Keysight 4000 X-Series Advanced Training Manual

Keysight 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes

Lab guide and tutorial for making advanced oscilloscope measurements using an Keysight 4000 X-Series oscilloscope with the DSOXEDK training kit.

Advanced Training Guide

Notices

CAUTION

WARNING

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Manual Part Number

54702-97011

Edition

November, 2012

Printed in Available in electronic format only

Published by: Keysight Technologies, Inc. 1900 Garden of the Gods Road Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA

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The material contained in this document is provided “as is,” and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions. Further, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Keysight disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, with regard to this manual and any information contained herein, includ ing but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Keysight shall not be liable for errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, use, or performance of this document or of any information contained herein. Should Keysight and the user have a separate written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these terms, the warranty terms in the separate agreement shall control.

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1 Getting Started

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

Lab Guide—At a Glance / 6

Front Panel Overview / 8

Run Control / 8 Waveform Controls / 8 Horizontal Controls / 9 Vertical Controls / 10 Trigger Controls / 10 Tools Controls / 11

Lab #1: Using Cursors and Automatic Parametric Measurements / 14

Lab #2: Using Zoom Display to Perform Gated Measurements / 21

Lab #3: Using Waveform Math / 25

Lab #4: Using Peak Detect Acquisition Mode / 29

Lab #5: Using Segmented Memory Acquisition Mode / 33

Lab #6: Using Mask Test / 39

3 Advanced Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

Lab #7: Triggering on a Digital Burst using Trigger Holdoff / 44

Lab #8: Triggering on Unique Pulses and Glitches using “Pulse-wid th” Trigger / 48

Lab #9: Triggering on the Nth Pulse within a Burst using “Nth Edge Burst” Trigger / 53

Lab #10: Triggering on and Searching for Edge Speed Violations / 55

Lab #11: Triggering on and Searching for Runt Pulses / 61

Lab #12: Triggering on Setup & Hold Time Violations / 67

Lab #13: Triggering on a Qualified Burst using “Edge then Edge” Trigger / 71

Lab #14: Triggering on Logic Patterns using the MSO’s Digital Channels / 74

4 Serial Bus Decoding & Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

Lab #15: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on I2C Serial Bus Signals / 80

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 3

Lab #16: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on SPI Serial Bus Signals / 87

Lab #17: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on RS232/UART Serial Bus Signals / 94

Lab #18: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on CAN Serial Bus Signals / 102

Lab #19: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on LIN Serial Bus Signals / 110

Lab #20: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on I

Lab #21: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on FlexRay Serial Bus Signals / 125

Lab #22: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on Universal Serial Bus (USB) Signals / 132

Lab #23: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on ARINC 429 Signals / 139

Lab #24: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on MIL-STD-1553 Signals / 144

S Serial Bus Signals / 118

A Oscilloscope Block Diagram and Theory of Operation

DSO Block Diagram / 152

ADC Block / 152

Attenuator Block / 153

DC Offset Block / 153

Amplifier Block / 153

Trigger Comparator and Trigger Logic Blocks / 154

Timebase and Acquisition Memory Blocks / 154

Display DSP Block / 155

B Oscilloscope Bandwidth Tutorial

Defining Oscilloscope Bandwidth / 158

Required Bandwidth for Analog Applications / 159

Required Bandwidth for Digital Applications / 160

Rule of Thumb / 160 Step 1: Determine fastest actual edge speeds / 160 Step 2: Calculate f

Step 3: Calculate scope bandwidth / 161 Example / 161

Digital Clock Measurement Comparisons / 163

knee / 160

C Related Keysight Literature

Index

4 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Keysight 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes

Advanced Training Guide

1 Getting Started

Lab Guide—At a Glance / 6 Front Panel Overview / 8

1 Getting Started

Lab Guide—At a Glance

This advanced oscilloscope training guide and tutorial is intended to be used with Keysight Technologies InfiniiVision 4000 X-Series oscilloscopes (DSO and MSO models) that are licensed with the Oscilloscope Education Training Kit (DSOXEDK). When licensed with this training kit, 4000 X-Series oscilloscopes are able to generate a broad range of built-in training signals.

The built-in training signals can be probed by simply connecting a standard 10:1 passive probe between channel-1’s input BNC and the front panel terminal labeled “Demo 1”, and another probe between channel-2’s input BNC and the terminal labeled “Demo 2” as shown on the next page.

To turn on specific training signals for each of the labs documented in this training guide, simply:

1 Press the scope’s front panel [Help] key. 2 Press the Training Signals sofkey.

3 Turn the Entry knob to select the appropriate training signal, or use the all

new touchscreen interface to select a signal directly.

4 Press the Output softkey to enable the training signal output on the Demo

terminal(s). The signal will also begin output when double pressed in the menu.

6 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Getting Started 1

If you not familiar with the Keysight InfiniiVision 4000 X-Series oscilloscope, first look over the main sections of the front panel as illustrated on the following pages, and then begin with Chapter 2, “Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs,” starting on page 13.

Once you have become familiar with using the basic functions of the oscilloscope, you can then skip to particular labs of interest. Each hands-on lab can be considered as a standalone lab exercise because each begins with a default setup. In other words, successive labs do not build on the previous lab. They can be completed in any order of preference.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 7

1 Getting Started

Front Panel Overview

For instant help on any topic, press and hold any key, softkey, or knob.

Run Control

When the oscilloscope is turned on, or if [Auto Scale] is pressed, the acquisition will be set to [Run]. At any time you may [Stop] the acquisition process to examine a signal in detail or to save it.

•The [Default Setup] key on the front panel sets the oscilloscope to the default

configuration.

Because the oscilloscope may have been used in a variety of applications by a variety of people, it is a good measurement procedure to put the oscilloscope in a known starting mode (Default Setup). This makes it easy to duplicate measurements because no special conditions are set.

•The [Auto Scale] key on the front panel automatically configures the

oscilloscope by analyzing all active channels, turning them on and setting the timebase, V/div, and trigger conditions for an initial display.

•Press the [Single] key to make a single acquisition and stop the acquisition

process.

Waveform Controls

•The [Analyze] key sets trigger levels, measurement threshold levels, video

trigger auto setup and display, or the mask testing application options.

•The [Acquire] key on the front panel lets you set the oscilloscope data

acquisition modes.

8 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Getting Started 1

•The [Display] key on the front panel lets you set the waveform persistence

options and the grid type and grid intensity.

•The [Intensity] key and the

brightness.

Horizontal Controls

Entry knob lets you set the desired signal

a Turn the large knob in the Horizontal control section clockwise and

counter-clockwise to control the time/div setting of the horizontal axis.

Observe the changes in the displayed signal. The current timebase setting is displayed at the top of the display on the status line.

b Turn the small knob in the horizontal control section to move the trigger

point (solid orange triangle) from the reference point (hollow orange triangle).

c Press the [Horiz] key to display the Horizontal menu. Note the various Time

Modes of Normal, Roll, and XY. Also notice the Zoom mode softkey.

d Press the (zoom) key to quickly turn on the zoom mode. This split-screen

mode shows the big picture on top and an expanded view on the bottom. Turn the large timebase knob counter-clockwise to make the window on top larger.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 9

1 Getting Started

Vertical Controls

• Turn the large knobs in the Vertical section to control the V/div setting for each

analog channel. The V/div setting is displayed in the upper left hand corner of the status line at the top of the display.

Color coding matches analog channel inputs, vertical control knobs, and waveform colors.

•Press the [1] key to display the channel 1 menu. Press again to turn the channel

on and off.

• Turn the small knobs to control the vertical offset position of the waveform,

moving the ground level up or down.

Trigger Controls

• Turn the Trigger Level knob to move the trigger level up and down. The trigger

level is displayed while it is adjusted. If the trigger level is above or below the signal and the oscilloscope is in Auto trigger mode, the oscilloscope will force a trigger and display an acquisition (waveform).

Auto trigger mode is useful when unsure of the exact waveform because forced acquisitions are displayed, making it easy to better configure the oscilloscope’s settings and trigger level.

10 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

•Press the [Mode/Coupling] key in the Trigger controls section to view the

Trigger Mode and Coupling Menu selections and to set trigger holdoff.

•Press and hold the Mode softkey to read the built-in help about the Auto and Normal trigger modes.

Tools Controls

•Press the [Utility] key to access the I/O ports, file explorer, options, service information, and the “Quick Action” key function settings.

Getting Started 1

•Press the [Quick Action] key to perform one of the quick action functions that can be mapped to this key.

•Press [WaveGen1] or [WaveGen2] to use the Arbitrary Waveform Generators.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 11

1 Getting Started

12 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Keysight 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes

Advanced Training Guide

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization

Labs

Lab #1: Using Cursors and Automatic Parametric Measurements / 14 Lab #2: Using Zoom Display to Perform Gated Measurements / 21 Lab #3: Using Waveform Math / 25 Lab #4: Using Peak Detect Acquisition Mode / 29 Lab #5: Using Segmented Memory Acquisition Mode / 33 Lab #6: Using Mask Test / 39

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

Lab #1: Using Cursors and Automatic Parametric Measurements

During this first hands-on lab, you will learn how to make simple voltage and timing measurements using the scope’s manually positioned measurement cursors, as well as perform similar measurements using the scope’s automatic parametric measurement capability.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 4 Using the touch screen Training Signals menu, select the Repetitive Pulse with

Ringing signal; press the Output softkey to turn it on.

5 Set channel-1’s V/div setting to 500 mV/div. 6 Set channel-1’s position/offset to 1.40 V.

7 Push the trigger level knob to automatically set the trigger level at

approximately 50%.

8 Set the scope’s timebase to 500.0 ns/div.

Figure 1 Oscilloscope setup to capture and display a repetitive digital pulse with ringing

and overshoot.

14 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

At this point, you should see a repetitive digital pulse with overshoot and ringing similar to what is shown in Figure 1. Note that all front panel knobs are pushable. If you push the V/div knob or time/div knob, you can toggle between course adjustment and fine adjustment (vernier control). When other knobs are pushed, the scope will pre-set conditions associated with that particular knob. For instance, if you push one of the vertical position/offset knobs, offset will be set to

0.0 V for that input channel. If you push the horizontal position/delay knob, delay

relative to trigger will be set to 0.0 seconds. If you push the trigger level knob, the scope will automatically set the trigger level to approximately 50%.

Figure 2 Measurement Cursors knob.

Let’s now use the scope’s “cursors” function to measure the positive pulse width and peak-to-peak voltage of this waveform. First, visually locate the “Cursors” button in the Measure section of the front panel as shown in Figure 2.

9 Push the Cursors button; then select "X1" on the right side of the display. A pop

up appears where you can increment its value (arrows) or explicitly assign its value (press the value to make the keyboard appear). You may also choose to drag the orange X1 flag on the bottom edge of the screen to move the cursor to your desired position. The cursors knob can also be used for fine tuning and adjustments.

10 Move the X1 cursor (#1 timing marker) so it intersects with a rising edge of the

pulse.

11 Select X2 on the right of the display (#2 timing marker) and position it on the

falling edge of the same pulse.

12 Select Y1 on the right of the display (#1 voltage marker) and move it vertically

such that it intersects with the negative peak of the pulse.

13 Select Y2 on the right of the display (#2 voltage marker) and move it vertically

such that it intersects with the positive peak of the pulse.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 15

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

Figure 3 Using the scope’s cursor measurements.

