KTI Networks KS-2260 User Manual

10/100 Managed Fast Ethernet Switch

with 100FX and Gigabit Connectivity

KS-2260

Optional 100FX Modules

Optional Gigabit Modules

Operation Manual

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DOC.030425-KS2260-K

(C) 2002 KTI Networks Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this documen­tation may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make
any directive work (such as translation or transformation) without per­mission from KTI Networks Inc.

KTI Networks Inc. reserves the right to revise this documentation and to
make changes in content from time to time without obligation on the part
of KTI Networks Inc. to provide notification of such revision or change.

For more information, contact:

United States KTI Networks Inc.

P .O. BOX 631008
Houston, T exas 77263-1008

Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]
URL: http://www.ktinet.com/

International Fax: [phone]

E-mail: [e-mail]
URL: http://www.ktinet.com.tw/

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The information contained in this document is subject to change without prior
notice. Copyright (C) KTI. All Rights Reserved.

TRADEMARKS

Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corp.

WARNING:

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A
digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment
is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and
can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance
with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference in which case the
user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.

NOTICE:

(1 ) The changes or modifications not expressively approved by the party re­sponsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equip­ment.
(2 ) Shielded interface cables and AC power cord, if any, must be used in order
to comply with the emission limits.

CISPR A COMPLIANCE:

This device complies with EMC directive of the European Community and meets
or exceeds the following technical standard.
EN 55022 - Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference Character­istics of Information Technology Equipment. This device complies with CISPR
Class A.
WARNING: This is a Class A product. In a domestic environment this product may
cause radio interference in which case the user may be required to take ad­equate measures.

CE NOTICE
Marking by the symbol indicates compliance of this equipment to the EMC

directive of the European Community. Such marking is indicative that this equip­ment meets or exceeds the following technical standards:
EN 55022: Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference character­istics of Information Technology Equipment.
EN 50082/1:Generic Immunity Standard -Part 1: Domestic Commercial and Light
Industry.
EN 60555-2: Disturbances in supply systems caused by household appliances
and similar electrical equipment - Part 2: Harmonics.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................ 8

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 8

1.2 Features ........................................................................................ 9

1.3 Hardware Specifications ............................................................. 10

1.4 Software Specifications ............................................................... 1 2

1.4.1 Management Objects ............................................................... 1 3

1.4.2 SNMP Traps ............................................................................. 14

1.5 Function Descriptions ................................................................. 1 5

1.5.1 LACP Trunking Function .......................................................... 15

1.5.2 IP Multicast Function ................................................................ 17

1.5.3 MAC Address Filtering Function............................................... 19

1.5.4 Static MAC Address .................................................................. 20

1.5.5 Port Security.............................................................................. 20

1.5.6 VLAN Function .......................................................................... 21

1.5.6.1 Port-based VLAN ................................................................... 21

1.5.6.2 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN (Tag-based VLAN) ................................. 22

1.5.6.3 Protocol-based VLAN ............................................................ 2 3

1.5.7 Spanning Tree Protocol ........................................................... 2 3

1.5.8 Port Sniffer Function ................................................................. 25

1.5.9 QoS Priority Function ................................................................ 26

1.5.10 802.1X Port-Based Network Access Control ......................... 27

2. Installation and Management.................................. 30

2.1 Panel Description ........................................................................ 3 0

2.2 AC Power Supply ......................................................................... 30

2.3 Network Switched Ports .............................................................. 3 1

2.3.1 10/100TX Ports ......................................................................... 31

2.3.2 100FX Modules......................................................................... 3 2

2.3.3 Gigabit Ports and Modules ....................................................... 3 4

2.4 Rack Mounting............................................................................. 36

2.5 LED Indicators............................................................................. 37

2.6 Cooling Fans ............................................................................... 38

2.7 Management Setup ..................................................................... 3 9

2.7.1 Setup for Out-of-band (Console) Management ....................... 4 0

2.7.2 Setup for In-band Management ............................................... 4 1

2.7.3 Quick Guide to Configure Switch IP Address .......................... 4 1

3. Console and Telnet Operation ............................... 42

3.1 Main Menu ................................................................................... 44

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3.2 Switch Static Configuration ......................................................... 4 6

3.2.1 Port Configuration .................................................................... 4 7

3.3.2 Trunk Configuration .................................................................. 49

3.3.3 VLAN Configuration .................................................................. 5 0

3.3.3.1 VLAN Configure ..................................................................... 5 0

3.3.3.2 Create a VLAN Group ............................................................ 52

3.3.3.3 Edit / Delete a VLAN Group ................................................... 54

3.3.3.4 Groups Sorted Mode ............................................................. 55

3.3.4 Misc Configuration ................................................................... 56

3.3.4.1 MAC Age Interval.................................................................... 56

3.3.4.2 Broadcast Storm Filtering ..................................................... 5 7

3.3.4.3 Max Bridge Transmit Delay Bound........................................ 5 8

3.3.4.4 Port Security........................................................................... 59

3.3.4.5 Collision Retry Forever .......................................................... 60

3.3.4.6 Hash Algorithm ...................................................................... 6 0

3.3.5 Administration Configuration ................................................... 6 1

3.3.5.1 Change Username ............................................................... 6 1

3.3.5.2 Change Password ................................................................ 62

3.3.5.3 Device Information ................................................................ 62

3.3.5.4 IP Configuration..................................................................... 6 3

3.3.6 Port Sniffer Configuration ......................................................... 6 4

3.3.7 Priority Configuration ................................................................ 65

3.3.7.1 Static Priority .......................................................................... 66

3.3.7.2 802.1p Priority........................................................................ 67

