Measurement Guide
Agilent Technologies
ESA-E Series Spectrum Analyzers
cdmaOne Measurement Personality
This manual provides documentation for the following instruments:
ESA-E Series
E4402B (9 kHz - 3.0 GHz)
E4404B (9 kHz - 6.7 GHz)
E4405B (9 kHz - 13.2 GHz)
E4407B (9 kHz - 26.5 GHz)
Manufacturing Part Number: E4401-90136
Printed in USA
March 2000
© Copyright 2000 Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Notice
The information contained in this document is subject to change
without notice.
Agilent Technologies makesno warranty of any kind with regard to this
material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Agilent
Technologies shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for
incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing,
performance, or use of this material.
Warranty
This Agilent Technologies instrument product is warranted against
defects in material and workmanship for a period of three years from
date of shipment. During the warranty period, Agilent Technologies
Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products that prove
to be defective.
For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a
service facility designated by Agilent Technologies. Buyer shall prepay
shipping charges to Agilent Technologies and Agilent Technologies
shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However,
Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products
returned to Agilent Technologies from another country.
Agilent Technologies warrants that its software and firmware
designated by Agilent Technologies for use with an instrument will
execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that
instrument. Agilent Technologies does not warrant that the operation
of the instrument, or software, or firmware will be uninterrupted or
error-free.
LIMITATION OF WARRANTY
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from
improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied
software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation
outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper
site preparation or maintenance.
ii
NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. AGILENT
TECHNOLOGIES SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES SHALL NOT
BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON
CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.
Where to Find the Latest Information
Documentation is updatedperiodically. For the latestinformation about
Agilent ESA Spectrum Analyzers, including firmware upgrades,
software upgrades, application information, and product information,
please visit the Internet URL listed below.
http://www.agilent.com/find/esa/
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Safety Information
The following safety notes are used throughout this manual.
Familiarize yourself with these notes before operating this instrument.
WARNING Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure
which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in
injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note
until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
CAUTION Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not
correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or
destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution sign
until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
WARNING This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protective
earth ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug
shall be inserted only in a socket outlet provided with a
protected earth contact. Any interruption of the protective
conductor inside or outside of the product is likely to make the
product dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.
WARNING No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to
qualified personnel. To prevent electrical shock do not remove
covers.
CAUTION Always use the three-prong AC power cord supplied with this product.
Failure to ensure adequate grounding may cause product damage.
iv
Contents
1. cdmaOne Use Model
Use Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Measurement Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
The Fault Finding Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
Identifying Interfering Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Examples of Interference Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
2. Preparing to Make cdmaOne Measurements
cdmaOne Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Basic Key Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
3. Making Basic cdmaOne Base Station Measurements
Available Basic cdmaOne Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Making the Channel Power Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
Making the Receive Channel Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Troubleshooting Hint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14
Making the Monitor Band/Channel Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-19
Making the Occupied Bandwidth Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-21
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-24
Making the Manual Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . .3-25
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-25
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-25
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-26
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-28
Troubleshooting Hint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-28
Making Return Loss Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-29
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Contents
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
Making the measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32
Making Loss/Gain Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-33
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
Making the measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
4. Making Advanced cdmaOne Base Station Measurements
Available Advanced cdmaOne Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Making the Code Domain Measurement
(Base Station Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Making the Modulation Accuracy (Rho) Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Measurement Hint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-8
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Making the Spur Close (In Band Spurious) Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Troubleshooting Hint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-17
Making the Out of Band Spurious Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-18
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Making the Receiver Spurious (Rx Spur) Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Measurement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
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Contents
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-28
Making the Spurs at Harmonics Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-29
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-29
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-29
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-29
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-30
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-31
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-32
Making the Microwave Transmitter Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-33
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-33
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-33
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-33
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-35
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-35
Making a Microwave Spectrum Monitoring Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-36
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-36
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-36
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-36
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-36
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-38
Making the Microwave Adjacent Channel Power Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-39
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-39
Measurement Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-39
Measurement Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-39
Making the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-40
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-41
Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-41
vii
Contents
viii
1 cdmaOne Use Model
1-1
cdmaOne Use Model
Use Model
Use Model
Figure 1-1 Cellular Site Components
Wireless Digital communications systems are made up of five parts: a
central phone switching system, a microwave or landline link, a base
transceiver station (BTS), an antenna and preamplifier system, and the
air interface with the mobile device. The measurement personality is
designed to verify the satisfactory operation of the base station system
which includes the microwave link, the base transceiver station, the
antenna and preamplifier system, and the air interface with the mobile
device. The measurements in this guide are divided into chapters
according to the subsystems that each tests.