Delta readouts are displayed on the right-hand side of the display. If you the press the [Cursors] front panel key, you can see absolute voltage and time readouts for each cursor near the bottom of the display. Your screen should now look similar to

Figure 3.

In addition to using the scope’s default “manual” placement of time and voltage cursors independently, you can also select the Track Waveform cursor mode by pressing the [Cursors] front panel key, and then change from “manual” to “tracking”. In the “tracking” cursor mode, you have the ability to control the time placement of the cursors, and then the scope will automatically position the voltage cursors on the waveform where the time cursors intersect the waveform.

Let’s now perform some automatic parametric measurements on this waveform.

14 Press the [Meas] front panel key (next to the Cursors knob).

If beginning with a default setup (as we have done), when the [Meas] key is pressed the scope will turn on an automatic frequency and Vp-p measurement. Because this scope is able to show up to four continuously updated measurements, let’s add more measurements.

15 Press the Type softkey; then select Maximum.

16 Notice the level indicator that shows where this measurement is being

performed.

16 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

17 Press the Type softkey; then select Minimum.

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

Figure 4 The scope automatically performs up to four parametric measurements.

Your scope’s display should now look similar to Figure 4 showing four continuously update measurements; Frequency, Vp-p, Vmax, and Vmin. Let’s now perform four different measurements.

18 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 ns/div. Expanding on the pulse will provide us

with increased measurement resolution.

19 Now select to measure Top, Base, Rise Time, and Fall Time.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 17

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

Figure 5 Performing additional pulse parameter measurements on a digital pulse.

Your scope’s display should now look similar to Figure 5. If Fall Time was the last measurement that you selected, then the cursors will show where this measurement is being performed.

At this point, you may be wondering what the difference is between the “top” of a waveform (Vtop) versus the “maximum” of a waveform (Vmax), as well as the difference between the “base” of a waveform (Vbase) versus the “minimum” of a waveform (Vmin).

Vtop is the steady-state high level of the waveform. This is the voltage level of the waveform after the overshoot and ringing have settled. Likewise, Vbase is the steady-state low level of the waveform. For digital pulse parameter measurements, Vtop and Vbase are often more important parameters to measure than the absolute maximum and minimum voltages of the waveform (Vmax and Vmin), which are the peak values of the overshoot.

The Rise Time and Fall Time measurements that we performed are relative transition times. This means that they have been performed relative to specific voltage threshold levels. The scope’s default threshold levels for these measurements are the 10% and 90% levels relative to Vbase and Vtop. But many of today’s higher speed devices have specified rise and fall times relative to 20%

18 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

Back

and 80% threshold levels, or perhaps relative to absolute voltage levels, such as from/to ± 1.0 V. Let’s now set up our scope to measure just the rise time of this pulse relative to the 20% and 80% threshold levels.

20 Press the Clear Meas softkey; then press the Clear All softkey. 21 Press the Settings softkey; then press the Thresholds softkey. 22 Press the Lower softkey; set the value to 20%. 23 Press the Upper softkey; set the value to 80%.

24 To return to the previous menu, press the (Back) front panel key (just above

Back

the power switch).

25 Press the (Back) key again because we descended two levels into this menu. 26 Press the Rise measurement on the right of the display; select Track with Cursors.

Figure 6 Performing a rise time measurement relative to 20% and 80% threshold levels.

Using these user-defined measurement threshold levels (20% and 80%), our rise time measurement should be faster because we are now measuring across a shorter segment of the waveform as shown in Figure 6. The measurement should now read approximately 30 ns. When we used the scope’s default 10%/90% threshold levels, the measurement should have read approximately 40 ns.

Let’s now make one more measurement before completing this lab. But this time let’s perform a more comprehensive set of measurements on this waveform.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 19

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

27 Set the scope’s timebase to 500.0 ns/div. 28 Press the Type softkey; select Snapshot All (top of the list). 29 Now either press the Add Measurement softkey, or select it again to add this set

of measurements.

Figure 7 Performing a comprehensive set of automatic parametric measurements using the

“Snapshot All” function.

The “Snapshot-All” measurement provides us with a one-time (snapshot) measurement of several parameters in order to completely characterize our input signal as shown in Figure 7. Note that this set of measurements is not continuously updated, and if you press any front panel or softkey, the display of these measurements will disappear.

20 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

Lab #2: Using Zoom Display to Perform Gated Measurements

When performing automatic parametric measurements, such as positive pulse width measurements, on an exactly repetitive input signal, such as a simple sine wave or square wave, it really doesn’t matter which particular pulse the scope chooses to make the measurement on; each pulse is the same. But what if the input signal you are probing is more complex; where each pulse has unique parametric characteristics? In this case, you would first need to set up the scope to trigger at a unique point in time on the complex signal, and then you would need to set up the scope’s measurements in such a way that the scope would be more selective as to which pulse it chooses to perform measurements on. In this lab you will learn how to perform selective, or “gated”, measurements on specific pulses using the scope’s Zoom display mode.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press the [Default Setup] key on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 4 Select the Digital Burst with Infrequent Glitch signal; then press the Output softkey

to turn it on.

5 Set channel-1’s V/div setting to 1.0 V/div. 6 Set channel-1’s position/offset setting to approximately 2.0 V in order to center

the waveform on-screen.

7 Push the trigger level knob in order to automatically set the trigger level at

approximately 50% (~1.7 V).

8 Set the scope’s timebase to 1.000 µs/div. 9 Press the [Mode/Coupling] front panel key near the trigger level knob. 10 Press the Holdoff softkey; set the trigger holdoff value to 4.000 µs.

With the scope’s trigger holdoff feature turned on and set to 4.0 µs, the scope now triggers on the 1st rising edge of the burst, disarms triggering for 4.0 µs, and then re-arms triggering after the last pulse in the burst so that the scope will again trigger on the 1st pulse during the next repetition of the burst. We have now established a stable and unique trigger point on this complex digital signal using Trigger Holdoff. You can learn more about Trigger Holdoff during “Lab #7:

Triggering on a Digital Burst using Trigger Holdoff" on page 44.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 21

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

Figure 8 Setting up the oscilloscope to capture a burst of digital pulses with different

pulse wid ths.

You should now observe 6 positive pulses with varying widths, plus an infrequent glitch occurring after the 6th pulse as shown in Figure 8. Let’s now turn on a “+ Width” measurement.

11 Press the [Meas] front panel key (next to the Cursors knob). 12 Press the Clear Meas softkey; then press the Clear All softkey. 13 Press the Type softkey; then press the + Width measurement. 14 Either press it again or press the Add Measurement softkey to select this

measurement.

22 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

Figure 9 Measuring the positive pulse width of the 1st pulse in the burst.

The scope always performs measurements on the pulse located closest to center-screen. In this case, the scope measures the positive pulse width of the 1st pulse in this digital burst as shown in Figure 9. But what if we want to know the widths of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc., pulses?

15 Press the button in the Horizontal section of the front panel to turn on the

scope’s “zoom” display mode.

16 Set the Zoom timebase to 50.00 ns/div by turning the large timebase knob. 17 Set the horizontal position/delay to 950.0 ns in order to window-in on the 3rd

pulse.

When the “zoom” display is turned on, the horizontal controls (s/div and position) control the zoomed (or expanded) timebase settings.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 23

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

Figure 10 Using the scope’s Zoom timebase mode to perform “gated” measurements.

You should now see on your scope’s display an expansion of just the 3rd pulse in this burst in the lower portion of the display as should in Figure 10. And the + Width measurement should be measuring the positive pulse width of just the 3rd pulse.

24 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Lab #3: Using Waveform Math

In addition to performing automatic parametric measurements on waveform data, the oscilloscope can also perform math operations on an entire waveform or pair of waveforms. One very common waveform math function that you may want the scope to perform is to subtract one waveform from another. For instance, if you were using standard 10:1 passive probes to capture waveforms on your circuit, you would be limited to capturing these waveforms relative to ground only. But what if you wanted to see what a waveform looks like across a particular component where neither end of the component is connected to ground? In this case, you could capture waveforms at both ends of the component relative to ground, and then subtract one waveform from the other. Let’s try it.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground.

2 Connect the channel-2 probe to the Demo 2 terminal and ground. 3 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 4 Press the [2] front panel key to turn on Channel-2.

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

5 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 6 Select the Phase Shifted Sine signal; then press the Output softkey to turn it on. 7 Set channel-1’s V/div setting to 500 mV/div. 8 Set channel-2’s V/div setting to 500 mV/div. 9 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 µs/div. 10 Press the [Math] front panel key (right-hand side of front panel). 11 Press the Operator softkey and select "-". Change the Math voltage scale to

500mV/div using the knob above the [Math] front panel key.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 25

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

Figure 11 Using waveform math to subtract channel-2 from channel-1.

You should now see three waveforms on your scope’s display as shown in

Figure 11. The purple waveform is the result of the scope’s math function of

subtracting the channel-2 waveform from the channel-1 waveform.

Note that to change the scaling of the math waveform, you can use the knobs on the right-hand side of the scope’s front panel near the [Math] key.

Let’s now vary the phase shift of the two sine waves and observe the results.

12 Press the [Help] front panel key; the press the Training Signals softkey. 13 Press the Phase softkey; then turn the Entry knob to vary the phase shift. You

can also tap the angle value to set it yourself.

When the phase shift is exactly 180 degrees, the resultant math waveform will be at its highest amplitude as expected. When the phase shift is exactly 0 or 360 degrees, the resultant math waveform flat-lines (0.0 V). Let’s now perform a more complex math function; FFT (Fast Fourier Transform).

14 Press [Default Setup]. 15 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 16 Select the Clock with Infrequent Glitch signal and press the Output softkey to turn

it on.

17 Set channel-1’s V/div setting to 500 mV/div.

26 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

18 Set channel-1’s offset to approximately 1.00 V in order to center the waveform

on-screen.

19 Push the trigger level knob to set the trigger level at approximately 50%. 20 Set the timebase to 20.0 µs/div. At this timebase setting there will be many

cycles of the clock signal on-screen, which is typically required when performing a precision FFT math function.

21 Press the [Math] front panel key; then press the Operator softkey. 22 Select the FFT math function. Select the softkey Span and set to 100 MHz; then

set Center to 50 MHz.

Figure 12 Performing an FFT math function on a repetitive digital clock.

You should now see a display similar to Figure 12. The scope is now displaying both a time domain waveform (Vol tage versus Time) as well as a frequency domain waveform (Power in units of dB versus Frequency). An FFT math function breaks signals down into their individual sine wave frequency components. All electrical signals, including digital signals, are composed of multiple sine waves of different frequencies. An ideal clock signal that has a 50% duty cycle should consist of a fundamental sine wave frequency component (signal’s repetitive frequency), plus its odd harmonics (3rd, 5th, 7th, etc.). Note that non-ideal square waves will also include lower-level even harmonics. Let’s now verify the frequencies of the fundamental and odd harmonics.

4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide 27

2 Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs

23 Press the [Cursors] front panel key (near the Cursors knob). 24 Press the Source softkey and change the Source from channel-1 to Math: f(t) 25 Push the Cursors knob and select the X1 cursor.

26 Move the X1 cursor so that it is on top of the highest frequency peak (near the

left side of the display).

