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Manual Part Number
75015-97057
Edition
Eighth edition, August 2017
Printed in Malaysia
Published by:
Keysight Technologies, Inc.
1900 Garden of the Gods Road
Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
Print History
75015-97000, January 2011
75015-97011, February 2011
75015-97012, June 2011
75015-97023, March 2012
75015-97034, July 2012
75015-97045, April 2013
75015-97056, April 2017
75015-97057, August 2017
Warranty
The material contained in this document is
provided "as is," and is subject to being
changed, without notice, in future editions.
Further, to the maximum extent permitted
by applicable law, Keysight disclaims all
warranties, either express or implied, with
regard to this manual and any information
contained herein, incl uding but not l imited
to the implied warranties of merchantability
and fitness for a particular purpose.
Keysight shall not be liable for errors or for
incidental or consequential damages in
connection with the furnishing, use, or
performance of this document or of any
information contained herein. Should
Keysight and the user have a separate
written agreement with warranty terms
covering the material in this document that
conflict with these terms, the warranty
terms in the separate agreement shall
control.
Technology License
The hardware and/or software described in
this document are furnished under a license
and may be used or copied only in
accordance with the terms of such license.
U.S. Government Rights
The Software is "commercial computer
software," as defined by Federal Acquisition
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12.212 and 27.405-3 and Department of
Defense FAR Supplement ("DFARS")
227.7202, the U.S. government acquires
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Accordingly, Keysight provides the Software
to U.S. government customers under its
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license set forth therein, does not require or
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Furnish technical information related to
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documentation that is not customarily
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and DFARS 227.7102, the U.S. government
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(c), as applicable in any technical data.
Safety Notices
This product has been designed and tested in
accordance with accepted industry
standards, and has been supplied in a safe
condition. The documentation contains
information and warnings that must be
followed by the user to ensure safe operation
and to maintain the product in a safe
condition.
A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard.
It calls attention to an operating
procedure, practice, or the like that,
if not correctly performed or
adhered to, could result in damage
to the product or loss of important
data. Do not proceed beyond a
CAUTION notice until the indicated
conditions are fully understood and
met.
A WARNING notice denotes a
hazard. It calls attention to an
operating procedure, practice, or
the like that, if not correctly
performed or adhered to, could
result in personal injury or death.
Do not proceed beyond a WARNING
notice until the indicated
conditions are fully understood and
met.
An MSO lets you debug your mixed-signal designs using analog signals and
tightly correlated digital signals simultaneously. The 8 digital channels have a
1 GSa/s sample rate, with a 50 MHz toggle rate.
•8.5 inch WVGA display.
•Interleaved 2 GSa/s or non-interleaved 1 GSa/s sample rate.
•100 Kpts per channel MegaZoom IV acquisition memory for the fastest
waveform update rates, uncompromised. Upgradeable to 1 Mpts per channel.
•All knobs are pushable for making quick selections.
•Trigger types: edge, pulse width, pattern, and video.
•Serial decode/trigger options for: CAN/LIN, I
is a Lister for displaying serial decode packets.
Digital channels and serial decode cannot be on at the same time. The [Serial]
key takes precedence over the [Digital] key. Serial triggers can be used when
digital channels are on.
•Math waveforms: add, subtract, multiply, and FFT.
•Reference waveforms (2) for comparing with other channel or math waveforms.
•USB ports make printing, saving and sharing data easy.
•Optional LAN/VGA module for connecting to a network and displaying the
screen on a different monitor.
•Optional GPIB module.
•A Quick Help system is built into the oscilloscope. Press and hold any key to
display Quick Help. Complete instructions for using the quick help system are
given in “Access the Built-In Quick Help" on page 47.
2
C/SPI, and UART/RS232. There
For more information about InfiniiVision oscilloscopes, see:
For reference information, see:• Chapter 22, “Reference,” starting on page 283
NOTE
When using licensed serial bus
triggering and decode features, see:
Abbreviated instructions for pressing a series of keys and softkeys
Instructions for pressing a series of keys are written in an abbreviated manner. Instructions for
pressing [Key1], then pressing Softkey2, then pressing Softkey3 are abbreviated as follows:
Press [Key1]> Softkey2 > Softkey3.
The keys may be a front panel [Key] or a Softkey. Softkeys are the six keys located directly
below the oscilloscope display.
• Chapter 23, “CAN/LIN Triggering and Serial Decode,”
starting on page 301
• Chapter 24, “I2C/SPI Triggering and Serial Decode,”
To load a list of labels from a text file you create / 122
To reset the label library to the factory default / 123
Adjusting the Trigger Level / 126
Forcing a Trigger / 127
Edge Trigger / 127
Pattern Trigger / 130
Hex Bus Pattern Trigger / 132
Pulse Width Trigger / 132
Video Trigger / 135
To trigger on a specific line of video / 138
To trigger on all sync pulses / 140
To trigger on a specific field of the video signal / 140
To trigger on all fields of the video signal / 141
To trigger on odd or even fields / 142
Serial Trigger / 144
11Trigger Mode/Coupling
To select the Auto or Normal trigger mode / 148
To select the trigger coupling / 149
To enable or disable trigger noise rejection / 151
To select generated waveform types and settings / 217
To output the waveform generator sync pulse / 220
To specify the expected output load / 220
To use waveform generator logic presets / 221
To add noise to the waveform generator output / 222
To add modulation to the waveform generator output / 222
To restore waveform generator defaults / 227
How is mask testing done? / 212
To set up Amplitude Modulation (AM) / 223
To set up Frequency Modulation (FM) / 224
To set up Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation (FSK) / 226
18Save/Recall (Setups, Screens, Data)
Saving Setups, Screen Images, or Data / 229
To save setup files / 231
To save BMP or PNG image files / 231
To save CSV, ASCII XY, or BIN data files / 232
Length Control / 233
To save Lister data files / 234
To save reference waveform files to a USB storage device / 235
To save masks / 235
To navigate storage locations / 236
To enter file names / 236
Recalling Setups, Masks, or Reference Waveforms / 237
To recall setup files / 237
To recall mask files / 238
To recall reference waveform files from a USB storage
device / 238
Recalling Default Setups / 238
Performing a Secure Erase / 239
To print the oscilloscope's display / 241
To set up network printer connections / 242
To specify the print options / 244
To specify the palette option / 244
I/O Interface Settings / 247
Setting up the Oscilloscope's LAN Connection / 248
To establish a LAN connection / 249
Stand-alone (Point-to-Point) Connection to a PC / 250
File Explorer / 251
Setting Oscilloscope Preferences / 253
To choose "expand about" center or ground / 253
To disable/enable transparent backgrounds / 254
To load the default label library / 254
To set up the screen saver / 254
To set AutoScale preferences / 255
To perform hardware self test / 260
To perform front panel self test / 261
To display oscilloscope information / 261
To display the user calibration status / 261
To clean the oscilloscope / 261
To check warranty and extended services status / 261
To contact Keysight / 262
To return the instrument / 262
Configuring the [Quick Action] Key / 262
Adding an Annotation / 263
Accessing the Web Interface / 268
Browser Web Control / 269
Real Scope Remote Front Panel / 270
Simple Remote Front Panel / 271
Browser-Based Remote Front Panel / 272
Remote Programming via the Web Interface / 273
Remote Programming with Keysight IO Libraries / 274
Save/Recall / 275
Saving Files via the Web Interface / 275
Recalling Files via the Web Interface / 276
Interpreting UART/RS232 Decode / 340
UART/RS232 Totalizer / 341
Interpreting UART/RS232 Lister Data / 342
Searching for UART/RS232 Data in the Lister / 342
Inspect the Package Contents / 23
Tilt the Oscilloscope for Easy Viewing / 26
Power-On the Oscilloscope / 27
Connect Probes to the Oscilloscope / 28
Input a Waveform / 29
Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup / 29
Use Auto Scale / 30
Compensate Passive Probes / 32
Learn the Front Panel Controls and Connectors / 33
Learn the Rear Panel Connectors / 43
Learn the Oscilloscope Display / 45
Access the Built-In Quick Help / 47
This chapter describes the steps you take when using the oscilloscope for the first
time.
Inspect the Package Contents
• Inspect the shipping container for damage.
If your shipping container appears to be damaged, keep the shipping container
or cushioning material until you have inspected the contents of the shipment
for completeness and have checked the oscilloscope mechanically and
electrically.
• Verify that you received the following items and any optional accessories you
may have ordered:
23
1Getting Started
• InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series oscilloscope.
• Power cord (country of origin determines specific type).
This instrument has auto-ranging line voltage input. Be sure the supply voltage is within
the specified range and voltage fluctuations do not to exceed 10 percent of the nominal
supply voltage.
