Keysight Technologies N9322C User Manual

Download

Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176 - TestEquipmentDepot.com

Keysight N9322C Spectrum Analyzer

Notice: This document contains references to Agilent. Please note that Agilent’s Test and M

easurement business has become Keysight

Technologies.

User’s Guide

Notices

No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Keysight Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright laws.

Manual Part Number

N9322-90002

Edition

First Edition, July 2014

Printed in China

Keysight Technologies, Inc. No 116 Tianfu 4th Street Chengdu 610041, China

Software Revision

This guide is valid for revision A.04.20 of the Keysight N9322C Spectrum Analyzer firmware.

Warranty

The material contained in this document is provided “as is,” and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions. Further, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Keysight disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, with regard to this manual and any information contained herein, includ ing but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Keysight shall not be liable for errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, use, or performance of this document or of any information contained herein. Should Keysight and the user have a separate written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these terms, the warranty terms in the separate agreement shall control.

Technology Licenses

The hardware and/or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.

Restricted Rights Legend

U.S. Government Restricted Rights. Software and technical data rights granted to the federal government include only those rights customarily provided to end user customers. Keysight provides this customary commercial license in Software and technical data pursuant to FAR 12.211 (Technical Data) and

12.212 (Computer Software) and, for the Department of Defense, DFARS

252.227-7015 (Technical Data - Commercial Items) and DFARS 227.7202-3 (Rights in Commercial Computer Software or Computer Software Documentation).

Safety Notices

CAUTION

A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to the product or loss of important data. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

WARNING

A WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in personal injury or death. Do not proceed beyond a WARNING notice until the indicated cond itions are fully understood and met.

1Overview1

N9322C at a Glance 2

Front Panel Overview 4

Display Annotations 7

Rear Panel Overview 9

Front and rear panel symbols 10

2 Getting Started 11

Check the Shipment and Order List 12

Options 12

Safety Notice 13

Power Requirements 14

Power On and Check 16

Environmental Requirements 18

Electrostatic Discharge Protection 21

BSA PC software 22

Helpful Tips 23

Perform Calibration 23

Using an External Reference 24

Enable an Options 24

Firmware Upgrade 25

IO Configuration 25

Timed Power On/Off 26

Power Preset Last 26

Data Securities 27

Probe Power Output 27

Contents

3 Functions and Measurements 29

Making a Basic Measurement 30

Using the Front Panel 30

Presetting the Spectrum Analyzer 31

Viewing a Signal 33

Measuring Multiple Signals 35

Comparing Signals on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta 35

Comparing Signals not on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta 37

Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude 39

Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals 42

Measuring a Low-Level Signal 44

Reducing Input Attenuation 44

Decreasing the Resolution Bandwidth 46

Trace Averaging 47

Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy 49

Tracking Drifting Signals 51

Making Distortion Measurements 53

Identifying Analyzer Generated Distortion 53

Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion 56

Stimulus Response Transmission 59

Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter 61

Channel Scanner 64

Top/Bottom N Channel Scanner 64

List N Channel Scanner 66

Channel Scanner Setup 68

Spectrum Monitor 69

Reflection Measurement 71

Preparation 71

Measuring Cable Reflection 72

Measuring Distance to Fault 72

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor 74

Making an Average Power Measurement 75

Making a Peak Power Measurement 79

Power Meter Settings 81

Demodulate the AM/FM signal 84

Demodulating an AM Signal 84

Demodulating an FM Signal 85

Analysis the Modulated Signals 87

AM/FM Modulation Analysis 87

ASK/FSK Modulation Analysis 90

Contents

Measuring Channel Power 93

Files Operation 95

4 Key Reference 101

Amplitude 102

BW 106

Display 109

Enter 110

ESC <- 110

Frequency 111

Marker 114

Meas 119

Contents

MODE 130

Peak Search 148

System 151

Span 154

Channel Power 119

Occupied BW 121

ACPR 123

Spectrum Emission Mask 124

Tracking Generator 130

Power Meter 133

Spectrum Monitor 136

Reflection Measurement 138

AM/FM Modulation Analysis 140

ASK/FSK Modulation Analysis 144

Sweep 155

Limit 159

Trace 162

5 Instrument Messages 167

Overview 168

Command Errors 169

Execution Conflict 171

Device-Specific Errors 173

6 Troubleshooting 177

Check the basics 178

Contact Keysight Technologies 180

7 Menu Maps 181

Amplitude Menu 182

BW/Avg Menu 183

Det/Display Menu 184

File Menu (1 of 2) 185

File Menu (2 of 2) 186

Frequency Menu 187

Marker Menu 188

Marker-> Menu 189

Measure Menu (1 of 2) 190

Measure Menu (2 of 2) 191

MODE - Tracking Generator 192

MODE - Power Meter 193

Contents

MODE - AM/FM Modulation Analysis 194

MODE - ASK/FSK Modulation Analysis 195

Name Editor Menu 196

Peak Search Menu 197

Preset/System Menu 198

SPAN Menu 199

Sweep/Trig Menu 200

Trace Menu 201

Index 203

Contents

Overview

1 Overview

Keysight N9322C at a Glance 2

Front Panel Overview 4

Rear Panel Overview 9

Front and rear panel symbols 10

This chapter provides a description of the Keysight N9322C spectrum analyzer and an introduction to the buttons, features, and functions of the front and rear instrument panels.

Overview

N9322C at a Glance

Features

The Keysight N9322C spectrum analyzer is a portable, swept spectrum

7.0 GHz. It can be widely used in an electronic manufacturing environment and in functional/final/QA test systems.

The Keysight N9322C spectrum analyzer primary features and functions are described below:

analyzer with a frequency range of 9 kHz to

• Power Measurement Suite

The built- in one- button power measurement suite offers channel power, ACP, OBW, and TOI measurements, and contains a Pass/Fail testing capability with a mask for out- of- channel emissions measurement.

• Precision Frequency Reference (Option PFR)

The optinal OCXO frequency reference provides the precise frquency measurement capability.

• Spectrum Monitor (Option MNT)

Provides the capability to analyze the stability of a signal over time. The analyzer can be used to monitor the signal capturing performance or intermittent event over extended periods of time.

• High Sensitive Measurement (Option P07)

Includes an optional pre- amplifier for signals in the frequency range up to 7 GHz, enabling more sensitive measurements. This feature is a great help in analysis of low level signals.

• High Accuracy Power Measurement

Supports Keysight U2000 series (option PWM) and U2020 series (option PWP) power sensors for high accuracy power measurement as a power meter.

Overview

N9322C at a Glance

• Modulation Analysis Function

provides optional AM/FM and ASK/FSK modulation analysis function. (AM/FM: Option- AMA ASK/FSK: Option- DMA)

• Tracking Generator (Option TG7)

provides an RF source for scalar network analysis.

• Baseband Channel (Option BB1)

Provides superior DANL and SSB between 9 kHz to 10 MHz.

• Cable & Antenna Test (Option RM7; Requires option TG7)

Provides VSWR, return loss, cable loss and distance- to- fault function for reflection measurement.

• Task Planner (Option TPN)

Provides task planner function to integrate different measurements for test automation.

• Time-gated Spectrum Analysis (Option TMG)

Measures any one of several signals separated in time and xxclude interfering signals.

• Channel Scanner (Option SCN)

provide the channel scan funtion in spectrum monitoring, coverage test, and band clearance.

Optimized Usability

The analyzer provides the enhanced usability as below:

• Socket/Telnet remote control via USB, and LAN port.

• The BSA PC Software on help kit CD provides further editing

and data analysis functions.

• Keypad can be locked and unlocked with password to

forbid undesired keypad operation.

• The GPIB interface (option G01) make the unit easily

compatible with your GPIB test system.

• Security feartures (Option SEC) allows user to erase all

customized files and data in analyzer for security.

Overview

Front Panel Overview

BW Trace/

Marker

VWX

596

MNO

DEF

40MHz 25dBm

Preset

Disp

UserDet

ESC

Enter

Local

PROBE POWER

System

Limit

Sweep

Save

Shift

File

RF IN 50

50VDC Max 33dBm (2W) Max

Peak Search

MeasMode

YZ_

PQR

GHI

N9322C 9kHz - 7.0 GHz

Spectrum Analayz er

Remot e

Standby On

Frequency

Span

Amplitude

STU

JKL

102

ABC

TG SOURCE CAL OUT

Rev Pwr 50VDC Max +30dBm (1W) Max

1Screen 6.5 inch TFT color screen shows information of the

current function, including the signal traces, status indicators, and instrument messages. Labels for softkeys are located on the right- hand side of the screen.

2Softkeys are the unlabeled keys next to the screen. They

activate functions displayed to the left of each key.

3 Amplitude activates the reference level function and

accesses the amplitude softkeys, with which you set functions that affect data on the vertical axis.

4SPAN sets the frequency range symmetrically about the

center frequency. The frequency- span readout describes the total displayed frequency range.

5Frequency activates the center- frequency function, and

accesses the menu of frequency functions.

6 Function Keys relate directly to the following main functions:

• BW activates the resolution bandwidth function and

accesses the softkeys that control the bandwidth functions and averaging.

• Trace/Det accesses the softkeys that allow you to set up

the trace settings and detector functions.

Front Panel Overview

• Disp - User accesses the submenu to recall the frequently

used user- defined state, or control what is displayed on the analyzer, including the display line, graticule and annotation after pressing Shift.

• Mode selects the measurement mode according to the

activated options.

• Marker accesses the marker control keys that select the

type and number of markers and turns them on and off.

• Limit - Sweep accesses the softkeys that allow you to set

the sweep time, select the sweep mode and trigger mode, or to set the limit functions after pressing Shift.

• Peak Search places a marker on the signal peak.

• Meas accesses the measurements mode selection submenu

in spectrum analyzer mode or the measurement submenu in other optional modes.

7 Utility Keys relate directly to the following utilities:

• Preset resets the analyzer to a known state

• System accesses the submenu to configure a series of

system settings, such as ports, option and languages.

• Shift switches alternate upper blue function of the

hardkeys.

• Save - File accesses the file operation submenu or activate the quick- save function after pressing Shift.

Overview

8 Arrow Keys The up and down arrow keys shift the selected

item when you press [MODE] hardkey; you can also change the mode by rotating the knob.

9 Knob The knob increases or decreases a value, a numeric

digit, or scrolls up and down to select an item in a list.

10 Data Control Keys includes the numeric keypad, ENTER key

and backspace key, change the numeric value of an active function such as center frequency, start frequency, resolution bandwidth, and marker position. if the analyzer is in the remote mode, pressing ENTER key returns the analyzer to the local mode and enables front- panel control.

Overview

Front Panel Overview

11 RF IN connector recieves the signal input. The maximum

damage level is average continuous power +33 dBm or DC voltage 50 VDC. The impedance is 50 W. (N- type female).

12 PROBE POWER connector provides power for high- impedance

AC probes or other accessories (+15 V, –12 V, 150 mA maximum).

13 CAL OUT connector provides an amplitude reference signal

output of 40 MHz at –25 dBm (BNC female).

14 TG SOURCE connector N- type female, is the source output for

the built- in tracking generator. The maximum damage level is average continuous power +30 dBm or DC voltage 50 VDC. The impedance is 50 W. (for Option TG7)

15 Standby Switch switches on all functions of the analyzer. To

switch the analyzer off, press the switch for at least 2 seconds. This deactivates all the functions but retains power to internal circuits so long as the analyzer is connected to line power.