27 On the right of the screen, select the X2 cursor.

28 Move the X2 cursor until it is on top of the 2nd highest frequency peak.

The frequencies at the X1 and X2 cursor locations are displayed near the bottom of the scope’s display.

Let’s now verify the fundamental frequency of this signal using the scope’s “counter” measurement.

29 Press the [Meas] front panel key. 30 Press the Type softkey and select Counter.

The “counter” measurement measures the average frequency over a fixed gate time to provide a very high resolution (5 digits) measure of frequency, similar to a standalone counter. But the measurement requires that the input signal be repetitive.

The “frequency” measurement measures the period of just one cycle of the signal, and then computes the frequency by taking the reciprocal.

28 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Lab #4: Using Peak Detect Acquisition Mode

All DSOs and MSOs have a fixed amount of acquisition memory. This is the number of samples that the oscilloscope can digitize for each acquisition cycle. If the scope’s timebase is set to a relatively fast time/div setting, such as 20 ns/div, then the scope will always have a sufficient amount of memory to capture a waveform at that setting using the scope’s maximum specified sample rate. For example, if a scope’s maximum specified sample rate is 4 GSa/s (250 ps between samples), and if the scope’s timebase is set to 20 ns/div, then an acquisition memory depth of 800 points is all that is required to capture and display a complete waveform. At 20 ns/div, a complete waveform across the scope’s screen would consist of 200 ns of time (20 ns/div x 10 horizontal divisions). The required memory depth to fill this time while still sampling at 4 GSa/s is then just 800 points (200ns/250ps = 800).

If you set the scope’s timebase to a much slower time/div setting in order to capture slower waveforms and longer time, then the scope may need to automatically reduce its sampling rate in order to fill the required waveform time. All DSOs and MSOs do this. For example, let’s assume that you want to capture a relatively slow signal and need to set the scope’s timebase to 10 ms/div (100 ms across screen). If the scope’s maximum memory depth is 2 M points, then the scope will need to reduce its sample rate to 20 MSa/s (100 ms/2 M = 50 ns sample period).

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

Although in most cases this is not a problem, because capturing slower waveforms doesn’t require fast sample rates, what if the input signal consisted of a combination of low-speed and high-speed characteristics? For example, what if the input signal that you want to capture is a 30 Hz sine wave with very narrow glitches riding on it? Capturing the 30 Hz sine wave doesn’t require a fast sample rate, but capturing the narrow glitches may require a very fast sample rate. Let’s set up a test to capture a signal such as this.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 4 Select the Sine with Glitch signal; then press the Output softkey to turn it on. 5 Set channel-1’s V/div setting to 500.0 mV/div. 6 Set the scope’s timebase to 10.00 ms/div. 7 Press the [Intensity] button (under the Entry knob); then set the waveform trace

intensity to 100% using the Entry knob or on-screen slider.

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Figure 13 The scope’s automatically-reduced sample rate under-samples the repetitive

glitch.

At this point, you should see a sine wave similar to Figure 13. But if you look closely you should also see some glitches (narrow pulses) near the peaks of this sine wave. And the amplitude of these glitches may appear to vary (bouncing up and down). The amplitude of these glitches is actually very stable. The problem is that the scope has reduced its sample rate (note the sample rate shown under the Keysight logo on the scope’s display) and the scope is now intermittently capturing the narrow glitches. The scope is under-sampling the narrow glitches. Sometimes the scope captures a single point on the peak of a glitch. Sometimes it captures a point on a transition of the glitch. And sometimes it captures nothing at all on the glitch (the glitch width is narrower than the sample interval). This scope has a special acquisition mode called “Peak Detect” that will resolve this problem. Let’s turn it on.

8 Press the [Acquire] front panel key (below the Cursors knob). 9 Press the Acq Mode softkey and select Peak Detect.

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Figure 14 The Peak Detect acquisition mode reliably captures the narrow glitches riding on

the slow sine wave.

The height of the glitches should now appear much more stable as shown in

Figure 14. When the Peak Detect acquisition mode has been selected, rather than

sampling waveforms at a reduced rate, the scope intelligently decimates acquired data at a higher sample rate. For example, let’s assume that the scope needs to run at a sample rate that is 1/100th of its maximum sample rate. This would be equivalent to running the scope at its maximum sample rate, but only storing every 1/100th point, which is “unintelligent” decimation. In the Peak Detect mode, the scope would analyze a group of 200 consecutive samples in real-time (sampled at a high rate), and then store just the maximum and minimum digitized values for this group of 200 points, which is just 2 points. This would be a decimation factor of 100.

So you may ask why not always use the Peak Detect mode? There are some tradeoffs when using this mode of acquisition. First of all, the scope’s absolute maximum sample rate is reduced. Secondly, stored points will NOT be evenly spaced. And this is an important criterion of the Nyquist Sampling theorem. So for this particular measurement application, using the Peak Detect mode is a good choice. But for other measurement applications, Peak Detect may not be the appropriate acquisition mode.

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To learn more about oscilloscope real-time sampling, refer to Keysight’s Application Note titled, “Evaluating Oscilloscope Sample Rates vs Sampling Fidelity” listed in “Related Keysight Literature" on page 167.

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Lab #5: Using Segmented Memory Acquisition Mode

All oscilloscopes have a limited amount of acquisition memory. The amount of acquisition memory that your scope has will determine the length of time it can capture while still using a fast sampling rate. You can always capture a long time span by simply setting the timebase to a long time/div setting. But the scope may automatically reduce its sample rate in order to capture the long time-span which will reduce acquired waveform detail and measurement resolution. Using this scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition mode is another solution to optimize memory depth and sample rate; especially when attempting to capture multiple low duty cycle type signals. Keysight 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes come with segmented memory as a standard option. Let’s now attempt to capture and display a simulated low duty cycle radar burst.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 4 Select the RF Burst signal. 5 Set channel-1’s V/div setting to 500.0 mV/div. 6 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.00 ns/div. 7 Set the scope’s trigger level to approximately +900 mV (~2.0 divisions above

center-screen).

8 Press the [Intensity] button (under the Entry knob); then set the waveform trace

intensity to 100% using the Entry knob.

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Figure 15 Capturing and displaying an RF burst at 200.0 ns/div.

You should see a single burst of sine waves similar to what is shown in Figure 15. Let’s now rescale the timebase in an attempt to capture several of these bursts.

9 Set the scope’s timebase to 10.000 ms/div.

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Figure 16 Capturing multiple RF burst waveforms at a slower timebase setting.

When we attempt to capture multiple RF bursts that are separated by 4.0 ms, the scope under-samples and shows varying amplitudes of the signal as shown in

Figure 16. Again, this is because the scope automatically reduced its sample rate

in order to capture a longer time-span with its limited amount of acquisition memory. Let’s now zoom-in and take a closer look at this under-sampled data.

10 Press [Run/Stop] to stop repetitive acquisitions ([Run/Stop] key will turn red). 11 Now set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 ns/div.

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Figure 17 Zooming in reveals an under-sampled waveform.

After acquiring the waveform at the slower timebase setting, and then zooming in, we can clearly see that our waveform was under-sampled as evidenced by the triangular shaped waveforms shown in Figure 17. Remember, this should be a burst of sine waves.

Although using the scope’s Peak Detect mode would provide us with a more accurate measure of the peak amplitudes of each burst when captured at the slower timebase setting (Figure 16), we would see that the waveform would still be under-sampled after zooming in on a stored trace. Another solution would be to purchase a scope with much deeper memory. Let’s now use the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition mode to capture multiple bursts with high resolution.

12 Press [Run/Stop] to begin repetitive acquisitions again with the timebase still

set at 200.0 ns/div ([Run/Stop] should turn green).

13 Press the [Acquire] front panel key (near the Cursors knob); then press the

Segmented softkey to open the Segmented Memory settings.

14 Set # of Segs = 500. 15 Now press the Segmented softkey to turn on this mode of acquisition.

The scope should have just captured 500 consecutive occurrences of this burst. Let’s review them.

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16 Press the Current Seg softkey; then turn the Entry knob to review all 500

waveforms.

17 Now set the Current Seg = 500 using the Entry knob (last captured

segment/waveform).

Figure 18 Using Segmented Memory Acquisition to capture more waveforms with high

resolution.

Along with capturing consecutive low duty cycle signal bursts, the scope also “time-tags” each segment/waveform so that you know the time of each capture segment/waveform relative to the first captured segment/waveform. Time-tags are shown in the lower left-hand corner of the display. Segment #500 should have a time-tag of approximately 2 seconds along with a time-of-day stamp as shown in Figure 18. The captured waveform should also have very high resolution because the scope used a high sample rate to capture each waveform. If you attempted to capture ~2 s (200 ms/div) of time-span using the scope’s Normal acquisition mode, the scope would have significantly reduced its sample rate and thereby would have provided extremely poor sample resolution on each burst.

Segmented Memory acquisition optimizes oscilloscope acquisition memory by only capturing waveform data around small portions (or segments) of a signal (a short sine wave burst in this case). The scope does not capture unimportant signal idle-time between each burst. Segmented Memory acquisition can also be a very

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useful tool for capturing multiple serial packets of digital data, which will be demonstrated in Chapter 4, “Serial Bus Decoding & Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs,” starting on page 79.

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Lab #6: Using Mask Test

With mask testing you can set up a pass/fail test criteria for automatically testing waveforms to see if they conform to specific wave shapes. In this lab we will test a digital signal that includes an infrequent glitch. With InfiniiVision’s hardware-based mask testing capability, we will be able to test over 200,000 waveforms per second and gain insight into the statistical occurrences of this particular glitch. To enable Mask Testing, your oscilloscope must have the mask test option installed (Option DSOX4MASK). You can verify the installed options on your oscilloscope at [Help] > About Oscilloscope.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 4 Turn on Clock with Infrequent Glitch signal. 5 Set channel-1 to 500 mV/d iv and position/offset to 1.0 V. 6 Push the Trigger Level knob to set the trigger level at 50%.

Oscilloscope Familiarization Labs 2

7 Set the timebase to 20 ns/div. 8 Set the waveform intensity to 100% by first pressing the [Intensity] button; then

turn the Entry knob.

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Figure 19 The scope’s fast waveform update rate easily captures an infrequent glitch.

At this point, you should be able to see that the scope is capturing an infrequent glitch as shown in Figure 19. This particular glitch occurs just once every 1,000,000 cycles of the clock signal that we are triggering on. Because this scope can update waveforms as fast as 1,000,000 waveforms/sec, the scope can capture the glitch on average once per second. Let’s now use the scope’s Mask Test capability to analyze this glitch.

9 Press [Analyze]. 10 Press Features Mask two times to turn on mask testing. 11 Press Automask. 12 Press Create Mask to automatically create a pass/fail mask around this

waveform.

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Back

Figure 20 Mask Testing provides us within detailed statistics about the rate of occurrence of

the infrequent glitch.

Because the InfiniiVision oscilloscope’s mask testing capability is hardware-based, it can test over 200,000 waveforms/sec and provide detailed pass/fail statistics including failure rate in terms of both percent and a Sigma quality factor as shown in Figure 20. A Sigma quality factor of 6

σ relates to approximately three or fewer

defects per million tested. Because this particular glitch occurs 1/1,000,000, we have a Sigma quality factor that exceeds 6

σ. Let’s now set up the oscilloscope to

stop on the first detected failure.