3.3.8 MAC Address Configuration..................................................... 68

3.3.8.1 Static MAC Address ............................................................... 68

3.3.8.2 Filtering MAC Address........................................................... 70

3.4 Protocol Related Configuration ................................................... 7 1

3.4.1 STP ........................................................................................... 71

3.4.2 SNMP ........................................................................................ 75

3.4.2.1 System Options ..................................................................... 7 5

3.4.2.2 Community Strings ................................................................ 76

3.4.2.3 Trap Managers ...................................................................... 77

3.4.3 GVRP ........................................................................................ 78

3.4.4 IGMP ......................................................................................... 78

3.4.5 LACP......................................................................................... 79

3.4.5.1 Working Port Setting.............................................................. 79

3.4.5.2 State Activity ........................................................................... 80

3.4.5.3 LACP Status .......................................................................... 81

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3.4.6 802.1X....................................................................................... 81

3.4.6.1 Enable 802.1X Protocol......................................................... 8 2

3.4.6.2 802.1X System Configuration ............................................... 8 2

3.4.6.3 802.1X Per Port Configuration .............................................. 83

3.4.6.4 802.1X Misc. Configuration ................................................... 8 4

3.5 Status and Counters ................................................................... 85

3.5.1 Port Status ................................................................................ 86

3.5.2 Port Counters ........................................................................... 8 7

3.5.3 System Information .................................................................. 88

3.6 Reboot Switch ............................................................................. 8 9

3.6.1 Restart ...................................................................................... 8 9

3.6.2 Default ...................................................................................... 8 9

3.7 TFTP Update Firmware ............................................................... 9 0

3.7.1 TFTP Update Firmware ............................................................ 9 1

3.7.2 TFTP Restore Configuration .................................................... 92

3.7.3 TFTP Backup Configuration ..................................................... 9 3

4. SNMP Management ................................................. 94

4.1 Configuring SNMP Settings via Console Operation ................... 95

4.2 SNMP MIB-2 and Private MIB....................................................... 95

4.3 SNMP Traps ................................................................................ 98

5. Web Management .................................................... 99

5.1 Start Browser Software and Making Connection ...................... 10 0

5.2 Web Management Home Overview .......................................... 10 1

5.3 Port status ................................................................................. 10 2

5.4 Port Statistics............................................................................. 10 4

5.5 Administrator ............................................................................. 1 05

5.5.1 IP Address .............................................................................. 1 06

5.5.2 Switch Setting ......................................................................... 10 7

5.5.2.1 Basic Information ................................................................ 10 7

5.5.2.2 Module Info .......................................................................... 108

5.5.2.3 Advanced ............................................................................. 109

5.5.3 Console Port Information ....................................................... 112

5.5.4 Port Controls .......................................................................... 113

5.5.5 Trunking .................................................................................. 115

5.5.5.1 Aggregator settings ............................................................. 116

5.5.5.2 Aggregator Information ........................................................ 117

5.5.5.3 State Activity ......................................................................... 120

5.5.6 Forwarding and Filtering Database ....................................... 1 21

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5.5.6.1 IGMP Snooping.................................................................... 121

5.5.6.2 Static MAC Address ............................................................. 122

5.5.6.3 MAC Address Filtering......................................................... 1 23

5.5.7 VLAN configuration ................................................................. 124

5.5.7.1 Port-based VLAN ................................................................. 125

5.5.7.2 802.1Q VLAN ....................................................................... 127

5.5.8 Spanning Tree........................................................................ 1 31

5.5.9 Port Sniffer .............................................................................. 135

5.5.10 SNMP.................................................................................... 136

5.5.11 Security Manager .................................................................. 139

5.5.12 802.1X Configuration ........................................................... 1 40

5.5.12.1 802.1X PerPort Configuration ........................................... 14 2

5.5.12.2 802.1X Misc Configuration ................................................ 1 43

5.6 TFTP Update Firmware ............................................................. 14 4

5.7 Configuration Backup ................................................................ 14 6

5.7.1 TFTP Restore Configuration .................................................. 1 46

5.7.2 TFTP Backup Configuration ................................................... 1 47

5.8 Reset System ............................................................................ 14 8

5.9 Reboot ....................................................................................... 1 49

6. Update Firmware from Console ........................... 150

Appendix A: Factory Default Settings ...................... 151

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1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Driven by recent advances in desktop computing technology, toda y’s
network applications have increased in speed, power and the ability to
process information. To meet the demands of these more bandwidth­intensive applications, this switch device provides significant increase
in performance for your Ethernet and Fast Ethernet network. The switch
comes with high number of 10/100 Fast Ethernet switched ports, each
capable of transferring information simultaneously at full wire speed to
control and allocate the network bandwidth. It also provides two Gigabit
Ethernet slots for migration to Gigabit network smoothly.