16 On LED (green) lights when the analyzer is switched on.

17 Standby LED lights when the analyzer is connected to the

line power.

18 Remote LED lights when the analyzer is remotely controlled

by a PC via the USB host interface on the rear panel.

19 USB Device Connector provides a connection between external

USB devices and the analyzer, such as a USB memory device.

Display Annotations

Overview

Front Panel Overview

1920

Item Description Notes (Associated function key)

1 Average Type [BW] > Average Type

2 Reference Offset [Amplitude] > Ref Offset

3 Amplitude scale [Amplitude] > Scale Type

4 Reference level [Amplitude]

5Display Line [Disp]

> Ref Level

> Display Line

6 Time and date display [System] > Time/Date

7 RF attenuation [Amplitude] > Attenuation

8 Marker frequency [Marker]

9 Marker amplitude [Marker]

10 Indicator S - Shift

R - Remote Control

11 USB disk indicator The USB memory device is in use.

12 Key menu title Dependent on key selection.

Overview

Front Panel Overview

13 Softkey menu Refer to “Key Reference” for details.

Dependent on current function key selection.

14 Frequency span [SPAN]

15 Sweep time [Sweep] > Sweep Time

16 Fequency offset [Frequency] > Freq Offset

17 Video bandwidth [BW] > Video BW

18 Display status line Display status and instrument messages.

19 Resolution bandwidth [BW] > Res BW

20 Center Frequency [Frequency] > Center Freq

21 Active function block The functino in use

22 Low frequency channel [Frequency] > LowFrqChannel

23 Sweep time rule [Sweep] > Sweep Setup > Swp Time Rule

24 Sweep type [Sweep] > Sweep Setup > Sweep Type

25 - right Trigger/Sweep

F - free run trigger V - video trigger E - external trigger C - continuous sweep S - single sweep

25 - left Internal preamp [Amplitude] > Int Preamp

26 Trace mode

W - clear write M - maximum hold m - minimum hold V - view S - store blank

Detect mode

N - Normal A - Average P - Positive peak S - Sample N - Neg Peak

[Sweep] > Trigge

[Trace]

[Trace] > Detector

Rear Panel Overview

SERIAL LABEL ATTACH HERE

HIPOT LABEL ATTACH HERE

LAN

TRIG IN 10MHz

T T L

REF IN 10MHz

REF OUT

Overview

Rear Panel Overview

OCXO

REF OUT 10MHz

100

~100-240

W MAX

50/60

1 Kensington Lock lock the instrument and keep its safety.

2 USB Host connector provides a connection between the

analyzer and an PC for remote control.

3LAN port A TCP/IP Interface used for remote operation.

4 EXT TRG IN (TTL) connector accepts an external voltage input,

the positive edge of which triggers the analyzer sweep function. (BNC female)

5REF IN connector accepts an external timebase with a

frequency of 10 MHz, amplitude of –5 to +10 dBm. (BNC female)

6 REF OUT connector provides a frequency of 10 MHz, amplitude

of –10 dBm reference output. (BNC female)

7 REF OUT connector (Option PFR) is an optional connector for

precision 10 MHz reference from OCXO.

8AC Power Receptacle accepts a three- pin line power plug.

9Power switch isolates the analyzer from the AC line power.

After switch on, the analyzer enters into standby mode and the orange standby LED on the front panel lights.

10 GPIB connector (Option G01) is an optional interface. This GPIB

connector supports remote operation.

Overview

Front and rear panel symbols

Front and Rear Panel Symbols

The instruction manual symbol: indicates that the user must refer to

specific instructions in the manual.

The CE mark: a registered trademark of the European Community.

ISM1-A

ICES/NMB-001

Shows that this is an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product. (CISPR 11, Clause 4)

The CSA mark: a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association International.

The ISM device complies with Canadian Interference- Causing Equipment Standard- 001. Cet appareil ISM est conforme à la norme NMB- 001 du Canada.

All Level 1, 2 or 3 electrical equipment offered for sale in Australia and New Zealand by Responsible Suppliers must be marked with the Regulatory Compliance Mark (RCM Mark).

marks the “on/standby” position of the switch.

indicates that the instrument requires AC power input.

indicates this product complies with the WEEE Directive(2002/96/EC) marking requirements and you must not discard this equipment in domestic household waste. Do not dispose in domestic household waste.

indicates the time period during which no hazardous or toxic substance elements are expected to leak or deteriorate during normal use. Forty years is the expected useful life of the product.

KC mark: as Korea Certification. This equipment is Class A suitable for professional use and is for use in electromagnetic environments outside of the home.

2 Getting Started

Check the Shipment and Order List 12

Safety Notice 14

Power Requirements 15

Power On and Check 17

Environmental Requirements 19

Electrostatic Discharge Protection 22

Helpful Tips 23

Getting Started

This chapter helps you in preparing the spectrum analyzer for use and provides the information to start using the spectrum analyzer correctly.

Getting Started

Check the Shipment and Order List

After receiving the shipment, first check the shipment and your order list. Inspect the shipping container and the cushioning material for signs of stress. Retain the shipping materials for future use, as you may wish to ship the analyzer to another location or to Keysight Technologies for service. Verify that the contents of the shipping container are complete.

Shipping Problems?

If the shipping materials are damaged or the contents of the container are incomplete, please contact the nearest Keysight Technologies office to arrange for repair or replacement. You will not need to wait for a claim settlement. If you must return an analyzer to Keysight Technologies, use the original (or comparable) shipping materials.

Options

Verify if that the shipment includes your ordered options by checking the option label on the shipping container.

Unless specified otherwise, all options are available when you order a spectrum analyzer; some options are also available as kits that you can order and install/activate after you receive the analyzer. Order kits through your local Keysight Sales and Service Office.

At the time of analyzer purchase, options can be ordered using your product number and the number of the option you are ordering. For example, if you are ordering option TG7, you would order N9322C-TG7.

If you are ordering an option after the purchase of your analyzer, you will need to add a K to the product number and then specify which option you are ordering. For example, N9322CK- TG7.

Safety Notice

Getting Started

Safety Notice

Read the following warnings and cautions carefully before powering on the spectrum analyzer to ensure personal and instrument safety.

WARNING

CAUTION

Always use a well-grounded, three-pin AC power cord to connect to power source. Personal injury may occur if there is any interruption of the AC power cord. Intentional interruption is prohibited. If this product is to be energized via an external auto transformer for voltage reduction, make sure that its common terminal is connected to a neutral (earthed pole) of the power supply.

Personal injury may result if the spectrum analyzer covers are removed. There are no operator-serviceable parts inside. To avoid electrical shock, refer servicing to qualified personnel.

Electrical shock may result if the spectrum analyzer is connected to the power supply while cleaning. Do not attempt to clean internally.

Prevent damage to the instrument and ensure protection of the input mixer by limiting average continuous power input to +33 dBm, DC voltage to 50 VDC with > if these precautions are not followed.

To install the spectrum analyzer in other racks, note that they may promote shock hazards, overheating, dusting contamination, and inferior system performance. Consult your Keysight customer engineer about installation, warranty, and support details.

10 dB input attenuation. Instrument damage may result

Getting Started

Power Requirements

AC Power Cord

The spectrum analyzer has an auto- ranging line voltage input. The AC power supply must meet the following requirements:

Voltage: 100 to 240 VAC

Frequency: 50 to 60 Hz

Power: Maximum 100 W

The analyzer is equipped with a three- wire power cord, in accordance with international safety standards. This cable grounds the analyzer cabinet when connected to an appropriate power line outlet. The cable appropriate to the original shipping location is included with the analyzer.

Various AC power cables are available that are unique to specific geographic areas. You can order additional AC power cables for use in different areas. The table AC Power Cords lists the available AC power cables, the plug configurations, and identifies the geographic area in which each cable is appropriate.

The detachable power cord is the product disconnecting device. It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the product. The front panel switch is only a standby switch and do not disconnect instrument from LINE power.

AC Power Cords

Getting Started

Power Requirements

Plug Type Cable Part

Number

8121-1703 BS 1363/A Option 900

250V 10A

8120-0696 AS 3112:2000 Option 901

250V 10A

8120-1692 IEC 83 C4 Option 902

250V 16A

8120-1521 CNS 10917-2

125V 10A

8120-2296 SEV 1011 Option 906

250V 10A

8120-4600 SABS 164-1 Option 917

230V 15A

8120-4754 JIS C8303 Option 918

125V 15A

8120-5181 SI 32 Option 919

Plug Description

/NEMA 5-15P

For use in Country & Region

United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia

Australia, New Zealand

Continental Europe, Korea, Indonesia, Italy, Russia

Option 903

United States, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico

Switzerland

South Africa, India

Japan

Israel

250V 16A

8120-8377 GB 1002 Option 922

China

250V 10A

a. Plug description describes the plug only. The part number is for the complete cable assembly.

Getting Started

Power On and Check

1 Connect the AC power cord into the instrument. Insert the

2 Press the AC line switch on the rear panel. The standby

plug into a power socket provided with a protective ground. Set the tilt adjustors for your preference.

Figure 1 Plug in and angle adjustment

LED on the front panel will light and the spectrum analyzer is in standby mode (AC power applied).

NOTE

3 Press the standby switch on the front panel. The On LED

will light, and the spectrum analyzer boots up.

Self- initialization takes about 25 seconds; the spectrum analyzer then defaults to the menu mode. After power on, let the spectrum analyzer warm up for 45 minutes for stabilization.

The front panel switch is a standby switch only; it is not a power switch. To completely disconnect the spectrum analyzer from the AC line power, shut off the power switch on the rear panel.

Check for Instrument Messages

The spectrum analyzer has two categories of instrument messages: error and warning messages. A error message is triggered by operation errors, for example, parameter setting conflicts or data input that is out of the range of a parameter. An warning message may be triggered by hardware defects which could result in damage to instrument.

Here are some tips to check the instrument messages.

1 Check the display to see if any messages display in the

status bar. Press [System] > System Info > Error History to review each message. Refer to Chapter 5, “Instrument Messages” for detailed system message descriptions.

2 When you have reviewed and resolved all of the error

messages, press [System] > System Info > Error History > Clear

error queue to delete the messages.

3 Cycle the power to the analyzer and re-check to see if the

instrument messages are still there.

Getting Started

Power On and Check

4 If the error messages cannot be resolved, please contact the

Keysight Customer Contact Center for assistance or service.

Getting Started

Environmental Requirements

Keysight Technologies has designed this product for use in Installation Category II, Pollution Degree 2, per IEC 61010- 1. Keysight has designed the spectrum analyzer for use under the following conditions:

• Indoor use

• Altitude < 3,000 meters

• Operating temperature range: +5 to +45

Storage temperature range: –20 to +70

• Relative humidity range 15% to 95 % at 40

NOTE

Ventilation

Cleaning Tips

This equipment is Class A suitable for professional use and is for use in

electromagnetic environments outside of the home.

Ventilation holes are located on the rear panel and one side of the spectrum analyzer cover. Do not allow these holes to be obstructed, as they allow air flow through the spectrum analyzer.

When installing the spectrum analyzer in a cabinet, do not restrict the convection of the analyzer. The ambient temperature outside the cabinet must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the spectrum analyzer by

C for every 100 watts dissipated within the cabinet.