The air intake and exhaust areas must be free from obstructions. Unrestricted air
flow is required for proper cooling. Always ensure that the air intake and exhaust
areas are free from obstructions.
The fan draws air in from the left side and bottom of the oscilloscope and pushes it
out behind the oscilloscope.
1Getting Started
WARNING
CAUTION
When using the oscilloscope in a bench-top setting, provide at least 2" clearance
at the sides and 4" (100 mm) clearance above and behind the oscilloscope for
proper cooling.
To power-on the
oscilloscope
1 Connect the power cord to the rear of the oscilloscope, then to a suitable AC
voltage source. Route the power cord so the oscilloscope's feet and legs do not
pinch the cord.
Install the instrument so that the detachable power cord is readily identifiable
and is easily reached by the operator. The detachable power cord is the
instrument disconnecting device. It disconnects the mains circuits from the
mains supply before other parts of the instrument. The front panel switch is only
a standby switch and is not a LINE switch. Alternatively, an externally installed
switch or circuit breaker (which is readily identifiable and is easily reached by
the operator) may be used as a disconnecting device.
2 The oscilloscope automatically adjusts for input line voltages in the range 100
to 240 VAC. The line cord provided is matched to the country of origin.
Always use a grounded power cord. Do not defeat the power cord ground.
3 Press the power switch.
The power switch is located on the lower left corner of the front panel. The
oscilloscope will perform a self-test and will be operational in a few seconds.
1 Connect the oscilloscope probe to an oscilloscope channel BNC connector.
2 Connect the probe's retractable hook tip to the point of interest on the circuit or
device under test. Be sure to connect the probe ground lead to a ground point
on the circuit.
Maximum input voltage at analog inputs
135 Vrms
Getting Started1
CAUTION
CAUTION
WARNING
When measuring voltages over 30 V, use a 10:1 probe.
Do not float the oscilloscope chassis
Defeating the ground connection and "floating" the oscilloscope chassis will probably
result in inaccurate measurements and may also cause equipment damage. The probe
ground lead is connected to the oscilloscope chassis and the ground wire in the power
cord. If you need to measure between two live points, use a differential probe with
sufficient dynamic range.
Do not negate the protective action of the ground connection to the oscilloscope. The
oscilloscope must remain grounded through its power cord. Defeating the ground
creates an electric shock hazard.
Input a Waveform
The first signal to input to the oscilloscope is the Demo 2, Probe Comp signal. This
signal is used for compensating probes.
1 Connect an oscilloscope probe from channel 1 to the Demo 2 (Probe Comp)
terminal on the front panel.
2 Connect the probe's ground lead to the ground terminal (next to the Demo 2
terminal).
Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup
To recall the default oscilloscope setup:
1 Press [Default Setup].
The default setup restores the oscilloscope's default settings. This places the
oscilloscope in a known operating condition. The major default settings are:
HorizontalNormal mode, 100 µs/div scale, 0 s delay, center time reference.
Vertical (Analog)Channel 1 on, 5 V/d iv scale, DC coupling, 0 V position.
TriggerEdge trigger, Auto trigger mode, 0 V level, channel 1 source, DC coupling, rising
edge slope, 40 ns holdoff time.
DisplayPersistence off, 20% grid intensity.
OtherAcquire mode normal, [Run/Stop] to Run, cursors and measurements off.
LabelsAll custom labels that you have created in the Label Library are preserved (not
erased), but all channel labels will be set to their original names.
In the Save/Recall Menu, there are also options for restoring the complete factory
settings (see “Recalling Default Setups" on page 238) or performing a secure
erase (see “Performing a Secure Erase" on page 239).
Use [Auto Scale] to automatically configure the oscilloscope to best display the
input signals.
1 Press [Auto Scale].
You should see a waveform on the oscilloscope's display similar to this:
2 If you want to return to the oscilloscope settings that existed before, press Undo
AutoScale.
3 If you want to enable "fast debug" autoscaling, change the channels
autoscaled, or preserve the acquisition mode during autoscale, press Fast
Debug, Channels, or Acq Mode.
These are the same softkeys that appear in the AutoScale Preferences Menu.
See “To set AutoScale preferences" on page 255.
If you see the waveform, but the square wave is not shaped correctly as shown
above, perform the procedure “Compensate Passive Probes" on page 32.
If you do not see the waveform, make sure the probe is connected securely to the
front panel channel input BNC and to the left side, Demo 2, Probe Comp terminal.
Auto Scale analyzes any waveforms present at each channel and at the external
trigger input. This includes the digital channels, if connected.
Auto Scale finds, turns on, and scales any channel with a repetitive waveform that
has a frequency of at least 25 Hz, a duty cycle greater than 0.5%, and an
amplitude of at least 10 mV peak-to-peak. Any channels that do not meet these
requirements are turned off.
1Getting Started
The trigger source is selected by looking for the first valid waveform starting with
external trigger, then continuing with the lowest number analog channel up to the
highest number analog channel, and finally (if digital probes are connected) the
highest number digital channel.
During Auto Scale, the delay is set to 0.0 seconds, the horizontal time/div (sweep
speed) setting is a function of the input signal (about 2 periods of the triggered
signal on the screen), and the triggering mode is set to Edge.
Compensate Passive Probes
Each oscilloscope passive probe must be compensated to match the input
characteristics of the oscilloscope channel to which it is connected. A poorly
compensated probe can introduce significant measurement errors.
1 Input the Probe Comp signal (see “Input a Waveform" on page 29).
2 Press [Default Setup] to recall the default oscilloscope setup (see “Recall the
Default Oscilloscope Setup" on page 29).
3 Press [Auto Scale] to automatically configure the oscilloscope for the Probe
Comp signal (see “Use Auto Scale" on page 30).
4 Press the channel key to which the probe is connected ([1], [2], etc.).
5 In the Channel Menu, press Probe.
6 In the Channel Probe Menu, press Probe Check; then, follow the instructions
on-screen.
If necessary, use a nonmetallic tool (supplied with the probe) to adjust the
trimmer capacitor on the probe for the flattest pulse possible.
On the N2862/63/90 probes, the trimmer capacitor is the yellow adjustment on
the probe tip. On other probes, the trimmer capacitor is located on the probe
BNC connector.
Softkey specifically refers to the six keys that are directly below the display. The
legend for these keys is directly above them, on the display. Their functions
change as you navigate through the oscilloscope's menus.
For the following figure, refer to the numbered descriptions in the table that
follows.
1.Power switchPress once to switch power on; press again to switch power off. See
“Power-On the Oscilloscope" on page 27.
2.SoftkeysThe functions of these keys change based upon the menus shown on the
display directly above the keys.
The Back/Up key moves up in the softkey menu hierarchy. At the top
of the hierarchy, the Back/Up key turns the menus off, and
oscilloscope information is shown instead.
3.[Intensity] keyPress the key to illuminate it. When illuminated, turn the Entry knob to
adjust waveform intensity.
You can vary the intensity control to bring out signal detail, much like an
analog oscilloscope.
Digital channel waveform intensity is not adjustable.
More details about using the Intensity control to view signal detail are on
“To adjust waveform intensity" on page 113.
Getting Started1
4.Entry knobThe Entry knob is used to select items from menus and to change values.
The function of the Entry knob changes based upon the current menu and
softkey selections.
Note that the curved arrow symbol above the entry knob illuminates
whenever the entry knob can be used to select a value. Also, note that
when the Entry knob symbol appears on a softkey, you can use the
Entry knob, to select values.
Often, rotating the Entry knob is enough to make a selection. Sometimes,
you can push the Entry knob to enable or disable a selection. Pushing the
Entry knob also makes popup menus disappear.
5.Tools keysThe Tools keys consist of:
• [Utility] key — Press this key to access the Utility Menu, which lets you
configure the oscilloscope's I/O settings, use the file explorer, set
preferences, access the service menu, and choose other options. See
Chapter 20, “Utility Settings,” starting on page 247.
•[Quick Action] key — Press this key to perform the selected quick
action: measure all snapshot, print, save, recall, freeze display. and
more. See “Configuring the [Quick Action] Key" on page 262.
•[Analyze] key — Press this key to access analysis features like mask
testing (see Chapter 15, “Mask Testing,” starting on page 201), trigger
level setting, measurement threshold setting, or Video trigger automatic
set up and display.
•[Wave Gen] key — Press this key to access waveform generator
functions. See Chapter 17, “Waveform Generator,” starting on page
217.
6.Trigger controlsThese controls determine how the oscilloscope triggers to capture data.
