2182A Nanovoltmeter
The two-channel Model 2182A Nanovoltmeter is
optimized for making stable, low noise voltage
measurements and for characterizing low resistance materials and devices reliably and repeatably. It provides higher measurement speed and
significantly better noise performance than alternative low voltage measurement solutions.
The Model 2182A represents the next step forward in Keithley nanovoltmeter technology,
replacing the original Model 2182 and offering
enhanced capabilities including pulse capability,
lower measurement noise, faster current reversals, and a simplified delta mode for making
resistance measurements in combination with a
reversing current source, such as the Model
6220 or 6221.
• Make low noise measurements at
high speeds, typically just 15nV
p-p noise at 1s response time,
40–50nV p-p noise at 60ms
• Delta mode coordinates
measurements with a reversing
current source at up to 24Hz with
30nV p-p noise (typical) for one
reading. Averages multiple
readings for greater noise
reduction
• Synchronization to line provides
110dB NMRR and minimizes the
effect of AC common-mode
currents
• Dual channels support measuring
voltage, temperature, or the ratio
of an unknown resistance to a
reference resistor
• Built-in thermocouple
linearization and cold junction
compensation
Flexible, Effective Speed/Noise Trade-offs
The Model 2182A makes it easy to choose the best speed/filter combination for a particular application’s response time and noise level requirements. The ability to select from a wide range of
response times allows optimizing speed/noise trade-offs. Low noise levels are assured over a wide
range of useful response times, e.g., 15nV p-p noise at 1s and 40-50nV p-p noise at 60ms are typical.
Figure 1 illustrates the Model 2182A’s noise performance.
150
100
50
nV
0
-50
-100
0 100
Number of Readings
Keithley 2182A
nV/µW Meter
Low noise measurements for research, metrology, and other low voltage testing applications
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Figure 1. Compare the Model 2182A’s DC noise performance with a nanovolt/micro-ohmmeter’s.
All the data shown was taken at 10 readings per second with a low thermal short applied to
the input.
A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE
LOW LEVEL MEASURE & SOURCE
229
2182A Nanovoltmeter
DC
Measurement
Delta Mode
Measurement
400nV
5nV
Reliable Results
Ordering Information
2182A Nanovoltmeter
This product is available with an
Extended Warranty.
Accessories Supplied
2107-4 Low Thermal Input Cable
with spade lugs, 1.2m (4 ft).
User manual, service manual,
contact cleaner, line cord,
alligator clips.
ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE
2107-30 Low Thermal Input Cable with spade lugs,
9.1m (30 ft)
2182A-KIT Low Thermal Connector with strain relief
2187-4 Input cable with safety banana plugs
2188 Low Thermal Calibration Shorting Plug
4288-1 Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit
4288-2 Dual Fixed Rack Mount Kit
7007-1 Shielded GPIB Cable, 1m (3.2 ft)
7007-2 Shielded GPIB Cable, 2m (6.5 ft)
7009-5 Shielded RS-232 Cable, 1.5m (5 ft)
8501-1 Trigger Link Cable, 1m (3.2 ft)
8501-2 Trigger Link Cable, 2m (6.5 ft)
8502 Trigger Link Adapter to 6 female BNC
connectors
8503 Trigger Link Cable to 2 male BNC connectors
Power line noise can compromise measurement accuracy significantly at the nanovolt level. The
Model 2182A reduces this interference by synchronizing its measurement cycle to line, which minimizes variations due to readings that begin at different phases of the line cycle. The result is exceptionally high immunity to line interference with little or no shielding and filtering required.
Optimized for Use with Model 6220/6221 Current Sources
Device test and characterization for today’s very small and power-efficient electronics requires sourcing low current levels, which demands the use of a precision, low current source. Lower stimulus
currents produce lower—and harder to measure—voltages across the devices. Linking the Model
2182A Nanovoltmeter with a Model 6220 or 6221 Current Source makes it possible to address both
of these challenges in one easy-to-use configuration.
When connected, the Model 2182A and Model 6220 or 6221 can be operated like a single instrument. Their simple connections eliminate the isolation and noise current problems that plague other
solutions. The Model 2182A/622X combination allows making delta mode and differential conductance measurements faster and with less noise than the original Model 2182 design allowed. The
Model 2182A will also work together with the Model 6221 to make pulse-mode measurements.
The 2182A/622X combination is ideal for a variety of applications, including resistance measurements, pulsed I-V measurements, and differential conductance measurements, providing significant
advantages over earlier solutions like lock-in amplifiers or AC resistance bridges. The 2182A/622X
combination is also well suited for many nanotechnology applications because it can measure resistance without dissipating much power into the device under test (DUT), which would otherwise
invalidate results or even destroy the DUT.