1-2 Chapter1
Measurement Overview
When troubleshooting a digital communications system, use the
following flow chart to help determine which test to perform on what
system subsection. System failures are generally defined as reduced
transceiver site coverage and capacity, or handoff errors.
Figure 1-2 Measurements and System Interrelationship
cdmaOne Use Model
Measurement Overview
Transmitter Tests
Cables &
Antenna Verification
Air Interface Quality
Microwave Link
Verification
Power Levels
Modulation Quality
Interference With Other
Systems
Amplitude Flatness
Reflection Responses
In-Channel Interference
In-Band Interference
Out-of-Band Interference
Power Levels
Spectrum Clutter
Channel Power
Receive Channel Power
Modulation Quality (Rho)
Code Domain
Occupied Bandwidth
Spurs at Harmonics
Adjacent Channel Power
Gain/Loss
Return Loss (VSWR)
Monitor Channel
Receiver Spurious
Spur Close (In Band)
Monitor Band
Out of Band Spurious
Channel Power
Spectrum Monitor
Mode=cdmaOne
Mode=SA
(Spectrum Analyzer)
Mode=cdmaOne
Mode=cdmaOne
Mode=SA
(Spectrum Analyzer)
Interference With Other
Systems
Adjacent Channel Power
Chapter 1 1-3
cdmaOne Use Model
The Fault Finding Process
The Fault Finding Process
Fourkey elements,shown in Figure 1-3, can contribute to degraded cell
performance. First, the transmitter is often described as the hardest
working component of the cell site. Linear power amplifiers generate
high power radio signals and run at high temperatures. Insufficient
heat dissipation in humid climates can cause the transmitters to
overheat, or extremes of cold can cause transmitter heat sinks to crack.
As a result, specified performance will be degraded, causing low power
transmissions, impaired modulation, and poor adjacent channel
performance.
Next, the cables and antenna are directly exposed to the elements.
Weather-damaged antennas, cables, and the connectors can further
degrade performance. Sometimes a low noise amplifier close to the
antenna is used to boost the signal or microwave radio transceivers are
used to link the cell site to the communications network. These
components are just as exposed to the same harsh environmental
conditions making them prone to failure.
When a mobile site transmits, other radio systems can interfere with
the propagated signal resulting in a degraded signal at the cell site
receiver. On the journey, interference from other radio systems can
degrade the signal. Tall buildings and hills can deflect the signal away
from the antenna and signal degradation can result.
Figure 1-3 System Degradation Sources
To help identify which component of the cell site is contributing to
performance problems, a fault finding process is needed. Essentially,
once the radio signal is modulated and transmitted, it is prone to
1-4 Chapter1
cdmaOne Use Model
The Fault Finding Process
degradation. The once perfect, error corrected, monitored digital signal,
now has all the characteristics of any analog radio signal. What you
want to do is ensure its transmission path is clear and presents no
barriers that will hinder its performance. Starting at the transmitter,
as indicated in Figure 1-4, you need to check that the correct signal is
being generated. You then need to ensure that it passes through the
various cables and connectors without degrading its quality. Once
transmitted through theantenna, a clear interference freeradio band is
required to ensure the handset receives the signal correctly. Then in
reverse, you need to verifythe receptionband isclear and the path from
the antenna to the receiver presents no obstacles to the radio receiver
equipment, which will decode the signal and convert it back into digital
data.