See Chapter 10, “Triggers,” starting on page 125 and Chapter 11,
“Trigger Mode/Coupling,” starting on page 147.
• Horizontal scale knob — Turn the knob in the Horizontal section that is
marked to adjust the time/div (sweep speed) setting. The
symbols under the knob indicate that this control has the effect of
spreading out or zooming in on the waveform using the horizontal scale.
• Horizontal position knob — Turn the knob marked to pan through
the waveform data horizontally. You can see the captured waveform
before the trigger (turn the knob clockwise) or after the trigger (turn the
knob counterclockwise). If you pan through the waveform when the
oscilloscope is stopped (not in Run mode) then you are looking at the
waveform data from the last acquisition taken.
•[Horiz] key — Press this key to open the Horizontal Menu where you can
select XY and Roll modes, enable or disable Zoom, enable or d isable
horizontal time/division fine adjustment, and select the trigger time
reference point.
• Zoom key — Press the zoom key to split the oscilloscope
display into Normal and Zoom sections without opening the Horizontal
Menu.
•[Search] key — Lets you search for events in the acquired data.
•[Navigate] keys — Press this key to navigate through captured data
(Time), search events, or segmented memory acquisitions. See
“Navigating the Time Base" on page 59.
For more information see Chapter 2, “Horizontal Controls,” starting on
page 49.
8.Run Control
keys
9.[Default Setup]
key
When the [Run/Stop] key is green, the oscilloscope is running, that is,
acquiring data when trigger conditions are met. To stop acquiring data,
press [Run/Stop].
When the [Run/Stop] key is red, data acquisition is stopped. To start
acquiring data, press [Run/Stop].
To capture and display a single acquisition (whether the oscilloscope is
running or stopped), press [Single]. The [Single] key is yellow until the
oscilloscope triggers.
For more information, see “Running, Stopping, and Making Single
Acquisitions (Run Control)" on page 155.
Press this key to restore the oscilloscope's default settings (details on
“Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup" on page 29).
When you press the [AutoScale] key, the oscilloscope will quickly
determine which channels have activity, and it will turn these channels on
and scale them to display the input signals. See “Use Auto Scale" on
page 30.
•[Math] key — provides access to math (add, subtract, etc.) waveform
functions. See Chapter 4, “Math Waveforms,” starting on page 71.
•[Ref] key — provides access to reference waveform functions. Reference
waveforms are saved waveforms that can be displayed and compared
against other analog channel or math waveforms. See Chapter 5,
“Reference Waveforms,” starting on page 85.
•[Digital] key — Press this key to turn the digital channels on or off (the
arrow to the left will illuminate).
When the arrow to the left of the [Digital] key is illuminated, the upper
multiplexed knob selects (and highlights in red) individual d igital
channels, and the lower multiplexed knob positions the selected digital
channel.
If a trace is repositioned over an existing trace the indicator at the left
edge of the trace will change from Dn designation (where n is a one
digit channel number from 0 to 7) to D*. The "*" indicates that two
channels are overlaid.
You can rotate the upper knob to select an overlaid channel, then rotate
the lower knob to position it just as you would any other channel.
For more information on digital channels see Chapter 6, “Digital
Channels,” starting on page 89.
•[Serial] key — This key is used to enable serial decode. The multiplexed
scale and position knobs are not used with serial decode. For more
information on serial decode, see Chapter 7, “Serial Decode,” starting
on page 107.
Digital channels and serial decode cannot be on at the same time. The
[Serial] key takes precedence over the [Digital] key. Serial triggers can
be used when digital channels are on.
• Multiplexed scale knob — This scale knob is used with Math, Ref, or
Digital waveforms, whichever has the illuminated arrow to the left. For
math and reference waveforms, the scale knob acts like an analog
channel vertical scale knob.
• Multiplexed position knob — This position knob is used with Math, Ref,
or Digital waveforms, whichever has the illuminated arrow to the left.
For math and reference waveforms, the position knob acts like an
analog channel vertical position knob.
13.Waveform keysThe [Acquire] key lets you select Normal, Peak Detect, Averaging, or High
14.File keysPress the [Save/Recall] key to save or recall a waveform or setup. See
15.[Help] keyOpens the Help Menu where you can display overview help topics and
The measure controls consist of:
• Cursors knob — Push this knob select cursors from a popup menu. Then,
after the popup menu closes (either by timeout or by pushing the knob
again), rotate the knob to adjust the selected cursor position.
•[Cursors] key — Press this key to open a menu that lets you select the
cursors mode and source.
•[Meas] key — Press this key to access a set of predefined
measurements. See Chapter 14, “Measurements,” starting on page
181.
Resolution acquisition modes (see “Selecting the Acquisition
Mode" on page 161) and use segmented memory (see “Acquiring to
Segmented Memory" on page 167).
The [Display] key lets you access the menu where you can enable
persistence (see “To set or clear persistence" on page 115), clear the
display, and adjust the display grid (graticule) intensity (see “To adjust
the grid intensity" on page 117).
Chapter 18, “Save/Recall (Setups, Screens, Data),” starting on page 229.
The [Print] key opens the Print Configuration Menu so you can print the
displayed waveforms. See Chapter 19, “Print (Screens),” starting on page
241.
select the Language. See also “Access the Built-In Quick Help" on
page 47.
19.USB Host portThis port is for connecting USB mass storage devices or printers to the
oscilloscope.
Connect a USB compliant mass storage device (flash drive, d isk drive, etc.)
to save or recall oscilloscope setup files and reference waveforms or to
save data and screen images. See Chapter 18, “Save/Recall (Setups,
Screens, Data),” starting on page 229.
To print, connect a USB compliant printer. For more information about
printing see Chapter 19, “Print (Screens),” starting on page 241.
You can also use the USB port to update the oscilloscope's system
software when updates are available.
You do not need to take special precautions before removing the USB mass
storage device from the oscilloscope (you do not need to "eject" it). Simply
unplug the USB mass storage device from the oscilloscope when the file
operation is complete.
CAUTION:Do not connect a host computer to the oscilloscope's USB
host port. Use the device port. A host computer sees the oscilloscope as a
device, so connect the host computer to the oscilloscope's device port (on
the rear panel). See “I/O Interface Settings" on page 247.
There is a second USB host port on the back panel.
20.Digital channel
inputs
Connect the digital probe cable to this connector (MSO models only). See
Chapter 6, “Digital Channels,” starting on page 89.
21.Waveform
generator
output
Outputs sine, square, ramp, pulse, DC, or noise on the Gen Out BNC. Press
the [Wave Gen] key to set up the waveform generator. See Chapter 17,
“Waveform Generator,” starting on page 217.
Front Panel Overlays for Different Languages
Front panel overlays, which have translations for the English front panel keys and
label text, are available in 10 languages. The appropriate overlay is included when
the localization option is chosen at time of purchase.
To install a front panel overlay:
1 Gently pull on the front panel knobs to remove them.
2 Insert the overlay's side tabs into the slots on the front panel.
7.USB Host portThis port functions identically to the USB host port on the front panel. USB
See “To perform user calibration" on page 257.
External trigger input BNC connector. See “External Trigger Input" on
page 152 for an explanation of this feature.
This port is for connecting the oscilloscope to a host PC. You can issue
remote commands from a host PC to the oscilloscope via the USB device
port. See “Remote Programming with Keysight IO Libraries" on
page 274.
Host Port is used for saving data from the oscilloscope and loading
software updates. See also USB Host port (see page 41).
Learn the Oscilloscope Display
The oscilloscope display contains acquired waveforms, setup information,
measurement results, and the softkey definitions.
Status lineThe top line of the d isplay contains vertical, horizontal, and trigger setup
information.
Display areaThe display area contains the waveform acquisitions, channel identifiers, and
analog trigger, and ground level indicators. Each analog channel's information
Information areaThe information area normally contains acquisition, analog channel, automatic
Menu lineThis line normally contains menu name or other information associated with the
appears in a different color.
Signal detail is displayed using 256 levels of intensity. For more information
about viewing signal detail see “To adjust waveform intensity" on
page 113.
For more information about display modes see Chapter 8, “Display Settings,”
starting on page 113.
measurement, and cursor results.
selected menu.
Getting Started1
Back
Quick Help
message
Press and hold front panel key or softkey
(or right-click softkey when using web browser remote front panel).
Softkey labelsThese labels describe softkey functions. Typically, softkeys let you set up
additional parameters for the selected mode or menu.
Pressing the Back/Up key at the top of the menu hierarchy turns off softkey
labels and d isplays additional status information describing channel offset and
other configuration parameters.
Access the Built-In Quick Help
To view Quick Help1 Press and hold the key or softkey for which you would like to view help.
