POWER BOARD XS805
XS606
1P
SPLITTER
ANT INPUT TO P-TUNER BOARD
C688
0.01
U110
NV01
L611
2.2uH
C689
0.01
V602
C1815
321
1
3
2
CB01
47u/16V
C690
100/16
RB05
470
L610
2.2uH
RB09 47
POWER ON
GREEN
REMOTE ON
RED
R283
R282
10/.5W
10/.5W
C284
C283
0.1
0.1
R281
C281
KEY1
100
VD320
IN4001
C635
100
R688
10K
R644 10K
R643
C684
22u/16V
1K
1000uF/35V
R694
4.7K
R689
10/0.5W
C634
100
R642 10K
R641
1K
KEY2
R625
100
R624
10K
V613
BF370
R640
100
REMOTE
WP
C633
27
R616
2.7K
C618
C282
27
0.1
H COUNT
R670
1K
R681
4.7K
R680
6.8K
V609
RN1206
VD609
1SS131
R684
10K
+9V H.Vcc
C625
0.01
C630
100
VSYNC
HSYNC
SDA1
R615
R614
100
100
C619
27
R672
4.7K
R671
4.7K
VD619
1SS131
1234
R334
R335
3.3K
VD615
VD616
RGBYs
1/2W(F)
+9V
R682
10K
100
R673
10K
1235 RESET
C679
470uF/16V
VD603
1SS131
C673
470uF/16V
C670
47uF/25V
C645
100
C644
100
R657
1K
R660 10K
R658
100
SUB MUTE
C676
0.1
R656
10K
R655
2.7K
SUB VOL
R609
10K
XS603
C643
1/50
1
1
1
1
R654
R697
2.2K
V611
2SC1815
JP
JP
C646
100
C650
0.1
JP
R661 10K
R665
1K
C647
0.1
R664
R659
270
Vpp
TEST0
CONV. 1
R607
CONV. 3
V COUNT
330
C604
100
R604
4.7K
YPbPr_SW
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728
R600
1K
C600
100
C602
100
C603
100
R608
4.7K
R602
R612
4.7K
SW1
RESET
SERVICE
CONV. 2
R605
1K
330
R601
330
R611
330
R606
C601
10K
100
R603
4.7K
V612
RN1206
N310
PR09RD11
3
N311
PQ05RD21
3
N312
PQ05RD21
3
N313
PQ20RX11
5
C642
100
R652
100
100
MAIN MUTE
POWER
R610
2
4
C680
C681
47uF/16V
0.1
R692 1K
2
+5Va
4
C677
47uF/16V
2
+5Vd
4
C674
47uF/16V
3
+10V
2
4
C671
47uF/16V
C640
C641
C639
100
100
100
C638
33
R647
1M
R650 3.3K
R651 3.3K
R653 10K
R648
R649
100
100
SCL2
SDA2
ITT RESET
1K
CONTROL
OSCIN
N303
ST92196A
CCVIDEO_M
SPLITTER GAIN
C611
1/16
C605
100
C613
0.01
L602
2.2uH
4321
C615
SCL
SDA
0.01
C616
47/10
PCF85116
XS601
123456
KEY2
KEY1
LED
VD50
VA99
2SA1015Y
+5V
654321
RB01
470
REMOTE
XSJ01A
SA05
VIDEO
SA01
CH UP
RA73
2.7K
RA77
RA76
10K
JP
RB02 470
SA06
MENU
SA02
CH DOWN
RA72
3.9K
SA03
VOL UP
RA71
8.2K
SA04
VOL DOWN
V607
RN1206
V608
RN1206
VD611
1SS131
A
JP
R687
220
R693
2.2K
R690
6.2K
R691
2K
C636
100
C637
33
R646 10K
Z601
4MHz
R645
3.3K
LED
Vss2
OSCOUT
CCVIDEO_S
Vdd2
C612
1/16
C614
1/50
R619
100
R618
5678
SCL1
SDA1
1234
N304
AUDIO +20V AUDIO GND
XS410A
XS201
TO XSP04
N305
TDA8946J
AUDIO AMP
NC
GND1
Vcc1
VD612 1SS131
R284
22K
+9V
C686
220u/16V
VD606
1SS131
1SS131
VD605
R677
1K
C626
1/50
C628
100
Vss1
FCPU
R6281KR6291KR630
C620
27
XS604
4*1SS131
VBLK
CONV. 1
R686
470K
VD608
1SS131
C623
0.01
29303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556
Vdd1
CONV. 3
R695
10K
V604
RN1206
V605
2SA1015
R
1K
OUT1+
C285
1u/50V
22uH
CONV. 2
OUT1-
1234567891011121314151617
R685
1K
V606
2SA1015
R683
2.2K
VD607
1SS131
C629
0.047
C627
0.047
R638
R639
1.2K
1.2K
Vdda
FOSD
FBBG
SCL1
R627
100
R617
2.7K
3.3K
3.3K
R336
VD617
VD618
XS411A CONV.