To prevent electrical shock, disconnect the spectrum analyzer from line power before cleaning. Use a dry cloth or one slightly dampened with water to clean the external case parts. Do not attempt to clean internally.

Rack Mount

Getting Started

Environmental Requirements

It is recommended to use the Keysight rackmount kit (option 1CM) to install the spectrum analyzer into a rack.

Do not attempt to rack mount the spectrum analyzer by the front panel handles only. This rackmount kit will allow mounting of the spectrum analyzer with or without handles.

Refer to the following instructions when installing the rackmount kit on the spectrum analyzer.

1 Remove feet, key- locks and tilt stands.

2 Remove side trim strips and one middle screw per side.

Getting Started

Environmental Requirements

3 Attach rackmount flange and front handle assembly with 3

screws per side.

CAUTION

4 Attach the spectrum analyzer to the rack using the

rackmount flanges with two dress screws per side.

Installing the spectrum analyzers into other racks may promote shock hazards, overheating, dust contamination, and inferior system performance. Consult your Keysight customer engineer about installation, warranty, and support details.

Electrostatic Discharge Protection

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) damages or destroys electronic components (the possibility of unseen damage caused by ESD is present whenever transported, stored, or while the instrument is in use).

This product contains components that are easily damaged by electrostatic discharge. To help reduce the possibility of ESD damage that can occur while using test equipment, follow these guidelines:

1 Before connecting any coaxial cable to the spectrum analyzer

connector for the first time each day, momentarily short the center and outer conductors of the cable together to eliminate any potential electrostatic charges that may exist.

2 Personnel should be grounded with an approved type, 1 MΩ

resistor- isolated ESD wrist- strap before touching the center pin of any connector, and before removing any assembly from the spectrum analyzer.

Getting Started

Electrostatic Discharge Protection

3 Be sure that all instruments are properly earth grounded to

prevent build- up of static charges.

Getting Started

BSA PC software

Keysight HSA PC software is an easy- to- use, PC- based remote control tool for the N9322C spectrum analyzer.

It is able to be discretely used as a spectrum monitor to display and control the trace scans simultaneously with the analyzer, or a file manager to send/get files between the anaylzer and PC. It also provides some data analysis function for your further use.

For the further descrption of the BSA PC software, please refer to the online help embedded in this software.

Helpful Tips

Perform Calibration

Getting Started

Helpful Tips

The following contains information to help in using and maintaining the instrument for optimum operation, including alignment, external reference, firmware update and option activation.

The N9322C provides three manual calibration function to calibrate the time base and amplitude. The analyzer should warm up for 30 minutes before calibration.

Time Base Calibration

Perform a time base calibration to guarantee the frequency accuracy. The analyzer should warm up for approximately 30 minutes before calibration.

When the calibration is triggered, the current measurement is interrupted and a gauge displays on the LCD. The gauge simply indicates calibration is in process. When it is finished, the interrupted measurement restarts.

Please refer to the operation procedures as below:

1 Input a 10 MHz, 0 dBn signal to EXT TRIG IN.

2 Press [System] > Service > Calibration > Time Base by Ext to

initiate the calibration.

Time base calibration takes only a short time when the inner temperature is stable. When the inner temperature is increasing, calibration takes a long period of time or will fail. If the input reference signal is abnormal, the calibration cycle will take a long and unpredictable time to exit, and the LCD displays an error message.

Getting Started

Helpful Tips

Amplitude Calibration

The analyzer privides the internal amplitude calibration function. Please refer to the procedures below to perform an amplitude calibration:

1 Press [System] > More > Service > Calibration > Amp Alignment

2 2 Connect the CAL OUT and RF IN connector with a

N- BNC cable. Then Press [Enter] to continue.

The calibration will start immediately. The calibration will be completed in serveral minutes.

Using an External Reference

To use an external 10 MHz source as the reference frequency, connect the external reference source to the REF IN connector on the rear panel. An EREF indicator will display in the left side of the display. The signal level must be in the range of –5 to +10 dBm. When the reference signal is ready, the instrument switches the reference from time base to the external reference.

Enable an Options

Option license key information is required to enable product options. Contact your nearest Keysight office for purchasing a license. Refer to the procedures below to activate the options you have purchased.

1 Press [System] > More > Service > Add Option

2 Enter the option number to be enabled. Press [Enter] to

confirm your input.

3 Enter the license key in the onscreen window. Press [Enter]

to confirm your input and terminate the license key input.

4 Press Activate License. The option

The analyzer provides the trial license with limited time usage(15/270/365 days) of the wanted options.

will be enabled immediately.

Firmware Upgrade

Press [System] > System Info > Show system to view the firmware revision. If you call Keysight Technologies regarding your analyzer, it is helpful to have this revision and the analyzer serial number available.

Follow this procedure to finish the firmware update:

2 Plug the USB stick into the connector. Press [System] >

Service > Upgrade Firmware

The analyzer will perform the update process automatically. The upgrade procedure will take several minutes. Once the upgrade is completed, please follow the instruction to reboot.

Getting Started

Helpful Tips

CAUTION

Any interruption during the update process will result in update failure and system data lost. Do not remove the USB storage device until the update is finished.

IO Configuration

The N9322C spectrum analyzer provides three types of IO connnection: USB, LAN and optional GPIB interface. Press [System] > More > Port Setting to set the corresponding interface as your need.

USB

Select USB to enable the USB connection for remote control.

LAN

The N9322C supports LAN port connection for remote control. Press [System] > {More} > {Port Setting} > {IP Config} to set the IP parameters for the network connection.

Getting Started

Helpful Tips

Press {IP Address Static} to manually set the IP address, gateway and subnet mask with the proper LAN information, or just press {IP Address DCHP} to set the IP address in LAN dynamically according DCHP.

Press {Apply} to enable the LAN connection according to the IP configuration you set.

GPIB

Press [System] > {More} > {Port Setting} > {GPIB Address} to set

the GPIB address for the analyzer. This softkey is only vaild

after the option G01 is installed.

Timed Power On/Off

Pressing [System] > {Power On/Off Preset} > {Timed Pwr On} or

{Timed Pwr Off} sets the time switch to power on/off the

N9322C in a user- defined time and date. This function

requires the power supply connected.

Press {Repeat Mode Once/Everyday} to set the N9322C boot up/off in the pre- saved time everyday. The pre- saved date is invalid in this mode.

Power Preset Last

Press [System] > {Pwr On/Preset} > {Power On Last} to activate this function. For the standard N9322C, this operation only save the last state if the analyzer is turned off by the front panel power switch.

Data Securities

The N9322C offers the optional memory erase function for data security. Press [System] > {More} > {Securities} > {Erase Memory} to erase all the user data in internal memory. Press Enter as a terminator to start the erase process immediately.

The memory erase process takes about 15 minutes. During the time, there must be a constant power supply to ensure the successful erase. If the erase process is interrupted, please reboot the instrument and erase memory again.

Probe Power Output

The Probe Power provides power for high- impedance AC probes or other accessories (+15 V, –12V, 150 mA maximum).

The Porbe Power is set to off as default. Press [System] > {More} > {Port Setting} > {Probe Power On} to switch on the porbe power output.

Getting Started

Helpful Tips

Getting Started

South Korea Class A EMC Declaration

This equipment is Class A suitable for professional use and is for use in electromagnetic environments outside of the home.

Functions and Measurements

3 Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement 30

Measuring Multiple Signals 35

Measuring a Low-Level Signal 44

Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy 49

Tracking Drifting Signals 51

Making Distortion Measurements 53

Stimulus Response Transmission 59

Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter 61

Channel Scanner 64

Spectrum Monitor 69

Reflection Measurement 71

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor 74

Demodulate the AM/FM signal 84

Analysis the Modulated Signals 87

Measuring Channel Power 93

Files Operation 95

This chapter provides information on the analyzer functions and specific measurements capabilities of the spectrum analyzer.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement

This section provides information on basic operations. It assumes that you are familiar with the front and top panel buttons and keys, and display annotations of your analyzer. If you are not, please refer to “Front Panel Overview” on

page 4 and “Rear Panel Overview” on page 9.

For more details on making measurements, please refer to

“Key Reference” on page 101”.

Using the Front Panel

This section provides you with the information on using the front panel of the spectrum analyzer.

Entering Data

When setting the measurement parameters, there are several ways to enter or modify the value of the active function:

Knob Increments or decrements the current value.

Arrow Keys Increments or decrements the current value by a step unit.

Numeric Keys Enters a specific value. Then press the desired terminator

(either a unit softkey, or [Enter] hardkey).

Unit Softkeys Terminate (enter) a value with a unit softkey from the menu.

Enter Key Terminates an entry when no unit of measure is required, or

the instrument uses the default unit.

ESC Key To delete

the current input digit prior to entering the value.

Using Softkeys

Softkeys are used to modify the analyzer function parameter settings. Some examples of softkey types are:

Toggle Turn on or off an instrument state.

Submenu Displays a secondary menu of softkeys, {More}.

Choice Selecting from a list of standard values or filenames.

Adjust Highlights the softkey and sets the active function.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement

Presetting the Spectrum Analyzer

Preset function provides a known instrument status for making measurements. There are two types of presets, factory and user:

Factory Preset When this preset type is selected, it restores the analyzer to

its factory- defined state. A set of known instrument parameter settings defined by the factory.

User Preset Restores the analyzer to a user- defined state. A set of user

defined instrument parameter settings saved for assisting the user in quickly returning to known a instrument measurement setup.

Press System > Pwr on/Off Preset > Preset Type to select the preset type.

When Preset Type is set to Factory, pressing Preset triggers a factory preset condition. The instrument will immediately return to the factory default instrument parameter setting.

When Preset Type is set to User, pressing Preset triggers a user preset condition. The instrument will immediately return to the user defined instrument parameter setting.

When Preset Type is set to Last, pressing Preset triggers a last power- off condition. The instrument will immediately return to the parameter setting when it is power off last time.

Setting up a User Preset

To quickly return to instrument settings that are user defined, perform the following steps to save the instrument state as the user- defined preset:

1 Set the instrument parameters to the values and settings

necessary for the user preset state. This would include the frequency, span, amplitude, BW, and measurement type and any other setup details desired.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement

2 Press System > Pwr on/off Preset > Save User, to save the

Attenuation 20 dB(Auto) Average Type Log Pwr

Center frequency 3.5 GHz Average Number 100 (Off)

Reference offset 0 dB Peak Excursion 6 dB

Start Frequency 0 Hz Peak Threshold -140 dBm

Stop Frequency 7 GHz Peak Search Type Max

Hi-Sensitivity Off Continuous Pk Off

Span 7 GHz Graticule On

Reference level 0 dBm Y Scale On

Log scale/Division 10 dB Cal Out Off

Int Preamp Off Probe Power Off

Trace 1 Clear Write Tr i g ger Fr e e Run

Trace 2, 3, 4 Blank Marker Mode Normal

current instrument settings as the ‘user preset’ state. The user preset will not affect the default factory preset settings. User preset settings can be changed and saved at any time.

Figure 3-1 Factory Default Preset Setting

Sweep Time 328.5 ms(Auto) Marker Function Normal

Sweep Continuous Marker Table Off

Limit Line Off Measure Meas Off

Limit Off File Catalog Int

Impedance 50 Ω File Sort By Date

Detector Pos Peak Gated Sweep Off

Display line Off Gate Delay 12 μs

Video bandwidth 3 MHz(Auto) Gate Length 84 μs

VBW/RBW ratio 1.000 (Auto) Gate Source External

Resolution bandwidth

3 MHz(Auto) Sweep Time Rule Speed

Viewing a Signal

Refer to the procedures below to view a signal.

