LaMotte MAGNESIUM MANGANESE MODULE C User Manual

LTC3000

Laboratory Instrument

we/wi

Turbidity • Chlorine • Color

1972-EPA 1972-ISO

CONTENTS

GENERAL INFORMATION

 Packaging and Delivery 4  General Precautions 4  Safety Precautions 4  Limits of Liability 5  Speciﬁ cations 5  Statistical & Technical Deﬁ nitions 7  Contents and Accessories 8  EPA Compliance 9  ISO Compliance 9  CE Compliance 10  Warranty 10  Register Your Meter 10

COMPUTER CONNECTION 10 BATTERY/AC OPERATION 11 INTRODUCTION

 Turbidity

What is Turbidity? .........................................................................12

How is Turbidity Measured? .........................................................13

Turbidity Units ...............................................................................14

Taking Turbidity Water Samples ...................................................15

 Chlorine

What is Chlorine? ..........................................................................16

How is Chlorine Measured? .........................................................16

Taking Chlorine Water Samples ...................................................18

 Color

What is Color? ..............................................................................17

How is Color Measured? ..............................................................17

Taking Color Water Samples ........................................................18

 Sample Dilution Techniques 18

OPTIONS & SETUP

 Factory Default Settings 19  Averaging 19  Turbidity Options

Selecting Turbidity Units ...............................................................21

Selecting a Turbidity Calibration Curve ........................................23

 Chlorine

Selecting Chlorine Units ...............................................................25

Selecting a Chlorine Calibration Reagent System .......................27

 Setting Clock 28  Setting Power Save 30  Setting Backlight Time 32  Factory Reset 34

 Selecting Language 36

DATA LOGGING 38 CALIBRATION & ANALYSIS

 Turbidity

Calibration

Turbidity Standards ..................................................................40

Turbidity Calibration Procedure ...............................................40

Analysis without Blanking Procedure..........................................45

Analysis with Blanking Procedure ..............................................47

Dilution Procedure ........................................................................50

Preparation of Turbidity-Free Water ..............................................51

Testing Tips ...................................................................................52

 Chlorine

Calibration

Chlorine Standards ..................................................................54

Calibration Procedure – Tablet ...............................................54

Calibration Procedure – Liquid ...............................................57

Analysis – Tablet

Free, Combined, Total ............................................................60

Total .........................................................................................63

Analysis – Liquid

Free, Combined, Total ............................................................65

Total .........................................................................................68

Dilution Procedure ........................................................................71

Testing Tips ...................................................................................71

 Color

Calibration ...................................................................................72

Color Standards .......................................................................72

Calibration Procedure ..............................................................72

Analysis ........................................................................................75

Dilution Procedure ........................................................................76

Testing Tips ...................................................................................76

TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

 Troubleshooting 77  Stray Light 78

GENERAL OPERATING INFORMATION

 Overview 78  The Keypad 79  The Display and Menus 79  Negative Results 81  Tubes and Chambers 81

MAINTENANCE

 Cleaning 82  Repairs 82  Meter Disposal 82

GENERAL INFORMATION

 PACKAGING AND DELIVERY

Experienced packaging personnel at LaMotte Company assure adequate protection against normal hazards encountered in transportation of shipments.

After the product leaves LaMotte Company, all responsibility for safe delivery is assured by the transportation company. Damage claims must be ﬁ led immediately with the transportation company to receive compensation for damaged goods.

 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

READ THE INSTRUCTION MANUAL BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO SET UP OR OPERATE THE METER. Failure to do so could result in

personal injury or damage to the meter. The meter should not be used or stored in a wet or corrosive environment. Care should be taken to prevent water from wet tubes from entering the meter chamber.

NEVER PUT WET TUBES IN THE METER.

 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Read the label on all reagent containers. Some labels include precautionary notices and ﬁ rst aid information. Certain reagents are considered potential health hazards and are designated with a * in the instruction manual. To view or print a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for these reagents go to www.lamotte.com. To obtain a printed copy, contact LaMotte by e-mail, phone or FAX. Additional information for all LaMotte reagents is available in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands from Chem-Tel by calling 1-800-255-3924. For other areas, call 813-248-0585 collect to contact Chem-Tel’s International access number. Each reagent can be identiﬁ ed by the four-digit number listed on the upper left corner of the reagent label, in the contents list and in the test procedures.

 LIMITS OF LIABILITY

Under no circumstances shall LaMotte Company be liable for loss of life, property, proﬁ ts, or other damages incurred through the use or misuse of their products.

