LaMotte AM-21 User Manual

WARNING! This set contains chemicals

that may be harmful if misused. Read

cautions on individual containers

carefully. Not to be used by children

except under adult supervision

Index of Tests

Page

AlkalinityTest ...............6

FieldTestMethod.................7

CalculationofAlkalinityRelationships ......... 8

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 9

AmmoniaNitrogenTest............ 10

FieldTestMethod ................ 10

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 11

Calcium,Magnesium,&TotalHardnessTests..... 12

FieldTestMethod-TotalHardness.......... 13

FieldTestMethod-CalciumHardness......... 14

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 15

FreeCarbonDioxideTest........... 17

FieldTestMethod ................ 17

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 18

ChlorideTest............... 19

FieldTestMethod ................ 20

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 20

ChlorineTest............... 21

FieldTestMethod ................ 21

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 22

Chromium(Chromate)Test .......... 23

FieldTestMethod ................ 23

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 24

CopperTest ............... 25

FieldTestMethod ................ 25

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 26

CyanideTest............... 27

FieldTestMethod ................ 28

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 29

IronTest................. 31

FieldTestMethod ................ 31

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 32

Page

NitrateTest................ 33

FieldTestMethod ................ 34

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 35

pHTest................. 36

FieldTestMethod ................ 36

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 37

Phosphorus(Phosphate)Test.......... 38

FieldTestMethod ................ 39

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 40

SalinityTest................ 41

FieldTestMethods................ 42

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 42

SulfideTest................ 43

FieldTestMethods................ 44

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 45

TotalDissolvedSolidsTest........... 46

FieldTestMethods................ 47

CareofResinColumn............... 48

Overhead Projection Demonstration .......... 49

Care of Resi n Column 50

Introduction

This kit employs two typical quantitative chemical test methods: colorimetric comparison with standards of known value or titration of the sample with solutions of known value. The reagent systems employed in these testing sets can also be used to make simple qualitative tests where the presence or absence (not the amount) of the factor being investigated is of concern to the investigator. These qualitative tests can be conducted in the field or in the classroom where the overhead projector can be used to project the colorful reactions.

The colorimetric comparison outfits provide color standards of known values. If the color of the test sample does not match the color of one of the standards, but is between two color standards, the value assigned to the test sample is the midpoint between the two standards that bracket the color of the sample. For example, if the color of the test sample is between the colors of 0.2 and 0.6 ppm, the result is read as 0.4 ppm. In the pH test, if the color of the sample is between pH 7.6 and 7.8, the result is read as pH 7.7. When the color of the test sample (other than pH) is greater than the standard of the highest value, the test is repeated on a portion of the test sample that has been diluted on a one-to-one ratio with distilled water . The values of the color standards are multiplied by a factor of 2 to compensate for the dilution. Dilutions of higher ratio can be made; however, it must be remembered that the values of the standards must be multiplied by the ratio of the dilution. A dilution procedure cannot be used when measuring pH.

The titration procedures are performed using a Direct Reading Titrator which accurately measures the amount of titration reagent used. Carefully read the enclosed instruction manual on the Direct Reading Titrator before performing any of the titrations.

Alkalinity Test

The normal conditi ons of the alkalini ty of natural waters are associated with the carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide components. These factors are characteristic of the source of water and the natural processes taking place at any given time. For particular industrial and domestic use, it is often desirable to change these characteristics by treatments such as aeration, neutralization, softening, etc. The particular treatment and the extent to which it is employed will depend upon the end use of the water .

Alkalinity of a water is determined by titration with a standard acid to successive indicator endpoints, thus permitting the calculation of the various forms of alkalinity.

Field T est Method

Quantity Contents Code

15 mL Total Alkalinity Indicator 2786-E

100 Phenolphthalein Tablets T-2246-J

30 mL *Alkalinity Titration Reagent B *4493-G

1 Test Tube, 5-10-15 mL, glass, w/cap 0778

1 Direct Reading Titrator, 0-200 Range 0382

WARNING: Reagents marked with a * are considered to be potential health hazards. To view or print a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for these reagents see MSDS CD or www.lamotte.com. To obtain a printed copy, contact LaMotte by email , phone or fax.

