KUHN AXIS 20.1, AXIS 40.1 W, AXIS 40.1, AXIS 30.1, AXIS 50.1 W Operator's Manual
OPERATOR'S MANUAL
RN001CGB A
Fertilizer spreaders
AXIS
Original instructions
RN001CGB A
- English - 08-2010
Preface
Dear customer,
You have shown your trust in our product by purchasing the solid fertiliser broadcaster s of the
AXIS series Thank You! We want to live up to your expectations. You have acquired an efficient
and dependable solid fertiliser broadcaster .
Our customer service is always at your disposal, should any problems arise.
Please read these operating instructions and follow them carefully before taking the solid
fertiliser broadcaster into service.
The operating instructions offer a comprehensive operative overview and gives you valuable information regarding assembly, maintenance and care of the product.
This instruction manual may also contain descriptions of equipment which is not included in the
solid fertiliser broadcaster kit.
You should be aware that damage caused by incorrect operation or improper use may not be covered by warranty claims.
n CAUTION
Please enter the model and serial number, as well as the year of manufacture of your solid fertiliser broadcaster.
You can find this information either on the manufacturer's nameplate or on the
frame of the product.
Please state this information whenever you wish to order spare parts, accessories or in case of complaints.
Model: Serial number: Year of manufacture:
Technical improvements
We are continuously improving our products. For this reason, we reserve the right to make any
improvements and necessary changes to our product line without prior notice. However, we are
not obligated to apply such improvements or changes on machines that have already been sold.
We will be pleased to answer any other questions that you might have.
Yours sincerely
KUHN S.A.
Farm Machinery
AXIS-GENERAL
AXIS 20.1
AXIS 30.1 (W), AXIS 40.1 (W)
AXIS 50.1 W
AXIS-MAINTENANCE
The chapter AXIS-General deals with general instructions regarding the operation of the entire
AXIS model range. Please read this chapter carefully before taking the solid fertiliser broadcaster
into service.
The chapter Safety deals with safety instructions, as well as occupational and traffic safety regulations associated with the handling and operation of the solid fertiliser broadcaster AXIS. The
consideration of and adherence to the instructions in this chapter is the basic requirement for
the safe handling and trouble free operation of the solid fertiliser broadcaster.
At the end of the instruction manual, you will find the chapters dealing with disposal of the product
and terms/conditions of warranty for all models.
The chapter AXIS 20.1 contains specific information about the solid fertiliser broadcaster of the
model type AXIS 20.1.
The chapter AXIS 30.1, AXIS 40.1 contains specific information about the solid fertiliser broad-
caster of the model types AXIS 30.1 and AXIS 40.1.
The chapter AXIS 50.1 W contains specific information about the solid fertiliser broadcaster of the
model type AXIS 50.1 W.
The chapter AXIS-Maintenance describes the general maintenance and repair tasks which apply
to all solid fertiliser broadcasters of the AXIS series.
