Keysight (Agilent) 8719ES Reference Guide

Reference Guide
Agilent Technologies
8719ET/20ET/22ET
8719ES/20ES/22ES
Network Analyzers
Part Number 08720- 90393
Printed in USA
June 2002
© Copy right 1999–2002
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Notice
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Agilent Technologies makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material,
including but not limited to, the implied warra nties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Agilent Technologies shall not be l iable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequent ial damages in connect ion with the furnishing , performance, or use of this material.
Certification
Agilent Technologies certifies that thi s produc t m et i ts p ub lis hed speci fi c ations a t the time of shipment from the factory. Agilent Technologies further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute’s calibration facility, and to the calibration faci lities of other International Standa rds Organization members.
Regulatory and Warranty Information
The regulatory and wa rranty information is located in the user’s guide.
Assistan ce
Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are availa ble for Agilent Technologies products. For any assistance, contact your nearest Agilent Technologies sales or service office. See the user’s guide for the nearest office.
Safety Notes
The following safety notes are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself w ith each of the notes and its meaning befor e operating this instrument. All perti nent safety notes for using this product are located in the user’s guide.
WARNING Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if
not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and m et.
CAUTION Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attenti on to a procedure that, if not
correctly performed or adhered to , would result i n damage to or destruction of the instrument. Do not p roceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are ful ly understood and met.
ii
How to Use This Guide
Front-Pa nel Key
SOFTKEY
This guide uses the following conventions:
This represents a key physically located on the
instrument.
This represents a “softkey,” a key whose label is
determined by the instrument’s firm ware.
Screen Text This represents text displayed on the instrument’s screen.
iii

Documentation Map

The Installation an d Quick Start Guide pr ovides procedures for installing, c onfiguring, and verifying the operation of the analyzer. It also will help you fa m iliarize yourself with the basic operation of the analyzer.
The User’s Guide shows how to make measurements, explains commonly-used features, and tells you how to get the most perform ance from yo u r an alyzer.
The Reference Guide provides refe ren ce informat ion, such as specifications, menu maps, and key definitions.
The Programm er’s Guide provides general GPIB programming informat ion, a comm and reference, and example prog rams. The Programmer’s Guide contains a CD-ROM with example programs.
iv
The CD-ROM provides the Installa tio n and Qu ick Start Guide, the User’s Guid e, the Referen ce Guide, and the Progra mmer’s Guid e in
PDF format for vie wing or prin t ing from a PC.
The Service Guide pr ovides information on calibrating, troubleshooting, and servicing your analyzer . The Serv ic e Gu ide i s not part of a standard shipm ent and is available only as Option 0BW, or by ordering part number 08720-90397. A CD-ROM with the Service Guide in PDF format is included for viewing or printing from a PC.