Quick Help remains on the screen until another key is pressed or a knob is turned.
To select the user interface and Quick Help language:
1 Press [Help], then press the Language softkey.
2 Repeatedly press and release the Language softkey or rotate the Entry knob until
the desired language is selected.
1Getting Started
The following languages are available: English, French, German, Italian, Japanese,
Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, and Traditional
Chinese.
To adjust the horizontal (time/div) scale / 50
To adjust the horizontal delay (position) / 51
Panning and Zooming Single or Stopped Acquisitions / 52
To change the horizontal time mode (Normal, XY, or Roll) / 52
To display the zoomed time base / 56
To change the horizontal scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting / 57
To position the time reference (left, center, right) / 58
Searching for Events / 58
Navigating the Time Base / 59
The horizontal controls include:
• The horizontal scale and position knobs.
•The [Horiz] key for accessing the Horizontal Menu.
• The zoom key for quickly enabling/disabling the split-screen zoom display.
•The [Search] key for finding events on analog channels or in serial decode.
•The [Navigate] keys for navigating time, search events, or segmented memory
acquisitions.
The following figure shows the Horizontal Menu which appears after pressing the
[Horiz] key.
49
2Horizontal Controls
Trigger
point
Sample rate
Time
reference
Delay
time
Time/
div
Trigger
source
Trigger level
or threshold
XY or Roll
mode
Normal
time mode
Zoomed
time base
Fine
control
Time
reference
Figure 2 Horizontal Menu
The Horizontal Menu lets you select the time mode (Normal, XY, or Roll), enable
Zoom, set the time base fine control (vernier), and specify the time reference.
The current sample rate is displayed above the Fine and Time Ref softkeys.
To adjust the horizontal (time/div) scale
1 Turn the large horizontal scale (sweep speed) knob marked to
change the horizontal time/div setting.
Notice how the time/div information in the status line changes.
The ∇ symbol at the top of the display indicates the time reference point.
The horizontal scale knob works (in the Normal time mode) while acquisitions are
running or when they are stopped. When running, adjusting the horizontal scale
knob changes the sample rate. When stopped, adjusting the horizontal scale knob
lets you zoom into acquired data. See “Panning and Zooming Single or Stopped
Acquisitions" on page 52.
Note that the horizontal scale knob has a different purpose in the Zoom display.
See “To display the zoomed time base" on page 56.
To adjust the horizontal delay (position)
1 Turn the horizontal delay (position) knob ().
The trigger point moves horizontally, pausing at 0.00 s (mimicking a
mechanical detent), and the delay value is displayed in the status line.
Changing the delay time moves the trigger point (solid inverted triangle)
horizontally and indicates how far it is from the time reference point (hollow
inverted triangle ∇). These reference points are indicated along the top of the
display grid.
Horizontal Controls2
Figure 2 shows the trigger point with the delay time set to 200 µs. The delay time
number tells you how far the time reference point is located from the trigger point.
When delay time is set to zero, the delay time indicator overlays the time reference
indicator.
All events displayed left of the trigger point happened before the trigger occurred.
These events are called pre-trigger information, and they show events that led up
to the trigger point.
Everything to the right of the trigger point is called post-trigger information. The
amount of delay range (pre-trigger and post-trigger information) available
depends on the time/div selected and memory depth.
The horizontal position knob works (in the Normal time mode) while acquisitions
are running or when they are stopped. When running, adjusting the horizontal
scale knob changes the sample rate. When stopped, adjusting the horizontal scale
knob lets you zoom into acquired data. See “Panning and Zooming Single or
Note that the horizontal position knob has a different purpose in the Zoom display.
See “To display the zoomed time base" on page 56.
Panning and Zooming Single or Stopped Acquisitions
When the oscilloscope is stopped, use the horizontal scale and position knobs to
pan and zoom your waveform. The stopped display may contain several
acquisitions worth of information, but only the last acquisition is available for pan
and zoom.
The ability to pan (move horizontally) and scale (expand or compress horizontally)
an acquired waveform is important because of the additional insight it can reveal
about the captured waveform. This additional insight is often gained from seeing
the waveform at different levels of abstraction. You may want to view both the big
picture and the specific little picture details.
The ability to examine waveform detail after the waveform has been acquired is a
benefit generally associated with digital oscilloscopes. Often this is simply the
ability to freeze the display for the purpose of measuring with cursors or printing
the screen. Some digital oscilloscopes go one step further by including the ability
to further examine the signal details after acquiring them by panning through the
waveform and changing the horizontal scale.
There is no limit imposed on the scaling ratio between the time/div used to
acquire the data and the time/div used to view the data. There is, however, a
useful limit. This useful limit is somewhat a function of the signal you are
analyzing.
Zooming into stopped acquisitions
The screen will still contain a relatively good display if you zoom-in horizontally by a factor of
1000 and zoom-in vertically by a factor of 10 to display the information from where it was
acquired. Remember that you can only make automatic measurements on displayed data.
To change the horizontal time mode (Normal, XY, or Roll)
1 Press [Horiz].
2 In the Horizontal Menu, press Time Mode; then, select:
• Normal — the normal viewing mode for the oscilloscope.
In the Normal time mode, signal events occurring before the trigger are
plotted to the left of the trigger point (▼) and signal events after the trigger
plotted to the right of the trigger point.
• XY — XY mode changes the display from a volts-versus-time display to a
volts-versus-volts display. The time base is turned off. Channel 1 amplitude
is plotted on the X-axis and Channel 2 amplitude is plotted on the Y-axis.
You can use XY mode to compare frequency and phase relationships
between two signals. XY mode can also be used with transducers to display
strain versus displacement, flow versus pressure, volts versus current, or
voltage versus frequency.
Use the cursors to make measurements on XY mode waveforms.
For more information about using XY mode for measurements, refer to “XY
Time Mode" on page 53.
• Roll — causes the waveform to move slowly across the screen from right to
left. It only operates on time base settings of 50 ms/div and slower. If the
current time base setting is faster than the 50 ms/div limit, it will be set to
50 ms/div when Roll mode is entered.
In Roll mode there is no trigger. The fixed reference point on the screen is the
right edge of the screen and refers to the current moment in time. Events
that have occurred are scrolled to the left of the reference point. Since there
is no trigger, no pre-trigger information is available.
If you would like to pause the display in Roll mode press the [Single] key. To
clear the display and restart an acquisition in Roll mode, press the [Single]
key again.
Use Roll mode on low-frequency waveforms to yield a display much like a
strip chart recorder. It allows the waveform to roll across the display.
XY Time Mode
The XY time mode converts the oscilloscope from a volts-versus-time display to a
volts-versus-volts display using two input channels. Channel 1 is the X-axis input,
channel 2 is the Y-axis input. You can use various transducers so the display could
show strain versus displacement, flow versus pressure, volts versus current, or
voltage versus frequency.
6 Move the Y1 and Y2 cursors to the intersection of the signal and the Y axis.
Again, note the ΔY value.
Figure 4 Phase d ifference measurements, automatic and using cursors
7 Calculate the phase difference using the formula below.
For example, if the first ΔY value is 1.688 and the second ΔY value is 1.031:
Z-Axis Input in XY Display Mode (Blanking)
When you select the XY display mode, the time base is turned off. Channel 1 is the X-axis
input, channel 2 is the Y-axis input, and the rear panel EXT TRIG IN is the Z-axis input. If you
only want to see portions of the Y versus X display, use the Z-axis input. Z-axis turns the trace
on and off (analog oscilloscopes called this Z-axis blanking because it turned the beam on and
off). When Z is low (<1.4 V), Y versus X is displayed; when Z is high (>1.4 V), the trace is turned
off.
These markers show the
beginning and end of the
Zoom window
Normal
window
Time/div
for zoomed
window
Time/div
for normal
window
Delay time
momentarily displays
when the Horizontal
position knob is turned
Zoom
window
Signal
anomaly
expanded
in zoom
window
Select
Zoom
To display the zoomed time base
Zoom, formerly called Delayed sweep mode, is a horizontally expanded version of
the normal display. When Zoom is selected, the display divides in half. The top
half of the display shows the normal time/div window and the bottom half
displays a faster Zoom time/div window.
The Zoom window is a magnified portion of the normal time/div window. You can
use Zoom to locate and horizontally expand part of the normal window for a more
detailed (higher-resolution) analysis of signals.
To turn on (or off) Zoom:
1 Press the zoom key (or press the [Horiz] key and then the Zoom softkey).
The area of the normal display that is expanded is outlined with a box and the rest
of the normal display is ghosted. The box shows the portion of the normal sweep
that is expanded in the lower half.