Contents
Preface
AXIS-GENERAL
1 Intended use 1
2 User instructions 3
2. 1 About this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. 2 Structure of the operator's manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. 3 Depictions in the text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3.1 Directions and instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3.2 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3.3 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Safety 5
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Significance of warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3 General safety information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Operator instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.1 Personnel qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.2 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.3 Accident prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Operating safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5.1 Shutting down the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5.2 Filling the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5.3 Inspection before startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5.4 During operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Fertiliser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.7 Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.8 Service and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.8.1 Maintenance personnel qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.8.2 Parts subject to wear and tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.8.3 Service and repair tasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.9 Traffic safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.9.1 Checks before driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.9.2 Transport with the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.10 Protective equipment built into the machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.10.1 Positioning of the protective equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.10.2 Protective device functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.11 Warning and instruction message stickers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.11.1 Warning stickers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.11.2 Instruction stickers and factory plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.12 Reflectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
I
Contents
4 Technical data 21
4. 1 Machine information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.1 Manufacturer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.2 Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.3 Specifications of base equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1.4 Specifications of extensions and extension combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4. 2 List of available optional equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.1 Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.2 Hopper covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.3 Hopper cover supplement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.4 TELIMAT T 25, T 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.5 Two way unit (only for AXIS 20.1/30.1/40.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.6 Tele-Space universal drive shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.7 Universal drive shaft with radial ratchet brace (only for AXIS 20.1) . . . . . . . 26
4.2.8 Auxiliary lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.9 ASR 25 transport wheels with bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.10 Border spreading unit GSE 25 (only for AXIS 20.1/30.1/40.1) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.11 Hydraulic remote controller FHZ 25 for GSE 25
(only for AXIS 20.1/30.1/40.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.12 Hydraulic remote controller FHZ 26 for GSE 25
(only for AXIS 30.1 W/40.1 W)27
4.2.13 Dirt deflector SFG 30 (only for AXIS 20.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.14 Dirt deflector extension SFG-E 30 (only for AXIS 30.1/40.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.15 Spreading vane set Z14, Z16, Z18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.16 Inspection kit PPS5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.17 Fertiliser Identification System DiS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5 Axle load calculation 29
5.1 Calculation of the total weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 Axle loads table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6 Transport without tractor 33
6.1 General safety instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.2 Loading and unloading, parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7 Instructions regarding the spreading process 35
8 Standard operating procedure (all models) 37
8. 1 Taking delivery of the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8. 2 Tractor requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
8. 3 Mounting the drive shaft on the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8.3.1 Fitting and removing the drive shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8. 4 Attaching solid fertiliser broadcaster to the tractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.4.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.4.2 Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8. 5 Preset the mounting height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.5.1 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.5.2 Maximum approved hopper mounting height at front (V) and rear (H). . . . . 47
8.5.3 Hopper mounting heights A and B as per the spreading calibration chart . . 48
II
Contents
8. 6 Using the spreading calibration chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.6.1 Information on the calibration chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.6.2 Settings as per calibration chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8. 7 Spreading at the headland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8. 8 Calibration of the border spreading unit GSE (optional equipment)
(only for AXIS 20.1, AXIS 30.1, AXIS 40.1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.8.1 Calibration of the border spreading unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8. 9 Calibration of the TELIMAT T 25, T 50 (optional equipment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.9.1 Calibrating the TELIMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.9.2 Correcting the spreading distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.9.3 Instructions for spreading with the TELIMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8. 10 Adjustments for unlisted fertiliser types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
8.10.1 Requirements and conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
8.10.2 Running one pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.10.3 Running three passes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
III
Contents
AXIS 20.1
A Commissioning 73
A.1 Mount universal drive shaft with shear bolt coupling on the AXIS 20.1.. . . . . . . . . . 73
A.1.1 Mounting the universal drive shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
A.1.2 Demounting the drive shaft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
A.2 Connecting the slide feed controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
A.2.1 Connecting hydraulic slide feed controls: AXIS 20.1, versions K + D. . . . . . 77
A.2.2 Connecting the hydraulic slide feed controls: AXIS 20.1, version R. . . . . . . 77
A.2.3 Connecting the electric slide actuator controls: AXIS 20.1, version R . . . . . 79
A.3 Filling up the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
B Spreading Operation 82
B.1 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
B.2 Using the calibration charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B.3 Spreading at the headland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B.4 Setting the application rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B.5 Setting the working width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
B.5.1 Choosing the correct spreading disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