When troubleshooting, you need to ask ourselves a set of basic
questions. The first thing to question is the transmitter operation
where the signal originates. If this is operating satisfactorily, then you
need to determine that intermediate components are not attenuating
the signal. Finally, you need to ensure that maximum power is being
transferred into the antenna feed and array. On the receive side, you
again need to ensure that maximum power is being transferred from
the antenna to the BTS. You also need to ensure that intermediate
components do not over-attenuate the received signal.
Figure 1-4 Fault Finding Process
The flow chart in Figure 1-2 provides the basic system diagnostic
process for performing various test measurements to troubleshoot your
cell site base transceiver system.
Chapter 1 1-5
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
Identifying Interfering Signals
To identify interfering signals, you must first locate them in the
cdmaOne frequency band. This is best done by using the Monitor Band
measurement. Sensitivity should be optimized to locate and view small
interfering signals. To optimize the spectrum analyzer for best
sensitivity when identifying interference signals, three main
parameters need to be understood: resolution bandwidth, internal
attenuation, and internal pre-amplification.
First, choose the lowest possible resolution bandwidth filter. The noise
floor decreases as resolution bandwidthdecreases. This isbecause noise
is a broadband signal, and as you reduce resolution bandwidth, less
noise reaches the detector. Sweep speed is inversely proportional to the
square of the resolution bandwidth and increases as resolution
bandwidth decreases. To optimize speed, the smallest span and largest
bandwidth possible should be used that still separate the signals and
allow visibility of all signals of interest. Using monitor channel reduces
the span by focusing on a specific channel instead of an entire band.
Second, set the internal input attenuator to the least possible amount
of attenuation, normally 0 dB. However, if the input signal total power
is greater than −10 dBm for 0 dB attenuation, the analyzer may
generate internal distortion. To determine if the analyzer is internally
generating the distorted signals seen on the display, increase the
attenuation and see if the displayed signals change in amplitude. If no
amplitude change is evident, the distortion is caused by the unit under
test and not the analyzer.
Finally, you can turn on the internal preamplifier (Option 1DS). This
will drop the noise floor and allow you to view the signals that were
previously below the analyzer noise floor.
Use this procedure and the following examples of interfering signals to
help you identify the source of interfering signals and achieve the best
sensitivity.
1-6 Chapter1
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
Key Press Procedure Remarks
Step Front-Panel Key Menu Key
1 Measure More The Monitor Band function is used to
2 Monitor Band/Channel
3 Meas Setup Method Band
4 Band Setup
5 Res BW Man As the resolution bandwidth gets
6 ⇓ (Down Arrow)
7 Input/Output RF Input Range Man
identify low-level signals that may be
interfering in the up- and down-link
bands. The sensitivity of this
measurement is improved by reducing
the resolution bandwidth and removing
the analyzer attenuation through
Meas Setup.
smaller, the sweep time gets longer.
8 AMPLITUDE
Y Scale
9 ⇓ (Down Arrow)
10 Peak Search The marker is used to determine the
11 FREQUENCY
Channel
12 Meas Setup Method Channel The spectrum shape of the suspect signal
13 Chan Setup For very low level signals, use the
14 Int Preamp On
CAUTION Use a simple attenuator test to determine whether displayed distortion
Attenuation To achieve 0 dB attenuation, you must
enter the value using the numeric key
pad. This is a safe guard against
inadvertent front-end overload.
Channel Freq and enter
the marker frequency.
frequency of the suspected interference
signal.
can now be seen.
built-in preamplifier to amplify the input
so that the signals appear above the
noise floor of the spectrum analyzer.
components are true input signals or internally generated signals
caused by mixer overload. Press
AMPLITUDE, Attenuation, and ⇑ to
increase the attenuation. If the amplitude of the suspected signal
changes, then it is internally generated. Continue increasing the
attenuation until the displayed distortion does not change, then
complete the measurement.
