waynesboro , Pennsylvania.