To change the time/div for the Zoom window, turn the horizontal scale (sweep
speed) knob. As you turn the knob, the zoomed window time/div is highlighted in
the status line above the waveform display area. The Horizontal scale (sweep
speed) knob controls the size of the box.
The Horizontal position (delay time) knob sets the left-to-right position of the
zoom window. The delay value, which is the time displayed relative to the trigger
point) is momentarily displayed in the upper-right portion of the display when the
delay time () knob is turned.
Negative delay values indicate you're looking at a portion of the waveform before
the trigger event, and positive values indicate you're looking at the waveform after
the trigger event.
To change the time/div of the normal window, turn off Zoom; then, turn the
horizontal scale (sweep speed) knob.
For information about using zoom mode for measurements, refer to “To isolate a
pulse for Top measurement" on page 187 and “To isolate an event for frequency
measurement" on page 194.
To change the horizontal scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment
setting
1 Push the horizontal scale knob (or press [Horiz] > Fine) to toggle between fine
and coarse adjustment of the horizontal scale.
When Fine is enabled, turning the horizontal scale knob changes the time/div
(displayed in the status line at the top of the display) in smaller increments. The
time/div remains fully calibrated when Fine is on.
When Fine is turned off, the Horizontal scale knob changes the time/div setting in
a 1-2-5 step sequence.
To position the time reference (left, center, right)
Time reference is the reference point on the display for delay time (horizontal
position).
1 Press [Horiz].
2 In the Horizontal Menu, press Time Ref; then, select:
• Left — the time reference is set to one major division from the left edge of the
display.
• Center — the time reference is set to the center of the display.
• Right — the time reference is set to one major division from the right edge of
the display.
A small hollow triangle (∇) at the top of the display grid marks the position of the
time reference. When delay time is set to zero, the trigger point indicator (▼)
overlays the time reference indicator.
The time reference position sets the initial position of the trigger event within
acquisition memory and on the display, with delay set to 0.
Turning the Horizontal scale (sweep speed) knob expands or contracts the
waveform about the time reference point (∇). See “To adjust the horizontal
(time/div) scale" on page 50.
Turning the Horizontal position () knob in Normal mode (not Zoom) moves the
trigger point indicator (▼) to the left or right of the time reference point (∇). See
“To adjust the horizontal delay (position)" on page 51.
Searching for Events
You can use the [Search] key and menu to search for Serial events on the analog
channels.
Setting up searches (see “To set up searches" on page 59) is similar to setting up
triggers.
Searches are different than triggers in that they use the measurement threshold
settings instead of trigger levels.
Found search events are marked with white triangles at the top of the graticule,
and the number of events found is displayed in the menu line just above the sofkey
labels.
To set up searches
1 Press [Search].
2 Setting up searches is similar to setting up triggers:
• For setting up Serial searches, see Chapter 10, “Triggers,” starting on page
125 and “Searching Lister Data" on page 110.
Remember that searches use the measurement threshold settings instead of
trigger levels. Use the Thresholds softkey in the Search Menu to access the
Measurement Threshold Menu. See “Measurement Thresholds" on page 198.
Navigating the Time Base
You can use the [Navigate] key and controls to navigate through:
• Captured data (see “To navigate time" on page 59).
• Search events (see “To navigate search events" on page 60).
• Segments, when segmented memory acquisitions are turned on (see “To
navigate segments" on page 60).
Horizontal Controls2
To navigate time
When acquisitions are stopped, you can use the navigation controls to play
through the captured data.
1 Press [Navigate].
2 In the Navigate Menu, press Navigate; then, select Time.
3 Press the navigation keys to play backward, stop, or play forward in
time. You can press the or keys multiple times to speed up the
playback. There are three speed levels.
When acquisitions are stopped, you can use the navigation controls to go to found
search events (set using the [Search] key and menu, see “Searching for Events" on
page 58).
1 Press [Navigate].
2 In the Navigate Menu, press Navigate; then, select Search.
3 Press the back and forward keys to go to the previous or next search
event.
When searching Serial decode:
• You can press the stop key to set or clear a mark.
•The Auto zoom softkey specifies whether the waveform display is automatically
zoomed to fit the marked row as you navigate.
• Pressing the Scroll Lister softkey lets you use the Entry knob to scroll through
When the segmented memory acquisition is enabled and acquisitions are stopped,
you can use the navigation controls to play through the acquired segments.
1 Press [Navigate].
2 In the Navigate Menu, press Navigate; then, select Segments.
3 Press Play Mode; then, select:
• Manual — to play through segments manually.
In the Manual play mode:
• Press the back and forward keys to go to the previous or next
segment.
• Press the softkey to go to the first segment.
• Press the softkey to go to the last segment.
• Auto — to play through segments in an automated fashion.
In the Auto play mode:
Horizontal Controls2
• Press the navigation keys to play backward, stop, or play
forward in time. You can press the or keys multiple times to speed
up the playback. There are three speed levels.
To turn waveforms on or off (channel or math) / 64
To adjust the vertical scale / 65
To adjust the vertical position / 65
To specify channel coupling / 65
To specify bandwidth limiting / 66
To change the vertical scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting / 66
To invert a waveform / 67
Setting Analog Channel Probe Options / 67
The vertical controls include:
• The vertical scale and position knobs for each analog channel.
• The channel keys for turning a channel on or off and accessing the channel's
softkey menu.
The following figure shows the Channel 1 Menu that appears after pressing the [1]
channel key.
63
3Vertical Controls
Channel,
Volts/div
Channel 1
ground
level
Trigger
source
Trigger level
or threshold
Channel 2
ground
level
NOTE
The ground level of the signal for each displayed analog channel is identified by
the position of the icon at the far-left side of the display.
1 Press an analog channel key turn the channel on or off (and to display the
channel's menu).
When a channel is on, its key is illuminated.
Turning channels off
You must be viewing the menu for a channel before you can turn it off. For example, if channel
1 and channel 2 are turned on and the menu for channel 2 is being displayed, to turn channel
1 off, press [1] to display the channel 1 menu; then, press [1] again to turn channel 1 off.
To adjust the vertical scale
1 Turn the large knob above the channel key marked to set the vertical
scale (volts/division) for the channel.
The vertical scale knob changes the analog channel scale in a 1-2-5 step
sequence (with a 1:1 probe attached) unless fine adjustment is enabled (see “To
change the vertical scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting" on page 66).
The analog channel Volts/Div value is displayed in the status line.
The default mode for expanding the signal when you turn the volts/division knob
is vertical expansion about the ground level of the channel; however, you can
change this to expand about the center of the display. See “To choose "expand
about" center or ground" on page 253.
To adjust the vertical position
Vertical Controls3
1 Turn the small vertical position knob ( ) to move the channel's waveform up or
down on the display.
The voltage value momentarily displayed in the upper right portion of the display
represents the voltage difference between the vertical center of the display and
the ground level () icon. It also represents the voltage at the vertical center of
the display if vertical expansion is set to expand about ground (see “To choose
"expand about" center or ground" on page 253).
To specify channel coupling
Coupling changes the channel's input coupling to either AC (alternating current)
or DC (direct current).
If the channel is DC coupled, you can quickly measure the DC component of the signal by
simply noting its distance from the ground symbol.
If the channel is AC coupled, the DC component of the signal is removed, allowing you to use
greater sensitivity to display the AC component of the signal.
1 Press the desired channel key.
2 In the Channel Menu, press the Coupling softkey to select the input channel
coupling:
• DC — DC coupling is useful for viewing waveforms as low as 0 Hz that do not
have large DC offsets.
• AC — AC coupling is useful for viewing waveforms with large DC offsets.
AC coupling places a 10 Hz high-pass filter in series with the input waveform
that removes any DC offset voltage from the waveform.
Note that Channel Coupling is independent of Trigger Coupling. To change trigger
coupling see “To select the trigger coupling" on page 149.
To specify bandwidth limiting
1 Press the desired channel key.
2 In the Channel Menu, press the BW Limit softkey to enable or disable bandwidth
limiting.
When bandwidth limit is on, the maximum bandwidth for the channel is
approximately 20 MHz. For waveforms with frequencies below this, turning
bandwidth limit on removes unwanted high frequency noise from the waveform.
The bandwidth limit also limits the trigger signal path of any channel that has BW Limit turned on.
To change the vertical scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting
1 Push the channel's vertical scale knob (or press the channel key and then the
Fine softkey in the Channel Menu) to toggle between fine and coarse
When Fine adjustment is selected, you can change the channel's vertical
sensitivity in smaller increments. The channel sensitivity remains fully calibrated
when Fine is on.
The vertical scale value is displayed in the status line at the top of the display.