Chapter 1 1-7
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
Examples of Interference Signals
Use these signal examples to help you assess the bandwidth and
spectral shape of the interfering signalin order to determine the type of
transmission causing the interference. Use the settings in the following
examples to identify the various signals.
Using Monitor Band/Channel to Look for Interfering Signals
Using the Monitor Band and Channel feature can help you quickly
identify interfering signals within your transmission and reception
bands or channels. Simple visual inspection, peak hold, and markers
can help you determine the type of interference that may be causing
network problems.
Commercial AM/FM Broadcast Signal:
Press
Method Channel
MEASURE, More, Monitor Band/Channel, Meas Setup,
A narrow bandwidth signal within a channel could be caused by
AM/FM channels. In SA mode use the built-in AM or optional FM
(Option BAA) demod to determine the source of the transmission.
1-8 Chapter1
Commercial TV Broadcast Signal:
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
Press
MEASURE, More, Monitor Band/Channel, Meas Setup, Method Band
An interfering TV signal can be quickly visually verified by its unique
spectral characteristics (two large carriers 4 to 6 MHz apart). In SA
mode, use TV Trigger and Picture on Screen, and FM Demodulation
(Options BAA and B7B) to determine the transmission source.
Chapter 1 1-9
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
CDMA Signals:
Press
MEASURE, More, Monitor Band/Channel, Meas Setup, Method Band
Adjacent interfering CDMA signals will have this type of spectral
characteristic.
1-10 Chapter1
GSM/PCS Signal:
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
Press
Chan Setup, Max Hold On
MEASURE, More, Monitor Band/Channel, Meas Setup, Method Band,
GSM/PCS networks can cause in-band interference. A GSM signal will
have this type of spectral characteristic.
Chapter 1 1-11
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
Using Demodulation to Look for Interfering Signals
The Modulation Accuracy and Code Domain Power measurement help
you determine if an interfering signal is present within your CDMA
signal transmission bandwidth.
Modulation Accuracy (Rho) Measurement:
Press
MEASURE, Mod Accuracy (Rho), Display, Chip Dots 1
Circles in the constellation indicate an interfering signal. A normal
cdmaOne modulated signal will not have openings in the circles. This
also indicates a poor signal to noise ratio.
1-12 Chapter1
Code Domain Measurement:
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
Press
MEASURE, Code Domain
High power in the inactive traffic channels (Avg IT) can indicate there
is an interfering signal present. Also, poor linear amplifier performance
can cause this type of effect.
Chapter 1 1-13
cdmaOne Use Model
Identifying Interfering Signals
1-14 Chapter1
2 Preparing to Make cdmaOne
Measurements
2-1
Preparing to Make cdmaOne Measurements
cdmaOne Measurements
cdmaOne Measurements
Once in the cdmaOne mode, the following measurements are available
by pressing the
❏ Channel Power on page 3-3
❏ Receive Channel Power on page 3-9
❏ Monitor Band/Channel on page 3-15
❏ Occupied Bandwidth on page 3-20
❏ Code Domain on page 4-3
❏ Modulation Accuracy (Rho) on page 4-8
❏ Spur Close on page 4-13
❏ Out of Band Spurious on page 4-18
❏ Receiver Spurious on page 4-23
MEASURE front panel key:
❏ Spurs at Harmonics on page 4-29
These are referred to as one-button measurements.When you press the
key to select the measurement it will become the active measurement,
using settings and a display unique to that measurement. Data
acquisitions will automatically begin if necessary trigger requirements
are met.
In addition, the following cdmaOne mode measurements are made
using the
Monitor measurement by pressing the MEASURE front panel
key:
❏ Return Loss on page 3-29
❏ Loss/Gain on page 3-33
In addition, the following spectrum analyzer mode measurements are
available by pressing the
Mode, SA, and MEASURE front panel keys:
❏ Manual Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) on page 3-25
❏ Microwave Transmitter Power on page 4-33
❏ Microwave Spectrum Monitoring on page 4-36
❏ Microwave Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) on page 4-39
2-2 Chapter2
Preparing to Make cdmaOne Measurements
Basic Key Use
Basic Key Use
The Mode key allows you choose basic Spectrum Analyzer or cdmaOne
functionality. Next, set global measurement defaults in the analyzer
based on your system using
J-STD008. When you select a standard, the analyzer will set
measurement parameters to meet the standard requirements.