 SPECIFICATIONS - LTC3000we/wi

Instrument Type: Turbidity: Nephelometer

Color: Colorimeter Chlorine: Colorimeter

Standard: Turbidity: EPA 180.1, LTC3000we;

ISO 7027, LTC3000wi

Color: Adapted from Standard Methods 2120 B Chlorine: Standard Methods 4500-Cl-G

Units of Measure: Turbidity: NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units)

(LTC3000we only) FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Units) (LTC3000wi only) ASBC (American Society of Brewing Chemists) EBC (European Brewery Convention)

Color: Platinum Cobalt Color Units (cu) Chlorine: Parts Per Million (ppm), Milligrams Per

Liter (mg/L)

Range: Turbidity: 0-4000 NTU, 0-4000 FNU,

0-10,500 ASBC, 0-150 EBC

Color: 0–1000 cu Chlorine: 0.00–10.00 ppm free and total chlorine

Range Selection: Turbidity: Automatic

Color: Automatic Chlorine: Automatic

Resolution: (display)

Turbidity: 0.01 NTU/FNU,

0.00–10.99 NTU/FNU Range

0.1 NTU/FNU, 11.0–109.9 NTU/FNU Range 1 NTU/FNU, 110–4000 NTU/FNU Range

Color: 1 cu, 0-1000 cu Range Chlorine: 0.01 ppm, 0.00–5.00 ppm Range

0.1 ppm, 5.0–10.00 ppm Range

Accuracy: Turbidity: From 0-2.5 NTU/FNU the accuracy

is ±0.05 NTU/FNU. From 2.5-100 NTU/FNU the accuracy is ±2%. Above 100 NTU/FNU the accuracy is ±3%.

Color: ±15 cu Chlorine:

TABLET:

0-1.0 ppm Range: ±0.03 ppm

1.0-3.0 ppm Range: ±0.06 ppm

3.0-6.0 ppm Range: ±0.3 ppm

6.0-10.0 ppm Range: ±2.5 ppm

LIQUID:

0-0.5 ppm Range: ±0.03 ppm

0.6-3.0 ppm Range: ±0.06 ppm

3.0-8.0 ppm Range: ±0.4 ppm

8.0-10.0 ppm Range: ±1.5 ppm

Detection Limit: Turbidity: 0.05 NTU/FNU

Color: 20 cu Chlorine: 0.03 ppm

Light Source: Turbidity: Tungsten lamp 2300°C ±50 °C,

LTC3000we; IR LED 850 nm ±10 nm, spectral bandwidth 50 nm, LTC3000wi

Color: 428 ±2 nm UV LED Chlorine: 525 ±2 nm LED

Detector Turbidity: Photodiode, centered at 90°, maximum

peak 400-600 nm, LTC3000we Photodiode, centered at 90°, LTC3000wi

Color: Photodiode Chlorine: Photodiode

Response Time: <2 seconds Signal

Averaging: Sample

Chamber: Sample: 10 mL in capped tube Display: Graphic Liquid Crystal Display Software: Auto Shut-off: 5, 10, 30 min, disabled

Languages: English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian,

Temperature: Operation: 0–50 °C; Storage: -40–60 °C Operation

Humidity Range:

Turbidity

Accepts 25 mm ﬂ at-bottomed test tubes

Calibration: Field adjustable, blank and 1 point Data Logging: 500 points

Chinese, Japanese (Kana)

0–90 % RH, non-condensing

Auto Shut-off: 5, 10, 30 min, disabled

†

Power Source

: USB wall adapter, USB computer connection or

lithium ion rechargeable battery 2200 mAH, 3.7V

Battery Life: ~380 tests (backlight on) to 1000 tests

(backlight off) (with signal averaging disabled)

Electrical

Provided on nameplate label

Ratings: Dimensions: (W x L x H) 8.84 x 19.05 x 6.35 cm; 3.5 x 7.5 x 2.2

inches Weight: 362 g, 13 oz (meter only) USB Interface: mini B

†

CE Mark: The device complies to the product speciﬁ cations for the Low

Voltage Directive.

 STATISTICAL & TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS RELATED

TO PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Method Detection Limit (MDL): “The method detection limit (MDL) is deﬁ ned as the minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% conﬁ dence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte.”

Note that, “As Dr. William Horwitz once stated, ‘In almost all cases when dealing with a limit of detection or limit of determination, the primary purpose of determining that limit is to stay away from it.’”

Accuracy: Accuracy is the nearness of a measurement to the accepted or true value.3 The accuracy can be expressed as a range, about the true value, in which a measurement occurs (i.e. ±0.5 ppm). It can also be expressed as the % recovery of a known amount of analyte in a determination of the analyte (i.e. 103.5 %).

Resolution: Resolution is the smallest discernible difference between any two measurements that can be made.

For meters this is usually how many decimal places are displayed. (i.e. 0.01). Note that the resolution many change with concentration or range. In some cases the resolution may be less than the smallest interval, if it is possible to make a reading that falls between calibration marks. A word of caution, that resolution has very little relationship to accuracy or precision. The resolution will always be less than the accuracy or precision but it is not a statistical measure of how well a method of analysis works. The resolution can be very, very good and the accuracy and precision can be very bad! This is not a useful measure of the performance of a test method.