The key features of the switch units are:

• High Port-count and High Bandwidth

• 100FX connectivity

• Copper Gigabit connectivity

• Fiber Gigabit connectivity

• Network Management

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1.2 Features

• 19-inch rack mountable 24-Port 10/100 managed Fast Ethernet
switch with two Giga expansion port slots

• Provides two alternative 100Base-FX port slots for fiber connections

• Non-blocking and store-and-forward switch engine performs
forwarding and filtering at full wire speed.

• Supports diversified optional Giga port modules for selection
including 10/100/1000 copper type and fiber type

• Provides port control function for auto-negotiation, speed, duplex,
and flow control configuration

• Provides per-port Egress/Ingress data rate control function

• Provides 802.1X port-based network access control function

• Provides broadcast storm filtering function

• Provides 802.3ad port trunking function with up to 7 trunks

• Supports input-port-based, output-port-based, and input-output­pair-based Sniffer function

• Provides static MAC address and filtering MAC address configuration

• Provides ingress port security function

• Provides bridging delay bound control function

• Supports Ethernet frame length up to 1522 bytes

• Supports 802.3x flow control for full duplex mode and backpressure
flow control for half duplex mode

• Supports auto-aging with selectable inter-age time

• Supports port-based VLAN and 802.1Q tag-based VLAN

• Supports 802.1v protocol-based VLAN classification

• Supports port-based priority and 802.1p CoS with 2-level priorities

• Supports Spanning Tree Protocol

• Supports IP Multicasting and IGMP snooping

• Supports console/Telnet/SNMP/Web/Trap managements

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1.3 Hardware Specifications

10/100 Switched Ports Port 1 ~ 24, Total : 24 ports

802.3 10Base-T , 802.3u 100Base-TX compliant
Shielded RJ-45 with auto MDI-X function

Port 23, 24 Alternatives 100Base-FX connectivity

2 expansion module slots - Slot F23, F24

Giga Switched Ports 2 expansion Slots - Slot G1, G2

802.3z and 802.3ab compliant
Supports optional 10/100/1000 Copper module
Supports optional Giga Fiber modules

Port Control Function Port enable/disable

Auto-negotiation function
Speed,Duplex mode
Full duplex flow control function
Half duplex flow control function
Ingress data rate
Egress data rate
Port security (MAC learning function)

Flow Control Methods 802.3x pause frame based for full duplex

Backpressure for half duplex mode

Forwarding speed Max. 148,810 pps on 100M switched ports

Max. 1,488,100 pps on Gigabit switched ports

Trunking Function IEEE 802.3ad compliant

Per trunk mode : Static or LACP
Up to 7 trunk groups (trunk ports)
Each is composed of up to 4 ports

Port Sniffering One sniffer port (any one among 26 ports)

Up to 25 monitored ports

3 mode options - Tx / Rx / Tx+Rx traffic
MAC address aging time Control options - 300 ~ 765 seconds
MAC Address Table Size : 6K entries for

Auto-learned unicast addresses and

Static unicast/multicast addresses
Broadcast Storm Filtering Threshold options - 5%,10%, 15%,20%, 25%
Filtering MAC Address Destination address-based filtering

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Network Access Control 802.1X protocol support for all ports
Function Radius client configuration

Per port mode - Auto, Fu, Fa, No
QoS Function 2-level (High/Low) priority for Tx queues

Selectable Tx High/Low service ratio
Priority Decision Method First - Port-based priority

Second - 802.1p priority (Tag priority value)
VLAN Function Mode options if enabled -

Port-based VLAN

802.1Q T ag-based VLAN

Port-based VLAN Max. 26 VLAN groups

VLAN-tagging is ignored

No tag modification for tagged packets

802.1Q VLAN Max. 256 VLAN groups

- VLAN ID 2 ~ 4094

- Member port mode Outgoing : Tagged, Untagged

- GVRP 802.1Q complaint (GARP 802.1P complaint)

- Protocol classification 802.1v compliant
IP Multicasting Table 256 multicast address root entries
10/100 Port LED Display Link / Activity status

Speed status
Duplex / Collision status

Giga Port LED Display Link / Activity status

Duplex / Collision status

Console Port RS-232, DTE, DB9

Baud : 9600, N, 8, 1, 0, No flow control
Dimension 443mm (W) x 245mm (D) x 43mm (H)
Power Input Rating 100 ~ 240V AC, 50/60Hz, 50W
Input voltage range 90 ~ 264VAC
Input frequency 47 ~ 440Hz
Power Consumption 17W min. 26W max.
Environmental Operating temperature : 0 ~ 50oC