NC
IN1+
C289 1500
C288
C290
0.22
0.22
R285 2.2K
R678
1K
R635
10K
V601
2SC1815
V602
C624
1/50
2SC1815
C621
220/10
L601
123456 12345678
+33V
+11V
XS412A
R632
47K
R636
10K
C622
0.01
MODE
IN1-
IN2-
C292
1500
C291
0.22
R633
R634
47K
47K
R631
47K
VD601
6.2V
654321
+7V
+20V
STANDBY
SVR
R289
2.2K
V603
2SA1015
R620
1K
C296
10/25
IN2+
R290
10/.5W
C295
0.22
R621
1K
NC
OUT2-
C297
0.1
+5V-1
REMOTE
GND
OUT R-
OUT R+
OUT L-
OUT L+
54321
GND2
Vcc2
OUT2+
R292
220
R293
220
R399
NC
DAC3
VD2 OUT
HD2 IN
VD2 IN
123456789101112
R330
470/.5W
R331
220
1/2W
VD301
1SS131
VD305
1SS131
VD306
1SS131
GND
RESET
POWER
ON/OFF
XS413A
R291
10/.5W
C298
0.1
R+
R-
LL+
R398
NC
C390
0.1
C391 1/16
DAC1
VD1 OUT
HD1 IN
SYNC2 IN
SYNC1 IN
VD1 IN
AFC FILTER
AGND
C386
0.01
R391
6.2K
R392
C387
360
1/16
VD302
9.1V
VD303
1SS131
R318
R317
100
2.2K
R322
NC
R321
C320
R329
NC
8765432187654321654321
SCL1
JP
0.01
28272625242322212019181716151413121110987654321
DAC1(SYNC OUT)
I2L Vdd
C331
R332
0.01
100
SDA1
R396
470
ADS
TA1318N
HVCO
Z302
C319
100
VP OUT
SCL1
R343
3.3K
+9V
(TA1317)
SCL1
Vcc
CSB503F30
R316
47K
H-OUT
SDA1
C691
0.01
C389
0.01
V306
2SC1815
R319
10K
R333
100
R339
150
NC
R395
470
SDA1
DAC2
R393
10K
DEF/DAC GND
I2L GND
R342
3.3K
10/50
H.CURVE
C692
FBP IN
HD2 OUT
VD3 IN
R314
10K
ANALOG B IN
C332
1/16
XS414A
VD610
UPC574J
DGND
HD3 IN
C388
1000/16
R315
10K
C321
0.01
C318
0.1
H CURVE CORR
ANALOG G IN
C333
1/16
R338
150
R341
3.3K
654321
VP
GND
2SA1015
R337
131415161718192021222324
V305
ANALOG R IN
150
GND
HD1 OUT
CP OUT
Z301
CSB503F30
H.F. SW
C334
1/16
C335
1/16
C337
1/16
87
R313
12K
VD304
6.8V
VBLK
+5Va
+5Va
SYS1
+33V
C693
0.01
C695
C694
0.01
0.01
L615
FB
ITT RESET
SDA1
SCL1
GND
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
C394
0.1
N302
SYNC
PROCESSOR
R312
12K
R311
1K
R310
2K
C315
1000/16
C317
4.7/16
C314
0.01
C316
470
R308
0.01
HVCO
AFC FILTER
SCP OUT
DEF/DAC Vcc
VIDEO PROCESSOR
OSD R IN
OSD G IN
OSD B IN
DAC2(ACB pulse)
R340
NC
C336
1/16
VD308 1SS131
VD307
1SS131
+15V-FBT
+15V-FBT
C338
0.01
SYS0
ITT RESETNCGND
+5Vd
R361
10K
GND
L616 FB
+5Va
SCP IN
N301
RGB Vcc
C339
16V/100uF
L305
22uH
H.DRIVE
SUB V
L614
FB
GND
HD1 IN