B.5.2 Removing and mounting spreading discs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
B.5.3 Set drop point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
B.6 Calibration test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
B.6.1 Determine nominal output volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
B.6.2 Running calibration test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
B.7 Check mounting height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
B.8 Setting the PTO speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
B.9 Faults and possible causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
B.10 Discharging residue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
B.11 Decoupling and parking the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
C Maintenance and repair 104
C.1 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
C.2 Adjusting the metering slide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
C.3 Adjusting the fertiliser drop point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
IV
Contents
AXIS 30.1, AXIS 40.1
A Commissioning 109
A.1 Connecting the slide feed controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
A.1.1 Connecting hydraulic slide feed controls: AXIS 30.1/40.1,
versions K + D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
A.1.2 Connecting the hydraulic slide feed controls: AXIS 30.1/40.1,
version R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
A.1.3 Connecting the electric slide actuator: AXIS 30.1/40.1, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
versions Q + W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
A.2 Filling up the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
B Spreading Operation 114
B.1 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
B.2 Using the calibration charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
B.3 Spreading at the headland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
B.4 Setting the application rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
B.5 Setting the working width. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
B.5.1 Choosing the correct spreading disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
B.5.2 Removing and mounting spreading discs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
B.5.3 Setting the fertiliser drop point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
B.6 Calibration test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
B.6.1 Determine nominal output volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
B.6.2 Running calibration test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
B.7 Check mounting height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
B.8 Setting the PTO speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
B.9 Faults and possible causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
B.10 Discharging residue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
B.11 Decoupling and parking thesolid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
C Maintenance and repair 137
C.1 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
C.2 Weight spreader lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
C.3 Check the screw connections in the weighing cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
C.4 Metering slide adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
C.5 Fertiliser drop point adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
V
Contents
AXIS 50.1 W
A Commissioning 145
A.1 Connecting electric slide feed actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
A.2 Filling up the solid fertiliser broadcaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
B Spreading operation 147
B.1 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
B.2 Using the calibration charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
B.3 Spreading at the headland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
B.4 Setting the application rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
B.5 Setting the working width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
B.5.1 Choosing the correct spreading disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
B.5.2 Removing and mounting spreading discs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
B.5.3 Setting the fertiliser drop point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
B.6 Calibration test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
B.6.1 Running calibration test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
B.7 Check mounting height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
B.8 Setting the PTO speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
B.9 Faults and possible causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
B.10 Discharging residue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
B.11 Decoupling and parking thesolid fertiliser broadcaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
C Maintenance and repair 164
C.1 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
C.2 Using the steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
C.2.1 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
C.2.2 Folding out step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
C.2.3 Folding in the step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
C.3 Weight spreader lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
C.4 Check the bolted connections in the weighing cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
C.5 Metering slide adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
C.6 Fertiliser drop point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
D Appendix 179
D.1 Deactivating the actuator control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
D.2 Set drop point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
VI
Contents
AXIS-MAINTENANCE
9 General maintenance and service (all models) 183
9.1 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
9.2 Maintenance Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
9.3 Opening the protective grid in the hopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
9.4 Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9.5 Lubrication chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9.6 Wearing parts and bolted connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
9.6.1 Checking wearing parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
9.6.2 Checking bolted connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
9.7 Checking the position of the spreading disc hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
9.8 Checking agitator drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9.9 Changing spreading vanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
9.10 Gear oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
9.10.1 Quantity and types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
9.10.2 Checking oil level, changing oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
AXIS-GENERAL
10 Disposal (all models) 197
10.1 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
10.2 Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
11 Guarantee and warranty (all models) 199
VII
Contents
VIII
AXIS-GENERAL
1 Intended use
The solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series should only be used in strict accordance to the specifications given in the instruction manual.
The solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series are built according to their specified use, therefore they should be exclusively used for the following purposes:
for conventional agricultural use
for the spreading of dry, granular and crystalline fertilisers, seeds and pest
control agents
Any use beyond these specifications is considered as contrary to the intended
use. The manufacturer is not liable for any damage resulting from misuse. The
operator bears the entire risk.
The intended use also includes compliance with the operating, maintenance and
service conditions according to manufacturer specifications. Only genuine spare
parts from the manufacturer may be used as replacements.
The solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series should be operated, serviced
and maintained solely by persons who are thoroughly familiar with the machine
and are aware of the hazard.