Storage temperature : -40 ~ 85oC
Certifications FCC Part 15 Class A

CE / CISPR Class A

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1.4 Software Specifications

Management interface

In-band SNMP over TCP/IP network
In-band W eb browser over TCP/IP network
In-band T elnet over TCP/IP network
Out-of-band via Console port
SNMP Traps over TCP/IP network

RFC & Protocols

IPv 4 IP version4 RFC791
TC P Transmission Control Protocol RFC793
UD P User Datagram Protocol RFC768
ARP Ehernet Address Resolution Protocol RFC826
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol RFC792
SNM P SNMP agent v1 RFC1157
MIB-2 Standard MIB RFC1213
Traps Generic SNMP traps RFC1157
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol RFC1350
Telnet Telnet protocol RFC854
HTTP HTTP server for web management RFC1945
GVRP GARP VLAN Registration Protocol 802.1Q
GARP Generic attribute registration protocol 802.1P
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol RFC2131
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol RFC2236
RMON MIB groups : Statistics, History, Alarm, Event RFC1271
Bridge Bridge MIB RFC1493

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1.4.1 Management Objects

List of management objects supported by console and T elnet interfaces :

Management Objects Console Telnet Web SNMP

Boot diagnostics Yes - - ­Login check Y es Yes Yes ­Port configuration Y es Yes Yes ­Trunk configuration (& LACP) Y es Yes Yes ­VLAN configuration Y es Yes Y es ­QoS Priority configuration Y es Yes Yes ­MAC address aging setting Yes Yes Yes ­Broadcast storm filtering setting Y es Yes Yes ­Max. bridge transmit delay bound Y es Yes Yes ­Low queue delay bound setting Y es Yes Yes ­Low queue delay time setting Yes Yes Yes ­Port security setting Y es Yes Yes ­Collision retry forever setting Y es Yes Yes ­Port Sniffer (Mirrowing) setting Y es Yes Yes ­IP configuration (TCP/IP) Y es Yes Yes ­Username, password change Yes Yes Yes ­SNMP community string settings Y es Yes Yes ­SNMP device information settings Yes Yes Yes ­Trap manager configuration Y es Yes Yes ­STP configuration Yes Yes Yes ­Static Mac address configuration Y es Yes Yes ­Filter Mac address configuration Yes Yes Yes ­GVRP setting Y es Y es Yes ­IGMP setting Y es Yes Yes -

802.1X configuration Y es Yes Y es ­System firmware update (TFTP) Yes Yes Y es ­System firmware update (1K modem) Yes - - ­Default configuration file download Yes Yes Yes ­Current configuration backup (TFTP) Y es Yes Yes ­Reboot switch with default settings Yes Yes Yes ­Reboot switch with current settings Yes Yes Yes -

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Management Objects Console Telnet Web SNMP

Port state - enable/disable Yes Yes Yes Yes
Port status - link, speed Y es Yes Yes Yes
Port static counters Yes Yes Yes Yes
Device Mac address information Yes Yes Yes Yes
System firmware version information Yes Y es Yes ­System hardware version information Y es Yes Yes ­System default configuration version Yes Yes Yes ­G1, G2 module information Y es Y es Y es Y es
F23, F24 module information Y es Yes Yes Yes
Cooling Fan1 Fan2 status Y es Yes Yes Yes
LACP status Yes Yes Yes ­IGMP snooping information - - Yes ­RFC 1213 MIB-2 objects - - - Yes
RFC 1493 Bridge MIB - - - Yes
RFC 1271 RMON MIB (group 1,2,3,9) - - - Yes

1.4.2 SNMP Traps

T rap Events

The table below lists the events the device will generate SNMP traps.

Generic: RFC1157 generic, Specific: EnterpriseSpecific

Type T rap Event

Generic Cold Start Device bootup
Generic Authentication SNMP authentication failure
Generic Port link change Port link down
Generic Port link change Port link recovery
Specific Fan1 failure Cooling Fan1 failure warning
Specific Fan1 failure Cooling Fan1 failure recovery
Specific Fan2 failure Cooling Fan2 failure warning
Specific Fan2 failure Cooling Fan2 failure recovery

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1.5 Function Descriptions

1.5.1 LACP Trunking Function

The switch provides a trunking function, which is compliant with 802.3ad
standard. 802.3ad is a specification from IEEE that allows us to bundle
several physical port links together to form one logical port , called a
trunk between two devices. It supports Link Aggregation Control Proto­col (LACP).

IEEE 802.3ad trunking also allows redundant connections between de­vices to be combined for more aggregate bandwidth between devices
supporting LACP.