The alkalinity titration tube is calibrated so that the result can be read directly from the scale on the titrator in ppm calcium carbonate (CaCO The result can be translated to grains per gallon by multiplying the reading by the factor 0.0585.

Read the LaMotte Direct Reading Titrator Manual before prceeding.

Procedure

1. Fill the test tube (0778) to the 5.0 mL line with the sample water.

2. Add one Phenolphthalein Table (T -2246). Cap and mix until the tablet

is disintegrated. If no red color develops, the “P” Alkalinity is zero. If the “P” Alkalinity is zero, go to Step 5.

3. Fill the Direct Reading Titrator (0382) with *Alkalinity Titration

Reagent B (4493).

4. Insert the titrator tip into the test tube cap. Slowly add *Alkalinity

T itration Reagent B (4493) while swirling to mix, until the red color disappears. Read the test result directly from the scale where the large ring on the Titrator meets the T itrator barrel. This is the “P” or Phenolphthalein Alkalinity. (Do not refill the Titrator for Step 6.)

5. Remove the cap and add 3 drops of Total Alkalinity Indicator (2786) to

the test sample. Replace the cap and swirl the tube to mix the indicator with the sample.

6. Continue to add the *Alkalinity Titration Reagent B (4493) with

mixing until the color of the sample changes from greenish blue to a definite pink color. This is the “T” or Total Alkalinity reading, also know as the “M” Alkalinity.

Calculation of Alkalinity Relationships

The results obtained from the phenolphthalein and total alkalinity determination offer a means for the stoichiometric classification of the three principal forms of alkalinity present in many water supplies. The classification ascribes the entire alkalinity to bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide; and assumes the absence of other weak acids of inorganic or organic composition, such as silicic, phosphoric, and boric. This classification system further presupposes the incompatibility of hydroxide and bicarbonate alkalinities in the same sample. Since the calculations are on a stoichiometric basis, ion concentrations in the strictest sense are not represented in the results.

Carbonate alkalinity is present when the phenolphthalein alkalinity is not zero but is less than the total alkalinity.

Hydroxide alkalinity is present if the phenolphthalein alkalinity is more than one-half the total alkalinity .

Bicarbonate alkalinity is present if the phenolphthalein alkalinity is less than one-half the total alkalinity .

The mathematical conversion of the results is shown in the following table:

Relationships Between Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, Total Alkalinity , Carbonate Alkalinity, And Hydroxide Alkalinity:

Result of Titration

P=0 0 0 T P<½T 0 2P T-2P P=½T 0 2P 0 P>½T 2P-T 2(T-P) 0 P=T T 0 0T

Hydroxide Alkalinity as CaCO

Carbonate Alkalinity as

CaCO

Bicarbonate Alkalinity as CaCO

Overhead Projection Demonstration

Quantity Contents Code

100 Phenolphthalein Tablets T-2246-J 15 mL Total Alkalinity Indicator 2786-E 30 mL *Alkalinity Titration Reagent B *4493 1 Test Tube, 5-10-15 mL, glass, w/cap 0778 1 Direct Reading Titrator, 0-100 Range 0381 1 Demonstration Stage, six cell 1038 1 Spatula 0691

Read the LaMotte Direct Reading Titrator Manual before proceeding.

Procedure

1. Place the demonstration stage (1038) on the overhead projector and

turn on the projector light.

2. Fill the test tube (0778) to the 10 mL line with sample water and transfer

to a cell on the demonstration stage (1038). (A second cell can be filled with an identical amount of water sample to be used as a “before” color standard. Add the indicator in Step 3, but do not titrate.)

3. Add three drops of Total Alkalinity Indicator (2786) and gently stir the

contents of the cell with spatula (0691). If there is any alkalinity present, a blue-green color will appear.

4. Fill the Direct Reading Titrator (0381) with *Alkalinity Titration

Reagent B (4493).

5. The titrator is held by hand over the cell. Discharge one drop of the

reagent at a time. Stir the mixture after each addition of the titration solution.

6. When the color of the liquid in the cell changes permanently to pink,

read the test result directly from the scale where the large ring on the T i trator meets the Titrator barrel. Each minor division equals 2 ppm CaCO “P” Alkalinity, use the procedure described in the field test method on

Alkalinity . This value is the “T” Alkalinity . To determine the

page 6.