B OUT
R344
10K
GND
XS415A
SUB U
SUB Y
SW1
+9V
VD1 IN
TA1316AN
G OUT
R345
10K
V312
C1815
GND
H.AFC
GND
1235 RESET
SYNC IN
R OUT
GNDL+L-
GNDR-R+
SCL2
SDA2
+9V
GND
L IN
GND
R IN
XS202
1234567
JP
JP
SUB V Sync
C348
NC
C369
47uF/25V
C368
100/16R379
VD315
R381
12V
4.7K
R380
10K
系列彩色背投电视机电路图
(主信号板)
BT-H系列-DL1
1
C371
0.01
N314
BA12T
2
C370
47uF/25V
L309
4.7uH
41003181(1/8)
2003.09.04
JP
3
SCL2
20
SDA2
19
+9V
18
+9V
17
GND
16
MAIN L OUT
15
MAIN R OUT
14
GND
13
MAIN L IN
12
MAIN R IN
11
GND
10
SUB AUDIO
9
GND
8
GND
7
SUB VID
6
GND
5
MAIN VIDEO
4
GND
3
SUB VOLUME
2
AUD MUTE
1
XSV02
XSV01
COMP. SW
20
GND
19
SUB C OUT
18
SUB Y(V) OUT
17
GND
16
MAIN C OUT
15
MAIN Y(V) OUT
14
GND
13
GND
12
RGB B
11
RGB G
10
RGB R
9
GND
8
RGB Hsync
7
RGB Vsync
6
GND
5
GND
4
COMP. Pr
3
COMP. Pb
2
COMP. Y
1
XS301
GND
10
VSM
9
GND
8
GND
7
R
6
GND
5
G
4
GND
3
B
2
+12V
1
TO CRT-G XS502
MAIN C
MAIN Y
R378 1K
V318
RN1206
V319
RN1206
V320
RN1206
GNDL+L-
GND
SUB V
C367
0.01
GND
1234567
L617
FB
+9V
SDA2
SCL2
SUB U
SUB Y
GND
SUB H Sync
VD314
1SS131
2.7K
2SC1740
V322
BT4360H/BT5080H/BT5060H
H
XS203
SUB H Sync
SUB V Sync
GND
SUB Y IN
SUB C IN
GND
GND
MAIN VID OUT
XS102 XS101
H Sync
V Sync
GND
Cr OUT
Cb OUT
Y OUT
9883 V OUT
9883 SOG OUT
12345678910
XS605
1234
C342
R364
100
R365
100
R366
100
C306
C307
C308
0.01
0.1
0.1
Cr IN
Y2 IN
Cb IN
G S/H
R S/H
Ys3(analog RGB)
C343
0.01
R347
0.01
C347
C346
NC
NC
R358
2.2K
R359
1K
V311
A1015
R367
100
R368
100
R369
100
C310
C309
1/16
0.1
VD2 IN
HD2 IN
COLOR LIMITER
RGB GND
Ik IN
B S/H
R346
10K
C341
0.01
C340
1/50
C344
C345
NC
NC
JP
R360
5.1K
C360
10
C361
10
C362
10
ABL
470
XSM01XSM02
MATRIX SW
Ys2(OSD)
R348
470
22uF/16V
C357
NC
VD310
1SS131
R371
820
V315
2SA1015
R373
820
R375
820
V317
2SA1015
Y/C GND
Ys1(OSD)
R350
470
C349
C355
0.33
A933AS
2SA1015
C356
0.1
R355
10K
R372
820
R374
820
R376
820
C380
0.1
Ym/P-MUTE/BLK
R353
10K
SUB VID
COMP. Y
GND
COMP. Pb
GND
COMP. Pr
ABCL IN
R354
100K
VD311
8.2V
R351
VD312
SUB AUD
3.3K
GND
C302
2.2/16
VSM OUT
R352
1SS131
C364
0.01
GND
RGB V Sync
NC
2SC1740
R388
1K
MAIN R OUT
RGB H Sync
V303
MAIN L OUT
GND
R301
NC
BPH FILTER
Y/C Vcc
L306
22uH
V321
2SC1740