The LACP provides a standardized means for exchanging information
between two link partners on a link to allow their Link Aggregation Con­trol instances to reach agreement on the identity of the Link Aggregation
Group to which the link belongs, move the link to that Link Aggregation
Group, and enable its transmission and reception functions in an orderly
manner.

The switch can support up to seven trunk groups, or called trunk ports
or trunks. Each group is a logic port and can have up to 4 physical port
members. A physical port can only belong to one trunk group. Each
trunk group can be set LACP disabled or enabled. The operations are:

LACP disabled

If one trunk group is LACP disabled, it becomes a local static trunk and
all member ports are forced to be work ports. The link aggregation is
formed and there is no LACP negotiation taking place. Maximal four
member ports are allowed.

LACP enabled

If one trunk group is LACP enabled, it is called LACP static trunk. Link
aggregation is formed through LACP negotiation between link partners.
Up to four ports can be selected as member ports for each trunk group.
However, the max. two ports, called work ports can be aggregated at the

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same time. Those member ports which are not work ports are standby to
become work port if any current work port fails to operate. This transition
takes about 30 seconds. Each member port can be set LACP Passive or
LACP active as described below:

LACP Passive : The port does not initiate the LACP negotiation, but it
does understand the LACP packet. It will reply to the received LACP
packet to eventually form the link aggregation if its link partner is
requesting to do so (in active state).
LACP Active : The port is willing to form an aggregate link, and initiate
the negotiation. The link aggregate will be formed if its link partner is
running in LACP active or passive mode.

There are only three valid combinations to run the LACP link aggregate
as follows:

• disabled to disabled state (forced link aggregate without LACP)

• active to active state

• active to passive state

Rules of trunking

1. Up to seven trunk groups (trunk ports) can be created.

2. Each trunk group can be composed of up to 4 member ports.

3. The member port can be one of Port 1 ~ Port 24 and G1 - G2 port.

4. One switched port only can belong to one trunk group.

5. If VLAN group exist, all members of one static trunk group must be

in same VLAN group.

6. LACP operation requires member ports in full-duplex mode.

7. In a static trunk group (LACP disabled), four work ports are aggre-

gated at the same time.

8. In an LACP trunk group, maximal two work ports can be aggregated

at the same time.

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1.5.2 IP Multicast Function

Internet Protocol (IP) multicast is a bandwidth-conserving technology
that reduces traffic by simultaneously delivering a single stream of infor­mation to thousands of corporate recipients and homes. Applications
that take advantage of multicast include video conference, corporate
communications, distance learning, and distribution of software, stock
quotes, and news.

IP Multicast delivers source traffic to multiple receivers without adding
any additional burden on the source or the receivers while using the least
network bandwidth of any competing technology. Multicast packets are
replicated in the network by the devices supporting multicast protocols
resulting in the most efficient delivery of data to multiple receivers pos­sible.

Multicast is based on the concept of a group. An arbitrary group of
receivers expresses an interest in receiving a particular data stream. This
group does not have any physical or geographical boundaries - the
hosts can be located anywhere on the Internet. Hosts that are interested
in receiving data flowing to a particular group must join the group using
IGMP. Hosts must be a member of the group to receive the data stream.

IP Multicast address

IP Multicast addresses specify an arbitrary group of IP hosts that have
joined the group and want to receive traffic sent to this group. IP multicast
addresses range from 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255. This address
range is only for the group address or destination address of IP multicast
traffic. The source address for multicast datagrams is always the unicast
source address.

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IGMP

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used to dynamically
register individual hosts in a multicast group on a particular LAN. Hosts
identify group memberships by sending IGMP messages to their local
multicast router. Under IGMP, routers listen to IGMP messages and peri­odically send out queries to discover which groups are active or inactive
on a particular subnet.

RFC 2236 defines the specification for IGMP Version 2. There are four
types of IGMP messages:

• Membership query

• IGMP V ersion 1 membership report

• IGMP V ersion 2 membership report

• Leave group

Hosts send out IGMP membership reports corresponding to a particular
multicast group to indicate that they are interested in joining that group.
The router periodically sends out an IGMP membership query to verify
that at least one host on the subnet is still interested in receiving traffic
directed to that group. When there is no reply to three consecutive IGMP
membership queries, the router times out the group and stops forwarding
traffic directed toward that group.

With leave group message, the hosts can actively communicate to the
local multicast router their intention to leave the group. The router then
sends out a group-specific query and determines whether there are any
remaining hosts interested in receiving the traffic. If there are no replies,
the router times out the group and stops forwarding the traffic.

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IGMP Snooping

IGMP snooping requires the LAN switch to examine, or snoop, some
Layer 3 information in the IGMP packets sent between the hosts and the
router. When the switch hears the IGMP host report from a host for a
particular multicast group, the switch adds the host's port number to the
associated multicast table entry. When the switch hears the IGMP leave
group message from a host, it removes the host's port from the table
entry.