Intended use
1
The instructions regarding the operation, service and safe handling of the machine as described in this manual and declared by the manufacturer in the form
of warning signs and symbols on the machine, must be strictly followed during operation.
The relevant accident prevention regulations and the other generally recognised
safety, occupational health and road traffic regulations must be strictly observed
when using the machine.
Unauthorised modifications to the solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series
are not allowed. The manufacturer is not liable for any resulting damage.
Foreseeable misuse
The manufacturer has indicated foreseeable misuse of the solid fertiliser broadcaster AXIS series by affixing warning signs and symbols on the machine. These
warning signs and symbols must be observed at all times in order to avoid non
intended use of the solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series as specified in
the operating manual.
1
Intended use 1
AXIS-GENERAL
2
AXIS-GENERAL
2 User instructions
2. 1 About this manual
This operator’s manual is a part of the solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series.
The manual contains important directions for a safe, proper and efficient usage
and maintenance of the solid fertiliser broadcaster. Attention to the given directions will help to avoid hazards, to minimise maintenance costs and downtime,
as well as to increase the reliability and the life of the machine.
The complete documentation, comprising this operator’s manual and all supplier
documentation, must be kept easily accessible at the place of operation of the
solid fertiliser broadcaster (e.g. in the tractor).
When the machine is sold, the operator’s manual must go with it.
The operator’s manual is meant for the operator of the solid fertiliser broadcaster
of the AXIS series and their operating and maintenance staff. It must be read, understood and applied by every person who is entrusted with the following work on
the machine:
User instructions
2
Operation,
Maintenance and cleaning,
Repairing faults.
At the same time, particular attention must be paid to the following:
the issue of safety,
the warnings in the various chapters.
The operator’s manual does not replace your individual responsibility as the
operator and operating staff of the solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series.
2. 2 Structure of the operator's manual
The content in the operator’s manual is arranged according to six focal points:
user instructions,
safety instructions,
machine details,
instructions for operation of the solid fertiliser broadcaster,
instructions for finding and correcting faults and
maintenance and repair instructions.
3
User instructions 2
AXIS-GENERAL
2. 3 Depictions in the text
2.3.1 Directions and instructions
Steps that the operator must carry out are shown as a numbered list.
1. Instruction for action step 1
2. Instruction for action step 2
Directions involving a single step are not numbered. The same applies to actions
which do not have to be carried out in a particular sequence.
The following directions are preceded by a bullet point :
Handling instruction
2.3.2 Lists
Lists without a specific sequence are shown as lists with bullet points (level 1) and
dashes (level 2):
Property A
Property B
2.3.3 References
References to other sections in the document are shown as paragraph number,
header text and page number:
Please note also chapter 3: Safety, page 5.
References to other documents are made without mentioning the exact chapter
or page number:
Please also observe the instructions contained in the universal drive shaft
- Point A
- Point B
manual.
4
AXIS-GENERAL
3 Safety
3.1 Introduction
The chapter on safety contains basic safety instructions and safety regulations for
working and operation in traffic when using the solid fertiliser broadcaster AXIS.
Observance of the instructions given in this chapter is a prerequisite for ensuring
safe handling and trouble free operation of the solid fertiliser broadcaster.
In the other chapters of the operator’s manual further warnings are to be found,
which should also be taken into account. The warnings are always given before
the description of the respective action.
Warnings regarding third party supplier components are given in the respective
supplier documents. Please observe these warnings as well.
3.2 Significance of warnings
In this operator’s manual, the warnings are arranged according to the severity of
the risk and the probability of its occurence.
Safety
3
The warning symbols draw attention to the unavoidable residual risks inherent in
the operation of the solid fertiliser broadcaster. The warning messages are structured in the following way:
Signal word
Symbol Explanation
Example
n DANGER
Risk to life if warning is disregarded
Description of the danger and possible consequences.
Disregard of this warning can lead to the most extreme injury,
resulting in possible death.
Always take the specified measures to avoid this risk.