Repeatability: Repeatability is the within-run precision.

A run is a single data set, from set up to clean up. Generally, one run occurs on one day. However, for meter calibrations, a single calibration is considered a single run or data set, even though it may take 2 or 3 days.

Reproducibility: Reproducibility is the between-run precision.

Detection Limit (DL): The detection limit (DL) for the LTC3000we/wi is deﬁ ned as the minimum value or concentration that can be determined by the meter, which is greater than zero, independent of matrix, glassware, and other sample handling sources of error. It is the detection limit for the optical system of the meter.

CFR 40, part 136, appendix B

Statistics in Analytical Chemistry: Part 7 – A Review, D. Coleman and L

Vanatta, American Laboratory, Sept 2003, P. 31.

Skoog, D.A., West, D. M., Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, 2nd ed.,

Holt Rinehart and Winston, Inc, 1969, p. 26.

Statistics in Analytical Chemistry: Part 7 – A Review, D. Coleman and L

Vanatta, American Laboratory, Sept 2003, P. 34.

Jeffery G. H., Basset J., Mendham J., Denney R. C., Vogel’s Textbook of

Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5

ed., Longman Scientiﬁ c & Technical,

1989, p. 130.

Jeffery G. H., Basset J., Mendham J., Denney R. C., Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th ed., Longman Scientiﬁ c & Technical, 1989, p. 130

CONTENTS & ACCESSORIES

LTC3000we Kit EPA Version Code 1972-EPA

LTC3000wi Kit ISO Version Code 1972-ISO

Contents Code Code

0 NTU Standard, 60 mL 1480 1480 1 NTU/FNU Standard, 60 mL 1450 1453 10 NTU/FNU Standard, 60 mL 1451 1454 *Chlorine DPD #1; Instrument

*6903A-J *6903A-J

Grade Tablets, 100 *Chlorine DPD #3; Instrument

*6197A-J *6197A-J

Grade Tablets, 100 Water Sample Bottle, 60 mL 0688 0688 Tubes, 6 — — Cable, USB, 3 ft. 1720 1720 USB Wall Adapter 1721 1721

Accessories

Code Description

1452 100 NTU Standard, 60 mL (EPA) 1455 100 NTU Standard, 60 mL (ISO) 6197-L *Chlorine DPD #1; Instrument Grade Tablets, 500 6197-M *Chlorine DPD #1; Instrument Grade Tablets, 1,000 6903-L *Chlorine DPD #3; Instrument Grade Tablets, 500 6903-M *Chlorine DPD #3; Instrument Grade Tablets, 1,000 P-6740-G *DPD #1A, Free Chlorine Reagent, 30 mL P-6740-H *DPD #1A, Free Chlorine Reagent, 60 mL P-6741-G *DPD #1B, Free Chlorine Reagent, 30 mL P-6741-H *DPD #1B, Free Chlorine Reagent, 60 mL P-6743-G *DPD #3, Total Chlorine Reagent, 30 mL P-6743-H *DPD #3, Total Chlorine Reagent, 60 mL 0290-6 Tubes, Code 0290, Set of 6 3-0038 Replacement Chamber 6973-H Chlorine Standard, 250 ppm, 60 mL 3176-01 Chlorine Titration Kit, 0-10 ppm 4140-01 Chlorine Secondary Standards, set of 4 6058-H Color Standard, 500 Color Units, 60 mL 4185 Turbidity-Free Water Kit 2-2097 Filters, 0.1 micron, Pack of 50 1901-CD SMARTLink 3 Software

*WARNING: Reagents marked with an * are considered to be potential health hazards. To view or print a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for these reagents go to www.lamotte.com. To obtain a printed copy, contact LaMotte by e-mail, phone or fax.

 EPA COMPLIANCE

The LTC3000we meter meets or exceeds EPA design speciﬁ cations for NPDWR and NPDES turbidity monitoring programs as speciﬁ ed by the USEPA method 180.1.

 ISO Compliance

This LTC3000wi meter meets or exceeds ISO design criteria for quantitative methods of turbidity using optical turbidimeters as speciﬁ ed by ISO 7027.

 CE COMPLIANCE

The LTC3000we and LTC3000wi meters have been independently tested and have earned the European CE Mark of compliance for electromagnetic compatibility and safety. To view certiﬁ cates of compliance, go to the LaMotte website at www.lamotte.com.

NOTE: The device complies to the product speciﬁ cations for the Low Voltage Directive.