Multicast Forwarding

In multicast routing, the source is sending traffic to an arbitrary group of
hosts represented by a multicast group address. The multicast router
must determine which direction is upstream (toward the source) and
which direction (or directions) is downstream. If there are multiple down­stream paths, the router replicates the packet and forwards the traffic
down the appropriate downstream paths - which is not necessarily all
paths.

The switch can support IP multicast if IGMP protocol is enabled. IGMP
snooping function and status is also provided. Each IP multicast address
is associated one Vlan ID and its member ports. The information is avail­able from management interfaces.

1.5.3 MAC Address Filtering Function

MAC address filtering allows the switch to drop unwanted traffic. In­coming traffic is filtered based on the destination MAC addresses (DAs).
The unwanted destination addresses are called filter MAC addresses.

The switch provides management function that allows LAN administra­tor to maintain the filter MAC address table.

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1.5.4 Static MAC Address

The switch provides Static MAC Address setup function. The static
MAC addresses are the MAC addresses which are setup by LAN admin­istrators and are not learned by the switch automatically.

The static addresses are stored and referred in switch MAC address
table permanently regardless of whether the MAC addresses are physi­cally disconnected to the switch.

Applying this function with port security function allows LAN adminis­trator to build a protection mechanism that let switch only serves granted
devices.

Static MAC address related settings:

Mac Address : Static Ethernet MAC address (12 digits)
Port num : The port number where the MAC address is located
Vlan ID : The associated Vlan ID to the address, if 802.1Q VLAN is enabled.

1.5.5 Port Security

A port in security mode does not learn any source MAC address (SA).
Only the incoming packets with SA existing in the switch static MAC
address table can be forwarded normally. Otherwise, the packets are
dropped. This features provides a protection mechanism to restrict the
devices link to the switch port. Only devices with valid MAC addresses
can be served by the switch.

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1.5.6 VLAN Function

Virtual LANs (VLANs) can be viewed as a group of devices on dif ferent
physical LAN segments which can communicate with each other as if
they were all on the same physical LAN segment. It can create a network
that is independent of physical location and group users into logical
workgroups. The benefits are:

• Confine broadcast traffic and Increased performance

• Improved manageability

• Network tuning and simplification of software configurations

• Physical topology independence

• Increased security options

The switch supports port-based, 802.1Q (T ag-based) and protocol-based
VLAN. In the default configuration, VLAN function is disabled.

1.5.6.1 Port-based VLAN

Up to 26 VLAN groups can be created. Each group has its own port
members. The member ports are selected among the physical ports on
the switch. Packets can go among only members in the same VLAN
group.

Required configurations:

• Maintain (Create/delete/modify) VLAN groups

• Manage the port members of each VLAN group

Note:

1. The ports which are not belonging to any group are treated as

belonging to another single VLAN.

2. A trunk group is treated as a physical port.

3. VLAN-tagging is ignored in port-based VLAN mode.

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1.5.6.2 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN (T ag-based VLAN)

Tag-based VLAN is an IEEE 802.1Q specification standard. Therefore, it
is possible to create a VLAN across devices from different venders. IEEE

802.1Q VLAN uses a technique to insert a tag into the Ethernet frames.
Tag contains a VLAN Identifier (VID) that indicates the VLAN numbers.

The switch can classify each received packet as belonging to one and
only one VLAN. If the received packet is VLAN-tagged, the packet is
classified as belonging to the VLAN specified in the VLAN tag header. If
the received packet is untagged, it is classified as belonging to the de­fault VLAN configured for the ingress port.

Required configurations:

• Enable or disable GVRP support

• VLAN information including VID (2-4094) and name

• T agged member ports of each VLAN

• Outgoing tag mode for each member port

T ag - outgoing frames with VLAN-tagged
Untag - outgoing frames without VLAN-tagged

• PVID (Port VID, 1-255 for untagged incoming frames) for each port

• Ingress Rule 1 setting for each port : forward only packets with VID

matching configured PVID

• Ingress Rule 2 setting for each port : drop untagged frames

PVID : this feature is useful to accommodate the devices which do not
support tagging to participate in the VLAN.

GVRP - GARP [Generic Attribute Registration Protocol] VLAN Regis­tration Protocol : GVRP allows automatic VLAN configuration between

the switch and nodes. If the switch is connected to a device with GVRP
enabled, you can send a GVRP request using the VID of a VLAN defined
on the switch, the switch will automatically add that device to the exist­ing VLAN. (GVRP - 802.1Q complaint, GARP - 802.1P compliant)

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1.5.6.3 Protocol-based VLAN

In order for an end station to send packets to different VLANs, it itself
has to be either capable of tagging packets it sends with VLAN tags or
attached to a VLAN-aware bridge that is capable of classifying and tag­ging the packet with different VLAN ID based on not only default PVID
but also other information about the packet, such as the protocol. The
switch can support 802.1v compliant protocol-based VLAN classifica­tion by means of both built-in knowledge of layer 2 packet formats used
by selected popular protocols, such as Novell IPX and AppleTalk`s
EtherTalk, and others. Required configuration:

• Protocol setting for each VLAN group defined in 802.1Q VLAN mode

• If more than two VLAN groups are configured with same protocol

value, make sure the member ports of those groups are not overlaping.
Any incoming untagged packet is checked and classified according the

Protocol vs. VLAN mapping settings. If an associated VLAN group is
found, the packet is calssified and is inserted with VID tag of the group
VLAN ID instead of input port PVID.