13 Press [Run/Stop] to stop acquisitions.

14 Press the (Back) key. 15 Press Statistics. 16 Press Reset Statistics to clear the statistics from the previous test.

17 Press the (Back) key. 18 Press Setup. 19 Press On Error – Stop two times. 20 Press [Run/Stop] to begin a new “Stop-on-Error” test.

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Figure 21 Establishing specific test criteria.

In addition to stopping acquisitions when an error is detected as shown in

Figure 21, you can also save a waveform, save an image, print, or perform specific

measurements when an error is detected. Using the “Run Until” selection, you can also set up mask testing to run for a specific number of tests, minimum time, or minimum Sigma test criteria. Note that in addition to creating a pass/fail mask using the auto-mask creation feature as demonstrated in this lab, you can also import a mask based on industry specifications, such as an eye-diagram mask, from a USB memory device. These types of imported masks can be easily created within a standard text editor, such as Notepad on your PC.

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Keysight 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes

Advanced Training Guide

3 Advanced Triggering, Search

& Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

Lab #7: Triggering on a Digital Burst using Trigger Holdoff / 44 Lab #8: Triggering on Unique Pulses and Glitches using “Pulse-wid th” Trigger / 48 Lab #9: Triggering on the Nth Pulse within a Burst using “Nth Edge Burst” Trigger / 53 Lab #10: Triggering on and Searching for Edge Speed Violations / 55 Lab #11: Triggering on and Searching for Runt Pulses / 61 Lab #12: Triggering on Setup & Hold Time Violations / 67 Lab #13: Triggering on a Qualified Burst using “Edge then Edge” Trigger / 71 Lab #14: Triggering on Logic Patterns using the MSO’s Digital Channels / 74

3 Advanced Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

Lab #7: Triggering on a Digital Burst using Trigger Holdoff

Signals in the real world of electronics are rarely as simple as repetitive sine waves and square waves. Establishing unique trigger points on more complex signals sometimes requires using trigger “hold-off”. In this lab you will learn how to use the scope’s trigger hold-off capability in order to trigger on a burst of digital pulses.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then tap the Training Signals softkey. 4 Tap the Digital Burst signal from the Training Signals menu. 5 Set channel-1’s V/div setting to 1.00 V/div. 6 Set channel-1’s offset/position to approximately +1.7 V in order to center this

waveform on the scope’s display.

7 Push the Trigger Level knob to automatically set the trigger level to

approximately 50%.

8 Set the scope’s timebase to 20.00 µs/div.

Figure 22 Attempting to view a burst of pulses while using the scope’s default trigger setup

conditions.

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You should see on your scope’s display what may appear to be an un-triggered display of a series of digital pulses similar to Figure 22. The scope is actually triggering on random rising edge crossings of this complex digital data stream, which is actually a “burst” of pulses. Unfortunately we can’t “see” the burst activity because we haven’t yet set up the scope to establish a unique trigger point on this complex signal. So let’s now “stop” repetitive acquisitions so that we can see a single-shot acquisition of the bursts, and then make some measurements. We will then use these measurements to enter a specific trigger holdoff time in order to synchronize triggering on the 1st pulse of each burst.

9 Press the [Run/Stop] front panel key to stop repetitive acquisitions.

Figure 23 Single-shot acquisition reveals digital burst activity.

With repetitive acquisitions stopped, you should now be able to see digital burst activity as shown in Figure 23. In other words, there are a series of negative pulses followed by a short idle-time (high level), and then it repeats. If you press [Single] several times, you should observe that the trigger event (rising edge closest to center-screen) for each acquisition is almost always a different pulse within the burst.

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Trigger Point

Next Valid Trigger Event

Holdoff Time

Estimate or use the scope’s timing cursors (X1 & X2) to measure the width of one of the burst of pulses, and also measure the time from the beginning of one burst of pulses to the beginning of the next burst of pulses. You should find that the width of each burst is approximately 40 µs, and the time between bursts is approximately 50 µs.

When we use the scope’s default triggering condition, the scope triggers on “any” random edge of this signal. In other words, sometimes the scope triggers on the 1st edge of the burst, sometimes the 11th edge of the burst, sometimes the 5th edge, etc. An ideal synchronization point would be to set up the scope so that it always triggers on just the 1st edge of each burst, rather than a random edge. We can do this using the scope’s “trigger holdoff” capability.

With trigger holdoff, we can instruct the scope to always arm triggering during the signal idle-time between each burst of pulses. This way the scope will always trigger on the next rising edge after arming, which will always be the 1st edge in each burst. And ideal holdoff time to achieve this would be a trigger holdoff time somewhere between 40 µs (width of burst) and 50 µs (time between bursts). This may sound confusing, so let’s just do it and see what happens.

10 Press the [Run/Stop] front panel key to begin repetitive acquisitions again. 11 Press the [Mode/Coupling] key in the Trigger section of the front panel. 12 Tap the Holdoff softkey twice to bring up the keypad; set to 45.000 µs.

46 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Figure 24 Using the scope’s trigger holdoff feature to synchronize on a burst of pulses.

Advanced Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs 3

You should now see a synchronized display as shown in Figure 24. The scope triggers on the 1st edge of a burst of pulses (center-screen) and then disables triggering for 45.00 µs (holdoff time). During this holdoff time, the scope ignores the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc., crossings, and then re-arms triggering after the end of the burst, but before the beginning of the next burst, which is during the signal’s “idle-time”. The next valid trigger event will again be the 1st edge crossing on the next burst.

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Lab #8: Triggering on Unique Pulses and Glitches using “Pulse-width” Trigger

In this lab you will learn how to use the scope’s Pulse Width triggering mode to trigger on pulses within a digital data stream that have unique pulse widths, including an infrequently occurring glitch.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 4 Tap the Digital Burst with Infrequent Glitch signal from the Training Signals menu. 5 Set channel-1’s vertical scaling to 1.00 V/div. 6 Set channel-1’s offset/position to approximately +1.7 V in center the waveform

on-screen.

7 Set the trigger level to +1.00 V (~1 division above bottom of waveform). 8 Set the scope’s timebase to 2.000 µs/div.

Figure 25 Capturing a digital burst using the scope’s default Edge triggering mode.

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You should now see on your scope’s display a digital burst waveform consisting of six pulses of various widths, followed by an infrequent glitch similar to Figure 25. Using the scope’s default Edge triggering mode, the scope usually triggers on the 1st pulse of this burst. But if you increase the scope’s waveform intensity to 100%, you will see that the scope sometimes triggers on later pulses within this burst. We could further stabilize triggering on the 1st pulse in this burst if we used the scope’s trigger holdoff capability. But what if we wanted to trigger on a specific pulse (other than the 1st pulse)? We could accomplish this by using the “Nth Edge Burst” triggering mode, assuming that the input signal is a repetitive burst. We will show how to use the “Nth Edge Burst” triggering mode in the next lab (Lab #9). Another option would be to use the scope’s “Pulse Width” triggering mode, which can be used on a continuous data stream of digital pulses; the data stream does not need to come in bursts. But the pulses must have a unique pulse width for this triggering mode to be effective. Note that the 5th pulse within this burst has a positive pulse width of approximately 300 ns. This is a unique pulse width within this burst of pulses. Let’s now set up the scope to trigger specifically on this pulse.

9 Press the [Trigger] front panel key; then tap the Pulse Width trigger type from

the Trigger Type menu.

10 Tap the “ < > >< ” softkey until the “><” time qualifier has a check below it. 11 Tap the “ < 30 ns ” softkey; then set the time to < 350 ns using the keypad. 12 Tap the “ > 20 ns ” softkey; then set the time to > 250 ns using the keypad. 13 Set the scope’s timebase to 500.0 ns/div.

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Figure 26 Triggering on a 300 ns wide pulse using the scope’s Pulse Width triggering mode.

Your scope should now be triggering at the end of the 5th pulse of the burst as shown in Figure 26. This particular pulse uniquely meets the pulse width time qualification of > 250 ns, but < 350 ns. You can select the +Width measurement if you would like to verify that this pulse has an approximate width of 300 ns.

Now take note of the narrow infrequent glitch that occurs after the end of this burst of six pulses. In addition to using the scope’s Pulse Width trigger type to trigger on “known” pulses that have unique widths, such as this 300 ns wide pulse, we can also use the Pulse Width triggering mode to trigger on “unknown” or “unwanted” glitches. Let’s do it.

14 Tap the “ < > >< ” softkey; then select the “<” time qualifier. 15 Tap the < 30 ns softkey; then set the time to < 50 ns.

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Figure 27 Triggering on a narrow infrequent glitch using the scope’s Pulse Width triggering

mode.

Your scope should now be triggering on the narrow infrequent glitch that follows the repetitive burst of six pulses as shown in Figure 27. Note that if this glitch was more infrequent, you would also need to select the Normal trigger mode to avoid auto triggering.

Let’s now use the scope’s Segmented Memory mode of acquisition to capture 500 consecutive occurrences of this burst of pulses to see if we can determine how often the glitch occurs relative to the occurrence of each burst. But before beginning a Segmented Memory acquisition, we will change the trigger condition to trigger on the 300 ns wide pulse again so that we can capture every occurrence of the burst. To complete the rest of this lab your scope must be licensed with the Segmented Memory option.

16 Tap the “ < > >< ” softkey; then select the “><” time qualifier. 17 Press the [Acquire] front panel key. 18 Tap the Segmented softkey twice and enter 500 as the number of segments to

capture.

19 Tap the Segmented softkey to begin a Segmented Memory acquisition. 20 Tap the Current Segment softkey; then turn the Entry knob to review all 500

captured segments. Or, tap it a second time to set a specific value.

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21 Set the Current Segment to 500 and note the time-tag of the last captured

segment.

Figure 28 Using the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to selectively capture 500

consecutive occurrences of a burst of pulses.

Segmented Memory optimizes oscilloscope acquisition memory by only capturing important segments of a waveform based on the trigger condition and timebase setting. In this example, we have selectively captured 500 consecutive occurrences of this burst for a total acquisition time of than 40 ms as shown in Figure 28. The scope did not waste valuable acquisition memory capturing signal idle time between each burst. But the scope does provide us with timing information about the time of each segment relative to the first captured segment. As you were reviewing each captured segment, you should have determined the glitch occurs every on 40th occurrence of the burst.

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Lab #9: Triggering on the Nth Pulse within a Burst using “Nth Edge Burst” Trigger

In this lab you will learn how to use the scope’s “Nth Edge Burst” triggering mode to trigger on pulses within a burst based on pulse count. Note that we will be using the same training signal that we used in the previous lab.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 4 Open the Training Signals: Sine menu and double-tap the Digital Burst with

Infrequent Glitch signal.

5 Set channel-1’s vertical scaling to 1.00 V/div. 6 Set channel-1’s offset/position to approximately +1.7 V in center the waveform

on-screen.

7 Set the trigger level to +1.00 V (~1 division above bottom of waveform). 8 Set the scope’s timebase to 500 ns/div.

Figure 29 Capturing a digital burst using the scope’s default Edge triggering mode.

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You should now see on your scope’s display a digital burst waveform consisting of six pulses of various widths, followed by an infrequent glitch similar to Figure 29. Using the scope’s default Edge triggering mode, the scope usually triggers on the 1st pulse of this burst. Let’s now set up the scope to trigger on the 3rd pulse in this burst using the “Nth Edge Burst” triggering mode.