5
Safety 3
AXIS-GENERAL
Warning severity level
The risk level is determined through the signal word. The risk levels are classified
as follows:
n DANGER
Type and source of danger
This is a warning against an immediate threat to the health and life
of persons.
Disregard of this warning can lead to the most extreme injury,
resulting in possible death.
Always take the specified measures to avoid this risk.
n WARNING
Type of danger
This is a warning against possible danger to the health of persons.
Disregard of this warning can lead to severe injury.
Always take the specified measures to avoid this risk.
n CAUTION
Type of danger
This is a warning against possible danger for the health of persons
or damage to the environment and property.
Disregard of this warning can lead to injury as well as damage to
the product or the surrounding area.
Always take the specified measures to avoid this risk.
NOTICE
General instructions contain usage tips and particularly useful information but
no warnings.
6
AXIS-GENERAL
3.3 General safety information
The solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series is designed and built according
to state of the art technology and recognised technical regulations. Nevertheless,
operation and maintenance of the machine may pose a risk to the life and limb of
the operator or other persons, as well as cause damage to the machine or other
assets in the surrounding area.
Therefore, please operate the solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series
only when it is in a proper and roadworthy condition,
safety-conscious and risk-aware.
Therefore, it is imperative that you read and understand the contents of the operator’s manual thoroughly. You know the relevant accident prevention measures
as well as the generally recognised safety related, occupational health and road
traffic laws and that you are in a position to practically apply this knowledge also.
3.4 Operator instructions
The operator is responsible for the designated use of the solid fertiliser broadcaster AXIS.
Safety
3
3.4.1 Personnel qualification
The personnel which are to be assigned the task of operating, maintaining and
servicing the solid fertiliser broadcaster must have read and understood the contents of the operator’s manual before using the product.
The machine should be operated by trained and authorised personnel only.
Personnel under training may work on the machine only if an experienced col-
league is present.
Maintenance and repair work must be carried out by appropriately qualified
persons.
3.4.2 Orientation
Resellers, factory representatives or staff of manufacturer shall provide training
in operation and maintenance of the solid fertiliser broadcaster to the relevant
personnel.
It is the responsibility of the operating company to ensure that new or inexperienced personnel thoroughly understand the contents of the operator’s manual
before starting work on the machine.
7
Safety 3
AXIS-GENERAL
3.4.3 Accident prevention
Safety and accident prevention regulations are regulated by law according to
each country. The company operating the machine is responsible for compliance
to the regulations of the country of deployment.
Please note the following:
Never leave the solid fertiliser broadcaster operating without supervision.
Do not ride on the solid fertiliser broadcaster while it is working or it is being
transported (no passengers).
Do not use machine components of the solid fertiliser broadcaster to climb up
on the machine.
Do not wear loose clothing. Avoid workwear with belts, fringes or other parts
which can get caught in the machinery.
Follow the manufacturer's directions when working with chemicals. It may be
necessary to wear personal protective equipment.
3.5 Operating safety instructions
The solid fertiliser broadcaster should only be operated in a reliable condition to
avoid dangerous situations.
3.5.1 Shutting down the solid fertiliser broadcaster
Park the solid fertiliser broadcaster with empty hopper on a firm, horizontal
surface.
If the solid fertiliser broadcaster is parked without tractor, the metering valve
should be left completely open. The retaining springs of the valve operating
mechanism are de-tensioned.
3.5.2 Filling the solid fertiliser broadcaster
Never fill the solid fertiliser broadcaster with the tractor engine running. Take
the ignition key out to make sure the motor cannot be started.
Use suitable equipment for filling (e.g. front-end loader, auger).
Fill up the solid fertiliser broadcaster only till the specified rim height. Check
the filling level, e.g. through the viewing window in the hopper (depending on
model).
Fill up the solid fertiliser broadcaster only with the protective grid closed. This
way you will avoid operating problems caused by clumping of the grit or other
foreign bodies.
8
AXIS-GENERAL
3.5.3 Inspection before startup
Before the first and every subsequent operation, thoroughly inspect the solid fertiliser broadcaster to make sure that it is safe to operate.