When Fine is turned off, turning the volts/division knob changes the channel
sensitivity in a 1-2-5 step sequence.
To invert a waveform
1 Press the desired channel key.
2 In the Channel Menu, press the Invert softkey to invert the selected channel.
When Invert is selected, the voltage values of the displayed waveform are inverted.
Invert affects how a channel is displayed. However, when using basic triggers, the
oscilloscope attempts to maintain the same trigger point by changing trigger
settings.
Vertical Controls3
Inverting a channel also changes the result of any math function selected in the
Waveform Math Menu or any measurement.
Setting Analog Channel Probe Options
1 Press the probe's associated channel key.
2 In the Channel Menu, press the Probe softkey to display the Channel Probe
Menu.
This menu lets you select additional probe parameters such as attenuation
factor and units of measurement for the connected probe.
The Probe Check softkey guides you through the process of compensating
passive probes (such as the N2841A, N2842A, N2843A, N2862A/B, N2863A/B,
N2889A, N2890A, 10073C, 10074C, or 1165A probes).
See Also• “To specify the channel units" on page 68
To specify the channel units
To specify the probe attenuation
• “To specify the probe attenuation" on page 68
• “To specify the probe skew" on page 69
1 Press the probe's associated channel key.
2 In the Channel Menu, press Probe.
3 In the Channel Probe Menu, press Units; then, select:
• Volts — for a voltage probe.
• Amps — for a current probe.
Channel sensitivity, trigger level, measurement results, and math functions will
reflect the measurement units you have selected.
The probe attenuation factor must be set properly for accurate measurement
results.
To set the probe attenuation factor:
1 Press the channel key.
2 Press the Probe softkey until you have selected how you want to specify the
attenuation factor, choosing either Ratio or Decibels.
3 Turn the Entry knobto set the attenuation factor for the connected probe.
When measuring voltage values, the attenuation factor can be set from 0.001:1 to
10000:1 in a 1-2-5 sequence.
When measuring current values with a current probe, the attenuation factor can
be set from 1000 V/A to 0.0001 V/A.
When specifying the attenuation factor in decibels, you can select values from
-60 dB to 80 dB.
If Amps is chosen as the units and a manual attenuation factor is chosen, then the
units as well as the attenuation factor are displayed above the Probe softkey.
When measuring time intervals in the nanoseconds (ns) range, small differences in
cable length can affect the measurement. Use Skew to remove cable-delay errors
between any two channels.
1 Probe the same point with both probes.
2 Press one of the probes associated channel key.
3 In the Channel Menu, press Probe.
4 In the Channel Probe Menu, press Skew; then, select the desired skew value.
Each analog channel can be adjusted ±100 ns in 10 ps increments for a total of
200 ns difference.
The skew setting is not affected by pressing [Default Setup] or [Auto Scale].
To display math waveforms / 71
To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation / 72
To adjust the math waveform scale and offset / 73
Units for Math Waveforms / 73
Math Operators / 74
Math Transforms / 76
Math functions can be performed on analog channels. The resulting math
waveform is displayed in light purple.
You can use a math function on a channel even if you choose not to display the
channel on-screen.
You can:
• Perform an arithmetic operation (like add, subtract, or multiply) on analog input
channels.
• Perform a transform function (like FFT) on an analog input channel.
• Perform a transform function on the result of an arithmetic operation.
To display math waveforms
1 Press the [Math] key on the front panel to display the Waveform Math Menu.
71
4Math Waveforms
TIP
2 If f(t) is not already shown on the Function softkey, press the Function sofkey and
select f(t): Displayed.
3 Use the Operator softkey to select an operator or transform.
For more information on the operators or transforms, see:
• “Math Operators" on page 74
• “Math Transforms" on page 76
4 Use the Source 1 softkey to select the analog channel on which to perform
math. You can rotate the Entry knob or repetitively press the Source 1 softkey to
make your selection. If you choose a transform function (FFT) the result is
displayed.
5 If you select an arithmetic operator, use the Source 2 softkey to select the
second source for the arithmetic operation. The result is displayed.
6 To re-size and re-position the math waveform, see “To adjust the math
waveform scale and offset" on page 73.
Math Operating Hints
If the analog channel or math function is clipped (not fully displayed on screen) the resulting
displayed math function will also be clipped.
Once the function is displayed, the analog channel(s) may be turned off for better viewing of
the math waveform.
The vertical scaling and offset of each math function can be adjusted for ease of viewing and
measurement considerations.
The math function waveform can be measured using [Cursors] and/or [Meas].
To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation
To perform a transform function (FFT) on an arithmetic operation (add, subtract,
or multiply):
1 Press the Function softkey and select g(t): Internal.
2 Use the Operator, Source 1, and Source 2 softkeys to set up an arithmetic
operation.
3 Press the Function softkey and select f(t): Displayed.
4 Use the Operator softkey to select a transform function (FFT).
5 Press the Source 1 softkey and select g(t) as the source. Note that g(t) is only
NOTE
available when you select a transform function in the previous step.
To adjust the math waveform scale and offset
1 Make sure the multiplexed scale and position knobs to the right of the [Math]
key are selected for the math waveform.
If the arrow to the left of the [Math] key is not illuminated, press the key.
2 Use the multiplexed scale and position knobs just to the right of the [Math] key
to re-size and re-position the math waveform.
Math Scale and Offset are Set Automatically
Any time the currently displayed math function definition is changed, the function is
automatically scaled for optimum vertical scale and offset. If you manually set scale and offset
for a function, select a new function, then select the original function, the original function will
be automatically rescaled.
Math Waveforms4
See Also• “Units for Math Waveforms" on page 73
Units for Math Waveforms
Units for each input channel can be set to Volts or Amps using the Units softkey in
the channel's Probe Menu. Units for math function waveforms are:
* When the FFT source is channel 1, 2, 3 or 4, FFT units will be displayed in dBV when channel units
is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 1 M
channel units is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 50
for all other FFT sources or when a source channel's units has been set to Amps.
A scale unit of U (undefined) will be displayed for math functions when two source
channels are used and they are set to dissimilar units and the combination of units
cannot be resolved.
Math operators perform arithmetic operations (add, subtract, or multiply) on
analog input channels.
• “Add or Subtract" on page 74
• “Multiply or Divide" on page 75
Ω. FFT units will be displayed in dBm when
Ω. FFT units will be displayed as dB
When you select add or subtract, the Source 1 and Source 2 values are added or
subtracted point by point, and the result is displayed.
You can use subtract to make a differential measurement or to compare two
waveforms.
If your waveforms' DC offsets are larger than the dynamic range of the
oscilloscope's input channels you will need to use a differential probe instead.
Figure 5 Example of Subtract Channel 2 from Channel 1
See Also• “Units for Math Waveforms" on page 73
Math Waveforms4
Multiply or Divide
When you select the multiply or divide math function, the Source 1 and Source 2
values are multiplied or divided point by point, and the result is displayed.
The divide by zero case places holes (that is, zero values) in the output waveform.
Multiply is useful for seeing power relationships when one of the channels is
proportional to the current.
Figure 6 Example of Mul tiply Channel 1 by Channel 2
Math Transforms
Math transforms perform a transform function (FFT) on an analog input channel or
on the result of an arithmetic operation.
• “FFT Measurement" on page 76
FFT Measurement
FFT is used to compute the fast Fourier transform using analog input channels or
an arithmetic operation g(t). FFT takes the digitized time record of the specified
source and transforms it to the frequency domain. When the FFT function is
selected, the FFT spectrum is plotted on the oscilloscope display as magnitude in
dBV versus frequency. The readout for the horizontal axis changes from time to
frequency (Hertz) and the vertical readout changes from volts to dB.
Use the FFT function to find crosstalk problems, to find distortion problems in
analog waveforms caused by amplifier non-linearity, or for adjusting analog filters.
To display a FFT waveform:
1 Press the [Math] key, press the Function softkey and select f(t), press the Operator
softkey and select FFT.
• Source 1 — selects the source for the FFT. (See “To perform a transform
function on an arithmetic operation" on page 72 for information about using
g(t) as the source.)
• Span — sets the overall width of the FFT spectrum that you see on the
display (left to right). Divide span by 10 to calculate the number of Hertz per
division. It is possible to set Span above the maximum available frequency, in
which case the displayed spectrum will not take up the whole screen. Press
the Span softkey, then turn the Entry knob to set the desired frequency span
of the display.
• Center — sets the FFT spectrum frequency represented at the center vertical
grid line of the display. It is possible to set the Center to values below half
the span or above the maximum available frequency, in which case the
displayed spectrum will not take up the whole screen. Press the Center
softkey, then turn the Entry knob to set the desired center frequency of the
display.