C366
0.1
GND
RGB R
DARK AREA
56555453525150494847464544434241403938373635343332313029
MAIN R IN
RGB G
C301
1/16
DET FILTER
APL FILTER
C352
10uF/16V
C351
0.01
C350
100uF/16V
R377
1K
MAIN L IN
GNDR-R+
10987654321111213141516171819201098765432111121314151617181920
RGB B
GND
1098765432111121314151617181920
R385
100
C377
NC
XSV08
XSV09
BACK TERMINAL BOARD
Y
Cb
Cr
R
L
Y
Pb
Pr
Y/Pb/Pr IN Y/Cb/Cr IN
R
RV43
100K
RV44
100K
RV53
100K
RV40
82
RV41
82
RV42
82
RV50
82
RV51
82
RV52
82
RV47
100
RV48
100
RV49
100
RV57
100
RV58
100
RV59
100
CV53
1000
CV43
1000
CV44
1000
CV40 47uF/16V
CV47 0.01
CV41 47uF/16V
CV48 0.01
CV42 47uF/16V
CV49 0.01
CV50 47uF/16V
CV57 0.01
CV51 47uF/16V
CV58 0.01
CV52 47uF/16V
CV59 0.01
RV08
470K
+9V
1
2
CV07
470P
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
CV85
0.1
Cb
Cr
Y
COMP. SW
Pb
Pr
BA7657F
NV2
CW52
0.47
OUT+GNDOUT-
5678
RV143
2.2K
CW57
NC
RV150
10
RV144
8.2K
RV151
10K
100/16V
CW54
RV147
1K
CW58
0.1
RV145
2.7K
RV148
10
CW56
0.01
CW53
0.01
AUDIO PROCESS BOARD
C266
10uF/16V
N201
BD3867AS
C250
4.7uF/16V
C260
220uF/16V
C264
10uF/16V
R254
100K
R251
220K
C263
C262
0.068u
LS1LS2
IN_R
IN_L
1234567891011
C252
0.068u
1000P
FB_R
FB_L
C254
10uF/16V
C253
1000P
C265
0.1
PS
FT_R
OUT_R
VREF
OUT_L
FT_L
C255
47/16V
C259
4.7uF/16V
+9V
GND
C258
4.7uF/16V
SB
AD1
100
R252
C261
0.01
ST
AD2
C257
4.7uF/16V
SVL
SCL
C256
4.7uF/16V
1213141516171819202122
SVR
SDA
R253
100
VDV11
RLS4148
NV3
1
78L05
24Y
23
22
Y-O
21
20
+5V
19
U-O
18
17
16
V-O
15
14
CV87
CV86
47uF/16V
0.1
3
2
RV131
0
CV84
CV83
NC
0.1
RV132
0
RV09
1K
RV133
0
RV97
1K
VV01
BC848C
RV98
1K
RV99
150
CV89
NC
LV04
3.3uH
CV88
1000
CW55
0.1
NV4
TDA7052B
CW51
0.1
CW50
100uF/16V
RV149
10
RV142
220/.5W
VV07
C2878
RV146
1K
Vp
IN GND VC
1234
XSV06
XSV05
XSV03
XSV07
RGB IN
AV2IN
AV1IN
AUDIO OUT MONITOR OUT
L
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
V
R
L
V
R
L
V
R
L
R
L
Vsync
Hsync
GND
AV3-C
GND
AV3-Y
GND
AV3-V
GND
AV3-R
AV3-L
RV21
YC
82
S IN ON
RV11
YC
82
S IN ON
CV75
1000
CV74
1000
CV76
1000
CV77
1000
RV54
100K
R
G
B
RV60
82
RV10
82
RV13
100K
RV14
100K
RV20
82
RV23
100K
RV24
100K
RV67
100
RV6182RV62
RV64 100
RV63
100
CV23