Contents

1. 8719/20/22ES Specif ications and Characteristics
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Specifications for Instruments with Multiple Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Corrected System Performance (8722ES). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-14
Instrument Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24
Uncorrected Port Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24
Test Port Outpu t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-26
Test Port Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-33
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-40
Speed Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-46
Power Meter Calibration Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-49
2. 8719/20/22ET Specifications and Characteristics
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Corrected System Performance (8722ET). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
Instrument Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10
Uncorrected Port Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10
Test Port Outpu t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12
Test Port Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-28
Speed Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34
3. Front/Rear Panel
Front Panel Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Analyzer Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Rear Pa nel Features and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
4. Menu Maps
Menu Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2
5. Hardkey/Softkey Refere nce
Key Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3
Guide Terms and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-3
Analyzer Fun ctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-4
6. Error Mes sages
Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2
Error Messages in Alph abetical Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3
Error Messages in Numerical Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-26
7. Options and Accessories
Using This Ch apter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2
Analyzer Opt ions Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3
Option 1D5, High Stability Frequ ency Refe ren ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3
v
Contents
Option 004, Source Attenuat or (ET On ly) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3
Option 007, Mechanical Tran sfer Sw itch (ES Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Option 010, Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Option 012, Direct Access Receiver Configur ation (ES Onl y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Option 085, High Power System (ES Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Option 089, Frequency Offset Mode (ES Only). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Option 400, Four-Sampler Test Set (ES Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Option 1CM, Rack Mount Flange Ki t Without Handl es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Option 1CP, Rack Mount Flange Kit With Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Service an d Support Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Accessories Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Measurement Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5
Test-Port Cables: 3.5-mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5
Test-Port Cables: 7mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Calibration Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
RF electronic calibration (ECal) modules and PC software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Verification Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 0
Adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 1
Tes t Configuration Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-12
Power Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-12
Power Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-12
Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12
Keyboard Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-13
8. Preset State and Memory Allocation
Preset State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Memory Allocation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 1 3
Types of Memory and Data Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Volatile Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-13
Non-Volatile Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Determining Memory Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-15
Storing Data to Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-17
Conserving Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Using Saved Calibration Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-19
Clearing Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-20
9. Understanding the CITIfile Data Format
Using This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
The CITIfile Data Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-3
Description and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-3
Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
File and Operating System Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Definition of CITIfile Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
A CITIfile Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4
The CITIfile Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
An Array of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4
CITIfile K eyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-5
CITIfile Ex amples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
vi
Contents
Example 2, An 8510 Display Memory File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-5
Example 3, 8510 Data file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-5
Example 4, 8510 3-Term Frequency List Cal Set File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-6
CITIfile K eywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8
Useful Calc ulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-11
Computing Frequency Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-11
Expressing CITIfile Data in Other Data Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-12
Example Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-13
10. Determining System Measurement Uncertainties
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10- 2
Sources of Measurement Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3
Sources of Systematic Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3
Sources of Random Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-4
Det ermining Exp ected Syste m Perform a nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 -5
Determini ng Cable Stability Terms (C
Measurement Uncertainty Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-8
Forward Reflection Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-8
Forward Transmission Uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-9
Reverse Reflection Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-10
Reverse Transmission Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-11
, CR2, C
R1
TM1
, C
TM2
, C
TP1
, C
). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-6
TP2
vii
Contents
viii
1 8719/20/22ES
Specifications and Characteristics
1-1
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics

Definitions

Definitions
All specifications and characteristics apply over a 23 °C ±3 °C range (unless otherwise stated) and 1/2 hour after the instrument has been turned on.
Specification (spec.): Warranted performance. Specifications include gua rdbands to
account for the expected statistical performance distribution, measurement uncertainties, and changes in performance due to environmental conditions.
Characte ristic (char.): A performance parameter that the prod uct is expected to meet
before it leaves the factory, but that is not verified in the field and is not covered by the product warranty. A characteristic includes the sa m e guardbands as a specification.
Typical (typ.): Expected performance of an average unit which does not include
guardbands. It is not covered by the product wa rranty.
Nominal (nom.): A general, descriptive term that d oes not imply a level of performance. It
is not covered by the product warranty.
Calibration : The process of measuring know n standards from a calibration kit to
characterize a netw ork analyzer’s systematic (repeatable) errors.
Corrected (residual) Performance: Indicates performance after error correction
(calibration). It is determined by the quality of ca libration standards and how well “known” they are, plus system repeatability, stability, and noise.
Uncorrec ted (raw) Performance: Indicates instrument performance without error
correction. The unc orrected performance affects the stability of a calib ration.
Standard: When referring to the analyzer, this includes all options unless noted otherwise.