• Scale — lets you set your own vertical scale factors for FFT expressed in
dB/div (decibels/division). See “To adjust the math waveform scale and
offset" on page 73.
• Offset — lets you set your own offset for the FFT. The offset value is in dB and
is represented by the center horizontal grid line of the display. See “To
adjust the math waveform scale and offset" on page 73.
• More FFT — displays the More FFT Settings Menu.
2 Press the More FFT softkey to display additional FFT settings.
• Window— selects a window to apply to your FFT input signal:
• Hanning — window for making accurate frequency measurements or for
resolving two frequencies that are close together.
• Flat Top — window for making accurate amplitude measurements of
frequency peaks.
• Rectangular — good frequency resolution and amplitude accuracy, but use
only where there will be no leakage effects. Use on self-windowing
waveforms such as pseudo-random noise, impulses, sine bursts, and
decaying sinusoids.
• Blackman Harris — window reduces time resolution compared to a
rectangular window, but improves the capacity to detect smaller impulses
due to lower secondary lobes.
• Vertical Units — lets you select Decibels or V RMS as the units for the FFT
vertical scale.
• Auto Setup — sets the frequency Span and Center to values that will cause
the entire available spectrum to be displayed. The maximum available
frequency is half the FFT sample rate, which is a function of the time per
division setting. The FFT resolution is the quotient of the sampling rate and
the number of FFT points (f
above the softkeys.
/N). The current FFT Resolution is displayed
S
Scale and offset considerations
If you do not manually change the FFT scale or offset settings, when you turn the horizontal
scale knob, the span and center frequency settings will automatically change to allow
optimum viewing of the full spectrum.
If you do manually set scale or offset, turning the horizontal scale knob will not change the
span or center frequency settings, allowing you see better detail around a specific frequency.
Pressing the FFT Auto Setup softkey will automatically rescale the waveform and span and
center will again automatically track the horizontal scale setting.
3 To make cursor measurements, press the [Cursors] key and set the Source
softkey to Math: f(t).
Use the X1 and X2 cursors to measure frequency values and difference between
two frequency values (ΔX). Use the Y1 and Y2 cursors to measure amplitude in
dB and difference in amplitude (ΔY).
4 To make other measurements, press the [Meas] key and set the Source softkey to
Math: f(t).
You can make peak-to-peak, maximum, minimum, and average dB
measurements on the FFT waveform.
The following FFT spectrum was obtained by connecting a 4 V, 75 kHz square
wave to channel 1. Set the horizontal scale to 50 µs/div, vertical sensitivity to
1 V/div, Units/div to 20 dBV, Offset to -60.0 dBV, Center frequency to 250 kHz,
frequency Span to 500 kHz, and window to Hanning.
See Also• “To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation" on page 72
The number of points acquired for the FFT record can be up to 65,536, and when
frequency span is at maximum, all points are displayed. Once the FFT spectrum is
displayed, the frequency span and center frequency controls are used much like
the controls of a spectrum analyzer to examine the frequency of interest in greater
detail. Place the desired part of the waveform at the center of the screen and
decrease frequency span to increase the display resolution. As frequency span is
decreased, the number of points shown is reduced, and the display is magnified.
While the FFT spectrum is displayed, use the [Math] and [Cursors] keys to switch
between measurement functions and frequency domain controls in FFT Menu.
FFT Resolution
The FFT resolution is the quotient of the sampling rate and the number of FFT points (fS/N).
With a fixed number of FFT points (up to 65,536), the lower the sampling rate, the better the
resolution.
Decreasing the effective sampling rate by selecting a greater time/div setting will
increase the low frequency resolution of the FFT display and also increase the
chance that an alias will be displayed. The resolution of the FFT is the effective
sample rate divided by the number of points in the FFT. The actual resolution of
the display will not be this fine as the shape of the window will be the actual
limiting factor in the FFTs ability to resolve two closely space frequencies. A good
way to test the ability of the FFT to resolve two closely spaced frequencies is to
examine the sidebands of an amplitude modulated sine wave.
For the best vertical accuracy on peak measurements:
• Make sure the probe attenuation is set correctly. The probe attenuation is set
from the Channel Menu if the operand is a channel.
• Set the source sensitivity so that the input signal is near full screen, but not
clipped.
•Use the Flat Top window.
• Set the FFT sensitivity to a sensitive range, such as 2 dB/division.
For best frequency accuracy on peaks:
• Use the Hanning window.
• Use Cursors to place an X cursor on the frequency of interest.
• Adjust frequency span for better cursor placement.
• Return to the Cursors Menu to fine tune the X cursor.
For more information on the use of FFTs please refer to Keysight Application Note
243, The Fundamentals of Signal Analysis at
http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5952-8898E.pd f. Additional
information can be obtained from Chapter 4 of the book Spectrum and Network
Measurements by Robert A. Witte.
FFT Units
0 dBV is the amplitude of a 1 Vrms sinusoid. When the FFT source is channel 1 or
channel 2 (or channel 3 or 4 on 4-channel models), FFT units will be displayed in
dBV when channel units is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 1 MΩ.
FFT units will be displayed in dBm when channel units is set to Volts and channel
impedance is set to 50Ω.
FFT units will be displayed as dB for all other FFT sources or when a source
channel's units has been set to Amps.
FFT DC Value
The FFT computation produces a DC value that is incorrect. It does not take the
offset at center screen into account. The DC value is not corrected in order to
accurately represent frequency components near DC.
FFT Aliasing
When using FFTs, it is important to be aware of frequency aliasing. This requires
that the operator have some knowledge as to what the frequency domain should
contain, and also consider the sampling rate, frequency span, and oscilloscope
vertical bandwidth when making FFT measurements. The FFT resolution (the
quotient of the sampling rate and the number of FFT points) is displayed directly
above the softkeys when the FFT Menu is displayed.
Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing in the Frequency Domain
The Nyquist frequency is the highest frequency that any real-time digitizing oscilloscope can
acquire without aliasing. This frequency is half of the sample rate. Frequencies above the
Nyquist frequency will be under sampled, which causes aliasing. The Nyquist frequency is also
called the folding frequency because aliased frequency components fold back from that
frequency when viewing the frequency domain.
Aliasing happens when there are frequency components in the signal higher than
half the sample rate. Because the FFT spectrum is limited by this frequency, any
higher components are displayed at a lower (aliased) frequency.
The following figure illustrates aliasing. This is the spectrum of a 990 Hz square
wave, which has many harmonics. The sample rate is set to 100 kSa/s, and the
oscilloscope displays the spectrum. The displayed waveform shows the
components of the input signal above the Nyquist frequency to be mirrored
(aliased) on the display and reflected off the right edge.
Because the frequency span goes from ≈ 0 to the Nyquist frequency, the best way
to prevent aliasing is to make sure that the frequency span is greater than the
frequencies of significant energy present in the input signal.
FFT Spectral Leakage
The FFT operation assumes that the time record repeats. Unless there is an
integral number of cycles of the sampled waveform in the record, a discontinuity is
created at the end of the record. This is referred to as leakage. In order to minimize
spectral leakage, windows that approach zero smoothly at the beginning and end
of the signal are employed as filters to the FFT. The FFT Menu provides four
windows: Hanning, Flat Top, Rectangular, and Blackman-Harris. For more
information on leakage, see Keysight Application Note 243, The Fundamentals of Signal Analysis at
http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5952-8898E.pd f.
To save a waveform to a reference waveform location / 85
To display a reference waveform / 86
To scale and position reference waveforms / 87
To adjust reference waveform skew / 87
To display reference waveform information / 88
To save/recall reference waveform files to/from a USB storage device / 88
Analog channel or math waveforms can be saved to one of two reference
waveform locations in the oscilloscope. Then, a reference waveform can be
displayed and compared against other waveforms. One reference waveform can
be displayed at a time.
When the multiplexed knobs are assigned to reference waveforms (this happens
when you press the [Ref] key and the LED to the left of it is lit), you can use the
knobs to scale and position reference waveforms. There is also a skew adjustment
for reference waveforms. Reference waveform scale, offset, and skew information
can optionally be included on the oscilloscope display.
Analog channel, math, or reference waveforms can be saved to a reference
waveform file on a USB storage device. You can recall a reference waveform file
from a USB storage device into one of the reference waveform locations.
To save a waveform to a reference waveform location
1 Press the [Ref] key to turn on reference waveforms.
2 In the Reference Waveform Menu, press the Ref softkey and turn the Entry knob
to select the desired reference waveform location.