1.5.7 Spanning Tree Protocol

Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) is a link management protocol that pro­vides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in the net­work. For an Ethernet network to function properly, only one active path
must exist between two stations. Multiple active paths between stations
cause loops in the network. If a loop exists in the network, you might
receive duplicate messages. When loops occur, some switches see sta­tions on both sides of the switch. This condition confuses the forward­ing algorithm and allows duplicate frames to be forwarded.

T o provide path redundancy, Spanning-Tree Protocol defines a tree that
spans all switches in an extended network. Spanning-Tree Protocol forces
certain redundant data paths into a standby (blocked) state. If one net­work segment in the Spanning-Tree Protocol becomes unreachable, or if
Spanning-Tree Protocol costs change, the spanning-tree algorithm

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re-configures the spanning-tree topology and reestablishes the link by
activating the standby path.

Spanning-Tree Protocol operation is transparent to end stations, which
are unaware whether they are connected to a single LAN segment or a
switched LAN of multiple segments.

STP related parameters
Priority : A value to identify the root bridge. The bridge with the lowest

value has the highest priority and is selected as the root.
MAC Address : The MAC address of the switch as a unique identifier
to the network.
Max Age : The number of seconds a bridge waits without receiving
Spanning Tree protocol configuration messages before attempting a
reconfiguration. Maximum Age Timer measures the age of the received
protocol information recorded for a port and ensures that this informa­tion is discarded when its age limit exceeds the value of the maximum age
parameter recorded by the switch. The time-out value for this timer is the
maximum age parameter of the switches.
Hello Time : The number of seconds between the transmission of Span­ning Tree protocol configuration messages. It determines how often the
switch broadcasts its hello message to other switches.
Forward Delay Time : The number of seconds a port waits before chang­ing from its Spanning Tree Protocol learning and listening states to the
forwarding state. Forward Delay Timer Monitors the time spent by a port
in the learning and listening states. The time-out value is the forward
delay parameter of

Spanning tree port states
Listening : Switches send messages to one another to establish the

network topology and the optimal paths to the different segments of
the network. Other data is not transmitted.
Blocking : The switch enters the Blocking State if a path with higher
priority is found to exist during the Listening State. Normal data is not
transmitted.

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Learning : The switch enters the Learning State if no path with a
higher priority is found during the Listening State. Learned entries are
entered in the Unicast Destination Forwarding T able. Normal data
is not transmitted.
Forwarding : The switch enters the Forwarding State after having been
in the Learning State for a predefined time period. Normal data is
transmitted.

Per port control settings
PathCost : Specifies the path cost for each port. The Spanning-Tree

Protocol uses port path costs to determine which port to select as a
forwarding port. You should assign lower numbers to ports attached to
faster media (such as full duplex), and higher numbers to ports attached
to slower media. The possible range is 1 to 65535. The recommended path
cost is 1000 divided by LAN speed in megabits per second.
Priority : Specify STP port priority for each port. The port (physical or
logical) with the lowest priority value has the highest priority and for­wards the spanning-tree frames. The possible priority range is 0 through
255 (decimal). The default is 128. If all ports have the same priority value,
the lowest port number forwards the spanning-tree frames.

1.5.8 Port Sniffer Function

Port sniffer function is a method to duplicate all traffic occurred on the
specified monitored ports to the designated sniffer port. The traffic can
be configured for incoming packets only or outgoing packets only or
both. The control settings are:

Sniffer Mode : Specify the traffic type for monitoring
Options - Disable, Rx=incoming, Tx=outgoing, Both=Rx&Tx

Sniffer Port : Specify the port where performs monitoring
Monitored Port : Select the ports whose traffic will be duplicated to the

monitoring port. Press Space key for selection from the port member list.

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1.5.9 QoS Priority Function

This switch supports two priority levels, high and low, and provides two
priority functions:

1. Port-based Priority (Static priority)

2. 802.1p Priority (VLAN tagged priority)

Priority Classification Methods

Static priority is called port-based priority. The priority level of a receiv­ing packet is determined by the configured priority of the input port
where the packet is received and the content of the packet is ignored.
Each port must be pre-configured with a priority level for incoming frames
or disabled setting.

802.1p Priority is a content-based priority method. If the receiving packet
is an 802.1Q VLAN tagged packet, the switch will check the 3-bit User
Priority value in TCI (Tag Control Information) field of packet tag data.
By this value, the packet is classified as high priority or low priority
according to 802.1p priority configuration. The map of priority values vs.
priority levels must be pre-configured.