1 Press System > Pow on/off Preset > Preset Type > Factory to enable

the factory- defined preset state.

2 Press Preset to restore the analyzer to its factory- defined

state.

3 Connect the 10 MHz REF OUT on the rear panel to the

front- panel RF IN.

Setting the Reference Level and Center Frequency

1 Press Amplitude > 10 > dBm to set 10 dBm reference level.

2 Press Frequency > 30 > MHz to set 30 MHz to center frequency.

Setting Frequency Span

Press Span > 50 > MHz to set 50 MHz frequency span.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement

NOTE

Changing the reference level changes the amplitude value of the top graticule line. Changing the center frequency changes the horizontal placement of the signal on the display. Increasing the span will increase the frequency range that appears horizontally across the display.

Reading Frequency and Amplitude

1 Press Peak Search to place a marker (labeled 1) on the

10 MHz peak.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement

Note that the frequency and amplitude of the marker appear both in the active function block, and in the upper- right corner of the screen.

Figure 3-1 10 MHz Internal Reference Signal

Marker Annotation

Marker

10.000000 MHz

0.43 dBm

NOTE

2 Use the knob, the arrow keys, or the softkeys in the Peak

Search menu to move the marker. The marker information

will be displayed in the upper- right corner of the screen.

Changing Reference Level

1 Press Amplitude and note that reference level (Ref Level) is

now the active function.

2 Press Marker

> Marker To > Mkr-> Ref Lvl.

Changing the reference level changes the amplitude value of the top graticule line.

Measuring Multiple Signals

This section provides the information on how to measure multiple signals.

Comparing Signals on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta

The delta marker function allows the user to compare two signals when both appear on the screen at the same time.

In the following example, harmonics of the 10 MHz reference signal available are used to measure frequency and amplitude differences between two signals on the same screen. Delta marker is used to demonstrate this comparison.

1 Preset the analyzer:

Press Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)

2 Connect the rear panel REF OUT to the front panel RF IN.

3 Set the analyzer center frequency, span and reference level

to view the 10 MHz signal and its harmonics up to 50 MHz:

Press Frequency > 30 > MHz

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

Press Span > 50 > MHz

Press Ampulitude > 10 > dBm

4 Place a marker at the highest peak on the display (10 MHz):

Press Peak Search

The marker should be on the 10 MHz reference signal. Use the Next Right Pk and Next Left Pk softkeys to move the marker from peak to peak.

5 Anchor the first marker and activate a second marker:

Press Marker > Mode > Delta

The label on the first marker now reads 1R, indicating that it is marking the reference point.

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

6 Move the second marker to another signal peak using the

front- panel knob or by using Peak Search.

Press Peak Search > Next Peak or

Press Peak Search > Next Right Pk or Next Left Pk. Continue pressing the Next Pk softkeys until the marker is on the correct signal peak.

The amplitude and frequency differences between the markers are displayed in the active function block.

Figure 3-2 Delta pair marker with signals on the same screen

NOTE

To increase the resolution of the marker readings, turn on the frequency count function. For more information, refer to

Frequency Resolution and Accuracy” on page 49

“Improving

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

Comparing Signals not on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta

The analyzer will compare the frequency and amplitude differences between two signals which are not displayed on the screen at the same time. (This technique is useful for harmonic distortion tests.)

In this example, the analyzer’s 10 MHz signal is used to measure frequency and amplitude differences between a signal on screen, and another signal off screen. Delta marker is used to demonstrate this comparison.

1 Preset the analyzer:

Press Preset (With Preset Type set to Factory)

2 Connect the rear panel REF OUT to the front panel RF IN.

3 Set the center frequency, span and reference level to view

only the 50 MHz signal:

Press Frequency > 50 > MHz

Press Span > 25 > MHz

Press Amplitude > 10 > dBm

4 Place a marker on the 50 MHz peak and then set the center

frequency step size equal to the marker frequency (10 MHz):

Press Peak Search

Press Marker > Marker To > Mkr -> CF Step

5 Activate the marker delta function:

Press Marker > Mode > Delta

6 Increase the center frequency by 10 MHz:

Press Frequency,

The first marker moves to the left edge of the screen, at the amplitude of the first signal peak.

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

Figure 3-3 shows the reference annotation for the delta

marker (1R) at the left side of the display, indicating that the marker set at the 50 MHz reference signal is at a lower frequency than the frequency range currently displayed.

Figure 3-3 Delta Marker with Reference Signal Off-Screen

The delta marker appears on the peak of the 100 MHz component. The delta marker annotation displays the amplitude and frequency difference between the 50 and 100 MHz signal peaks.

7 Press Marker > Mode > Off to turn the markers off.

Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude

In this example a decrease in the resolution bandwidth (RBW) is used in combination with a decrease in video bandwidth (VBW) to resolve two signals of equal amplitude with a frequency separation of 100 kHz.

Figure 3-4 Setup for obtaining two signals

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

Signal Generator

N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Remote

Standby

Spectrum Analyzer

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Remote

Standby On

102

TG SOURCE CAL OUT

RF IN

BW/

Auto

Sweep/

Avg

Tune

Trig

Local

View/

Det/

File/

Marker

Trace

Display

Save Peak

Marker

Meas

MODE

5896

Back

Enter

50VDC MAX 30dBm 1W MAX

RF IN 50

50MHz 10dBm

PROBE POWER

CAT Ⅱ

Frequency

Amplitude FM

Enter

102

RF OUT

Signal Generator

FUNCTION S

Utility

Preset

AM I/Q

Sweep

Local

File

LF Out

TriggerPulseM

MOD

On/Off

LF OUT RF OUT 50

REVERSE PWR 4W MAX 30VDC

N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Remote

Standby

Frequency

Amplitude FM

Enter

102

RF OUT

FUNCTIONS

Utility

Preset

AM I/Q

Sweep

Local

File

LF Out

TriggerPulseM

MOD

On/Off

LF OUT RF OU T 5 0

REVERSE PWR 4W MAX 30VDC

Directional Coupler

Notice that the final RBW selection to resolve the signals is the same width as the signal separation while the VBW is slightly narrower than the RBW.

1 Connect two sources to the analyzer input as shown above.

2 Set one source to 300 MHz. Set the frequency of the other

source to

300.1 MHz. Set both source amplitudes to –20 dBm.

3 Setup the analyzer to view the signals:

Press Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)

Press Frequency > 300 > MHz

Press BW > 300 > kHz

Press Span > 2 > MHz

A single signal peak is visible. See

Figure 3-5 for example.

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

If the signal peak is not present on the display, increase the frequency span out to 20 MHz, turn signal tracking on, decrease the span back to 2 MHz and turn signal tracking off:

Press Span > 20 > MHz

Press Peak Search

Press Span > 2 > MHz

Figure 3-5 Unresolved Signals of Equal Amplitude

4 Change the resolution bandwidth (RBW) to 100 kHz so that

the RBW setting is less than or equal to the frequency separation of the two signals:

Press BW > 100 > kHz

Notice that the peak of the signal has become flattened indicating that two signals are present.

5 Decrease the video bandwidth to 3 kHz:

Press BW > Video BW > 3 > kHz

Two signals are now visible as shown in front- panel knob or arrow keys to further reduce the resolution bandwidth and better resolve the signals.

Figure 3-6. Use the

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

Decreasing the resolution bandwidth improves the resolution of the individual signals and increases the sweep time.

Figure 3-6 Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude

For fastest measurement times, use the widest possible resolution bandwidth. Under factory preset conditions, the resolution bandwidth is coupled to the span.

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals

1 Connect two sources to the RF IN as shown in

2 Set one source to 300 MHz at –10 dBm. Set the other source

3 Set the analyzer as follows:

4 Set the 300 MHz signal to the reference level:

This example uses narrow resolution bandwidths to resolve two RF signals that have a frequency separation of 50 kHz and an amplitude difference of 60 dB.

Figure 3-4.

to 300.05 MHz at –70 dBm.

Press Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)

Press Frequency > 300 > MHz

Press BW > 30 > kHz

Press Span > 500 > kHz

Press Peak Search

Press Marker > Mode > Mkr -> Ref Lvl

NOTE

The 30 kHz filter shape factor of 15:1 has a bandwidth of 450 kHz at the 60 dB point. The half-bandwidth (225 kHz) is NOT narrower than the frequency separation of 50 kHz, so the input signals can not be resolved.

Figure 3-7 Unresolved small signal from large signal

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Multiple Signals

5 Reduce the resolution bandwidth filter to view the smaller

signal. The smaller signal will be hidden by the larger signal when the bandwidth settings are wider. Reducing the RBW setting will allow less of the larger signal to pass through the analyzer and the smaller signals peak will then rise out of the noise floor. Place a delta marker on the smaller signal:

Press BW > 1 > kHz

Press Peak Search

Press Marker > Mode > Delta

Press 50 > kHz

Figure 3-8 Resolved small signal from large signal

NOTE

The 1 kHz filter shape factor of 15:1 has a bandwidth of 15 kHz at the 60 dB point. The half-bandwidth (7.5 kHz) is narrower than the frequency separation of 50 kHz, so the input signals can be resolved.

Functions and Measurements

Measuring a Low-Level Signal

This section provides information on measuring low-level signals and distinguishing them from spectrum noise.

Reducing Input Attenuation

The ability to measure a low- level signal is limited by internally generated noise of the spectrum analyzer. The analyzers input attenuator affects the level of a signal passing through the analyzer. If a signal power level is close to the noise floor, reducing the analyzer input attenuation will help raise the signal so that it can be seen rising out of the noise.

CAUTION

Ensure that the total power of all input signals at the analyzer RF input does not exceed +30 dBm (1 Watt).

1 Preset the analyzer

Press Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)

2 Set the source frequency to 300 MHz, amplitude to –70 dBm.

Connect the source RF OUT to the analyzer RF IN.

Figure 3-9 Setup for obtaining one signal

Signal Generator

N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Remote

Standby On

Frequency

Amplitude

Enter

102

RF OUT

FUNCTION S

Utility

Preset

AM I/Q

File

Sweep

Local

LF Out

TriggerPulseM

MOD

On/Off

RF On/Off

LF OUT RF OUT 50

REVERSE PWR 4W MAX 30VDC

Spectrum Analyzer

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Remote

Standby On

102

TG SOURCE CAL OUT

RF IN

BW/

Auto

Sweep/

Avg

Tune

Trig

Local File/

View/

Det/

Marker

Trace

Display

Save Peak

Marker

MeasMODE

5896

Back

Enter

50VDC MAX 30dBm 1W MAX

RF IN 50

50MHz 10dBm

PROBE POWER

CAT Ⅱ

Functions and Measurements

Measuring a Low-Level Signal

3 Set the center frequency, span and reference level:

Press Frequency > 300 > MHz

Press Span > 2 > MHz

Press Amplitude > 40 > –dBm.

4 Move the desired peak to the center of the display:

Press Peak Search

Press Marker > Marker To > Mkr -> CF

5 Reduce the span to 500 kHz, if necessary re- center the peak:

Press Span > 500 > kHz

6 Set the attenuation to 20 dB:

Press Amplitude > Attenuation > 20 > dB

Figure 3-10 A signal closer to the noise level

Note that increasing the attenuation moves the noise floor closer to the signal level.