Specifications for Instruments with Multiple Options

For instruments with any or all of the following options, standard instrument specifications apply:
• Option 400
• Option 089
• Option 012 (except where noted) For instruments with Option 089 and Option 007, Option 007 specifications apply. For instruments with Option 089 and Option 085, Option 085 measurement uncertainties
apply, Option 089 R input specifications apply, and all other standard instrument specifications apply .
For preconfigured analyzers, standard instrument specifications apply, except for frequency stability ; Option 1D5 specifications apply.
1-2
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics

Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)

Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
The specifications in this sec tion apply for meas urements made using 10 Hz IF bandwidth, no averaging, and at an environmental temperature of 23 ±3 °C, with less than 1 °C deviation from the calibration temperature. Assumes that an isolation calibration was performed with an averaging factor of 8.
Table 1-1 System Dynamic Range, All Device Connector Types
8719/20ES, All Cal Kits, All Cables, 10 Hz IF BW Description Specificati on Supplemental
Information
System Transmissio n Dynamic Range
8719/20ES (Standard)
50 MHz to 840 MHz 77 dB 840 MHz to 8 GHz 100 dB 8 GHz to 20 GHz 100 dB
8719/20ES (Option 007)
50 MHz to 840 MHz 82 dB 840 MHz to 20 GHz 105 dB
8719/20ES (Option 012 wi th te st set byp as se d)
50 MHz to 500 MHz 115 dB, typ. 500 MHz to 2 GHz 115 dB, typ. 2 GHz to 8 GHz 115 dB, typ. 8 GHz to 13.5 GHz 113 dB, typ.
13.5 GHz to 20 GHz 113 dB, typ.
a
a
b
a. The Syste m Tran sm ission Dynamic Ran ge is calc ulated as the difference
between the receiver noise floor and the lesser of either: the source maximum output or the receiv er maximu m inpu t. The receiver noise floor is speci f i ed as 3 standard deviations above the mean of the linear magnitude noise floor trace over the specified frequency band.
b. The System Transmission Dyn amic Range is calculated as th e diffe renc e
between the receiver noise floor and the lesser of either: the source maximum output or the receiver maximum input. The rece i ver nois e floo r is specif i ed as the me a n of the linear magnitude noise floor trace over the specified frequency band.
1-3
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Table 1-2 System D ynamic Range, All Device Connector Types
8722ES, All Cal Kits, All Cables, 10 Hz IF BW Description Specification Supplemental
Information
System Transmission Dynamic Range
8722ES (Standard)
50 MHz to 840 MHz 67 dB 840 MHz to 8 GHz 93 dB 8 GHz to 20 GHz 91 dB 20 GHz to 40 GHz
8722ES (Option 007)
50 MHz to 840 MHz 72 dB 840 MHz to 8 GHz 98 dB 8 GHz to 20 GHz 96 dB 20 GHz to 40 GHz
8722ES (Option 012 with test set bypassed)
50 MHz to 500 MHz 115 dB, typ. 50 Hz to 8 GHz 115 dB, typ. 8 GHz to 20 GHz 113 dB, typ. 20 GHz to 40 GHz 108 dB, typ.
a
b
80 dB
a
b
85 dB
c
a. The System Transmis sion Dynamic Range is ca lculated as the difference
between the receiver noise floor and the les ser of eithe r: the source maximum output or the receiver maxi mum input . Th e rec ei ve r no ise fl oor is s peci fi ed as 3 standard deviations above the mean of the linear magnitude noise floor trace
over the specified frequency band. b. 3 dB less for Option 085 or Optio n 012 . c. The System Tra nsmission Dynamic Range is calculated as the di fference
between the receiver noise floor and the les ser of eithe r: the source maximum
output or the receiver maximum input. The receiver noise floor is specified as
the mean of th e linear magnitude noise floor trace over the specified frequency
band.
1-4
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Table 1-3 3.5-mm Device Connector T ype
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85052D (3.5-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85131F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 H z, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
50 to 500 MHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz
Directivity (dB) 42 42 38 36 Source Match (dB) 37 37 31 28 Load Match (dB) 42 42 38 36 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .02/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.009 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.040 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.059 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.028 + .02/°C) ±(0.03 + .03/°C) ±(0.096 + .03/°C) ±(0.158 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.185 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.198 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.634 + 0.3/°C) ±(1.04 + 0.5/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-5
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Tab le 1-4 3.5-mm D evice Con nec tor Typ e
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85052B (3.5-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85131F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
50 to 500 MHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz
Directivity (dB) 48 48 44 44 Source Match (dB) 40 40 33 31 Load Match (dB) 48 48 44 44 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .02/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.008 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.040 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.053 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.017 + .02/°C) ±(0.018 + .03/°C) ±(0.066 + .03/°C) ±(0.099 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.112 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.119 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.436 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.653 + 0.5/°C)
Transmission Uncertainty (Specification)
Reflection Uncertainty ( Specification)
1-6
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Tab le 1-5 3.5-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Option 400 Calibration Kit: 85052C (3.5-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85131F Calibration: T RL
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
50 to 500 MHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz
Directivity (dB) 48 48 50 50 Source Match (dB) 40 40 50 50 Load Match (dB) 48 48 50 50 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .02/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.005 + .03/°C) ±(0.005 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0. 033 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.033 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.013 + .02/°C) ±(0.017 + .03/°C) ±(0.016 + .03/°C) ±(0.019 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.086 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.112 + 0.1/°C) ±(0. 107 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.125 + 0.5/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-7