3 Press the Source softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the source waveform.
85
5Reference Waveforms
NOTE
4 Press the Save to R1/R2 softkey to save the waveform to the reference waveform
Reference waveforms are non-volatile — they remain after power cycling or performing a
default setup.
location.
To clear a
reference
waveform location
1 Press the [Ref] key to turn on reference waveforms.
2 In the Reference Waveform Menu, press the Ref softkey and turn the Entry knob
to select the desired reference waveform location.
3 Press the Clear R1/R2 softkey to clear the reference waveform location.
Reference waveforms are also cleared by a Factory Default or Secure Erase (see
Chapter 18, “Save/Recall (Setups, Screens, Data),” starting on page 229).
To display a reference waveform
1 Press the [Ref] key to turn on reference waveforms.
2 In the Reference Waveform Menu, press the Ref softkey and turn the Entry knob
to select the desired reference waveform location.
3 Then, press the Ref softkey again to enable/disable the reference waveform
2 Press the Skew softkey and turn the Entry knob to adjust the reference
waveform skew.
To display reference waveform information
1 Press the [Ref] key to turn on reference waveforms.
2 In the Reference Waveform Menu, press the Options softkey.
3 In the Reference Waveform Options Menu, press the Display Info softkey to
enable or disable reference waveform information on the oscilloscope display.
4 Press the Transparent softkey to enable or disable transparent information
backgrounds.
This setting is also used for other oscilloscope information on the display, like
mask test statistics, etc.
To save/recall reference waveform files to/from a USB storage
device
Analog channel, math, or reference waveforms can be saved to a reference
waveform file on a USB storage device. See “To save reference waveform files to a
USB storage device" on page 235.
You can recall a reference waveform file from a USB storage device into one of the
reference waveform locations. See “To recall reference waveform files from a USB
To connect the digital probes to the device under test / 89
Acquiring waveforms using the digital channels / 93
To display digital channels using AutoScale / 93
Interpreting the digital waveform display / 94
To switch all digital channels on or off / 96
To switch groups of channels on or off / 96
To switch a single channel on or off / 96
To change the displayed size of the digital channels / 95
To reposition a digital channel / 97
To change the logic threshold for digital channels / 96
To display digital channels as a bus / 98
Digital channel signal fidelity: Probe impedance and grounding / 101
This chapter describes how to use the digital channels of a Mixed-Signal
Oscilloscope (MSO).
The digital channels are enabled on MSOX2000 X-Series models and
DSOX2000 X-Series models that have the DSOX2MSO upgrade license installed.
Digital channels and serial decode cannot be on at the same time. The [Serial] key
takes precedence over the [Digital] key. Serial triggers can be used when digital
channels are on.
To connect the digital probes to the device under test
1 If necessary, turn off the power supply to the device under test.
89
6Digital Channels
Off
CAUTION
Turning off power to the device under test would only prevent damage that
might occur if you accidentally short two lines together while connecting
probes. You can leave the oscilloscope powered on because no voltage appears
at the probes.
2 Connect the digital probe cable to the DIGITAL Dn - D0 connector on the front
panel of the mixed-signal oscilloscope. The digital probe cable is keyed so you
can connect it only one way. You do not need to power-off the oscilloscope.
When you press [Run/Stop] or [Single] to run the oscilloscope, the oscilloscope
examines the input voltage at each input probe. When the trigger conditions are
met the oscilloscope triggers and displays the acquisition.
For digital channels, each time the oscilloscope takes a sample it compares the
input voltage to the logic threshold. If the voltage is above the threshold, the
oscilloscope stores a 1 in sample memory; otherwise, it stores a 0.
To display digital channels using AutoScale
When signals are connected to the digital channels — be sure to connect the
ground leads — AutoScale quickly configures and displays the digital channels.
• To configure the instrument quickly, press the [AutoScale] key.
6Digital Channels
Figure 8 Example: AutoScale of d igital channels (MSO models only)
Any digital channel with an active signal will be displayed. Any digital channels
without active signals will be turned off.
• To undo the effects of AutoScale, press the Undo AutoScale softkey before
pressing any other key.
This is useful if you have unintentionally pressed the [AutoScale] key or do not like
the settings AutoScale has selected. This will return the oscilloscope to its
previous settings. See also: “How AutoScale Works" on page 31.
To set the instrument to the factory-default configuration, press the [Default Setup]
key.
Interpreting the digital waveform display
The following figure shows a typical display with digital channels.
The sizing control lets you spread out or compress the digital traces vertically on
the display for more convenient viewing.
To switch a single channel on or off
1 With the Digital Channel Menu displayed, rotate the Entry knob to select the
desired channel from the popup menu.
2 Push the Entry knob or press the softkey that is directly below the popup menu
to switch the selected channel on or off.
To switch all digital channels on or off
1 Press the [Digital] key to toggle the display of digital channels. The Digital
Channel Menu is displayed above the softkeys.
If you want to switch the digital channels off, and the Digital Channel Menu is not
already displayed, you must push the [Digital] key twice to switch the digital
channels off. The first push displays the Digital Channel Menu, and the second
push switches the channels off.
To switch groups of channels on or off
1 Press the [Digital] key on the front panel if the Digital Channel Menu is not
already displayed.
2 Press the Turn off (or Turn on) softkey for the D7 - D0 group.
Each time you press the softkey, the softkey's mode toggles between Turn on and
Turn off.
To change the logic threshold for digital channels
1 Press the [Digital] key so that the Digital Channel Menu is displayed.
2 Press the Thresholds softkey
3 Press the D7 - D0 softkey, then select a logic family preset or select User to
define your own threshold.
Logic familyThreshold Voltage
TTL+1.4 V
CMOS+2.5 V
ECL–1.3 V
UserVariable from –8 V to +8 V
The threshold you set applies to all channels within the selected D7 - D0 group.
Each of the two channel groups can be set to a different threshold if desired.
Values greater than the set threshold are high (1) and values less than the set
threshold are low (0).
If the Thresholds softkey is set to User, press the User softkey for the channel group,
then turn the Entry knob to set the logic threshold. There is one User softkey for
each group of channels.
To reposition a digital channel
1 Make sure the multiplexed scale and position knobs to the right of the key are
selected for digital channels.
If the arrow to the left of the [Digital] key is not illuminated, press the key.
2 Use the multiplexed Select knob to select the channel.
The selected waveform is highlighted in red.
3 Use the multiplexed Position knob to move the selected channel waveform.
If a channel waveform is repositioned over another channel waveform, the
indicator at the left edge of the trace will change from Dnn designation (where
nn is a one or two digit channel number) to D*. The "*" indicates that two
channels are overlaid.
Digital channels may be grouped and displayed as a bus, with each bus value
displayed at the bottom of the display in hex or binary. You can create up to two
buses. To configure and display each bus, press the [Digital] key on the front panel.
Then press the Bus softkey.
Next, select a bus. Rotate the Entry knob, then press the Entry knob or the
Bus1/Bus2 softkey to switch it on.
Use the Channel softkey and the Entry knob to select individual channels to be
included in the bus. You can rotate the Entry knob and push it or push the softkey
to select channels. You can also press the Select/Deselect D7-D0 softkey to include
or exclude groups of eight channels in each bus.
If the bus display is blank, completely white, or if the display includes "...", you
need to expand the horizontal scale to allow space for the data to be shown, or
use the cursors to display the values (see “Using cursors to read bus values" on
page 99).
The Base softkey lets you choose to display the bus values in hex or binary.
To read the digital bus value at any point using the cursors:
1 Turn on Cursors (by pressing the [Cursors] key on the front panel)
2 Press the cursor Mode softkey and change the mode to Hex or Binary.
3 Press the Source softkey and select Bus1 or Bus2.
4 Use the Entry knob and the X1 and X2 softkeys to position the cursors where
you want to read the bus values.
6Digital Channels
Bus values
at cursors
shown here
Bus values
Set cursors
mode to
Binary or Hex
Select Bus1
or Bus2 source
X2 cursor
X1 cursor
When you press the [Digital] key to display the Digital Channel Menu, the digital
activity indicator is shown where the cursor values were and the bus values at the
cursors are displayed in the graticule.
The bus values are also displayed when using the Pattern trigger function. Press
the [Pattern] key on the front panel to display the Pattern Trigger Menu and the bus
values will be displayed on the right, above the softkeys.
The dollar sign ($) will be displayed in the bus value when the bus value cannot be
displayed as a hex value. This occurs when one or more "don't cares" (X) are
combined with low (0) and high (1) logic levels in the pattern specification, or
when a transition indicator — rising edge ( ) or falling edge ( ) — are included in
the pattern specification. A byte that consists of all don't cares (X) will be
displayed in the bus as a don't care (X).
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