Is all safety equipment on the solid fertiliser broadcaster installed and func-
tional?
Are all attachments and load bearing assemblies tight and in a proper condi-
tion?
Are the spreading discs and their fasteners in good condition?
Are the protective grids in the hopper closed and locked?
Is the test dimension of the protective grid interlock within the proper range?
See figure 9.3
Is there anyone in the danger zone of the solid fertiliser broadcaster?
Is the shaft cover in proper condition?
on page 186.
3.5.4 During operation
Safety
3
If the solid fertiliser broadcaster malfunctions, turn the machine off and se-
Never climb up on to the solid fertiliser broadcaster when it is operating.
Use the solid fertiliser broadcaster only with protective grid in the hopper
Rotating parts of the machine can cause severe injury. Therefore, always
Do not place any objects (such as screws, nuts) in to the spreader hopper.
Grit is flung from the machine at a high speed and can cause serious injury,
If the wind speed is too high, you should stop the spreading operation, as the
Never climb up the solid fertiliser broadcaster or the tractor if you are beneath
3.6 Fertiliser
Improper selection or use of fertiliser may cause serious injury or environmental
damage.
cure it immediately. Have the machine repaired by qualified personnel.
closed. The safety guard must not be opened or removed during operation.
make sure that body parts or items of clothing never come close to the rotating parts of the machine.
e.g. to the eyes. Make sure that there are no persons within the spreading
range of the solid fertiliser broadcaster.
spreading accuracy cannot be ensured.
a high tension power line.
When you choose a fertiliser, make sure you are properly informed about its
effects on humans, the environment and the machine.
Please note the fertiliser manufacturers instructions.
9
Safety 3
AXIS-GENERAL
3.7 Hydraulics
The hydraulic system is under high pressure.
Fluid escaping under high pressure can cause serious injuries and environmental
damage. To avoid danger, please note the following:
The maximum allowed operating pressure should never be exceeded.
Release the pressure from the hydraulic system before all maintenance
Always wear safety goggles and safety gloves when looking for leaks.
If injury occurs due to contact with hydraulic fluid, seek medical attention
When connecting the hydraulic hoses to the tractor hydraulics, make sure
The hydraulic hoses from the tractor and spreader should be connected with
Keep the hydraulic circuitry clean. Always hang the couplings in their special
work. Turn the tractor motor off and make sure it cannot be started during
maintenance work.
immediately, otherwise serious infections can occur.
that the hydraulic systems are unpressurised on both tractor and spreader.
the specified couplings only.
brackets. Use the dust caps. Clean the connections before coupling.
Check the hydraulic components and hydraulic lines regularly for mechanic
defects, such as cuts and worn positions, crushing, cracking, porous sections
etc.
Pipes and pipe couplings undergo a natural ageing process even if they are
stored and used properly. This is the reason their shelf and service life is limited.
The service life of the hose line should not exceed 6 years, including a storage
period of a maximum of 2 years.
The date of manufacture of the hose line is stamped on the hose coupling in
month and year
Replace the hydraulic pipes if they are damaged or old.
Replacement hydraulic lines must meet the technical requirements of the
equipment manufacturer. Pay particular attention to the maximum pressure
specifications of the pipes to be replaced.
10
AXIS-GENERAL
3.8 Service and maintenance
During service and maintenance tasks, you have to take additional dangers into
account which cannot occur during normal operation.
Carry out the service and maintenance tasks carefully and with full concen-
tration. Always work with full awareness of the risks involved.
3.8.1 Maintenance personnel qualification
Welding and work on the electrical and hydraulic systems must be carried out
by qualified technicians only.
3.8.2 Parts subject to wear and tear
Observe the maintenance and repair intervals specified in this operator's
manual exactly.
Also observe the maintenance and repair intervals for the supplied compo-
nents. See the supplier documentation for the relevant intervals
It is our recommendation that you should get the solid fertiliser broadcaster,
particularly fastening parts, safety relevant plastic components, hydraulic
system, measuring parts and casting blades inspected after every season by
a certified specialist.