9 Press the [Trigger] front panel key; then tap Nth Edge Burst using the Trigger Type

menu.

10 Tap the Idle softkey; then set the minimum signal idle time to 2.00 µs. 11 Tap the Edge softkey; then set the edge count to 3.

Figure 30 Triggering on the 3rd pulse in the burst using the “Nth Edge Burst” triggering

mode.

Your scope should now be triggering on the 3rd rising edge in this burst as shown in Figure 30. Note that the idle time setting of 2.00 µs defines when a burst ends and begins. This setting must be set to a value that is greater that the longest legitimate pulse width within the burst, but less than signal idle time between each occurrence of the burst. To trigger on other edges within this burst, vary the Edge count setting between 1 and 7.

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Lab #10: Triggering on and Searching for Edge Speed Violations

In this lab you will learn how to set up the scope to trigger on edge speed violation conditions using the scope’s “Rise/Fall Time” trigger mode. We will also be using the scope’s Search & Navigation capability to automatically find, mark, and then navigate to edge speed violations, as well as using the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to capture multiple and consecutive occurrences of edge speed violations.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then tap the Training Signals softkey. 4 From the Training Signals menu, double-tap the Edge Transition Violation Signal. 5 Set channel-1 to 500 mV/d iv. 6 Set channel-1 offset/position to approximately 1.6 V to center the waveform

on-screen.

7 Push the trigger level knob to automatically set the trigger level to

approximately 50%.

8 Set the scope’s timebase to 100.0 ns/div.

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Figure 31 Scope display reveals two different rising edge speeds when triggering on any

rising edge.

Your scope’s display should now look similar to Figure 31. Using the scope’s default rising edge type trigger, we can see two distinctly different rising edge speeds on this waveform. Also notice that the slower transitioning edge appears dimmer. This is because the slower transitioning edges occur less often than the faster transitioning edges. Perhaps these slower transitioning edges are in violation of meeting minimum required specifications. Let’s first set up the scope to measure the rise times of this signal, and then we will set up the scope to uniquely trigger on the violation edges.

9 Press [Meas]; then tap the Type softkey. 10 Select the Rise Time measurement; Once on, tap Statistics and then Display On.

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Figure 32 The scope’s measurement statistics shows the range of rising edge speeds on this

signal.

Looking at the on-screen Rise Time measurement statistics, we can see that the scope is measuring a minimum Rise Time in the range of 50 ns, while also measuring a maximum Rise Time in the range of 125 ns as shown in Figure 32. If we assume that our system specification requires that signal edge speeds (based on 10% to 90% threshold levels) must be faster than 100 ns, then we have just detected a signal integrity problem with our design. To further troubleshoot this issue we should set up our scope to uniquely trigger on just the edges that are in violation. This might help us isolate what the root cause might be that is causing these occasional violations. Uniquely triggering on edge speed violation signals can be accomplished on Keysight’s 4000 X-Series oscilloscopes using the Rise/Fall

Time triggering mode.

11 Press the [Trigger] front panel key and select the Rise/Fall Time trigger type. 12 Press the Level Select softkey to select Low. 13 Turn the Trigger Level knob to set the lower trigger threshold level to the

approximate 10% level. Note that you can also drag the T edge of the display.

14 Press the Level Select softkey until it indicates High; then turn the Trigger Level

knob to set the upper (high) trigger threshold level to the approximate 90%

level. Note that you can also drag the T

marker on the left side of the display.

marker on the left

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15 Tap the “< >” softkey to select “>”. 16 Tap the Time softkey twice, which opens the keypad. Set the violation time to >

100 ns.

Figure 33 Using Rise/Fall Time triggering to trigger on violation edge speeds.

Your scope should now be triggering on just rising edges of the input signal that have rise times in excess of 100 ns as shown in Figure 33. In addition to triggering on Rise/Fall Time violation edges, the Keysight 4000 X-Series oscilloscopes can also perform Search & Navigation to find multiple edge speed violation conditions, regardless of the specific trigger setup condition.

17 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 µs/div. 18 Press [Run/Stop] to stop repetitive acquisitions (the [Run/Stop] key should turn

red).

19 Press the [Search] front panel key. 20 Tap the Search Edge softkey and select the Rise/Fall Time search mode. 21 Tap the Settings softkey. 22 Tap the “< >” softkey; the select “>”. 23 Press the Time softkey; enter in > 100 ns.

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Figure 34 The scope automatically finds several rise time violation edges.

At this timebase setting (200 µs/div), the scope captured over a thousand edges of this signal. And using the search conditions we entered (rising edges that exceed 100 ns), the scope should have just found approximately 10 violation edges as shown in Figure 34. The white triangle marks at the top of the display indicate the location of each “found” violation. Let’s now “navigate” to each of these detected violations.

24 Press the (zoom) front panel key.

25 Press the and navigation keys to navigate to each discovered edge

violation.

Let’s now use the scope’s Segmented Memory mode of acquisition to capture 500 consecutive occurrences of this edge transition violation. But to complete the rest of this lab your scope must be licensed with the Segmented Memory option.

Press the (zoom) front key to turn off the scope’s horizontal zoom mode.

26 Push the horizontal position/delay knob to re-position the trigger point back to

center-screen.

27 Set the scope’s timebase to 100.0 ns/div. 28 Press the [Run/Stop] front panel to begin repetitive acquisition again. 29 Press the [Acquire] front panel key.

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30 Tap the Segmented softkey; set 500 as the number of segments to capture. 31 Tap the Segmented softkey to begin a Segmented Memory acquisition. 32 Tap the Current Segment softkey; then turn the Entry knob to review all 500

captured segments.

33 Set the Current Segment to 500 and note the time-tag of the last captured

segment.

Figure 35 Using the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to selectively capture 500 edge

violations.

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Lab #11: Triggering on and Searching for Runt Pulses

A “runt” pulse is defined as either a positive or negative digital pulse that fails to meet a minimum required amplitude. In this lab you will learn how to set up the scope to trigger on runt pulse conditions. In addition, we will be using the scope’s Search & Navigation capability to automatically find, mark, and then navigate to runt pulses, as well as use the scope’s segmented memory acquisition to capture multiple and consecutive occurrences of runt conditions.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then tap the Training Signals softkey. 4 Select the Runt Pulses signal. 5 Set channel-1 to 500 mV/d iv. 6 Set channel-1 offset/position to approximately 1.6 V to center the waveform

on-screen.

7 Push the trigger level knob to automatically set the trigger level to

approximately 50%.

8 Set the scope’s timebase to 100.0 ns/div.

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Figure 36 Scope display reveals various amplitude pulses while triggering on any rising

edge.

Your scope’s display should now look similar to Figure 36. Using the scope’s default rising edge type trigger, we can see pulses that have various amplitudes. The pulses that have the lower amplitudes are “runt” pulses. This particular data stream includes both positive runts (pulses that fail to meet a minimum high level) and negative runts (pulses that fail to meet a minimum low level). Let’s now set up the scope to trigger on just positive runt conditions.

9 Press the [Trigger] front panel key and select Runt type triggering. 10 Tap the Level Select softkey to select Low.

11 Turn the trigger level knob to set the lower trigger level threshold to be

approximately 1 division above the bottom of the waveform.

12 Tap the Level Select softkey to select High; then turn the Trigger Level knob to

set the upper trigger level threshold to be approximately 1 division below the top of the waveform.

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Figure 37 Triggering on positive runts.

Your scope should now be triggering on positive runt pulses of two different widths as shown in Figure 37. Note that as shown in previous labs, the high and low trigger levels can be set using the touchscreen with the T the left of the display. You can also change the polarity of the runt triggering to either “positive runts only”, “negative runts only”, or “either polarity runts” using the appropriate softkey selection. Note that the Keysight 4000 X-Series oscilloscopes can also trigger on runt pulses that meet a specific time qualification. Based on the scope’s current timebase setting (100.0 ns/div), we can estimate that the width of these two positive runt pulses shown in Figure 37 are approximately 300 ns and 100 ns wide. Let’s set up the scope to uniquely trigger on the positive runts that are < 200 ns wide. In other words, let’s isolate the smaller of these two runts.

13 Tap the Qualifier softkey; and then select “<”. 14 Double-tap the Time softkey and enter 200.0 ns.

and TH markers to

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Figure 38 Triggering on a positive runt pulse that is < 200 ns wide.

Your scope’s display should look similar to Figure 38 showing a positive runt pulse that is approximately 100 ns wide near center-screen. In addition to triggering on runt pulse conditions, the Keysight 4000 X-Series oscilloscopes can also perform Search & Navigation to find multiple runt pulse conditions, regardless of the specific trigger setup condition. Let’s now capture a longer stream of pulses and perform an automatic search operation to find all runts.

15 Set the scope’s timebase to 100.0 µs/div. 16 Press [Run/Stop] to stop repetitive acquisitions. 17 Press the [Search] front panel key. 18 Tap the Search Edge softkey; double-tap on Runt. 19 Tap the Settings softkey to observe the default runt search conditions.

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Figure 39 Automatic “Search” finds and marks multiple runt pulses.

Your scope’s display should now look similar to Figure 39. The white triangle marks at the top of the display indicate the location of each positive runt pulse that the scope found. Let’s now set up the scope to automatically navigate to each “found” runt.

20 Press the (zoom) front panel key to turn on the scope’s horizontal zoom

mode.

21 Press the and navigation keys to navigate to each discovered positive

runt pulse.

Let’s now use the scope’s Segmented Memory mode of acquisition to capture 500 consecutive occurrences of runt pulses of either polarity and with no specific time qualification. But to complete the rest of this lab your scope must be licensed with the Segmented Memory option.

22 Press the (zoom) front panel key to turn off the scope’s horizontal zoom

mode.

23 Push the horizontal position/delay knob to re-position the trigger point back to

center-screen.

24 Set the scope’s timebase to 100.0 ns/div. 25 Press the [Run/Stop] front panel to begin repetitive acquisition again. 26 Press the [Trigger] front panel key.

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27 Press the “runt polarity” softkey and select the “either polarity” (third) icon. 28 Tap the Qualifier softkey to select None. 29 Press the [Acquire] front panel key. 30 Tap the Segmented softkey; then double-tap # of Segs to enter 500 as the

number of segments to capture.

31 Tap the Segmented softkey to begin a Segmented Memory acquisition. 32 Tap the Current Segment softkey; then turn the Entry knob to review all 500

captured segments.

33 Set the Current Segment to 500 and note the time-tag of the last captured

segment.

Figure 40 Using the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to selectively capture 500

consecutive runt pulses.

Segmented Memory optimizes oscilloscope acquisition memory by only capturing important segments of a waveform based on the trigger condition and timebase setting. In this example, we have selectively captured 500 occurrences of positive and negative runts of any width for a total acquisition time of more than 20 ms as shown in Figure 40.

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Lab #12: Triggering on Setup & Hold Time Violations

In this lab we will set up the scope to trigger on a Setup & Hold time violation. We will also use the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to capture multiple and consecutive occurrences of Setup & Hold time violations.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground.