Ammonia Nitrogen Test

Ammonia nitrogen is present in variable concentrations in many surface and ground waters, however, any sudden change in the analysis of a supply which has been rather constant composition is cause for suspicion. A product of microbiological activity, ammonia nitrogen is sometimes accepted as chemical evidence of sanitary pollution when encountered in raw surface waters.

Ammonia in water is detected by means of *Nessler’s Reagent (4798) which reacts with ammonia to form a yellow color. The amount of color developed is directly proportional to the amount of ammonia present.

Field T est Method

Quantity Contents Code

30 mL Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #1 4797WT-G

30 mL *Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #2 *4798WT-G

1 Test Tube, 5.0 mL, w/cap 0230

1 Ammonia Nitrogen Comparator,

1.0 and 5.0 ppm

Procedure

1. Fill the test tube (0230) to the 5.0 mL line with sample water .

2. Add 4 drops of Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #1 (4797). Cap and mix.

3. Add 8 drops of *Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #2 (4798). Cap and mix.

4. Insert test tube into the Ammonia Nitrogen Comparator (7471). Match

sample color to a color standard. Record as ppm Ammonia Nitrogen.

7471

Overhead Projection Demonstration

Quantity Contents Code

30 mL Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #1 4797WT-G

30 mL *Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #2 *4798WT-G

1 Test Tube, 5.0 mL, w/cap 0230

1 Demonstration Stage, six cell 1038-P

1 Spatula 6091

Procedure

1. Place the demonstration stage (1038) on the overhead projector and

turn on the projector light.

2. Fill test tube (0230) to the 5 mL line with sample water and transfer to a

cell on the demonstration stage (1038). (As a control, measure 5.0 mL of sample water and add this to a second cell on the stage. Do not add any reagents to the control sample.)

3. Add two drops of Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #1 (4797) and gently stir

with a clean spatula (6091).

4. Add eight drops of *Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #2 (4798). Mix by

stirring with the spatula.

5. If ammonia is present, a yellow color will form. High concentrations of

ammonia will produce a full yellow color. Lower concentrations will produce varying shades of yellow and a faint yellow tint will indicate the presence of a trace quantity of ammonia.

Calcium, Magnesium, & Total Hardness Test

Calcium, magnesium and total hardness factors of a water should be considered as a group since the total hardness of a water generally represents the total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate. Other ions may contribute to the hardness of water, but in natural waters all but calcium and magnesium are present in insignificant quantities. When the hardness of a water is greater than the sum of the carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity, the amount in excess is called “noncarbonate hardness” and such waters may contain considerable amounts of chloride and sulfate ions. This is an important factor to consider when treating potable water by ion exchange methods. The hardness of water may range from zero to hundreds of milligrams per liter, (or parts per million), depending on the source or the treatment to which it has been subjected.

A knowledge of the hardness of water is of great importance in the industrial uses since it is the chief source of scale in heat exchange equipment, boilers, pipe lines, etc. From the domestic standpoint, hard water consumes excessive quantities of soap, forming curds and depositing a film on hair, fabrics and glassware.

Total Hardness of water is determined by titration with a EDTA solution, using Calmagite as the endpoint indicator. The total hardness minus the calcium hardness equals the magnesium hardness. Calcium is determined by EDT A titration in a manner similar to the total hardness determination.

Drinking water quality standards, as determined by the US Public Health Service, set limits of calcium hardness at 200 ppm and magnesium hardness at 150 ppm. Waters with a total hardness in the range of 0-60 ppm are termed soft; from 60-120 ppm medium hard, from 120-180 ppm hard and above 180 ppm very hard.

Field Test Method - Total Hardness

Quantity Contents Code

100 Hardness Reagent #6 Tablets 4484-J

15 mL *Hardness Reagent #5 *4483-E

15 mL *Sodium Hydroxide Reagent w/Metal Inhibitor *4259-E

50 Calcium Hardness Indicator Tablets T-5250-H

30 mL Hardness Reagent #7 4487DR-G

1 Test Tube, 12.9 mL, w/cap 0608

1 Direct Reading Titrator, 0-200 Range 0382

The Hardness DR Titration Tube (0608) is calibrated so that the hardness can be read directly from the scale on the Direct Reading Titrator in ppm. Each minor division on this scale is equal to 4 ppm. Divide this direct reading by the factor 17.1 to obtain hardness in grains per gallon (gpg).