 WARRANTY

LaMotte Company warrants this instrument to be free of defects in parts and workmanship for 2 years from the date of shipment. If it should become necessary to return the instrument for service during or beyond the warranty period, contact our Technical Service Department at 1-800-344-3100 for a return authorization number or visit www.lamotte.com for troubleshooting help. The sender is responsible for shipping charges, freight, insurance and proper packaging to prevent damage in transit. This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from action of the user such as misuse, improper wiring, operation outside of speciﬁ cation, improper maintenance or repair, or unauthorized modiﬁ cation. LaMotte Company speciﬁ cally disclaims any implied warranties or merchantability or ﬁ tness for a speciﬁ c purpose and will not be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages. LaMotte Company’s total liability is limited to repair or replacement of the product. The warranty set forth above is inclusive and no other warranty, whether written or oral, is expressed or implied.

 REGISTER YOUR METER

To register your meter with the LaMotte Service Department, go to www.lamotte.com and choose SUPPORT on th top navigation bar.

COMPUTER CONNECTION

 PC LINK

The LTC3000we/wi may be interfaced with any Windows-based computer by using the LaMotte SMARTLink 3 Program and USB Cable. The program will store test information and results in a database.

To transfer data from the meter to a computer, plug the smaller end of the USB cable (USB mini B connector) into the meter and the larger end of the USB cable (USB Type A connector) into a USB port on a computer. The LTC3000we/wi will send the following data: test name, wavelength, concentration, transmittance, absorbance, sample, blank, time of test, and date of test.

 OUTPUT

USB

 COMPUTER CONNECTION

USB Type A, USB mini B, Order Cable Code 1720.

BATTERY/AC OPERATION

The LTC3000we/wi may be operated on battery power or using a USB computer/ wall adapter. If using the meter as a bench top unit, use the AC wall adapter if possible to extend the battery life.

To charge the battery with the wall adapter, plug the smaller end of the USB cable (USB mini B connector) into the meter and the larger end of the USB cable (USB Type A connector) into the wall adapter. Plug the wall adapter into an AC outlet.

To charge the battery from a computer, plug the smaller end of the USB cable (USB mini B connector) into the meter and the larger end of the USB cable (USB Type A connector) into a USB port on the computer..

The battery icon will show no bars and ﬂ ash when the unit ﬁ rst turns on. Then the indicator will indicate the battery status by showing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 bars.

It will take 5 hours to fully charge a low battery. The battery icon will ﬂ ash when the battery is charging. The battery icon will show four bars and stop ﬂ ashing when it is fully charged. The charging circuit will automatically switch to a ﬂ oat charge when the battery is fully charged. The charger may remain connected. Some computers will NOT supply power to their USB ports during standby operation. The wall charger will charge the unit continuously.

The battery icon will show no bars and continuously ﬂ ash if the battery is getting low but the unit will still operate normally. A “Low Battery” message on the status bar of the display will replace the time when the battery voltage is too low for proper operation and accuracy may be degraded. A “Shutdown Low Batt” message on the display will appear for a few seconds before the power is switched off when the battery is too low to operate the unit.

To extend the battery life:

• Shut down the unit with the power switch when not taking measurements or use the power save option to have the unit automatically turn off after 5 minutes.

• Store the unit in a cool dry place.

• Fully charge the battery before storing the unit for extended periods of time.

• Limit backlight use. The unit consumes 3X normal power with the backlight on.

Set the backlight time option to 10 seconds, or select “Button Control” and keep the backlight off.

Battery replacement: The lithium-ion battery used in this unit should last for many years with normal use. When it no longer powers the unit long enough to meet testing requirements it will need to be replaced. Lithium-ion batteries that are properly charged and stored do not usually

lose all capacity; they just have less capacity after hundreds of charge cycles. This unit uses a custom battery assembly that is only available from LaMotte Company. Battery replacement must be performed at a LaMotte authorized repair facility. Contact LaMotte Company by phone (1-800-344-3100) or email (tech@lamotte.com) for a return authorization number.

INTRODUCTION

 TURBIDITY

WHAT IS TURBIDITY?

Turbidity is an aggregate property of the solution, which is water in most cases. Turbidity is not speciﬁ c to the types of particles in the water. The particles could be suspended or colloidal matter, and they can be inorganic, organic, or biological. At high concentrations, turbidity is perceived as cloudiness, haze, or an absence of clarity in the water. Turbidity is an optical property that results when light passing through a liquid sample is scattered. The scattering of light results in a change in the direction of the light passing through the liquid. This is most often caused when the light strikes particles in solution and is scattered backward, sideways and forward. If the turbidity is low, much of the light will continue in the original direction. Light scattered by the particles allows the particle to be ”seen” or detected in solution, just as sunlight allows dust particles in the air to be seen.

In the past 10 years, turbidity has become more than just a measure of water clarity. Because of the emergence of pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, turbidity now holds the key to assuring proper water ﬁ ltration. In 1998, the EPA published the IESWTR (interim enhanced surface water treatment rule) mandating turbidities in combined ﬁ lter efﬂ uent to read at or below 0.3 NTU. By doing so, the EPA hoped to achieve a 2 log (99%) removal of Cryptosporidium. There is presently consideration to lower this to 0.1 NTU. The trend has been to check the calibration of on-line turbidimeters with hand-held ﬁ eld units. The optical design and low detection limit of the LTC3000we/wi allows very accurate readings for such calibrations.