2 Connect the channel-2 probe to the Demo 2 terminal and ground. 3 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 4 Press [Help]; then tap the Training Signals softkey. 5 Using the Entry knob, select the Setup & Hold Violation Signals signal; then press

the Output softkey to turn it on.

6 Press [Auto Scale], which should set each signal to 1.00V/ and timescale to

50.00ns/.

Figure 41 Display of a clock signal (yellow trace) and data signal (green trace) in the form of

an eye-diagram.

You should now see on your scope’s display waveforms similar to Figure 41. The channel-1 waveform (yellow trace) is a clock signal, while the channel-2 waveform (green trace) represents a random data signal presented in an eye-diagram format. When clocking data into a memory device, if the data signal is going to

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change polarity (high-to-low or low-to-high), then it must switch polarities a minimum amount of time before the occurrence of the clocking signal. This is commonly referred to as the device’s minimum specified “setup” time. And then the data signal must remain stable (“hold” high or low) for a minimum amount of time after the occurrence of the clocking signal before switching to the opposite polarity. This is commonly referred to as the device’s minimum specified “hold” time.

Let’s assume that data is being clocked into a device on the rising edge of our clock signal (yellow trace). To determine the setup time of our signals we could use the scope’s timing cursors to measure the time from the rising/falling edges of the data signal to the rising edge of the clock signal. If you make this measurement based on the brighter green traces, then you should measure a setup time in the range of 37 ns. But notice the fainter green traces. It appears that our data signal is occasionally shifting closer to the clock signal. If you make the setup time measurement based on the fainter green traces you should measure a setup time in the range of just 17 ns. Let’s now assume that our device has a minimum specified setup time of 25 ns. This would mean that the timing of our signals usually meet specification, but sometimes they are in violation of the specification. Rather than triggering on any rising edge of the clock (current trigger condition), triggering on clock signals that are preceded by a data setup time violation might help us to debug this timing problem. Let’s do it.

7 Press the [Trigger] front panel key. 8 Select the Setup & Hold trigger type. 9 Double-tap the < Setup softkey and enter 25 ns.

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Figure 42 Triggering the scope on just setup time violations of less than 25 ns.

Your scope should now be triggering on just setup time violation conditions similar to Figure 42. With this unique trigger condition, perhaps we can now correlate these signals to other signals and/or activity in our system that may be producing this timing problem.

Let’s now use the scope’s Segmented Memory mode of acquisition to capture 500 consecutive occurrences of a setup time violation. But to complete the rest of this lab your scope must be licensed with the Segmented Memory option.

10 Press the [Acquire] front panel key. 11 Tap the Segmented softkey; enter 500 as the number of segments to capture. 12 Tap the Segmented softkey to begin a Segmented Memory acquisition. 13 Tap the Current Segment softkey; then turn the Entry knob to review all 500

captured segments.

14 Set the Current Segment to 500 and note the time-tag of the last captured

segment.

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Figure 43 Using the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to selectively capture 500

consecutive occurrences of a setup time violationrunt pulses.

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Lab #13: Triggering on a Qualified Burst using “Edge then Edge” Trigger

In this lab you will learn how to use the scope’s “Edge then Edge” trigger mode. This trigger mode is sometimes referred to as “qualified A then B” triggering. “Edge then Edge” triggering allows you to qualify triggering on an edge of any channel, then delay arming of the final trigger condition by both time and event count of an edge of any channel.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground.

2 Connect the channel-2 probe to the Demo 2 terminal and ground. 3 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 4 Press [Help]; then press the Training Signals softkey. 5 Select the Edge then Edge signal. 6 Set channel-1 to 1.0 V/div; set the channel-1 offset to -1.0 V 7 Press the [2] front panel key to turn on channel-2. 8 Set channel-2 to 1.0 V/div. 9 Set channel-2 offset/position to approximately 2.0 V.

10 Push the trigger level knob to automatically set the trigger level on both

channels to approximately 50%.

11 Set the scope’s timebase to 1.0 µs/div.

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Figure 44 Capturing a complex burst signal while triggering on a synchronization signal.

Your scope’s display should now look similar to Figure 44 while using the scope’s default trigger condition (rising edge of channel-1). Let’s now set up the scope to trigger on one of the wider digital pulses on channel-2. To do this we will qualify triggering on the channel-1 pulse, then delay arming of the trigger past the 5 MHz analog burst, and then finally trigger on the Nth occurrence of one of the wider digital pulses.

12 Press the [Trigger] front panel key; then select Edge then Edge. 13 Double-tap the Delay softkey; then enter 2.0 µs. 14 Double-tap the Nth Edge B softkey and enter 3.

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Figure 45 Using Edge then Edge triggering to synchronize acquisitions on the 3rd digital

pulse of channel-2.

Your scope’s triggering should now be synchronized on the 3rd digital pulse on channel-2 after qualifying on the channel-1 pulse, and after delaying past the higher frequency analog burst as shown in Figure 45.

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Lab #14: Triggering on Logic Patterns using the MSO’s Digital Channels

In this lab you will learn how to use the scope’s digital channels of acquisition (MSO), and then set up the scope to trigger on a specific Boolean pattern combination. Note that to complete this lab your scope must either be an MSO model, or a DSO model that has been upgraded with the MSO option (Option MSO). You can verify the installed options on your oscilloscope at [Help] > About

Oscilloscope.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground. 2 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 3 Press [Help]; then tap the Training Signals softkey. 4 Select Analog & Digital Signals signal. 5 Set channel-1 to 500 mV/d iv. 6 Push the trigger level knob to set the trigger level to approximately 50%. 7 Set the scope’s timebase to 50.00 µs/div. 8 Press the [Digital] front panel key (right side of scope) to turn on the digital

channels of acquisition.

9 Tap the Turn off D15-D8 softkey to turn off the upper 8 digital channels.

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Figure 46 Capturing multiple analog and digital signals with an MSO.

You should now see on your scope’s display a stair-step sine wave on channel-1 plus eight digital waveforms captured by the D0 through D7 digital channels of acquisition similar to Figure 46. D0 through D7 are the input signals to an digital-to-analog converter (DAC), while the stair-step sine wave is the output of the DAC. At this point, you may be wondering where these digital signals are coming from. Are they real or just simulated? They are real signals generated by an internal pattern generator inside the scope. They are then internally routed directly to eight digital/logic acquisition channels of the scope (D7-D0); bypassing the parallel logic probe. In a real measurement application such as this, you would use the logic probe that is supplied with the scope to probe signals such as these.

The scope is currently triggering on the output of the DAC (channel-1) using the scope’s default Edge triggering mode. We can also set up the scope to trigger on Boolean pattern conditions based on the input of the DAC (D7-D0), which might be necessary if the output signal were more complex than a repetitive sine wave. Let’s now set up the scope to trigger on an input pattern condition = 1110 0110 (binary D7 – D0), which is equivalent to E6 (HEX). Note that this input logic pattern condition will be coincident with the highest output level of the DAC (positive peak of the stair-step sine wave).

10 Press the [Trigger] front panel key; then select Pattern. 11 Tap the Channel softkey; then select D7.

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12 Tap the Pattern softkey; then select 1 as the pattern condition for D7. 13 Double-tap the Channel softkey to select D6. 14 Tap the Pattern softkey; then select 1 as the pattern condition for D6.

15 Repeat the above process until:

Pattern = 1 XXXX 4 D

XXXX XXXX 1110 0110 D

Figure 47 Triggering on Pattern = 1110 0110.

Your scope should now be triggering on logic pattern 1110 0110 (D7-D0), and the top of the sine wave should be centered on-screen as shown in Figure 47. In addition to displaying individual digital channels, this scope can also display all of the digital channels of acquisition in an overlaid bus display mode while displaying the HEX value of the bus. Let’s now set up the scope to show the bus display mode.

16 Press the [Digital] front panel key; then tap the Bus softkey. 17 Double-tap the Bus softkey to enable the Bus1 bus display mode. 18 Set the scope’s timebase to 20.00 µs/div.

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Figure 48 Displaying digital channels in a “bus” display mode.

You should now see a “bus” display mode showing HEX values of the D7-D0 bus at the bottom of the scope’s display similar to Figure 48. Note that it addition to specifying a pattern trigger condition in a binary format, we can also specify to trigger on a pattern condition as a HEX value. The HEX value of the input to the DAC when the output is at its lowest amplitude is 1A trigger on 1A

19 Press the [Trigger] front panel key. 20 Tap the Channel softkey; then select Bus1. 21 Tap the Digit softkey; then select 1 using the Entry knob. 22 Tap the Hex softkey; then select 1 using the Entry knob. 23 Tap the Digit softkey; then select 0 using the Entry knob. 24 Tap the Hex softkey; then select A using the Entry knob.

HEX

. Let’s now specify to

HEX

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Figure 49 Triggering on pattern = 1A

Your scope should now be triggering on 1A output level of DAC, as shown in Figure 49.

HEX

, which is coincident with the lowest

HEX

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4 Serial Bus Decoding &

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Lab #15: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on I2C Serial Bus Signals / 80 Lab #16: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on SPI Serial Bus Signals / 87 Lab #17: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on RS232/UART Serial Bus Signals / 94 Lab #18: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on CAN Serial Bus Signals / 102 Lab #19: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on LIN Serial Bus Signals / 110 Lab #20: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on I2S Serial Bus Signals / 118 Lab #21: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on FlexRay Serial Bus Signals / 125 Lab #22: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on Universal Serial Bus (USB) Signals / 132 Lab #23: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on ARINC 429 Signals / 139 Lab #24: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on MIL-STD-1553 Signals / 144

4 Serial Bus Decoding & Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

Lab #15: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on I2C Serial Bus Signals

In this lab you will learn how to set up the scope to decode and trigger on I2C serial bus traffic. In addition, you will learn how to use the scope’s automatic I Search & Navigation capability, as well as use Segmented Memory acquisition to capture multiple and consecutive occurrences of a particular Read operation. This lab does not provide a tutorial on the I lab, your scope must be licensed with the I EMBD). You can verify the installed options on your oscilloscope at [Help] > About Oscilloscope.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground.

2 Connect the channel-2 probe to the Demo 2 terminal and ground. 3 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 4 Press [Help]; then tap the Training Signals softkey. 5 Select and enable the I 6 Set channel-1 to 1.00 V/div. 7 Press the [2] front panel key to turn on channel-2. 8 Set channel-2 to 1.00 V/div. 9 Set channel-2’s offset/position to +3.50 V. 10 Push the trigger level knob to set the trigger level to approximately 50%. 11 Set the scope’s timebase to 500.0 µs/div.

C signal.

C protocol and signaling. To complete this

C trigger and decode option (Option

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Back

Figure 50 Capturing I

C clock and data while triggering on an edge of the clock (channel-1).

You should see on your scope’s display what appears to be an un-triggered display of two digital signals similar to Figure 50. Your scope is actually triggering on random rising edges of channel-1, which is the scope’s default trigger condition. But these signals are too complex to establish a unique trigger point using simple edge triggering. The signal being captured by channel-1 is an I signal (SCL), and the signal being captured by channel-2 is an I

C serial clock

C serial data signal (SDA). Let’s first set up the scope to intelligently decode this data stream based on the I using I

12 Press the [Serial] front key. 13 Tap the Mode softkey; then select the I 14 Tap the Signals softkey and verity that SCL is defined as channel-1, and that SDA

C triggering.