7 To allow more of the signal power to pass through the

analyzer, decrease the attenuation to 0 dB.

Functions and Measurements

Measuring a Low-Level Signal

A lower attenuation value will mean that more of the signal strength will be displayed on screen:

Press Amplitude > Attenuation > 0 > dB

Figure 3-11 Measuring a low-level signal using 0 dB Attenuation

Decreasing the Resolution Bandwidth

Resolution bandwidth settings affect the level of internal noise but have little affect on the displayed level of continuous wave (CW) signals. Decreasing the RBW by a decade (factor of ten) reduces the noise floor by 10 dB.

1 Refer to the procedure

page 44

2 Decrease the resolution bandwidth:

Press BW and

The low- level signal appears more clearly due to the noise level being reduced by the decrease in RBW (see

and follow steps 1, 2 and 3.

Figure 3-12).

“Reducing Input Attenuation” on

NOTE

Functions and Measurements

Measuring a Low-Level Signal

Figure 3-12 Decreasing Resolution Bandwidth

A “#” mark appears next to the Res BW annotation in the lower left corner of the screen, indicating that the resolution bandwidth is uncoupled.

Uncoupled indicates that the function is in manual control mode, not auto control mode. Manual control mode allows the user to change the parameter value for that function without affecting any other settings.

The analyzer allows you to change the RBW in a 1-3-10 sequence by the data control keys. The RBWs below 1 kHz are digital and have a selectivity ratio of 5:1 while RBWs at 1 kHz and higher have a 15:1 selectivity ratio. The maximum RBW is 3 MHz and minimum is 10 Hz.

Trace Averaging

Averaging is a digital process in which each sweep of the trace returns measurement values for each point in the trace. These values are then mathematically averaged with the previous sweep trace data which has been stored in the analyzer. The amount of averaging is selected by choosing the number of trace sweeps to be included in the process. The averaging function uses the most recent trace sweep values so that the display shows any signal changes.

Functions and Measurements

Measuring a Low-Level Signal

NOTE

Selecting averaging, when the analyzer is auto- coupled, changes the detection mode to Sample, smoothing the displayed noise level.

This is a trace processing function and is not the same as using the average detector (as described on

page 47).

1 Refer to the procedure

page 44

2 To turn averaging on, toggle the softkey menu labeled

Average:

Press BW > Average (On)

3 Set the number of averages to 20, using the number keypad,

up and down arrows, or the knob:

Press 20, Enter

The averaging process smooths the viewed trace, low level signals become more visible (see the average number will restart the averaging process.

Figure 3-13 Trace Averaging

of this chapter and follow steps 1, 2 and 3.

“Reducing Input Attenuation” on

Figure 3-13). Changes to

Functions and Measurements

Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy

This section provides information on using the frequency counter function to improve frequency resolution and accuracy.

1 Press Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)

2 Connect a cable from the front panel CAL OUT to RF IN;

Press System > Service > Calibration > CAL OUT ON to toggle on and enable the 50 MHz amplitude reference signal.

3 Press Frequency > Auto Tune.

The analyzer will detect the signal peak and locate it to the center of the display (Refer to “Auto Tune” on page 111).

4 Turn the frequency counter on:

Marker > Function > Counter.

Press

5 Move the marker, with the front- panel knob, half- way down

the skirt of the signal response.

NOTE

Figure 3-14Using Frequency Counter

Counted result

The frequency and amplitude of the marker appears in the active function area (this is not the counted result). The counted result appears in the upper-right corner of the display to the right-side of C1.

Functions and Measurements

Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy

The marker readout in the active frequency function changes while the counted frequency result (upper-right corner of display) does not. For an accurate count, the marker need not be placed at the exact peak of the signal response.

NOTE

The Frequency counter properly functions only on stable, CW signals or discrete spectral components. The marker power level must be greater than 40 dB above the displayed noise level.

6 To turn off the marker counter:

Press Marker

> Function > Off.

When using the frequency counter function, the ratio of the resolution bandwidth to the span must be greater than 0.02.

Tracking Drifting Signals

This section provides information on measuring and tracking signals that drift in frequency.

Measuring a Source’s Frequency Drift

The analyzer will measure source stability. The maximum amplitude level and the frequency drift of an input signal trace can be displayed and held by using the maximum hold function. Using the maximum hold function you can measure and determine how much of the frequency spectrum a signal occupies. For more information, refer to “Max Hold” on

page 162.

Use signal tracking to return a signal drifting in frequency to the center of the display. The drifting is captured by the analyzer using the maximum hold function.

1 Connect the signal generator to the analyzer RF IN.

Functions and Measurements

Tracking Drifting Signals

2 Output a signal with the frequency of 300 MHz and

amplitude of –20 dBm.

3 Set the analyzer center frequency, span and reference level.

Press Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)

Press Frequency > 300 > MHz

Press Span > 10 > MHz

Press Amplitude > –10 > dBm

4 Place a marker on the peak of the signal:

Press Peak Search

Press Marker > Marker To > Marker to Center

Press Span > 1 > MHz

The signal is in the center of the display.

6 Measure the excursion of the signal with maximum hold:

Press Trace/Det > Max Hold

Functions and Measurements

Tracking Drifting Signals

7 Activate trace 2 and change the mode to continuous sweep:

8 Slowly increase the frequency of the signal generator. Your

As the signal varies, maximum hold maintains the maximum responses of the input signal. Annotation on the left side of the screen indicates the trace mode. For example, M1 S2 S3 S4, indicates trace 1 is in maximum-hold mode, trace 2, trace 3, and trace 4 are in store- blank mode.

Press Trace/Det > Select Trace > Trace 2

Press Clear Write

Trace 1 remains in maximum hold mode to show any drift in the signal.

analyzer display should look similar to

Figure 3-15 Viewing a Drifting Signal With Max Hold and Clear

Write

Figure 3-15.

Making Distortion Measurements

This section provides information on measuring and identifying signal distortion.

Identifying Analyzer Generated Distortion

High- level input signals may cause analyzer distortion products that could mask the real distortion measured on the input signal. Use trace and the RF input attenuator to determine which signals, if any, are internally generated distortion products.

In this example, we use the RF output of a signal generator to determine whether the harmonic distortion products are internally generated by the analyzer.

1 Connect the signal generator to the analyzer RF IN.

2 Set the source frequency to 200 MHz, amplitude to 0 dBm.

3 Set the analyzer center frequency and span:

Press Preset

Press Frequency > 400 > MHz

Press Span > 500 > MHz

Functions and Measurements

Making Distortion Measurements

Figure 3-16Harmonic Distortion

Functions and Measurements

Making Distortion Measurements

4 Change the center frequency to the value of the first

5 Change the span to 50 MHz and re- center the signal:

6 Set the attenuation to 0 dB:

7 To determine whether the analyzer generates harmonic

The signal produces harmonic products (spaced 200 MHz from the original 200 MHz signal) in the analyzer input mixer as shown in

harmonic:

Press Peak Search > Next Peak

Press

Marker > Marker To > Mkr -> CF

Press Span > 50 > MHz

Press Peak Search

Press Marker > Marker To > Mkr -> CF

Press Amplitude > Attenuation > 0 > dB

distortion products, first display the trace data in trace 2 as follows:

Press Trace/Det > Select Trace > Trace 2

Press Clear Write

Figure 3-16.

8 Allow trace 2 to update (minimum two sweeps), then store

the data from trace 2 and place a delta marker on the harmonic of trace 2:

Press Trace/Det > View

Press Peak Search

Press Marker > Mode > Delta

The analyzer display shows the stored data in trace 2 and the measured data in trace 1. The MarkerΔ indicator reads the difference in amplitude between the reference and active markers.

9 Increase the RF attenuation to 10 dB:

Press Amplitude > Attenuation > 10 > dB

Functions and Measurements

Making Distortion Measurements

Notice the MarkerD amplitude readout. This is the difference of the distortion product amplitude between 0 dB and 10 dB input attenuation settings. If the MarkerΔ absolute amplitude is approximately 1 dB for an input attenuator change, the analyzer is generating, at least in part, the distortion.

The MarkerΔ amplitude readout comes from two sources:

1) Increased input attenuation causes poorer signal- to- noise

ratio. This causes the MarkerΔ to be positive.

≥

2) The reduced contribution of the analyzer circuits to the

harmonic measurement causes the MarkerΔ to be negative.

Large MarkerΔ readout indicates significant measurement errors. Set the input attenuator to minimize the absolute value of MarkerΔ.

Functions and Measurements

Making Distortion Measurements

Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

1 Connect the equipment as shown in figure below. This

Two- tone, third- order intermodulation distortion is a common specification in communication systems. When two signals are present in a non- linear system, they may interact and create third- order intermodulation distortion (TOI) products that are located close to the original signals. System components such as amplifiers and mixers contribute to the generation of these distortion products.

This example will test a device for third-order intermodulation through the use of markers. Two sources are used, one set to 300 MHz and the other to 301 MHz.

combination of signal generators, low pass filters, and directional coupler (used as a combiner) results in a two-tone source with very low intermodulation distortion. Although the distortion from this setup may be better than the specified performance of the analyzer, it is useful for determining the TOI performance of the source/analyzer combination. After the performance of the source/analyzer combination has been verified, the device- under- test (DUT) (for example, an amplifier) would be inserted between the directional coupler output and the analyzer input.

Signal Generator

N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Remote

Standby On

Frequenc y

Amplitude FM

Enter

102

RF OUT

AM I/Q

FUNCTIONS

Sweep

MOD On/Off

RF On/Off

LF OUT RF OUT 50

Utility

File

TriggerPulseM

REVERSE PWR 4W MAX 30VDC

Preset

Local

LF Out

300 MHz LOW PASS FILTER

Signal Generator

N9310A RF Signal Generator 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Remote

Standby On

300 MHz LOW PASS FILTER

FUNCTIONS

Utility

Preset

AM I/Q

Frequenc y

Amplitude FM

Local

File

Sweep

LF Out

TriggerPulseM

Enter

MOD

On/Off

102

On/Off

LF OUT RF OUT 50

REVERSE PWR 4W MAX 30VDC

Directional Coupler

Spectrum Analyzer

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

Remote

Standby On

102

TG SOURCE CAL OUT

RF IN

BW/

Auto

Sweep/

Avg

Tune

Trig

Local

View/

Det/

File/

Marker

Trace

Display

Save Peak

Marker

Meas

MODE

5896

Back

Enter

50VDC MAX 30dBm 1W MAX

RF IN 50

50MHz 10dBm

PROBE POWER

CAT Ⅱ

Functions and Measurements

MFM

Making Distortion Measurements

NOTE

The coupler should have a high degree of isolation between the two input ports so the sources do not intermodulate.

2 Set one source (signal generator) to 300 MHz and the other

source to 301 MHz, for a frequency separation of 1 MHz. Set the sources equal in amplitude as measured by the analyzer (in this example, they are set to –5 dBm).