An Easy-to-Use Delta Mode
Keithley originally created the delta mode method for measuring voltage and resistance with for use
with the Model 2182 and a triggerable external current source, such as the Model 2400 SourceMeter
instrument. Basically, the delta mode automatically triggers the current source to alternate the signal
polarity, and then triggers a nanovoltmeter reading at each polarity. This current reversal technique
Low noise measurements for research, metrology, and other low voltage testing applications
APPLICATIONS
Research
• Determining the transition
temperature of superconductive
materials
• I-V characterization of a material
at a specific temperature
• Calorimetry
Metrology
• Intercomparisons of standard
cells
• Null meter for resistance bridge
measurements
Figure 2. Results from a Model 2182A/6220 using the delta mode to measure a 10mΩ resistor
with a 20µA test current. The free Model 6220/6221 instrument control start-up software used
can be downloaded from www.keithley.com.
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A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE
2182A
L
SYNC
EXIT ENTER
DIGITS RATE
ON/OFFVALUE
TRIG
EX TRIG
STORE
RECALL
DCV1
V
1
/
V
2
MX+B
%
V1-V
2
DCV2
ACAL
FILT REL
TEMP
1
TEMP
2
TYPE
A
OUT
TCOUPL
DELAY
HOLD
RS232
GPIB
STEP SCAN
CAL TEST
OUTPUT
SAVE RESTR
CONFIG HALT
BUFFER
SETUP
LIMITS
2182A NANOVOLTMETER
RANGE
CHANNEL 1
SHIFT
LOCAL
POWER
RANGE
SHIFT
CH1REM
TALK
LSTN
SRQ
STAT
REL FILT
4W
BUFFER
MATH
REAR
SCAN
TIMER
STEP CH2 CH3 CH4CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10
HOLD TRIGFAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR
AUTO
HI
LO
CHANNEL 2
HI
120V MAX
12V MAX
CAT I
350V PEAK ANY
TERMINAL TO CHASSIS
!
LO
Model
2182A
Model
622X
6220 PRECISION CURRENT SOURCE
EDIT/
LOCAL
CONFIG
POWER
SHIFT
CH1REM
TALK
LSTN
SRQ
STAT
REL FILT
4W
BUFFER
MATH
REAR
SCAN
TIMER
STEP CH2 CH3 CH4CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10
HOLD TRIGFAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR
OUTPUT
ON/OFF
RANGE
RANGE
AUTO
EXIT ENTER
MATH MENU
RECALLUNITS
ADDR
COMM
DISP
TRIG
FILT DCPRES
SWP
MODE
DELTA
0
1
0000
+ / -
SAVE SETUP TRIAX AVG
67
234
5
89
COND
DUT
RS-232
Trigger Link
GPIB or
Ethernet
0.5µA
100µs
Nanovoltmeter
cancels out any constant thermoelectric offsets, so the results reflect the
true value of the voltage being measured. The improved delta mode for
the Model 2182A and the Model 622X current sources uses the same basic
technique, but the way in which it’s implemented has been simplified dramatically. The new technique can cancel thermoelectric offsets that drift
over time (not just static offsets), produces results in half the time of the
original technique, and allows the current source to control and configure
the Model 2182A. Two key presses are all that’s required to set up the
measurement. The improved cancellation and higher reading rates reduce
measurement noise to as little as 1nV.
Differential Conductance Measurements
Characterizing non-linear tunneling devices and low temperature devices
often requires measuring differential conductance (the derivative of a
device’s I-V curve). When used with a Model 622X current source, the
Model 2182A is the industry’s fastest, most complete solution for differential conductance measurements, providing 10X the speed and significantly
lower noise than other instrumentation options. There’s no need to average the results of multiple sweeps, because data can be obtained in a single measurement pass, reducing test time and minimizing the potential for
measurement error.
Pulsed Testing with the Model 6221
When measuring small devices, introducing even tiny amounts of heat t
the DUT can raise its temperature, skewing test results or even destroying
the device. When used with the Model 2182A, the Model 6221’s pulse
capability minimizes the amount of power dissipated into a DUT. The
Model 2182A/6221 combination synchronizes the pulse and measurementa measurement can begin as soon as 16µs after
the Model 6221 applies the pulse. The entire
Competition 2182A 2182A in delta mode
pulse, including a complete nanovolt measurement, can be as short as 50µs.
In the delta, differential conductance, and pulse
modes, The Model 2182A produces virtually no
transient currents, so it’s ideal for characterizing
devices that can be easily disrupted by current
spikes (see Figure 4).