The
Channel Frequency or RF Channel keys allow you tune the analyzer
to specific frequencies. You can do this by either setting absolute
frequencies or by setting the channel number when in cdmaOne mode.
You can select a number of previously-configured standards based
measurements to help you troubleshoot a system using the
button. Because all measurement situations are different, Meas Setup
allows you to quickly change some of the measurement parameters.
Finally, if you need to quickly start the measurement again, press
Restart or use Restart under Meas Control.
Mode Setup, for example, IS-95A or
Measure
Figure 2-1 Basic Keys
Chapter 2 2-3
Preparing to Make cdmaOne Measurements
Basic Key Use
2-4 Chapter2
3 Making Basic cdmaOne Base
Station Measurements
3-1
Making Basic cdmaOne Base Station Measurements
Available Basic cdmaOne Measurements
Available Basic cdmaOne Measurements
The following basic cdmaOne base transceiver station measurements
are described in this chapter:
❏ Channel Power on page 3-3
❏ Receive Channel Power on page 3-9
❏ Monitor Band/Channel on page 3-15
❏ Occupied Bandwidth on page 3-20
In addition, the following spectrum analyzer mode manual
measurements are described in this chapter to provide thorough
cdmaOne base transceiver station troubleshooting:
❏ Manual Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) on page 3-25
❏ Return Loss on page 3-29
❏ Loss/Gain on page 3-33
3-2 Chapter3
Making Basic cdmaOne Base Station Measurements
Making the Channel Power Measurement
Making the Channel Power Measurement
Purpose
The Channel Power measurement is useful in determining if poor
signal quality is the result of low power levels generated by the
transmitter. Modulation accuracy can be reduced by having a lower
signal to noise ratio than required. The channel power should be
measured first to avoid attributing the effects of a low power level to
modulation accuracy errors.
Measurement Method
You can make the Channel Power measurement intrusively or
non-intrusively. To perform a non-intrusive test, connect a directional
coupler to the RF output with the main arm connected to the antenna
and the coupled port connected to the spectrum analyzer as shown in
Figure 3-1. Enter the loss due to the effect of the coupler as external
attenuation. You may also perform a non-intrusive test by making the
measurement at a test port on the transceiver unit, if available.
You can use the intrusive method by taking the measurement directly
from the RF output port of the transceiver shown in Figure 3-2.
Because you disconnect the antenna from the transceiver and disrupt
the transmission signal, this cannot be considered a non-intrusive test.
NOTE Use of a non-intrusive measurement is recommended.
CAUTION If you use the intrusive method, ensure that the power level at the RF
input of the spectrum analyzer does not exceed the damage level of
30 dBm.
Measurement Hints
• Use large resolution bandwidth for fast measurements, and a
narrow resolution bandwidth for increased sensitivity.
• If the channel power is near the noise floor, set Noise Correction to
Auto. Noise floor correction removes the effects of analyzer noise,
improving accuracy when necessary.
Chapter 3 3-3
Making Basic cdmaOne Base Station Measurements
Making the Channel Power Measurement
NOTE If Noise Correction and RF Input Range are both set to Auto, the internal
input attenuator and reference level will only be set one time and will
not automatically update. A change in the input signal level may
require an update of the internal input attenuator and reference level.
In that case, you will need to press
Restart to take a new measurement
and reset the input attenuator and reference level. This will invalidate
the noise floor calibration. You will then be prompted to perform
another Noise Floor Calibration or to set
Noise Correction to Off before
proceeding with the measurement.
Making the Measurement
1. Ensure that the base transceiver station is in service.
2. Connect the device being measured and the spectrum analyzer input
as shown in Figure 3-1 or Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-1 Measurement Setup
3-4 Chapter3
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