3 Set the analyzer center frequency and span:

Press Preset (With Preset Type of Factory)

Press Frequency > 300.5 > MHz

Press Span > 5 > MHz

4 Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible:

Press BW and

5 Move the signal to the reference level:

Press Peak Search

Press Marker > Marker To > Mkr -> Ref Lvl

6 Reduce the RBW until the distortion products are visible:

Press BW and

7 Activate the second marker and place it on the peak of the

distortion product(beside the test signal) using the Next Peak:

Press Marker > Mode > Delta

Press Peak Search > Next Peak

8 Measure the other distortion product:

Marker > Normal

Press

Press Peak Search > Next Peak

Functions and Measurements

Making Distortion Measurements

9 Measure the difference between this test signal and the

second distortion product (see

Press Marker > Mode > Delta

Press Peak Search > Next Peak

Figure 3-17Measuring the Distortion Product

Figure 3-17):

Stimulus Response Transmission

The procedure below describes using the built- in tracking generator of the analyzer to measure the rejection of a low pass filter. A type of transmission measurement.

1 To measure the rejection of a low pass filter, connect the

equipment as shown in filter as the DUT.

Figure 3-18Transmission Measurement Test Setup

Functions and Measurements

Stimulus Response Transmission

Figure 3-18. A 370 MHz low pass

CAUTION

NOTE

Remote

Standby

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

102

TG SOURCE CAL OUT

Auto

BW/

Sweep/ Trig

Tune

Avg

Local

Det/

File/

View/

Marker

Display

Trace

Save

Peak

Marker

MeasMODE

5896

Back

Enter

50VDC MAX 30dBm 1W MAX

RF IN 50

50MHz 10dBm

PROBE POWER

CAT Ⅱ

DUT

2 Press Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)

3 Set the start and stop frequencies and resolution bandwidth:

Press Frequency > Start Freq > 100 > MHz Press Frequency> Stop Freq > 1 > GHz Press Bw > 3 > MHz

4 Turn on the tracking generator and if necessary, set the

output power to - 10 dBm: Press Mode > Tracking Generator > Amplitude (On) > -10 > dBm

Excessive signal input may damage the DUT. Do not exceed the maximum power that the device under test can tolerate.

To reduce ripples caused by source return loss, use 6 dB or greater output attenuation. Tracking generator output attenuation is normally a function of the source power selected. However, the output attenuation may be controlled in the Tracking Generator menu.

Functions and Measurements

Stimulus Response Transmission

5 To increase measurement sensitivity and smooth the noise:

6 Connect the cable from the tracking generator output to the

7 Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer and change the

8 Measure the rejection of the low pass filter:

Press BW > 30 > kHz

Press BW > Video BW > 300 > kHz

decrease in displayed amplitude is caused by tracking

error

analyzer input. Store the frequency response in trace 3 and normalize:

Press Meas > Normalize > Store Ref (1

→ 4) > Normalize (On)

normalized reference position:

Press Meas > Normalize > Norm Ref Posn > 8

Press Marker > 370 > MHz, Mode > Delta > 160> MHz

The marker readout displays the rejection of the filter at 160 MHz above the cutoff frequency of the low pass filter. See

Figure 3-19 as below.

Figure 3-19 Measure the Rejection Range

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter

When measuring filter performance, it is useful to look at the stimulus response over a wide frequency range. Setting the analyzer y- axis (amplitude) to Log scale type presents the measurement data in a usable format for determining filter characteristics.

The following example uses the tracking generator to measure the stop band attenuation of a 370 MHz low pass filter.

1 To measure the response of a low pass filter, connect the

equipment as shown in 370 MHz low pass filter.

Figure 3-20Transmission Measurement Test Setup

Figure 3-20. This example uses a

Remote

Standby On

N9320A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 3.0 GHz

102

TG SOURCE CAL OUT

5896

Auto

BW/

Sweep/ Trig

Tune

Avg

Local

Det/

File/

View/

Marker

Display

Trace

Save Peak

Marker

MeasMODE

Back

Enter

50VDC MAX 30dBm 1W MAX

RF IN 50

50MHz 10 dBm

PROBE POWER

CAT Ⅱ

DUT

2 Press Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)

3 Set the start and stop frequencies and resolution bandwidth:

Press Frequency > Start Freq > 100 > MHz

Press Frequency > Stop Freq > 1 > GHz

Press Amplitude > Scale Type > Log

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter

4 Set the resolution bandwidth to 10 kHz:

Press BW > 10 > KHz

CAUTION

Excessive signal input may damage the DUT. Do not exceed the maximum power that the device under test can tolerate.

5 Turn on the tracking generator and, if necessary, set the

output power to - 10 dBm

Press Mode > Tracking Generator > Amplitude (On) > -10 > dBm

6 Connect the test cable (but not the DUT) from the tracking

generator output to the analyzer input. Store the frequency response into trace 3 and normalize:

Press Meas > Normalize > Store Ref (1

7 Reconnect the DUT to the analyzer. Note that the units of

the reference level have changed to dB, indicating that this is now a relative measurement.

8 To change the normalized reference position:

Press Meas > Normalize > Norm Ref Posn > 8

9 Place the reference marker at the specified cutoff frequency:

Press Marker > Mode > Delta Pair (Ref) > 370 > MHz

10 Place the second marker at 37 MHz:

→ 4) > Normalize (On)

Press Delta Pair (Delta) > 37 > MHz

11 In this example, the attenuation over this frequency range is

- 17.98 dB/octave (one octave above the cutoff frequency).

Functions and Measurements

Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter

12 Use the front- panel knob to place the marker at the highest

peak in the stop band to determine the minimum stop band attenuation. In this example, the peak occurs with Delta of 563 MHz. The attenuation is - 60.93 dB. See

Figure 3-21 Minimum Stop Band Attenuation

Figure 3-21.

Functions and Measurements

Channel Scanner

Top/Bottom N Channel Scanner

The channel scanner - option SCN is a tool for coverage test, band clearance, and spectrum monitoring. It measures the channel power of multiple transmitted channels. The power is displayed via either the graphic bar chart or time bar chart. It allows you to set maximum 20 channels for your test. You can continuously log the scanned channel data as CSV file for post processing on your PC.

Top/Bottom N channel scan is used for searching the top/bottom channels from specified channel range according channel power.

Figure 3-22 Top N Channel Scanner Measurement

Please refer to the procedures below to perform a Top N channel scanner measurement.

1 Connect the antenna to RF IN connector.

2 Turn on the channel scanner function.

Press Meas > Channel Scanner

Functions and Measurements

Channel Scanner

3 Press Meas > Scan Mode > Top N to set the scan mode to

TOP N channel mode. Input the channel number you need to monitoring. Press Enter as a terminator.

4 Press Range Edit to access the submenu to edit the scan

range.

Toggle Edit Method to underline Std. It allows you to set the range according to the embedded communication standard, such as CDMA and GSM which is used specifically in different countries. Press Signal Std to select the standard. Press Recall as a terminator. Press Begin Chn and End Chn to set the begin and end channel for scanning. Press Apply to apply all the range settings.

If you toggle Edit Method to underline Custom, it allows you to set the customer-defined scan as your need.

Press Start Freq to set the scan start frequency.

Press Freq Step Size to set the frequency interval for adjacent channels.

Press Bandwidth to set the bandwidth of each frequency channel which is used to calculate the channel power.

Press Number of Chn to set the number of frequency channels which will be scanned.

Press Apply as a terminator to apply all the settings above.

5 Press Scan Start to initiate the channel scan function.

6 Press Logging Start to start recording the scan process

which includes the channel power and related channel bandwidth value to a CSV file. Press Logging Stop to end the logging. The CSVfile will be saved immediately.

Functions and Measurements

Channel Scanner

List N Channel Scanner

The List N channel scan is used for listing the frequency channels from specific channel standard or customized frequency bandwidth.

Please refer to the procedures below to perform a List N channel scanner measurement.

1 Connect the antenna to RF IN connector.

2 Turn on the channel scanner function.

Press Meas > Channel Scanner}

3 Press Meas > Scan Mode > List to set the scan mode to List

N channel mode. Input the channel number you need to monitoring. Press Enter as a terminator.

4 Press List Edit to access the submenu to edit the scan

range. Press Insert to insert a channel and access the channel setting submenu to customize the channel parameters.

Press Edit Method Std. It allows you to set the range according to the embedded communication standard, such as CDMA and GSM which is used specifically in different countries. Press Signal Std to load a standard file as your need. Please refer to Press Chn ID to select the specific channel according to the signal standard.

“Loading a File” on page 98 for details.

Or press Edit Method Custom. It allows you to set the customer- defined scan as your need.

Press Freq to set the center frequency of the current channel.

Press Bandwidth to set the bandwidth of each frequency channel which is used to calculate the channel power.

The first channel editing is completed. Press Return > Insert to add more channels as your need.

If there is a need to further edit the channel set previously, press Index, rotate the knob to highlight the channel as your need for further editing.

Press Apply as a terminator to apply all the settings above.

NOTE

Functions and Measurements

Channel Scanner

5 Press Scan Start to initiate the channel scan function. 6 Press Logging Start to start recording the scan process

which includes the channel power and related channel bandwidth value to a CSV file. Press Logging Stop to end the logging. The CSV file will be saved immediately.

Please make sure the file catalog is set to INT or USB unless the logging file can not be saved successfully. When the logging file exceeds the maximum volume of the storage catalog, the logging will automatically pause and the file will be saved immediately.

Display

In channel scanner mode, the [Disp] hardkey is used to adjust the channel scanner display to review the customized scan result.

Press {Freeze} to pause the display refresh but the scan is still running.

You can sort the channel by ID or power, in ascending or decending order. Or you can press {Disp Mode} to toggle the display mode between bar mode and time mode.

Figure 3-23 Time display mode in List N channel scanner

Functions and Measurements

Channel Scanner

Channel Scanner Setup

To customized the channel scan process, you can press Meas > Channel Scanner > Setup to set the measurement interval and

rule in the submenu.

The Meas Interval is a value of time/distance during which the every two scan process is triggered. When it is set to off, the channel will be scanned with default settings.

The Interval Type is toggled between time and distance. When it is set to Time, the minimum interval time is 100 ms. When it is set to Distance, it allows you to measure the channel with the specific distance on the road test. The minimum interval distance is 1 meter.

The Measure Rule and Search Rule is toggled between Speed and Accuracy.

For each scan process, the analyzer will first search and find out the available channels according to the selected scan mode. Then, a precise measurement will perform to get the scan result.

The accuracy mode in measurement rule is set as default to get the precise measurement for the searching- out channels.

The speed mode will speed the measurement but reduce the measurement accuracy. It is set to default in search rule to search out the available channels approximately.

The To p Cyc l e number is the searching times for each measurement. It allows you to measure the specific searching- out channels continuously.

Spectrum Monitor

Functions and Measurements

Spectrum Monitor

The scrolling three- dimensional display is noted for its ability to track the frequency and power behavior over the time, particularly intermittent signals. Spectrum Monitor may be used to analyze the stability of a signal over the time, or to identify intermittent interference signals in communications systems.

The X- axis represents frequency, and amplitude is represented by color; red for a strong signal and blue for noise floor. The Y-axis represents time, with the trace from the newest sweep displayed at the bottom of the screen. Earlier traces move up toward the top with each new sweep. Two coupled markers allow the user to place a marker on any trace in the Spectrum Monitor and view the normal spectrum for the time of that sweep. The time interval between sweeps can be adjusted, and up to 1500 traces can be displayed and saved.

Figure 3-24 Spectrum Monitor Submenu

Please refer to the procedures below to perform a spectrum monitor measurement.

1 Connect the omni antenna to RF IN connector.

2 Set the center frequency and span.

Press Frequency > 1.8052 > GHz

Functions and Measurements

Spectrum Monitor

Press SPAN > 5 > MHz

3 Turn on the spectrum monitor function.

Press Meas > Spectrum Monitor.