Safety
3
Replacement parts should meet the minimum technical standards specified
by the manufacturer. The technical standards can be guaranteed by using
genuine replacement parts, for example.
Self-locking nuts are designed to be used only once. Always use new self-
locking nuts to fasten components (e.g. when replacing spreading vanes).
3.8.3 Service and repair tasks
Turn the tractor motor off before starting any cleaning, maintenance, repair or
service tasks. Wait for all rotating parts to come to a stop.
Make sure that no unauthorised person can switch on the solid fertiliser
broadcaster. Take out the tractor ignition key.
Check that the tractor with the solid fertiliser broadcaster is correctly parked.
Park the fertiliser broadcaster with an empty hopper on level, solid ground
and secure it to prevent it from moving.
Depressurise the hydraulic system before starting service or maintenance
work.
Disconnect the electrical system from the main power supply before starting
work on it.
If you have to work on the rotating tractive unit, please make sure nobody is
in the vicinity of the PTO unit or the drive shaft.
11
Safety 3
AXIS-GENERAL
Never clear blockages in the broadcaster hopper by hand or with the foot but
always use a suitable tool. To prevent blockages always use the safety guard
when filling the hopper.
Before cleaning the solid fertiliser broadcaster with water, steam or other
cleaning agents cover all components that must be prevented from getting
wet (e.g. bearings, electrical connections).
Check the nuts and bolts regularly for tightness and tighten loose contacts.
3.9 Traffic safety
When travelling on public roads and tracks the tractor with the attached solid fertiliser broadcaster must comply with the traffic regulations of the country in which
it is operating. The owner and driver are responsible for compliance with these
regulations.
3.9.1 Checks before driving
A pre-operational check is an important contribution to traffic safety. Before every
trip check compliance with the operating conditions, traffic safety and the regulations of the country of operation.
Make sure that the approved total weight is not exceeded. Note the approved
axle load, the approved braking load and the approved tyre load capacity;
See also „Axle load calculation“ on page 29
Is the solid fertiliser broadcaster correctly attached?
Could spreading material be lost while travelling?
.
- Check the fill level of the fertiliser in the hopper.
- The metering slides must be closed.
- The locks must also be closed on single-action hydraulic cylinders.
- Turn off electronic controls.
Check the tyre pressure and the function of the tractor brake system.
Do the lighting and identification markings on the solid fertiliser broadcaster
comply with the your country regulations for use on public roads? Make sure
to make the fittings according to the regulations .
12
AXIS-GENERAL
3.9.2 Transport with the solid fertiliser broadcaster
The handling and the steering and braking characteristics of the tractor change
when the solid fertiliser broadcaster is attached to it. So it can happen that, for
example, due to the excessive weight of the solid fertiliser broadcaster, the front
axle of the tractor becomes unloaded, resulting in a decrease in tractor steering
reliability.
Adjust your driving behaviour according to the load on the vehicle.
Always make sure you have unencumbered sight. If this is not possible (e.g.
while reversing), another person is required to direct the driver.
Do not exceed the legal speed limit.
Avoid sudden turns when driving uphill or downhill or across a slope. Due to
the change in the centre of gravity there is a risk of tipping over. Travel over
uneven, soft ground (e.g. entering a field, over road edges) with great care.
Set the lower link on the three-point linkage so it is rigid to prevent the ma-
chine from rocking.
Passengers are prohibited on the solid fertiliser broadcaster during transport
and operation.