The meter also allows the user to choose the units of measure for expressing turbidity. While nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) has been the standard for years, FNU (formazin nephelometric unit) and FAU (formazin attenuation unit) are now being used in ISO 7027 units. American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) units and European Brewery Convention (EBC) units allow the brewing industry to check process waters.

HOW IS TURBIDITY MEASURED?

Turbidity is measured by detecting and quantifying the scattering of light in water (solution). Turbidity can be measured in many ways. There are visual methods and instrumental methods. Visual methods are more suitable for samples with high turbidity. Instrumental methods can be used on samples with both high and low levels of turbidity.

Two visual methods are the Secchi Disk method and the Jackson Candle method. The Secchi Disk method is often used in natural waters. A black and white Secchi Disk is lowered into the water until it can no longer be seen. It is then raised until it can be seen again. The average of these two distances is known as the “Secchi Depth”. The Jackson Candle method uses a long glass tube over a standard candle. Water is added or removed from the tube until the candle ﬂ ame becomes indistinct. The depth of the water measured with a calibrated scale is reported as Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU). The lowest turbidity that can be determined with this method is about 25 NTU. There are two common methods for instruments to measure turbidity. Instruments can measure the attenuation of a light beam passing through a sample and they can measure the scattered light from a light beam passing through a sample. In the attenuation method, the intensity of a light beam passing through a turbid sample is compared with the intensity passing through a turbidity-free sample at 180° from the light source. This method is good for highly turbid samples. The most common instrument for measuring scattered light in a water sample is a nephelometer. A nephelometer measures light scattered at 90° to the light beam. Light scattered at other angles may also be measured, but the 90° angle deﬁ nes a nephelometric measurement. The light source for nephelometric measurements can be one of two types to meet EPA or ISO speciﬁ cations. The EPA speciﬁ es a tungsten lamp with a color temperature of 2,200–3,000 K. The units of measurement for the EPA method are nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). The ISO speciﬁ es a light emitting diode (LED) with a wavelength of 860 ± 30 nm and a spectral bandwidth less than or equal to 60 nm. The units of measurement for the ISO method are formazin nephelometric units (FNU). The LTC3000we meets the EPA speciﬁ cation and the LTC3000wi meets the ISO speciﬁ cation. The nephelometric method is most useful for low turbidity.

The LTC3000we/wi is a nephelometer that is capable of measuring turbidity by both the attenuation method and the nephelometric method. It uses a detector placed at 180° to the light source for high turbidity samples. It uses a detector placed at 90° to the light source for the nephelometric method for low turbidity samples. The LTC3000we/wi has a signal averaging option to improve the stability of readings on low turbidity samples.

The LTC3000we/wi has two different turbidity calibrations, formazin and Japan Standard. The formazin calibration is the EPA and ISO approved method of calibrating nephelometers. This calibration can be used with user prepared formazin standards or commercially purchased formazin standards. LaMotte Company approved AMCO

standards labeled for use with the LTC3000we/wi can also be used with the formazin calibration. Stablcal® standards below 50 NTU should not be used to calibrate the LTC3000we/wi.

The Japan Standard calibration is a calibration for a Japanese Water Works standard. It is based on Japanese formulated polystyrene turbidity standards. This calibration should only be used to meet

Japanese Water Works requirements. The Japanese polystyrene standards can only be purchased in Japan. Formazin, AMCO and Stablcal® standards cannot be used with this calibration.

TURBIDITY UNITS

Traditionally, turbidimeters designed for use in the United State were made to the speciﬁ cations of EPA Method 180.1. This method deﬁ ned the NTU, nephelometric turbidity unit, as a unit to measure turbidity in the range of 0 – 40 NTU using a nephelometer. According to the EPA a nephelometer was a turbidimeter that measured turbidity with a 90° detector. Also, if the turbidity was greater than 40 NTU, a dilution was necessary to bring the sample into the 0 – 40 NTU range. Today, many turbidimeters have additional detectors which increase the range of the turbidity measurement, eliminate interferences and generally improve the performance. Currently, many turbidimeters are capable of measuring above 40 NTU by using detectors other than a 90° detector. Even though they may use a 180° detector to measure the light that is attenuated by high turbidity samples they may continue to report the results as NTU.