1000
CV24
1000
CV13
1000
CV14
1000
CV17
1000
RV70
68
RV77
10K
RV71
1K
RV73
100K
RV78
1K
RV74
100K
RV81
1K
RV83
100K
RV88
1K
RV84
100K
CV54
1000
CV60
27
82
CV27
1000
LV01
PL-56
CV69
470uF/16V
VV10
BC848C
CV70
10uF/16V
CV71
10uF/16V
CV72
10uF/16V
CV73
10uF/16V
CV63
27P
BC848C
VV12
RV68
100
LV02
PL-56
3.2V
RV12
82
RV72
1K
RV69
100
CV64
27P
3.8V
VV11
BC848C
VV13
BC848C
CV61
27
RV22
82
RV75 1K
RV82
1K
RV85
1K
L260
10uH
1234567 1234567
+9V
AV3-C
10uF/16V
JV05 JV06JV07JV04
R IN
GND
CV30
RV30
82
AV3IN
GND
AV3-Y
GND
L IN
AV3-V
GND
GND
AV3-R
RV33
100K
CV33
1000
AV3-L
SCL
SDA
AV3 TERMINAL BOARD
XSP03
RV34
100K
CV34
1000
XP203
GND
GND
R- OUT
L- OUT
R+ OUT
SP01 SP02
SP03 SP04
XSP05 XSP04
CY05
4.7uF/50V
R- R+L-L+
LV08
LV07
PL-22
PL-22
RY02
10
CY02
RY01
10
CY01
871
2
3
5
4
JV09JV08
重要的安全注意事项
进行任何维修工作时,应使用独立的变压器,以免底盘
通电而引起电震事故。
在原理图中,以
面具有关键性,只能以规定型号的零部件来更换。
注意:
1、未标注的电阻器均为1/6W的碳膜电阻;未标注的电容
均为50V的彩色陶瓷电容器。
" "标志来识别的零部件,在安全方
2、除另有说明外,各项电解电容器的额定电压均为16V。
3、在原理图中"/#"为元器件改 插铁线的标记;"/*"为元器
件空插的标记。
4、本图仅供参考,如有更改,恕不另行通知。
BT4360H/BT5080H/BT5060H
系列彩色背投电视机电路图
H
(AV板)
BT-H系列-DL2
L+ OUT
8
GND
LV12
PL-22
CY06
4.7uF/50V
LV09
PL-22
LV10
PL-22
CY04
100uF/16V
3
RY04
217
4
41003181(2/8)
2003.09.04
543214321
1/2W390
L+
L-
RY03
1/2W390
CY03
100uF/16V
5
GND
R+
R-
LV11
PL-22
NV1
TA8851CN
CV92
RV92
10uF/16V
100
CV62
27
CV96
10uF/16V
RV93
100
CV95
10uF/16V
RV37
100
CV36
RV36
10uF/16V
4.7K
CV31
RV38
100
10uF/16V
CV35
RV35
10uF/16V
4.7K
RV39
CV32
100
0.01
RV03
3.3K
CV20
RV27
10uF/16V
100
CV26
RV26
10uF/16V
4.7K
CV21
RV28
10uF/16V
100
CV25
RV25
10uF/16V
4.7K
RV29
CV22
100
0.01
+9V
CV28
470uF/16V
CV10
RV17
10uF/16V
100
RV02 3.3K
RV16
CV16 10uF/16V
4.7K
RV18
CV11 10uF/16V
100
RV15
CV15
4.7K
10uF/16V
RV19
CV12
100
0.01
3.8V
RV76
3.2V
1K
RV79
1K
RV85A
120
CV97
0.01
RV86A
120
RV86
CV98
1K
0.01
RV89
1K
SDA
SCL
RV90
100
RV91
100
VDV01
9.1V
VDV02
9.1V
VDV03
9.1V
VDV04
9.1V
VDV05
9.1V
VDV06
9.1V
CV29
0.1
VDV07
9.1V
VDV08
9.1V
VDV09
9.1V
100
CV90
10uF/16V
CV91
10uF/16V
RV96
100
CV93
10uF/16V
RV95
100
CV18
0.1
RV06
100
RV07
RV05
100K
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
RV04
22K
5.0
LT2
1
5.0
VT2
RT2
LT1
VT1
RT1