Safety
3
13
Safety 3
AXIS-GENERAL
3.10 Protective equipment built into the machine
3.10.1 Positioning of the protective equipment
AXIS 20.1/30.1/40.1
Figure 3.1: Position of protection devices, warning and instruction notices and reflectors
[1] White reflector in front
[2] Nameplate
[3] Serial number
[4] Warning: read operator's manual
[5] Warning: material throw-out
[6] Warning: maximum payload
[7] Warning: PTO speed
[8] Spreading disc cover
[9] Instructions: eyelet in hopper
14
[10] Protective grid in hopper
[11] Deflector bracket
[12] Instructions: no climbing
[13] Red reflector
[14] Warning: remove ignition key
[15] Warning: moving parts
[16] Yellow side reflector
[17] Protective grid lock
[18] Instructions: protective grid lock
AXIS-GENERAL
AXIS 50.1 W
Safety
3
Figure 3.2: Position of protection devices, warning and instruction notices and reflectors
[1] White reflector in front
[2] Nameplate
[3] Serial number
[4] Warning: read operator's manual
[5] Warning: material throw-out
[6] Warning: maximum payload
[7] Warning: PTO speed
[8] Protective grid lock
[9] Instructions on going uphill
[10] Warning: passenger transport prohibited
[11] Protective grid in hopper
[12] Instructions: protective grid lock
[13] Instructions: eyelet in hopper
[14] Spreading disc cover
[15] Instructions: no climbing
[16] Yellow side reflector
[17] Red reflector
[18] Warning: moving parts
[19] Warning: remove ignition key
[20] Gear protective cover
[21] Deflector bracket
15
Safety 3
AXIS-GENERAL
[1] Drive shaft cover
3.10.2 Protective device functions
Figure 3.3: Drive shaft
The protective devices protect your life and limb.
Always operate the solid fertiliser broadcaster with effective protective equip-
ment.
Do not use the deflector bracket to climb up on the machine. It is not designed
for this. You may be in danger of falling.
Designation Function
Protective grid in the
hopper
Prevents the intake of body parts by the rotating agitator.
Prevents body parts from being cut off by the metering
slide.
Prevents faults caused by lumps in the spreading material, large stones or other large-scale objects
(screening effect) during the spreading process.
Protective grid lock Prevents the inadvertent opening of the protective grid
in the hopper. Engages mechanically if protective grid
is closed properly. Can be opened by using a tool.
Deflector bracket Protection against getting caught by the rotating
spreading discs from behind and from the side.
16
Spreading disc cover Protection against getting caught by the rotating discs
from the front.
Prevents the casting of fertiliser towards the front side
(in the direction of the tractor and driver).
Drive shaft shield Prevents the intake of body parts into the rotating drive
shaft.
Toothed segment protective cover
Only included with AXIS 50.1 W: prevents body
parts from getting crushed by moving machinery parts.
AXIS-GENERAL
3.11 Warning and instruction message stickers
The solid fertiliser broadcaster of the AXIS series has various warning and instruction messages affixed to it (for an illustration please see figure 3.1
figure 3.2
These warning and instruction messages are a part of the machine. They may
neither be removed nor modified. Missing or unreadable warning and instruction
stickers must be replaced immediately.
If parts have been replaced with new ones, it should be made sure that the new
parts have the same warning and instruction stickers as the previous ones.
The correct warning and instruction notices can be obtained from the spare
parts service.
).
NOTICE
Safety
and
3
17
Safety 3
AXIS-GENERAL
3.11.1 Warning stickers
Read instruction manual and warning messages.
Read and understand the instruction manual before operating the machine.
The operator's manual explains in detail how to operate the
spreader and contains valuable information on operation,
care and maintenance.
Danger through ejection of material
Risk of injury to the entire body through rapidly ejected
spreading material
Please direct all persons out of the danger zone (spreading
zone) before operating the solid fertiliser broadcaster.
Danger from moving parts
Danger of amputation of body parts
Reaching into the danger areas of the rotating spreading
discs, the agitator or the drive shaft is prohibited.
Before carrying out repair and adjustment work, shut off engine and remove the key.
Remove the ignition key.
Before carrying out repair and maintenance work, shut off
engine and remove the key.
Only for AXIS 50.1 W: Riding prohibited
Risk of slipping and injury. Do not climb on the steps of the
solid fertiliser broadcaster during spreading and transport.
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