4 Set the update interval time between two frames.

Press Update Int. On, rotating the knob or pressing numeric keypads to set the update interval time.

5 Turn on Marker 1 and Marker 2.

Press Marker 1 > State On, Marker 2 > State On.

6 Press Frequency, rotate knob to change the frequency of

marker as you want.

7 Press Meas > File Logging > Start Save to save the spectrogram

data. After pressing Stop Save, the spectrogram will be saved into a trace or CSV data file for your future use.

Please refer to saved spectrogram trace file.

“Loading a File” on page 98 to load the

Spectrum Monitor Audio Alert

The spectrum monitor provides an audio alert with a frequency dependant on the different control parameters. This alert needs two markers to specify the measure channel. The Band Power of the channel specified by two markers is measured without the audio alert. The Alert Limit is set to specify the lowest band power that makes the buzzer beep.

Please refer to the procedures below to turn on the audio alert.

1 Press Meas > Spectrum Monitor to access into the spectro-

gram mode.

2 Press Marker > More > Audio Alert to enable the audio alert.

Reflection Measurement

Press MODE > Reflection Measurement to access the cable and antenna measurement submenu. There are three different measurement mode for your selection:

• Reflection measurement

• One port cable loss

• Distance to fault

Preparation

Before making a measurement in a specific mode, the HSA requires a calibration to make sure the measurement accuracy. A new calibration must be performed if any components used in the calibration setup are changed. For example, a short coaxial cable used to connect the tester to the DUT

Press Frequency and Span to set the measurement frequency range. It is best to keep the calibration frequency range as close as possible to the actual sweep frequencies necessary for the measurements. Calibrating over a larger frequency range than the actual measurement range will reduce the accuracy of the test results.

Functions and Measurements

Reflection Measurement

Calibrate with a T-combo calibrator

T-combo calibrator This is a T-shaped mechanical calibrator. It consists of a calibrated open, short and 50 Ω load. Using the T- combo calibrator will result in a more accurate calibration than when using the an electronic calibrator.

Using a T- combo calibrator is a three step process requiring the user to manually change the open- short-load components. The default order of the calibration process is open-short-load.

1 Press Frequency > Calibrate to bring up the dialog box for

calibration instruction. Follow the on- screen instruction to connect the Open component of the T- combo calibrator to

Functions and Measurements

Reflection Measurement

Measuring Cable Reflection

the RF OUT connector of the analyzer. Press ENTER to start the open calibration.

2 Follow the instruction to connect the short component of

the T- combo calibrator to the RF OUT connector of the tester. Press ENTER to start the short calibration.

3 Connect the Load component of the T- combo calibrator to

the RF OUT connector. Press ENTER to start the load calibration.

A Calibrated indicator is shown on the upper left corner of the screen when the calibration is completed. Then, the analyzer is ready for your further cable measurement.

Press Mode > Reflection Measurement > Reflection Measurement to select the Reflection Measurement Mode. It allows you to set the Y axis of the graticule as return loss, VSWR or reflection coefficient value.

Measuring Distance to Fault

For this measurement, an internally generated signal emits from the RF OUT port of the tester and is transmitted to the cable and antenna system (DUT). The tester receives and processes the signal power reflected from faults and imperfections. In performing a DTF measurement, the tester uses frequency domain reflectometry. The transmitted and reflected signals contain information about the distance to the faults. This information is used to determine the physical distance to the faults. The tester displays the physical distance to the probable faults, corrected for cable loss and the velocity propagation factor of the cable.

Functions and Measurements

Reflection Measurement

Perform a DTF measurement

To make a DTF-return loss measurement over a frequency range of 50 to 400 MHz, perform the following steps:

1 Press the MODE > Reflection Measurement > Distantce To Fault to

select the DTF mode.

2 Press FREQ > Start > 50 > MHz to set the start frequency to

50 MHz.

3 Press Stop > 400 > MHz to set the stop frequency to 400

MHz.

4 Press Calibrate to bring up the calibration process guidance.

Follow the instructions to perform a calibration. For more information about calibration, refer to

page 71

5 Remove the calibrator and connect the cable under test

(DUT) to the RF OUT connector on the top panel of the tester.

The DTF measurement starts and the results are displayed on the screen. A peak in the horizontal trace indicates a defective location.

“Preparation” on

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

The N9322C spectrum analyzer supports the U2000 and U2020 series USB power sensors.

The U2000 Series USB power sensors do not need manual calibration and zero routines performed. Calibration and zeroing are performed without removing the power sensor from the source, through internal zeroing. With internal zeroing of U2000 Series USB power sensors, there is no need to disconnect the sensor or power- off the DUT. The U2000 Series do not require 50 MHz reference signal calibration, allowing the factory calibration to ensure measurement accuracy. For best accuracy, users are recommended to perform external zeroing for input signals below -30 dBm for best accuracy.

CAUTION

NOTE

The maximum power for the RF IN port and the RF OUT port of the analyzer is +30 dBm (1 W). The maximum power for the U2000 Series Power Sensor port is +25 dBm (316 mW). When directly coupled to a base station, the test set can be damaged by excessive power applied to any of these three ports.

To prevent damage in most situations when directly connect an analyzer to a base station, use a high power attenuator between the analyzer and the BTS.

If you suspect other signals may be present, it is recommended that you turn off all the other channels and measure average power only on the signal of interest. Another option is to measure channel power (which is less accurate), that filters out all other channels (signals).

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

Making an Average Power Measurement

The average power measurements provide a key metric in transmitter performance.

Base station transmit power must be set accurately to achieve optimal coverage in wireless networks. If the transmit power is set too high due to inaccurate power measurements, undesired interference can occur. If the transmit power is set too low, coverage gaps or holes may occur. Either case affects system capacity and may translate into decreased revenue for service providers. Average power can be measured for the channel of interest while the base station is active. All other channels should be inactive. Average power is a broadband measurement. If other signals are present the analyzer will also measure their power contributions.

Figure 3-25 Connection with base station

To make an average power measurement, you connect the power sensor and cable, zero and calibrate the meter, before making a measurement. Zeroing of the power meter will occur automatically:

• Every time you use the Power Meter.

• When a 5 degree C. change in temperature occurs.

• Whenever you change the power sensor.

• Every 24 hours.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

• Before measuring low level signals—for example, 10 dB above the lowest specified power for your power sensor.

Calibrating the power meter every time you cycle the power on and off.

In most situations, you can press Zero to complete the two steps (zero and cal) together.

Follow the steps below to make a basic average power measurement.

1 Press Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)

2 Press Mode > Power Meter to access the power meter mode.

3 Zero and calibrate the meter. Press Zero to make a Zero

operation of the power sensor followed by a calibration operation.

4 Connect the power sensor to the USB port of N9322C. The

analyzer will recognize the power sensor automatically.

CAUTION

To prevent damage to your sensor, do not exceed the power levels below. U2000/1/2A +25 dBm (320 mW) average, 20 VDC

+33 dBm (2 W) peak, <10 μs For more information on the maximum power of U2000 series power sensors, please refer to the Operating and Service Guide of Keysight U2000 Series USB Power Sensors.

5 Connect the external attenuation, if required, with the power

sensor used.

6 Connect the analyzer to the base station. Connect the power

sensor to the signal to be measured. A typical BTS connection is after the output of the power amplifier and duplexer. The connection requires a cable and two Type- N barrel connectors, in addition to the power sensor and external attenuator.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

7 Press Meas Setup > Disp Range to set the display range of the

measurement. when it is set to On, the display range will be adjusted automatically according to the signal power dynamic range. When it is set to Off, press To p and Bottom to set the display range manually.

8 Press General Setup > Freq to set the power frequency for the

DUT. The current frequency will display in the bottom line.

9 Press Power Range > Auto Power to toggles the measurement

range between On and Off. When it is set to On, the power range will be adjusted automatically. Use auto range when you are not sure of the power level you are about to measure. When it is set to Off, press Range to select the upper range or lower range. The lower range uses the more sensitive path and the upper range uses the attenuated path.

Table 1 Power Sensor Range

Sensor Lower range Upper range

U2000/1/2/4A

U2000/1/2H

U2000/1B

–60 dBm to –7 dBm –7 dBm to +20 dBm

–50 dBm to +3 dBm +3 dBm to +30 dBm

–30 dBm to +23 dBm +23 dBm to +44 dBm

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

10 Press Meas > Meas Seup > Disp Mode to set the display in

meter. chart or trace display. the measurement result will displays on the screen as shown.

Figure 3-26 Power Measurement

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

Making a Peak Power Measurement

The Keysight U2020 X-series USB peak and average power sensors enable peak power measurements that have the same accuracy as measurements obtained using traditonal peak power meters, while providing the advantages of being a very compact and portable form factor.

Follow the steps below to make a peak power measurement.

1 Press Mode > Power Meter to access the power meter mode.

2 Connect the power sensor to the USB port of N9322C. The

sensor will automatically initialize, perform zeroing (While remianing connectored to the device under test), and calibrate without connecting to an external source.

NOTE

You can manually perform zeroing and calibration by perssing Zeroing > Zeroing and Calibration at any time after the sensor is connected

and initialized.

3 Press General Setup > Freq to set the frequency of the signal

under test.

As a wideband device, the power sensor has a frequency response. The power sensor utilizes a complex correction algorithm to remove power measurement error due to linearity error, frquency response, and temperature drift to generate a more accurate measurement.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

The analyzer provide the customer preset function with U2020 X- series power sensor. Press Meas > Preset and the predefined protocol list will pop up. Select the wanted item and press Preset as a terminator. The related settings will be set automatically.

Figure 3-27 Customized Preset the U2020 Power Sensor

4 Press Meas Disp > Disp Mode > Trace to find the measurement

results as

Figure 3-28 Peak Power Measurement

Marker Readings

Figure 3-28 below.

Gate Results Pulse Parameter Results

Power Meter Settings

Please find the sections below to find the general power meter measurement settings.

Setting the Power Meter Top and Bottom End-Points

Setting the end points (Disk Range) close to expected measurement value changes the sensitivity of the Power Meter scale resolution. This is an advantage in viewing small changes in power. However, this will not affect the overall range of the sensor. This is only available for Meter and Chart display mode. For Trace display, please press Meas > Peak Setup > Trace Setup to set the X and Y scale.

1 Press Meas > Meas Disp > Dis Range to access the end-points

menu.

2 Press To p and enter the maximum scale value using the

numeric keypad. Then press dBm to complete the setup.

3 Press Bottom and enter the minimum scale value desired

using the numeric keypad. Then press dBm to complete the setup.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

Setting Power Meter Resolution

There are four levels of power meter resolution. Higher resolutions provide more accuracy but slow the measurement speed. The resolution is only available for U2000 series power meter and free- run trigger mode in U2020 series power meter..

Press Meas > Meas Disp > Resolution. Select 1,2,3 or 4. The four options represent different resolution as follow:

• [1] = 1

• [2] = 0.1

• [3] = 0.01

• [4] = 0.001

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

Set the Step Detection

Press Meas > General Setup > Average > Step Detect to set the

step Detect On and Off. When it is set to on, the filter will

re- initialize upon detection of a step increase or decrease in

the measured power to reduce the filter settling time after a

significant step in the measured power, Step detection can

be set in both manual and automatic filter modes.