The switch uses the following rules:

1. Applies Static Priority method first for tagged or untagged packets.

2. If port static priority is disabled, applies 802.1p Priority method.

3. Untagged packets are treated as low priority.

Outgoing Service Policy

The switch provides two options for outgoing service policy for high
priority packets and low priority packets.

1. High priority always first

2. Round robin method with specified [High : Low] ratio setting
This policy configuration can be set via the management interface.

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1.5.10 802.1X Port-Based Network Access Control

For some IEEE 802 LAN environments, it is desirable to restrict access to
the services offered by the LAN to those users and devices that are
permitted to make use of those services. IEEE 802.1X Port-based network
access control function provide a means of authenticating and authoriz­ing devices attached to a LAN port that has point-to-point connection
characteristics, and of preventing access to that port in cases in which
the authentication and authorization process fails. The 802.1X standard
relies on the client to provide credentials in order to gain access to the
network. The credentials are not based on a hardware address. Instead,
they can be either a username/password combination or a certificate. The
credentials are not verified by the switch but are sent to a Remote Au­thentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) server, which maintains a
database of authentication information. 802.1X consists of three compo­nents for authentication exchange, which are as follows:

• An 802.1X authenticator: This is the port on the switch that has

services to offer to an end device, provided the device supplies the
proper credentials.

• An 802.1X supplicant: This is the end device; for example, a PC that

connects to a switch that is requesting to use the services (port) of the
device. The 802.1X supplicant must be able to respond to communicate.

• An 802.1X authentication server: This is a RADIUS server that exam-

ines the credentials provided to the authenticator from the supplicant and pro­vides the authentication service. The authentication server is responsible for
letting the authenticator know if services should be granted.

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The 802.1X authenticator operates as a go-between with the supplicant
and the authentication server to provide services to the network. When
a switch is configured as an authenticator, the ports of the switch must
then be configured for authorization. In an authenticator-initiated port
authorization, a client is powered up or plugs into the port, and the
authenticator port sends an Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
PDU to the supplicant requesting the identification of the supplicant. At
this point in the process, the port on the switch is connected from a
physical standpoint; however, the 802.1X process has not authorized the
port and no frames are passed from the port on the supplicant into the
switching engine. If the PC attached to the switch did not understand the
EAP PDU that it was receiving from the switch, it would not be able to
send an ID and the port would remain unauthorized. In this state, the port
would never pass any user traffic and would be as good as disabled. If
the client PC is running the 802.1X EAP , it would respond to the request
with its configured ID. (This could be a username/password combination
or a certificate.)

After the switch, the authenticator receives the ID from the PC (the sup­plicant). The switch then passes the ID information to an authentication
server (RADIUS server) that can verify the identification information.
The RADIUS server responds to the switch with either a success or
failure message. If the response is a success, the port will be authorized
and user traffic will be allowed to pass through the port like any switch
port connected to an access device. If the response is a failure, the port
will remain unauthorized and, therefore, unused. If there is no response
from the server, the port will also remain unauthorized and will not pass
any traffic.

The following configuration settings are required in the switch to make

802.1X function work:

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Enable 802.1X protocol

Radius client configuration ­Radius server IP : IP address of the Radius server
Shared key : en encryption key for use during authentication sessions

with the specified Radius server. It must match the key used on the
Radius server.

NAS identifier : identifier for this Radius client
Server port : the UDP destination port for authentication requests to the

specified Radius server
Accounting port : the UDP destination port for accounting requests to
the specified Radius server

Per-port 802.1X mode setting:
Auto (Au) - The port is set to the Authorized or Unauthorized state in

accordance with the outcome of an authentication exchange between the
Supplicant and the Authentication Server.

Forced Authorized (Fa) - The port is forced to be in authorized state.
Forced Unauthorized (Fu) - The port is forced to be in unauthorized state.
None (No) - The port is not necessary authorized.

Misc. configuration:
quietPeriod - the period during which the port does not try to acquire a

supplicant
txPeriod - the period the port waits to retransmit the NEXT EAPOL PDU
during an authentication session
suppTimeout - the period of time the switch waits for a supplicant re­sponse toan EAP request
serverTimeout - the period of time the switch waits for a server response
to an authentication request
reAuthMax - the number of authentication attempts that must time-out
before authentication fails and the authentication session ends.
reAuthPeriod - the period of time after which the connected radius cli­ents must be re-authenticated

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2. Installation and Management

2.1 Panel Description

2.2 AC Power Supply

One AC power cord which meets the specification of your country of
origin was supplied with the switch unit. Before installing AC power cord
to the switch, make sure the AC power switch is in OFF position and the
AC power to the power cord is turned off. The switch supports wide
range of AC power input specifications as follows:

Power Rating : 100 ~ 240VAC, 50/60Hz, 50W
Voltage Range : 90 ~ 260VAC
Frequency : 47 ~ 440 Hz
Inrush Current : 24A@230V
Minimal Consumption : 17W
Maximal Consumption : 26W

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