Recently there has been an effort to use the units of turbidity measurements to indicate which type of detector and light source was used. For EPA compliant meters, measurements made with a 90° degree detector and an incandescent white light source are reported as NTU. When an attenuation measurement is made with a 180°detector, using the same meter, the results are reported as AU, attenuation units. ISO Method 7027, which speciﬁ es a 860 nm light source, also uses two turbidity units. When the 90° degree detector is used, the results are reported as FNU, formazin nephelometric units. When an attenuation measurement made with a 180°detector, the results are reported as FAU, formazin attenuation units. It should be noted that all units are numerically equivalent if the meters are calibrated to formazin and that the units only designate which detector was used to make the measurement. For example, 1 NTU = 1 AU = 1FNU = 1FAU.

Acronyms Deﬁ nitions Notes

NTU Nephelometric

Turbidity Units

FNU Formazin

Nephelometric Units

AU Attenuation

Units

FAU Formazin

Attenuation Units

ASBC American

Society of Brewing Chemists

EBC European

Brewery Convention

Incandescent white light between 400 and 600 nm, 90° detection, LTC3000we

IR LED (usually) 860 nm, bandwidth less than 60 nm, 90° detection, LTC3000wi

Incandescent white light between 400 and 600 nm, 180° detection, LTC3000we

IR LED (usually) 860 nm, bandwidth less than 60 nm, 180° detection, LTC3000wi

LTC3000we/wi Not

Regulatory Method

EPA 180.1

ISO 7027

Not applicable

ISO 7027

applicable

The LTC3000we and LTC3000wi each use two turbidity units. The LTC3000we reports the result as NTU when the 90° detector is used and AU when the 180° detector is used. The LTC3000wi reports the result as FNU when the 90° detector is used and FAU when the 180° detector is used.

TAKING TURBIDITY WATER SAMPLES

Clean plastic or glass containers may be used for turbidity samples. Ideally, samples should be tested soon after collection and at the same temperature as when collected.

 CHLORINE

WHAT IS CHLORINE

Chlorine is added to water systems to sanitize the water. There are various forms of chlorine that are added to water. These can be gas, liquid (commonly called bleach or sodium hypochlorite), calcium hypochlorite mixtures, stabilized chlorine products and chlorine generated from salt. When these forms of chlorine are added, they react with water to form free chlorine, hypochlorous acid. If free chlorine reacts with ammonia, it will form various types of combined chlorine (chloramines). Depending on the chlorine to ammonia ratio, these can be mono, di or tri chloramines.

Because free chlorine can react with precursors in the water to form carcinogenic trihalomethanes (THMs), many water systems have switched to chloramines. In these systems, free chlorine and ammonia are added together and controlled to form monochloramine. Although not as active a sanitizer as free chlorine, chloramine is less likely to form THMs. Since it is a slower sanitizer, the concentration of chloramine in water is higher than the concentration of free chlorine in water distribution systems.

The present EPA limit of chlorine in water systems is 4.0 ppm. The amount of chlorine used to process waste may be higher than this.

Many states also establish limits on the amount of chlorine that can be discharged into a body of water after waste processing. These usually are less than 0.1 ppm. The low detection limit of the LTC3000we/ wi makes it ideal for such measurements. Because of its wide range, the LTC3000we/wi can be used to measure the water used in the wastewater process, in a distribution system and for many low level discharge requirements.

HOW IS CHLORINE MEASURED?

The most common methods for measuring chlorine are colorimetric methods. In colorimetric methods, chlorine reacts with reagents added to a water sample. The reaction of the chlorine with the reagents produces a color. The intensity of the color produced is proportional to the concentration of chlorine in the sample. The intensity of the color can be measured by visual comparison with a calibrated color chart or other types of visual color comparators. Visual methods suffer due to the subjective observations of the person judging the colors.

The LTC3000we/wi uses EPA approved DPD reagents to react with chlorine. In the absence of iodide, free available chlorine reacts instantly with DPD to produce a pink color. Subsequent addition of potassium iodide (DPD 3) causes a reaction with the combined form of chlorine. The LTC3000we/wi electronically measures the color produced in these reactions in comparison to a colorless water sample. First it measures the intensity of a light beam passing through a clear colorless sample, the blank. Then it measures the intensity of light passing through the pink reacted sample. The LTC3000we/wi uses the ratio of these two measurements to calculate the concentration of chlorine and displays the result. The LTC3000we/wi uses the EPA approved wavelength of 525 nm to make these measurements.

TAKING CHLORINE WATER SAMPLES

Chlorine solutions are not stable and should be analyzed immediately. Samples may be collected in glass. Amber or opaque bottles are recommended since exposure to sunlight or agitation will decrease chlorine concentrations. Since agitation will also decrease chlorine concentrations, it is best to ﬁ ll bottles completely to assure there is no air space in the container. If sampling from a tap, allow the water to run for a minute to assure a representative sample.

 COLOR

WHAT IS COLOR?