VE1
LE1
YE1
RE1
CE1
GND1
VE2
LE2
YE2
RE2
CE2
VCC
VE3
LE3
YE3
RE3
CE3
GND2
MUTE
SDA
SCL
TV2 BS2
TV1
EX1
TV OUT
EX2
EX3
PIP OUT
VO1
LO1
YO1
RO1
CO1
TV-OUT LOT
CI1
TV-OUT ROT
VO2
LO2
YO2
RO2
CO2
O3
CI2
I/O2
I/O1
2
5.0
3
5.0
4
5.0
5
5.0
6
5.0
7
5.0
8
5.0
9
5.0
10
5.0
11
0
12
13
5.0
14
15
5.0
16
17
8.7
18
5.0
19
5.0
20
5.0
21
22
23
0
24
0
25
4.5
26
4.5
27
CV56
RV56
10uF/16V
CV65
10uF/16V
CV55
10uF/16V
CV46
10uF/16V
CV66
10uF/16V
CV45
10uF/16V
CV67
22uF/16V
RV66
120
CV39
0.01
RV65
120
CV38
0.01
CV68
22uF/16V
RV119
10K
RV121
1K
RV120
10K
RV122
1K
100
RV55
100
RV46
100
RV45
100
RV80
1K
RV111
1K
RV112
1K
RV113
NC
BC848C
RV123
NC
3D-STEREO
TRUBASS
FOCUS
VV05
RV87
390/.5W
3.6V
RV114
NC
RV116
NC
RV124
NC
RV126
NC
4.2V
VV02
2SA1015Y
VV03
BC848C
RV115
1K
VV04
3.6V
BC848C
3.0V
RV118
RV117
1K
NC
RV125
2.2K
VV06
BC848C
RV128
RV127
2.2K
NC
RW17
CW04
0
0.1
RW18
CV79
0
CW03
10uF/16V
CV78
10uF/16V
CW23
0.1
0.1
R IN
L IN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021
0
RW20
CW21
0.1
CW22
0.01
CW19
0.1
CW20
0.1
RW1
22K
RW16
0
RW3
43K
CW18
CW05
CW06
CW02
0.1
0.1
10uF/16V
CW01
10uF/16V
R OUT
L OUT
NV5
NJM2700
RW7
RW6
1.8K
110K
CW17
0.1
RW2
3.3K
RW4
36K
CW15
1uF16V
CW16
0.1
0.1
RW8
RW5
8.2K
8.2K
+9V
RW910K
RW1010K
RW11
10K
CW14
10uF/16V
CW13
0.033
CV01
0.1
MODE1
CW11
0.47
MODE2
CW12
CV02
100uF/16V
MODE3
0.01
CW10
0.33
Vref
LV05
3.3uH
RW12
8.2K
222324252627282930313233343536373839404142
LV06
3.3uH
CW07
10uF/16V
+9V
CW09
220p
SRS WIDTH
CV03
0.1
10uF/16V
CW08
CV04
100uF/16V
5.0
54
5.0
53
5.0
52
5.0
51
5.0
50
5.0
49
48
5.0
3.4
47
3.6
46
3.8
45
3.6
44
3.8
43
3.7
42
3.9
41
40
5.0
39
5.0
38
3.5
37
3.6
36
3.9
35
3.6
34
3.9
33
3.6
32
31
30
5.0
29
28
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
XPV01
COMP. Y
COMP. Pb
COMP. Pr
GND
GND
RGB Vsync
RGB Hsync
GND
RGB R
RGB G
RGB B
GND
GND
MAIN Y(V) OUT
MAIN C OUT
GND
SUB Y(V) OUT
SUB C OUT
GND
COMP. SW
1
0
XPV02
AUD MUTE
SUB VOLUME
GND
MAIN VIDEO
GND
SUB VIDEO
GND
GND
SUB AUDIO
GND
MAIN R IN
MAIN L IN
GND
MAIN R OUT
MAIN L OUT
GND
+9V
+9V
SDA2
SCL2
Y/Cb/Cr
Y/Pb/Pr
LV03
PL-56
XP202
SUB-S
123456789101112
RV01
RV32
3.3K
82
CV37
1000
GND
RV31
82
SUB-S
GND