Read the LaMotte Direct Reading Titrator Manual before proceeding.

Procedure

1. Fill the test tube (0608) to the 12.9 mL line with sample water .

2. Add 5 drops of *Hardness Reagent #5 (4483) and mix. Add 1 Hardness

Reagent #6 Tablet (4484) and swirl to disintegrate the tablet. A red color will develop.

3. Fill the Direct Reading Titrator (0382) with the Hardness Reagent #7

(4487).

4. Add Hardness Reagent #7 (4487) one drop at a time, swirling to mix

after each drop, until the red color changes to clear blue.

5. Read the test result directly from the scale where the large ring on the

T i trator meets the Titrator barrel. Record as Total Hardness as ppm Calcium Carbonate.

Field T est Method—Calcium Hardness

Procedure

1. Fill the test tube (0769) to the 12.9 ml line with the sample water.

2. Add six drops of *Sodium Hydroxide Reagent with Metal Inhibitors

(4259).

3. Add one Calcium Hardness Indicator Tablet (5250). Cap and mix until

tablet is disintegrated. A red color will appear if calcium is present.

4. Hardness Reagent #7 (4487) is added as described in the Field Test

Method for Total Hardness, until the red color changes to blue. The results are read as Calcium Hardness in ppm CaCO

5. The Magnesium Hardness level is determined by subtracting the

Calcium Hardness level from the Total Hardness level.

Overhead Projection Demonstration

Quantity Contents Code

100 Hardness Reagent #6 Tablets 4484-J

15 mL *Hardness Reagent #5 *4483-E

15 mL *Sodium Hydroxide Reagent

w/Metal Inhibitors

50 Calcium Indicator Tablets T-5250-H

30 mL Hardness Reagent #7 4487DR-G

1 Test Tube, 12.9 mL, w/cap 0608

1 Direct Reading Titrator, 0-200 Range 0382

1 Demonstration Stage, six cell 1038-P

1 Spatula 0691

*4259-E

Read the LaMotte Direct Reading Titrator Manual before proceeding.

Procedure

1. Place the demonstration stage (1038) on the overhead projector and

turn on the projector light.

2. Fill the test tube (0608) to the 12.9 mL line with sample water and

transfer to a cell on the demonstration stage (1038). Repeat this operation so that four cells of the demonstration stage are filled. One cell will be used for the Total Hardness test, one cell will be used for the Calcium Hardness test and the other two cells will be used as controls. Number the cells 1, 2, 3 and 4.

3. T o cells 1 and 2, add 5 drops of *Hardness Reagent #5 (4483) and mix.

Add 1 Hardness Reagent #6 Tablet (4484) and swirl until tablet is disintegrated. A red color will develop.

4. Fill the Direct Reading Titrator (0382) with the Hardness Reagent #7

(4487). Add one drop at a time to cell 2 until the sample color changes from red to clear blue. Stir the sample after the addition of each drop. Read the test result directly from the scale where the large ring on the T i trator meets the Titrator barrel. Record the result as ppm Total Hardness.

5. T o cells 3 and 4, add six drops of *Sodium Hydroxide Reagent with

Metal Inhibitors (4259) and stir the contents of the cells with the spatula.

6. T o cells 3 and 4, add one Calcium Hardness Indicator Tablet (5250) to

each and stir until tablets are disintegrated or until the liquid has developed a full red color. Cell 3 will be used as the “before” color change standard.

7. Refill the Direct Reading Titrator with Hardness Reagent #7 and add

dropwise to cell 4, stirring the solution after each drop. Continue until the sample color changes from red to blue. Read the test result directly from the scale where the large ring on the Titrator meets the Titrator barrel. Record the result as ppm Calcium Hardness.

8. Subtract the Calcium Hardness level from the Total Hardness level to

determine the Magnesium Hardness level.

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