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Tab le 1-6 3.5-mm D evice Con nec tor Typ e
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Op tion 007 Calibration Kit: 85052B (3.5-mm with Sliding Loads, 50 Ω) Cables: 85132F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 0.5 GHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 t0 8GHz 8 to 20 GHz
Directivity (dB) 48 48 44 44 Source Match (dB) 40 39 32 30 Load Match (dB) 48 45 38 37 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .02/°C) ±(0.010 + .03/°C) ±(0.030 + .03/°C) ±(0.031 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.0 66 + 0.1/°C) ±(0. 198 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.205 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.011 + .02/°C) ±(0.016 + .03/°C) ±(0.066 + .03/°C) ±(0.108 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.073 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.1 06 + 0.1/°C) ±(0. 436 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.713 + 0.5/°C)
Transmission Uncertainty (Specification)
Reflection Uncertainty ( Specification)
1-8
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Tab le 1-7 3.5-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Option 007 Calibration Kit: 85052D (3.5-mm 50 Ω) Cables: 85132F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 0.5 GHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 t0 8GHz 8 to 20 GHz
Directivity (dB) 42 42 38 36 Source Match (dB) 37 37 30 28 Load Match (dB) 42 41 36 34 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .02/°C) ±(0.010 + .03/°C) ±(0.030 + .03/°C) ±(0.031 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.038 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.069 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.200 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.205 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.018 + .02/°C) ±(0.019 + .03/°C) ±(0.080 + .03/°C) ±(0.141 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.118 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.123 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.531 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.928 + 0.5/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-9
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Table 1-8 7-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85050B (7-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85132F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
50 to 500 MHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 18 GHz
Directivity (dB) 52 52 52 52 Source Match (dB) 48 48 44 41 Load Match (dB) 51 51 51 51 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .02/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.017 + .03/°C) ±(0.047 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.0 40 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.112 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.310 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.01 + .02/°C) ±(0.011 + .03/°C) ±(0.022 + .03/°C) ±(0.034 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.066 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.0 73 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.145 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.224 + 0.5/°C)
Transmission Uncertainty (Specification)
Reflection Uncertainty ( Specification)
1-10
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Tab le 1-9 7-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Option 400 Calibration Kit: 85050C (7-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85132F Calibration: T RL
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
50 to 500 MHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 18 GHz
Directivity (dB) 52 52 60 60 Source Match (dB) 48 48 57 57 Load Match (dB) 51 51 57 57 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .02/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.005 + .03/°C) ±(0.005 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0. 033 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.33 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.008 + .02/°C) ±(0.009 + .03/°C) ±(0.008 + .03/°C) ±(0.009 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.053 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.059 + 0.1/°C) ±(0. 055 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.059 + 0.5/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-11
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Table 1-10 Type-N Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85054D (Type-N, 50 Ω) Cables: 85132F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
50 to 500 MHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 18 GHz
Directivity (dB) 40 40 36 34 Source Match (dB) 38 38 33 29 Load Match (dB) 40 40 36 34 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .02/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.009 + .03/°C) ±(0.027 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1°C) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.059 + .30/°C) ±(0.178 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.031 + .02/°C) ±(0.033 + .03/°C) ±(0.094 + .03/°C) ±(0.168 + .04/°C) Phase ±(0.205 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.218 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.620 + 0.3/°C) ±(1.109 + 0.5/°C)
Transmission Uncertainty (Specification)
Reflection Uncertainty ( Specification)
1-12
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8719/20ES)
Table 1-11 Type-N Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8719ES/20ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85054B (Type-N, 50 Ω) Cables: 85132F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
50 to 500 MHz 0.5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 18 GHz
Directivity (dB) 48 48 42 42 Source Match (dB) 45 45 36 32 Load Match (dB) 48 48 42 42 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.005 + .02/°C) ±(0.005 + .03/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.015 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.033 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.033 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.040 + .30/°C) ±(0.99 + 0.50/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.014 + .02/°C) ±(0.015 + .03/°C) ±(0.055 + .03/°C) ±(0.093 + .04/°C) Phase(deg) ±(0.092 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.099 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.363 + .30/°C) ±(0.614 + .50/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-13
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics

Corrected System Performance (8722ES)

Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
The specifications in thi s section appl y for measurements made using 10 Hz IF bandwidth, no averaging, and at an environmental temperature of 23 ±3 °C, with less than 1 °C deviation from the c alibration temperature. Assumes that an isolation calibration was performed with an aver aging factor of 8.
1-14
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
Table 1-12 2.4-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8722ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85056A (2.4-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85133F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz 20 to 40 GHz
Directivity (dB) 42 42 42 38 Source Match (dB) 41 38 38 33 Load Match (dB) 42 42 42 38 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.005 + .03/°C) ±(0.010 + .03/°C) ±(0.010 + .04/°C) ±(0.021 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.033 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.066 + 0.3/°C) ±(0. 066 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.139 + 1.0/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.020 + .03/°C) ±(0.038 + .03/°C) ±(0.048 + .04/°C) ±(0.110 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.132 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.251 + 0.3/°C) ±(0. 317 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.736 + 1.0/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-15
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
Table 1-13 2.4-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8722ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85056D (2.4-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85133F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz 20 to 40 GHz
Directivity (dB) 42 42 34 26 Source Match (dB) 40 40 30 23 Load Match (dB) 42 42 34 26 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.029 + .03/°C) ±(0.029 + .04/°C) ±(0.080 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.191 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.191 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.528 + 1.0/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.022 + .03/°C) ±(0.034 + .03/°C) ±(0.116 + .04/°C) ±(0.372 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.145 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.224 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.766 + 0.5/°C) ±(2.455 + 1.0/°C)
Transmission Uncertainty (Specification)
Reflection Uncertainty ( Specification)
1-16
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
Table 1-14 3.5-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8722ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85052D (3.5-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85131F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz 20 to 26.5 GHz
Directivity (dB) 42 38 36 30 Source Match (dB) 37 31 28 25 Load Match (dB) 42 38 36 30 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.009 + .04/°C) ±(0.012 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.040 + 0.30/°C) ±(0.059 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.079 + 1.0/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.026 + .03/°C) ±(0.071 + .03/°C) ±(0.121 + .04/°C) ±(0.266 + .06/°C) Phase(deg) ±(0.172 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.469 + 0.3 /°C) ±(0.792 + 0.5 /°C) ±(1.782 + 1.0/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-17
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
Table 1-15 3.5-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8722ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85052B (3.5-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85131F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz 20 to 26.5 GHz
Directivity (dB) 48 44 44 44 Source Match (dB) 40 33 31 31 Load Match (dB) 48 44 44 44 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.008 + .04/°C) ±(0.008 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.0 40 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.053 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.053 + 1.0/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.017 + .03/°C) ±(0.049 + .03/°C) ±(0.077 + .04/°C) ±(0.102 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.112 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.3 23 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.508 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.673 + 1.0/°C)