C protocol, and then we will establish a more unique trigger point

C serial decode mode.

is defined as channel-2 (default conditions). Set each Threshold level to ~1.3 V if not set already.

15 Press the (Back) front panel button (above power switch) to return to the

previous menu.

16 Tap the Addr Size softkey and verify that 7 Bit is selected. 17 Tap the Lister softkey; then select Window and tap Half-Screen to show a list of

Serial 1 (I2C).

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Figure 51 Decoding I

C serial bus traffic.

Your scope should now be decoding I2C serial bus traffic as shown in Figure 51. We can see automatic decoding of this I

C bus in two formats. The blue trace at

the bottom of the display shows time-aligned decoding of the serial bus traffic,

while the lister table at the top of the display shows I

C decoding in a tabular

format.

C addresses can be decoded in either an 8-bit or 7-bit format. The MSB of an 8-bit address byte is the READ/WRITE bit, while the lower seven bits define the address. The scope already detects the MSB of the address byte and symbolically decodes it as to whether the address byte is a Read or Write instruction. So the typical address decoding format most engineers prefer is the 7-bit format, which is what we have selected. But you also have the option of seeing the address byte in an 8-bit format, which will include the MSB Read/Write bit.

Note that your scope should still be triggering on random edge crossings of channel-1. Let’s now set up the scope to trigger when it detects a Read operation from address = 29

, following by an “acknowledge”, followed by any data

HEX

content (don’t care).

18 Press the [Trigger] front panel key; then select Serial 1 (I 19 Tap the Trigger: Start softkey; then select Frame(Start:Addr 7:Read:Ack:Data).

C) using the Entry knob.

20 Tap the Address softkey; then set to 0x29 using the Entry knob.

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21 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 µs/div.

Figure 52 Triggering on I

C traffic.

You should now see stable waveform traces on your scope’s display similar to

Figure 52. The I

C frame that is near the center of the scope’s display, which is the

frame that the scope is triggering on, should be decoded as:

< 29RA FFA 80~A > or < 29RA FFA C0~A >

This particular frame should be interpreted as a Read (R) operation from address 29 with an acknowledge (A), followed by a data byte equal to FF with an acknowledge (A), following by a data byte equal to either 80 or C0 without an acknowledge (~A). Let’s now capture a very long stream of I

C data and then

manually search through the captured and decoded record.

22 Set the scope’s timebase to 20.00 ms/div. 23 Press the [Serial] front panel key; then tap the Lister softkey. 24 Press [Run/Stop] to stop repetitive acquisitions. 25 Tap the Scroll Lister softkey; then turn the Entry knob to manually scroll through

the lister table. You can also use the scroll bar to the right of the lister.

C frame,

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either push the Entry knob, or tap the Zoom to Selection softkey. Let’s now perform an automatic search to find every occurrence of a “Missing Acknowledge”. We will then automatically navigate to each of these occurrences.

26 Push the horizontal position/delay knob to re-position the trigger point back to

center-screen.

27 Set the scope’s timebase to 20.00 ms/div. 28 Press the [Search] front panel key. 29 Tap the Search Edge softkey; then select Serial 1 (I 30 Tap the Search for softkey; then select Missing Acknowledge as our search criteria.

C).

Figure 53 Automatic Search & Navigation.

The white triangles near the top of the waveform area mark the time location of each “found” occurrence of our search operation as shown in Figure 53. These frames are also marked in orange in the first/pointer column of the lister table. Your scope should have found and marked approximately 25 occurrences of this search operation based on a total acquisition time of 200 ms. Note that the number of “found” events is indicated near the bottom of the display. To automatically navigate to each frame with a “Missing Acknowledge”, press the and front panel navigation keys near the timebase controls.

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Let’s now use the scope’s Segmented Memory mode of acquisition to selectively capture 500 consecutive occurrences of our trigger condition (Read from address 29

). But to complete the rest of this lab your scope must be licensed with the

HEX

Segmented Memory option.

31 Push the horizontal position/delay knob to re-position the trigger point back to

center-screen.

32 Set the scope’s timebase to 100.0 µs/div. 33 Press the [Run/Stop] front panel key to begin repetitive acquisitions again. 34 Press the [Acquire] front panel key. 35 Tap the Segmented softkey; double-tap on # of Segs and set the value to 500. 36 Press the Segmented softkey to begin a Segmented Memory acquisition. 37 Tap the Current Segment softkey; then turn the Entry knob to review all 500

captured segments.

38 Set the Current Segment to 500 and note the time-tag of the last captured

segment.

Figure 54 Using the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to selectively capture more I

traffic.

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Segmented Memory optimizes oscilloscope acquisition memory by only capturing important segments of a waveform based on the trigger condition and timebase setting. In this example, we have selectively captured approximately 20 seconds of total acquisition time as shown in Figure 54. Note that we can also view the decoded I Navigation on the segments.

C data in the “lister” format, and we can also perform Search &

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Lab #16: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on SPI Serial Bus Signals

In this lab you will learn how to set up the scope to decode and trigger on 4-wire SPI serial bus traffic. In addition, you will learn how to use the scope’s automatic SPI Search & Navigation capability, as well as use Segmented Memory acquisition to capture multiple and consecutive occurrences of a particular serial byte. This lab does not provide a tutorial on the SPI protocol and signaling. To complete this lab, your scope must be licensed with the SPI trigger and decode option (Option EMBD), as well as the MSO option. You can verify the installed options on your oscilloscope at [Help] > About Oscilloscope.

1 Press [Default Setup] on the scope’s front panel. 2 Press [Help]; then tap the Training Signals softkey. 3 Select and enable the SPI signal. 4 Press the [1] front panel key two times to turn off channel-1. 5 Press the [Digital] front panel key to turn on the digital channels of acquisition. 6 Tap the Turn off D7-D0 softkey to turn off the lower 8 digital channels. 7 Tap the Turn off D15-D9 softkey to turn off the upper 8 digital channels. 8 Tap the Channel softkey. 9 Double tap on D9 to enable digital channel 9.

10 Repeat Step #9 to also turn on D8, D7, and D6. 11 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 µs/div.

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Back

Figure 55 Capturing 4-wire SPI signals using the scope’s digital channels of acquisition

(MSO).

You should now see four digital waveforms captured by the scope’s digital channels of acquisition similar to Figure 55. These SPI training signals are being generated by the scope’s built-in pattern generator and routed directly to the scope’s digital acquisition system; bypassing the logic probe. Note that in a real measurement application such as this, you would use the scope’s analog input channels and/or logic probe to capture these signals from your system.

D9 is the MOSI data signal (Master-out, Slave-in), and D8 is the MISO data signal (Master-in, Slave-out). You can also think of these signals as serial data-out and serial data-in relative to the Master. D7 is the SPI clock signal (CLK), and D6 is the chip select low-enable signal (~CS). This signal is sometimes referred to as Slave-select (SS). Note that the “~” symbol simply means “not” or “low-enable”. Let’s now set up the scope to decode these SPI signals.

12 Press the [Serial] front panel key. 13 Tap the Mode I 14 Tap the Signals softkey. 15 Tap the Clock softkey twice to open the menu; then double-tap D7 to set it as as

C softkey; then double-tap SPI to enable.

the clock source.

16 Press the (Back) front panel button to return to the previous menu.

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Back

17 Tap the MOSI softkey; then select D9.

18 Press the (Back) front panel button to return to the previous menu. 19 Tap the MISO softkey; then select D8.

20 Press the (Back) front panel button to return to the previous menu. 21 Tap the CS softkey; then tap the ~CS softkey; then select D6 using the Entry

knob.

22 Press the [Label] front panel key to turn on the scope’s default labels.

Figure 56 Decoding a 4-wire SPI serial bus.

Your scope should now be decoding the MOSI and MISO serial data lines similar to

Figure 56. However, the scope is not yet triggering on these signals. The scope

should be randomly auto triggering because the default trigger condition is to trigger on a rising edge of channel-1. But there are no signals present on the channel-1 input. Let’s now set up the scope to trigger on a MOSI data byte equal to 0000 0011 (03

23 Press the [Trigger] front panel key; then select Serial 1 (SPI). 24 Tap the Trigger Setup softkey. 25 Tap the Bit softkey and enter 0 in the keypad.

HEX

26 Tap the 0 1 X softkey to select 0 as the trigger logic condition for Bit 0 (MSB).

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4 Serial Bus Decoding & Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

27 Tap the Bit softkey and enter 1 in the keypad. 28 Tap the 0 1 X softkey to select 0 for Bit 1.

29 Repeat Steps #27 and #28 until MOSI Data = 0000 0011.

Figure 57 Triggering on MOSI data = 03

Your scope should now be triggering on MOSI data = 03 at center-screen similar to Figure 57. Let’s now capture a very long stream of SPI traffic and then manually search through the captured and decoded record.

30 Press the [Serial] front panel key. 31 Tap the Lister softkey; then set the Window menu to select Half-Screen. 32 Set the scope’s timebase to 20.00 ms/div. 33 Press [Run/Stop] to stop repetitive acquisitions. 34 Tap the Scroll Lister softkey; then turn the Entry knob to manually scroll through

the lister table. You can also scroll using the scroll bar on the right of the lister window.

HEX

with this byte shown

HEX

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data, tap the Zoom to Selection softkey. Let’s now perform an automatic search to find every occurrence of MOSI data = 03

. We will then automatically navigate

HEX

to each of these occurrences.

35 Push the horizontal position/delay knob to re-position the trigger point back to

center-screen.

36 Set the scope’s timebase to 20.00 ms/div. 37 Press the [Search] front panel key. 38 Tap the Search Edge softkey; then select Serial 1 (SPI). 39 Tap the Bits softkey. 40 Tap the Select Digit softkey; then select the upper nibble (Digit 0). 41 Tap the Hex softkey; then turn the Entry knob to select 0. 42 Tap the Select Digit softkey; then turn the Entry knob to select lower nibble (Digit

1).

43 Tap the Hex softkey; then turn the Entry knob to select 3.

Figure 58 Automatic Search & Navigation on SPI traffic.

The white triangles near the top of the waveform area mark the time location of each “found” occurrence of our search operation as shown in Figure 58. These frames are also marked in orange in the first/pointer column of the lister table.

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Your scope should have found and marked approximately 20 occurrences of this search operation based on a total acquisition time of 200 ms. Note that the number of “found” events is indicated near the bottom of the display. To automatically navigate to each MOSI byte = 03 panel navigation keys.

Let’s now use the scope’s Segmented Memory mode of acquisition to capture 500 consecutive occurrences of SPI serial bus traffic when MOSI = 03 complete the rest of this lab your scope must be licensed with the Segmented Memory option.

44 Push the horizontal position/delay knob to re-position the trigger point back to

center-screen.

45 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 µs/div. 46 Press the [Run/Stop] front panel to begin repetitive acquisition again. 47 Press the [Acquire] front panel key. 48 Tap the Segmented softkey; then tap # of Segs and enter 500 as the number of

segments to capture.

, press the and front

HEX

. But to

49 Tap the Segmented softkey to begin a Segmented Memory acquisition. 50 Tap the Current Segment softkey; then turn the Entry knob to review all 500

captured segments.

51 Set the Current Segment to 500 and note the time-tag of the last captured

segment.

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Figure 59 Using the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to selectively capture more SPI

traffic.