Many different dissolved or suspended materials contribute to the color of water. These can include industrial wastes, plant materials, metals and plankton. There are two terms used to deﬁ ne color. If one examines a water sample straight from a water source, the color of the water is its apparent color. The color of the water without the contribution of suspended substances is called true color. True color can decrease after precipitation and increase in drier weather.

Some bodies of water can change color quickly, depending on the runoff conditions and plant life around them. Wind can also stir up substances more in shallower bodies of water causing quick color change. Major contributors are tannins, hemic acids and inorganic minerals. Color can be critical, since as the color increases, the amount of light that penetrates the water decreases, and thus submerged plant life, that depend on this light for photosynthesis, will decrease.

HOW IS COLOR MEASURED?

Since most natural waters have color that is similar to a solution of chloroplatinate and cobalt, the APHA speciﬁ es the use of dilute chloroplatinate/cobalt color standards to deﬁ ne color values. In the APHA method, the color of a water sample is compared visually to 6 to 9 chloroplatinate/cobalt standards. However, visual methods suffer due to the subjective observations of the person judging the colors. To eliminate this source of error, color can be measured electronically with a spectrophotometer or a colorimeter like the LTC3000we/wi.

The LTC3000we/wi is calibrated with APHA color standards at 428 nm. The meter electronically measures color in comparison to a colorless water sample. First it measures the intensity of a light beam passing through a clear colorless sample, the blank. Then it measures the intensity of light passing through the colored sample. The LTC3000we/wi uses the ratio of these two measurements to calculate the color and displays the result. The results are expressed in APHA color units (cu).

There is no standard wavelength for measuring color, and it is common for meters to use different wavelengths. Since chloroplatinate/cobalt standards will have different absorbance values at various wavelengths, comparing results from the LTC3000we/wi to meters using wavelengths other than 428 nm is not valid.

Meters using different wavelengths will only give the same reading when measuring chloroplatinate/cobalt standards since they are both calibrated to those standards. When measuring natural water,

meters using different wavelengths should not be expected to give the same result because the absorbance spectrum of natural water is usually not identical to the absorbance spectrum of chloroplatinate/ cobalt standards. The reading that the meter displays is a correlation between the color of the sample water and the color standards at a ﬁ xed wavelength. The correlation and reading will change as the wavelength changes.

TAKING COLOR WATER SAMPLES

Samples should ideally be collected in glass containers. Perform the analysis soon after sampling since the color may change with time. For true color determinations, remove turbidity by ﬁ ltration or centrifugation.

 SAMPLE DILUTION TECHNIQUES

If a test result is out of the range of the meter, it must be diluted. The test should then be repeated on the diluted sample. The following table gives quick reference guidelines for dilutions of various proportions.

Amount of Sample Deionized Water to Bring

Final Volume to 10 mL 10 mL 0 mL 1 5 mL 5 mL 2

2.5 mL 7.5 mL 4 1 mL 9 mL 10

0.5 mL 9.5 mL 20

All dilutions are based on a ﬁ nal volume of 10 mL, so several dilutions will require small volumes of the water sample. Graduated pipets should be used for all dilutions. If volumetric glassware is not available, dilutions can be made with the colorimeter tube. Fill the tube to the 10 mL line with the sample and then transfer it to another container. Add 10 mL volumes of deionized water to the container and mix. Transfer 10 mL of the diluted sample to the colorimeter tube and follow the test procedure. Repeat the dilution and testing procedures until the result falls within the range of the calibration. Multiply the test result by the dilution factor. For example, if 10 mL of the sample water is diluted with three 10 mL volumes of deionized water, the dilution factor is four. The test result of the diluted sample should be multiplied by four.

Multiplication Factor

OPTIONS & SET UP

 FACTORY DEFAULT SETTINGS

Settings that have user options have been set at the factory to default settings.

The factory default settings are:

Averaging Disabled Turbidity Units NTU/FNU Turbidity Calibration Formazin Chlorine Units ppm Chlorine Calibration Tablet Date Format MM-DD-YYYY Power Save 5 minutes Backlight 10 seconds Language English

 AVERAGING

The averaging option allows the user to average multiple readings. This option will improve the accuracy of samples with readings that may tend to drift with time. When the two, ﬁ ve or ten measurement option has been selected the ﬁ nal average is displayed. The averaging option is available only for turbidity. The default setting is disabled. To change the setting:

Options/Set Up

1. Press and brieﬂ y hold

to turn the meter on. The LaMotte logo screen will appear for about 3 seconds and the Main Menu will appear.

2. Press to scroll to

Options.

Main Menu

Measure

Data Logging Options Run PC Link

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Main Menu Measure Data Logging

Options

Run PC Link

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3. Press

Options.

Options/Set Up

ENTER

to select

Options Menu

Averaging

Turbidity Options Chlorine Options Set Clock

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4. Press

ENTER

to select

Averaging.

5. Press or to scroll to the desired option.

6. Press

ENTER

to save the selection. The screen will display Storing... for about 1 second and return to the Options Menu.