Transmission Uncertainty (Specification)
Reflection Uncertainty ( Specification)
1-18
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
Table 1-16 3.5-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8722ES, O ption 400 Calibration Kit: 85052C (3.5-mm, 50 Ω) Cables: 85131F Calibration: TRL
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz 20 to 26.5 GHz
Directivity (dB) 48 50 50 50 Source Match (dB) 40 50 50 50 Load Match (dB) 48 50 50 50 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.005 + .03/°C) ±(0.005 + .04/°C) ±(0.005 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.033 + 0.3/°C) ±(0. 033 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.033 + 1.0/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.017 + .03/°C) ±(0.013 + .03/°C) ±(0.016 + .04/°C) ±(0.023 + .06/°C) Phase(deg) ±(0.112 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.086 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.106 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.152 + 1.0/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-19
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
Table 1-17 Type-N Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8722ES, Standard Calibration Kit: 85054D (Type-N, 50 Ω) Cables: 85132F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 18 GHz
Directivity (dB) 40 36 34 Source Match (dB) 38 33 29 Load Match (dB) 40 36 34 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.006 + .03/°C) ±(0.009 + .03/°C) ±(0.027 + .04/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.040 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.059 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.178 + 0.5/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.026 + .03/°C) ±(0.070 + .03/°C) ±(0.128 + .04/°C) Phase(deg) ±(0.172 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.462 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.845 + 0.5/°C)
Transmission Uncertainty (Specification)
Reflection Uncertainty ( Specification)
1-20
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Characteristics
Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
Table 1-18 2.4-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8722ES, O ption 007 Calibration Kit: 85056A (2.4-mm with sliding loads, 50 Ω) Cables: 85133F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz 20 to 40 GHz
Directivity (dB) 42 42 42 38 Source Match (dB) 40 35 34 31 Load Match (dB) 41 38 37 35 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.011 + .03/°C) ±(0.037 + .03/°C) ±(0.039 + .04/°C) ±(0.047 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.007 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.007 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.035 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.140 + 1.0/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.021 + .03/°C) ±(0.054 + .03/°C) ±(0.085 + .04/°C) ±(0.149 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.139 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.042 + 0.3/°C) ±(0.561 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.983 + 1.0/°C)
Transmis sion Uncertainty ( Specification)
Reflection Un ce rtainty (Specifi cat ion)
1-21
8719/20/22ES Specifications and Character istics
Corrected System Performance (8722ES)
Table 1-19 2.4-mm Device Connector Type
Network Analyzer: 8722ES, Option 007 Calibration Kit: 85056D (2.4-mm 50 Ω) Cables: 85133F Calibration: Full 2-Port
IF BW = 10 Hz, Avg off, Temp = 23 ± 3 °C with < 1 °C deviation from cal temp, Isol cal with avg = 8
Description Specification
0.05 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 8 to 20 GHz 20 to 40 GHz
Directivity (dB) 42 42 34 26 Source Match (dB) 39 35 29 23 Load Match (dB) 41 38 33 26 Refl. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.011 + .03/°C) ±(0.046 + .03/°C) ±(0.048 + .04/°C) ±(0.090 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.074 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.3 03 + 0.3/°C) ±(0. 314 + 0.5/°C) ±(0.593 + 1.0/°C)
Trans. Tracking
Magnitude (dB) ±(0.021 + .03/°C) ±(0.054 + .03/°C) ±(0.130 + .04/°C) ±(0.367 + .06/°C) Phase (deg) ±(0.147 + 0.1/°C) ±(0.3 51 + 0.3/°C) ±(0. 860 + 0.5/°C) ±(2.420 + 1.0/°C)
Transmission Uncertainty (Specification)
Reflection Uncertainty ( Specification)
1-22
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