Segmented Memory optimizes oscilloscope acquisition memory by only capturing important segments of a waveform based on the trigger condition and timebase setting. In this example, we have selectively captured over 4 seconds of total acquisition time as shown in Figure 59. Note that we can also view the decoded SPI data in the “lister” format, and we can also perform Search & Navigation on the segments.

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4 Serial Bus Decoding & Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

Lab #17: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on RS232/UART Serial Bus Signals

In this lab you will learn how to set up the scope to decode and trigger on transmit and receive RS232/UART serial bus traffic. In addition, you will learn how to use the scope’s automatic RS232/UART Search & Navigation capability, as well as Segmented Memory acquisition. This lab does not provide a tutorial on the RS232/UART protocols and signaling. To complete this lab, your scope must be licensed with the RS232/UART trigger and decode option (Option COMP). You can verify the installed options on your oscilloscope at [Help] > About Oscilloscope.

1 Connect the channel-1 probe to the Demo 1 terminal and ground.

to turn it on.

6 Set channel-1 to 1.00 V/div. 7 Set channel-1’s offset/position to -1 V. 8 Press the [2] front panel key to turn on channel-2. 9 Set channel-2 to 1.00 V/div. 10 Set channel-2’s offset/position to +2.3 V.

11 Push the trigger level knob to automatically set the trigger level to

approximately 50%.

12 Set the scope’s timebase to 2.00 ms/div.

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Back

Figure 60 Capturing RS232/UART transmit and receive data signals using the scope’s Edge

triggering mode.

You should now see on your scope’s display what appears to be an un-triggered display of two digital signals similar to Figure 60. Your scope is actually triggering on random rising edges of channel-1, which is the scope’s default trigger condition. But these signals are too complex to establish a unique trigger point using simple edge triggering. The signal captured by channel-1 is an RS232 serial receive data signal (RX), and the signal captured by channel-2 is an RS232 serial transmit data signal (TX). Let’s first set up the scope to intelligently decode this data stream based on the RS232/UART protocol, and then we will establish a more unique trigger point using RS232/UART triggering.

13 Press the [Serial] front panel key. 14 Tap the Mode I

C softkey; then select the UART/RS232 serial decode mode using

the Entry knob.

15 Tap the Signals softkey and verify that Rx is defined as channel-1, and that Tx is

defined as channel-2 (default conditions).

16 Press the (Back) front panel button (above power switch) to return to the

previous menu.

17 Tap the Bus Config softkey. 18 Tap the Parity softkey; then select Odd.

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4 Serial Bus Decoding & Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

19 While this menu is active, also verity that the # of Bits is set to 8, the Baud Rate

is set to 19.2 kb/s, Polarity is set to Idle Low, and Bit Order is set to LSB first.

20 Press the [Label] front panel key (between channel-1 and channel-2 controls) to

turn on the scope’s default labels.

Figure 61 Decoding the RS232/UART serial bus.

You should now see RS232/UART decoding of these signals on your scope’s display similar to Figure 61, but we still haven’t established stable triggering. The scope is still triggering on any rising edge of channel-1 (default trigger condition). Let’s now set up the scope to trigger when the transmit data signal (TX) is equal to 4D

HEX

21 Press the [Trigger] front panel key; then select Serial 1 (UART/RS232). 22 Tap the Trigger Setup softkey; then select Tx Data from the Trigger menu. 23 Tap the Data softkey; then select 0x4D using the Entry knob. 24 Set the scope’s timebase to 1.000 ms/div.

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Figure 62 Triggering on Tx = 4D

Your scope should now be triggering on Tx = 4D center-screen similar to Figure 62. Let’s now set up the scope to capture a longer record of time (2 seconds) and review our data in a “lister” format.

25 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 ms/div. 26 Press [Run/Stop] to stop repetitive acquisitions. 27 Press the [Serial] front panel key. 28 Tap the Lister softkey; then select Half-Screen from the Window menu. 29 Tap the Scroll Lister softkey; then turn the Entry knob to scroll through the

decoded data.

As you scroll through the data, note that waveforms “track”. This means that the frame that the arrow points to in the lister table corresponds to the waveforms that are positioned at center-screen. If you want to zoom in on a particular RS232/UART byte of data, tap the Zoom to Selection softkey. This particular stream of RS232/UART data includes some infrequent parity errors (marked in red). But locating the occasional parity bit error conditions can be difficult using the manual scrolling method if the parity bit errors are very infrequent. So let’s now perform an automatic search to find every occurrence of parity bit errors on both the Tx and Rx data lines. We will then automatically navigate to each of these occurrences.

HEX

while displaying this byte at

HEX

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30 Push the horizontal position/delay knob to re-position the trigger point back to

center-screen.

31 Set the scope’s timebase to 200.0 ms/div. 32 Press the [Search] front panel key. 33 Tap the Search Edge softkey; then select Serial 1 (UART/RS232). 34 Tap the Search for softkey; then select Rx or Tx Parity Error.

Figure 63 Using the scope’s automatic Search & Navigation capability to find all occurrences

of parity bit errors over a 2 second time span.

The white triangles near the top of the waveform area mark the time location of each “found” occurrence of our search operation as shown in Figure 63. These frames are also marked in orange in the first/pointer column of the lister table. Your scope should have found and marked 4 or 5 occurrences of this search operation based on a total acquisition time of 2 seconds. Note that the number of “found” events is indicated near the bottom of the display. To automatically navigate to each parity bit error, press the and front panel navigation keys.

Let’s now set up the scope to trigger exclusively on parity errors. But because these errors occur so infrequently, we will need to change the trigger mode from Auto to Normal to prevent auto triggering.

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35 Push the horizontal position/delay knob to re-position the trigger point back to

center-screen.

36 Set the scope’s timebase to 1.00 ms/div. 37 Press the [Run/Stop] front panel to begin repetitive acquisitions again. 38 Press the [Trigger] front panel key; then tap the Trigger Setup softkey. 39 Tap the Trigger Tx Data softkey; then select Rx or Tx Parity Error. 40 Press the [Mode/Coupling] front panel key near the trigger level knob. 41 Tap the Mode Auto softkey; then select Normal. The parity error is infrequent, so

the scope will auto trigger on an asynchronous interval unless we force the normal mode of triggering.

42 Set the horizontal position/delay to approximately -4.7 ms.

Figure 64 Triggering on Parity Errors.

We now have the scope triggering exclusively on parity errors (note that “31” is displayed in red) as shown in Figure 64. Let’s now use the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to capture 50 consecutive occurrences of parity errors. We will then review the captured errors to determine how often they occur. But to complete the rest of this lab your scope must be licensed with the Segmented Memory option.

43 Press the [Acquire] front panel key.

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4 Serial Bus Decoding & Triggering, Search & Navigation, and Segmented Acquisition Labs

44 Tap the Segmented softkey; then enter 50 on the keypad as the number of

segments to capture.

45 Tap the Segmented softkey to begin a Segmented Memory acquisition (be

patient… these errors occur very infrequently).

46 When the scope finishes capturing 50 segments, tap the Current Segment

softkey; then turn the Entry knob to review all 50 captured segments and note the time between each event.

Figure 65 Using the scope’s Segmented Memory acquisition to selectively capture 50

occurrences of Parity Errors.

Figure 65.

Note that although not shown and demonstrated, we can also view the segmented decoded RS232/UART serial data in the “lister” format, and we can also perform Search & Navigation on the segments. Let’s now view this decoded RS232/UART in a different numeric format to uncover a important Keysight marketing message.

47 Press the [Serial] front panel key; then tap the Settings softkey 48 Tap the Base softkey; then select ASCII.

100 4000 X-Series Oscilloscopes Advanced Training Guide

Keysight 4000 X-Series Advanced Training Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Contents

1 Getting Started

Lab Guide—At a Glance

Front Panel Overview

Run Control

Waveform Controls

Horizontal Controls

Vertical Controls

Trigger Controls

Tools Controls

Lab #1: Using Cursors and Automatic Parametric Measurements

Figure 2 Measurement Cursors knob.

Figure 3 Using the scope’s cursor measurements.

Figure 4 The scope automatically performs up to four parametric measurements.

Figure 5 Performing additional pulse parameter measurements on a digital pulse.

Figure 6 Performing a rise time measurement relative to 20% and 80% threshold levels.

Lab #2: Using Zoom Display to Perform Gated Measurements

Figure 9 Measuring the positive pulse width of the 1st pulse in the burst.

Figure 10 Using the scope’s Zoom timebase mode to perform “gated” measurements.

Lab #3: Using Waveform Math

Figure 11 Using waveform math to subtract channel-2 from channel-1.

Figure 12 Performing an FFT math function on a repetitive digital clock.

Lab #4: Using Peak Detect Acquisition Mode

Lab #5: Using Segmented Memory Acquisition Mode

Figure 15 Capturing and displaying an RF burst at 200.0 ns/div.

Figure 16 Capturing multiple RF burst waveforms at a slower timebase setting.

Figure 17 Zooming in reveals an under-sampled waveform.

Lab #6: Using Mask Test

Figure 19 The scope’s fast waveform update rate easily captures an infrequent glitch.

Figure 21 Establishing specific test criteria.

Lab #7: Triggering on a Digital Burst using Trigger Holdoff

Figure 23 Single-shot acquisition reveals digital burst activity.

Figure 24 Using the scope’s trigger holdoff feature to synchronize on a burst of pulses.

Lab #8: Triggering on Unique Pulses and Glitches using “Pulse-width” Trigger

Figure 25 Capturing a digital burst using the scope’s default Edge triggering mode.

Figure 26 Triggering on a 300 ns wide pulse using the scope’s Pulse Width triggering mode.

Lab #9: Triggering on the Nth Pulse within a Burst using “Nth Edge Burst” Trigger

Figure 29 Capturing a digital burst using the scope’s default Edge triggering mode.

Lab #10: Triggering on and Searching for Edge Speed Violations

Figure 33 Using Rise/Fall Time triggering to trigger on violation edge speeds.

Figure 34 The scope automatically finds several rise time violation edges.

Lab #11: Triggering on and Searching for Runt Pulses

Figure 37 Triggering on positive runts.

Figure 38 Triggering on a positive runt pulse that is < 200 ns wide.

Figure 39 Automatic “Search” finds and marks multiple runt pulses.

Lab #12: Triggering on Setup & Hold Time Violations

Figure 42 Triggering the scope on just setup time violations of less than 25 ns.

Lab #13: Triggering on a Qualified Burst using “Edge then Edge” Trigger

Figure 44 Capturing a complex burst signal while triggering on a synchronization signal.

Lab #14: Triggering on Logic Patterns using the MSO’s Digital Channels

Figure 46 Capturing multiple analog and digital signals with an MSO.

Figure 47 Triggering on Pattern = 1110 0110.

Figure 48 Displaying digital channels in a “bus” display mode.

Lab #15: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on I2C Serial Bus Signals

Figure 53 Automatic Search & Navigation.

Lab #16: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on SPI Serial Bus Signals

Figure 56 Decoding a 4-wire SPI serial bus.

Figure 58 Automatic Search & Navigation on SPI traffic.

Lab #17: Decoding, Triggering, and Searching on RS232/UART Serial Bus Signals

Figure 61 Decoding the RS232/UART serial bus.

Figure 64 Triggering on Parity Errors.