Averaging Menu

Disabled

2 Measurements 5 Measurements 10 Measurements

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Averaging Menu Disabled

2 Measurements

5 Measurements 10 Measurements

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Options Menu

Averaging

Turbidity Options Chlorine Options Set Clock

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NOTE: When the Averaging option is enabled, more time will be required to display a reading and more power will be used.

 TURBIDITY

The default units are NTU and FNU and the default calibration curve is formazin. NTU will be used in this example. To change the settings:

SELECTING TURBIDITY UNITS

1. Press and brieﬂ y hold to turn the meter on. The LaMotte logo screen will appear for about 3 seconds and the Main Menu will appear.

Measure

Data Logging Options Run PC Link

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Main Menu

Options/Set Up

2. Press to scroll to Options.

3. Press

ENTER

to select Options. Press to scroll to Turbidity Options.

4. Press

ENTER

to select Turbidity Options.

Main Menu Measure Data Logging

Options

Run PC Link

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Options Menu Averaging

Turbidity Options

Chlorine Options Set Clock

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Turbidity Options

Turbidity Units

Turbidity Calibration

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5. Press Turbidity Units.

ENTER

to select

NTU

Set Turbidity Units

ASBC

Options/Set Up

EBC

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Available units are:

NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units)( LTC3000we only) FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Units) (LTC3000wi only) ASBC (American Society of Brewing Chemists) EBC (European Brewery Convention) NOTE: The meter will automatically switch to the attenuation mode above 600 NTU or FNU. In Attenuation mode, measurements will be made with the 180° detector only, as indicated by AU (attenuation units) or FAU (formazin anttenuation units) on the display. AU and FAU are numberically equivalent to NTU. See page 15 for deﬁ nitions of turbidity units.

6. Press or to scroll to the desired units.

7. Press

ENTER

to save the selection. The screen will display Storing... for about 1 second and return to the Turbidity Options menu. Press

EXIT

to return to a previous menu.

Set Turbidity Units

NTU

ASBC EBC

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Turbidity Options

Turbidity Units

Turbidity Calibration

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Selecting a Turbidity Calibration Curve

1. Press and brieﬂ y hold to turn the meter on. The LaMotte logo screen will appear for about 3 seconds and the Main Menu will appear.

Measure

Data Logging Options Run PC Link

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Options/Set Up

Main Menu

2. Press to scroll to Options.

3. Press

ENTER

to select Options. Press to scroll to Turbidity Options.

4. Press

ENTER

to select Turbidity Options.

Main Menu Measure Data Logging

Options

Run PC Link

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Options Menu Averaging

Turbidity Options

Chlorine Options Set Clock

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Turbidity Options

Turbidity Units

Turbidity Calibration

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5. Press to scroll to Turbidity Calibration.

Turbidity Options Turbidity Units

Turbidity Calibration

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6. Press

Turbidity Calibration.

Options/Set Up

ENTER

to select

Turbidity Calibration

Formazin

Japan Standard

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7. Scroll to the desired calibration option. Select a calibration option based on the composition of the

Formazin

Japan Standard

Turbidity Calibration

standards that will be used to calibrate the meter.

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NOTE: Stablcal® standards below 50 NTU should not be used to calibrate the LTC3000we/wi. The diluent has a different refractive index than traditional formazin standards and will affect the results.

8. Press

ENTER

to save the selection. The screen will display Storing... for about 1 second and return to the

Turbidity Units

Turbidity Calibration

Turbidity Options

Turbidity Options menu. Press previous menu.

EXIT

to return to a

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 CHLORINE

The default units are ppm and the default calibration curve is for DPD Tablet reagents. To change the setting:

SELECTING CHLORINE UNITS

1. Press and brieﬂ y hold to turn the meter on. The LaMotte logo screen will appear for about 3 seconds and the Main Menu will appear.

Measure

Data Logging Options Run PC Link

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Main Menu

Options/Set Up

2. Press to scroll to Options.

3. Press Options. Press

ENTER

to select

to scroll

to Chlorine Options.

4. Press

ENTER

to select

Chlorine Options.

Main Menu Measure Data Logging

Options

Run PC Link

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Options Menu Averaging Turbidity Options

Chlorine Options

Set Clock

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Chlorine Options

Chlorine Units

Chlorine Calibration

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5. Press Chlorine Units. Available units are: ppm (parts per million) and mg/L (milligrams

Options/Set Up

per liter).

ENTER

to select

Set Chlorine Units

ppm

mg/L

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6. Press or to scroll to desired units.

7. Press

ENTER

to save selection. The screen will display Storing... for about 1 second and return to the Chlorine Options menu. Press

EXIT

to return to a

previous menu.

Set Chlorine Units

ppm

mg/L

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Chlorine Options

Chlorine Units

Chlorine Calibrations

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