Set the Measurement Gate

Press Meas > Peak Setup > Gate Setup to set the start time and gate length for a measurement gate. A measurement gate allows measurements to be performed on particular sections of the input signal. The gate is defined by a start time relative to the trigger instant and a duration. Signal samples acquired during the time interval specified by the gate are used for the measurements in that gate. A system of up to four independent gates is provided.

Set the Trigger

Press Meas > Peak Setup > Trig/Acq to set the trigger parameters listed below for the measurement gate.

Acqn Set the single, free run or continuous trigger mode.

Select to enable trace and auto trigger delay for the single and continuous trigger modes. For the free run mode, only auto trigger delay can be enabled.

Source Set the trigger source to internal channel or an

external source.

Mode Enable auto level or manually set the trigger level if

the internal trigger source is selected.

Level sets the trigger level manually when the Mode is set

to manual.

Functions and Measurements

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

Delay Set the delay time to be applied between the trigger

event and all the gate start times. This allows you to time- shift all the gates by the same amount with one setting change.

Slope Select the positive or negative slope type to

determine if the trigger event is recognized on the rising or falling edge of a signal respectively.

Holdoff Set the holdoff time to disable the trigger

mechanism after a trigger event occurs.

Hysteresis Set the hysteresis to help generate a more stable

trigger by preventing triggering unless the RF power level achieves the trigger level and the additional hysteresis value. It can be applied to both rising and falling edge trigger generation.

Hysteresis is only available for the internal trigger source and manual trigger level.

Functions and Measurements

Demodulate the AM/FM signal

The N9322C provide the AM/FM demodulation function.

Demodulating an AM Signal

The demodulation function allows you to demodulate and hear signal information displayed on the analyzer.

Simply place a marker on a signal of interest, set the analyzer in zero span, activate AM demodulation, turn the speaker on, and then listen.

1 Press Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)

2 Connect an antenna to the RF IN connector.

3 Select a frequency range on the analyzer. For example, the

frequency range for AM broadcasts in the United States is 550 to 1650 kHz:

Press Frequency > Start Freq > 550 > kHz > Stop Freq > 1650> kHz.

4 Place a marker on the signal of interest:

Press Peak Search > Next Right Pk or Next Left Pk

5 Set the frequency of interest to center frequency:

Press Marker > Marker To > Mkr -> Center.

6 Change the resolution bandwidth to 100 kHz:

Press BW > 100 > kHz.

7 Press Span > Zero Span

8 Press Sweep > Sweep Time > 10 s to set the sweep time.

8 Set the detector type and turn on AM demodulation:

Press Trace/Det > Detector > Sample.

Press Marker > Function > Demod

Press Demod Setting > Demod Type AM

Demodulating an FM Signal

This section demonstrates how to demodulate and listen to an FM signal using the built- in FM demodulator.

Using the built in FM demodulator you can tune to an FM signal and view the results of the detector output as displayed in the time- domain.

1 Press Preset. (With Preset Type of Factory)

2 Use a signal source or connect an antenna to recieve FM

signal. In this example the signal is modulated at 300 MHz with FM deviation of 10 kHz and FM rate of 1 kHz.

NOTE

If you are using a broadcast FM signal, the FM channels are broadcasting between 87.7 MHz to 107.7 MHz.

3 Set the center frequency to the center of the FM signal (in

this case 300 MHz):

Press Frequency > 300 > MHz.

Functions and Measurements

Demodulate the AM/FM signal

4 Set the analyzer to zero span for time- domain analysis:

Press Span > Zero Span.

Press Sweep > Sweep Time > 5 > s.

5 Set the resolution bandwidth to capture the full bandwidth

of the FM signal.

Press BW > 100 > kHz.

6 Turn on the optional pre- amplifier to detect small signals:

Press Amplitude > Preamp On.

7 Turn on the FM demodulator:

Press Marker > Function > Demod

Press Demod Setting > Demod Type FM

Functions and Measurements

Demodulate the AM/FM signal

Listen to the FM signal.

Press Demod Setting > Speaker Vol, rotate the knob to adjust the speaker volume.

The headphone jack is availabe for the audio signal output alternatively.

Analysis the Modulated Signals

The N9322C provides the optional AM/FM (Option AMA) and ASK/FSK (Option- DMA) modulation analysis function for analysis the modulated signals. These functions can be activated by license key.

AM/FM Modulation Analysis

Optional AM/FM demodulation analysis provides modulation metrics, including carrier power, modulation rate, AM depth/FM deviation, SINAD and carrier frequency offset. User definable limits provide Pass/Fail indicators of four types:

Maximum carrier power, Maximum AM modulation index or FM deviation, Minimum AM modulation index or FM deviation, and Minimum carrier frequency offset.

The user can save the waveforms with metrics for reporting as well as the set- up parameters for future measurements or analysis. In the following example, you can use any source available (such as AM/FM radio) as long as it has AM/FM signal generation capability.

Functions and Measurements

Analysis the Modulated Signals

AM Modulation Analysis

Please refer to the procedures below for the AM modulation analysis:

1 Connect the signal generator to RF IN connector and turn

on the signal generator’s AM and RF output.

2 Turn on the AM demodulation analysis function.

Press MODE > Modulation Analysis > AM.

3 Press Frequency > Carrier Freq > 100 > MHz to set the carrier

frequency.

4 Set the attenuation state to Auto (default):

Press Amplitude > Attenuation Auto

Functions and Measurements

Analysis the Mod ulated Signals

5 Press Shift > Disp > Y Scale > Scale Coupling On to set the Y

scale auto coupling.

6 Set the AM depth limit and turn on the limit function:

Press Shift > Limit > AM Depth UP > 51 > % > AM Depth Low > 49

> % > Limits on

The red value in the result indicates the demodulated AM depth exceeds the limits set as above.

Figure 3-29 AM demodulation analysis

FM Modulation Analysis

Please refer to the procedures below for the FM modulation analysis:

1 Connect the signal generator to RF IN connector and turn

on the signal generator’s FM and RF output.

2 Turn on the FM demodulation analysis function.

Press MODE > Modulation Analysis > AM.

3 Press Frequency > Carrier Freq > 100 > MHz to set the carrier

frequency.

4 Set the attenuation state to Auto (default):

Press Amplitude > Attenuation Auto

Functions and Measurements

Analysis the Modulated Signals

5 Press Shift > Disp > Y Scale > Scale Coupling On to set the Y

scale auto coupling.

6 Set the FM deviation limit and turn on the limit function:

Press Shift > Limits > FreqDev UP > 11 > % > FreqDev Low > 9.9

> % > Limits on

The red value in the result indicates the demodulated FM deviation exceeds the limits set as above.

Figure 3-30 FM modulation analysis

Functions and Measurements

Analysis the Mod ulated Signals

ASK/FSK Modulation Analysis

The ASK/FSK modulation analysis function supports four display modes:

• Symbol

• Wave form

• ASK/FSK Error

• Eye Diagram.

User definable limits provide Pass/Fail indicators of four types:

• Maximum carrier power

• Maximum ASK modulation depth/FSK frequency deviation

• Minimum ASK modulation depth/FSK frequency deviation

• Maximum carrier frequency offset.

The metrics includes carrier power, ASK/FSK error, ASK depth/FSK frequency deviation, and ASK index etc. The waveform with metrics and setup parameters can be saved for reports and future Measurements.

In the following example, you can use any source available (such as your remote key of the car) as long as it has ASK/FSK generation capability. For ASK/FSK signal, its Filter is Nyquist and Alpha is 0.35.

ASK Modulation Analysis

Please refer to the procedures below to analysis the ASK demodulation.

1 Connect the signal generator to RF IN connector and turn

on the signal generator’s ASK modulation and RF output.

2 Turn on the ASK demodulation analysis function.

Press MODE > Modulation Analysis > ASK.

3 Press Frequency > Carrier Freq > 100 > MHz to set the carrier

frequency.

4 Press Meas > Symbol Rate > 10 > MHz to set the symbol rate.

Functions and Measurements

Analysis the Modulated Signals

5 Press Filter Setup > Ref Filter > Nyquist to set the filter type.

6 Set the attenuation state to Auto (default):

Press Amplitude > Attenuation Auto

7 Press Shift > Disp > Y Scale > Scale Coupling On to set the Y

scale auto coupling.

8 Setting the ASK depth limit and turn on the limit

function:

Press Shift > Limits > ASK Depth UP > 71 > % > ASK Depth Low >

70 > % > Limits on

9 Press Shift > Disp > Display > Eye Diagram to view the eye

diagram.

Figure 3-31 ASK Eye Diagram

Functions and Measurements

Analysis the Mod ulated Signals

FSK Demodulation Analysis

Please refer to the procedures below to analysis the FSK demodulation.

1 Connect the signal generator to RF IN connector and turn

on the signal generator’s FSK modulation and RF output.

2 Turn on the ASK demodulation analysis function.

Press MODE > Modulation Analysis > FSK.

3 Press Frequency > Carrier Freq > 100 > MHz to set the carrier

frequency.

4 Press Meas > Symbol Rate > 10 > ksps to set the symbol rate.

5 Press Filter Setup > Ref Filter > Nyquist to set the filter type.

6 Set the attenuation state to Auto (default):

Press Amplitude > Attenuation Auto

7 Setting the FSK deviation limit and turn on the limit:

Press Shift > Limit > FreqDev UP > 85 > kHz > FreqDev Low > 80

> kHz > Limits on

The figure below shows the FSK symbol and the measurement result.

Figure 3-32 FSK Symbol View

Keysight Technologies N9322C User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Notices

Contents

Overview

N9322C at a Glance

Features

Optimized Usability

Front Panel Overview

Display Annotations

Rear Panel Overview

Front and rear panel symbols

Getting Started

Check the Shipment and Order List

Options

Safety Notice

Power Requirements

AC Power Cord

Power On and Check

Check for Instrument Messages

Environmental Requirements

Ventilation

Cleaning Tips

Rack Mount

Electrostatic Discharge Protection

BSA PC software

Helpful Tips

Perform Calibration

Using an External Reference

Enable an Options

Firmware Upgrade

IO Configuration

Timed Power On/Off

Power Preset Last

Data Securities

Probe Power Output

South Korea Class A EMC Declaration

Functions and Measurements

Making a Basic Measurement

Using the Front Panel

Presetting the Spectrum Analyzer

Viewing a Signal

Measuring Multiple Signals

Comparing Signals on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta

Comparing Signals not on the Same Screen Using Marker Delta

Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude

Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Signals

Measuring a Low-Level Signal

Reducing Input Attenuation

Decreasing the Resolution Bandwidth

Trace Averaging

Improving Frequency Resolution and Accuracy

Tracking Drifting Signals

Measuring a Source’s Frequency Drift

Making Distortion Measurements

Identifying Analyzer Generated Distortion

Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion

Stimulus Response Transmission

Measuring Stop Band Attenuation of a Lowpass Filter

Channel Scanner

Top/Bottom N Channel Scanner

List N Channel Scanner

Channel Scanner Setup

Spectrum Monitor

Reflection Measurement

Preparation

Measuring Cable Reflection

Measuring Distance to Fault

Making a Power Measurement with USB Power Sensor

Making an Average Power Measurement

Making a Peak Power Measurement

Power Meter Settings

Demodulate the AM/FM signal

Demodulating an AM Signal

Demodulating an FM Signal

Analysis the Modulated Signals

AM/FM Modulation Analysis

ASK/FSK Modulation Analysis