Figure 3. It’s simple to connect the Model 2182A to the Model 6220 or
6221 to make a variety of measurements. The instrument control startup software provided for the Model 622X current sources includes a
step-by-step guide to setting up the instrumentation and making proper
connections.
Metrology Applications
The Model 2182A combines the accuracy of a
Figure 4. The Model 2182A produces the lowest transient currents of any nanovoltmeter available.
digital multimeter with low noise at high speeds
for high-precision metrology applications. Its low noise, high signal observation time, fast measurement rates, and 2ppm accuracy provide the most
cost-effective meter available today for applications such as intercomparison of voltage standards and direct measurements of resistance standards.
Nanotechnology Applications
The Model 2182A combined with the Model 622X current source or Series
2400 SourceMeter
®
instrument is a highly accurate and repeatable solution
for measuring resistances on carbon nanotube based materials and silicon
nanowires.
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Research Applications
The Model 2182A’s 1nV sensitivity, thermoelectric EMF cancellation, direct
display of “true” voltage, ability to perform calculations, and high measurement speed makes it ideal for determining the characteristics of materials
such as metals, low resistance filled plastics, and high and low temperature
superconductors.
A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE
Low noise measurements for research, metrology, and other low voltage testing applications
LOW LEVEL MEASURE & SOURCE
231
2182A
Nanovoltmeter
Three Ways to Measure Nanovolts
DC nanovoltmeters. DC nanovoltmeters
and sensitive DMMs both provide low noise
DC voltage measurements by using long integration times and highly filtered readings to
minimize the bandwidth near DC.
Unfortunately, this approach has limitations,
particularly the fact that thermal voltages
develop in the sample and connections vary,
so long integration times don’t improve
measurement precision. With a noise specification of just 6nV p-p, the Model 2182A is
the lowest noise digital nanovoltmeter available, with the exception of the Keithley
220
215
210
205
200
195
190
185
180
0 8 17 25 33 42 50 58 67 75 83 92 100 108 117 125
Model 2001 DMM/1801 Nanovolt Preamp
combination, which has 0.6nV p-p noise.
AC technique. The limitations of the long
integration and filtered readings technique
have led many people to use an AC tech-
Figure 5. The Model 2182A’s delta mode provides extremely stable
results, even in the presence of large ambient temperature changes. In
this challenging example, the 200nV signal results from a 20µA current
sourced by a model 6221 through a 10mΩ test resistor.
nique for measuring low resistances and voltages. In this method, an AC excitation is
applied to the sample and the voltage is
detected synchronously at the same frequency and an optimum phase. While this technique removes the varying DC component,
in many experiments at high frequencies,
users can experience problems related to
phase shifts caused by spurious capacitance
or the L/R time constant. At low frequencies,
as the AC frequency is reduced to minimize
phase shifts, amplifier noise increases.
The current reversal method. The Model
2182A is optimized for the current reversal
method, which combines the advantages of
both earlier approaches. In this technique,
the DC test current is reversed, then the dif-
Low noise measurements for research, metrology, and other low voltage testing applications
ference in voltage due to the difference in
current is determined. Typically, this measurement is performed at a few hertz (a frequency just high enough for the current to
be reversed before the thermal voltages can
change). The Model 2182A’s low noise performance at measurement times of a few
hundred milliseconds to a few seconds
means that the reversal period can be set
quite small in comparison with the thermal
time constant of the sample and the connections, effectively reducing the impact of thermal voltages.
Temperature
(°C)
Voltage
(nV)
Minutes
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
–5
–10
Optional accessory: Model 2187-4 Test Lead Kit
The standard cabling provided with the Model 2182A Nanovoltmeter and Model 622X Current Sources provides everything normally needed to connect the instruments to each other and to the
DUT. The Model 2187-4 Test Lead Kit is required when the cabling
provided may not be sufficient for specific applications, such as
when the DUT has special connection requirements. The kit
includes an input cable with banana terminations, banana extensions, sprung-hook clips, alligator clips, needle probes, and spade
lugs to accommodate virtually any DUT. The Model 2187-4 is also
helpful when the DUT has roughly 1GΩ impedance or higher. In
these cases, measuring with the Model 2182A directly across the
DUT will lead to loading errors. The Model 2187-4 Test Lead Kit
provides a banana cable and banana jack extender to allow the
Model 2182A to connect easily to the Model 622X's low impedance guard output, so the Model 2182A can measure the DUT
voltage indirectly. This same configuration also removes the Model
2182A's input capacitance from the DUT, so it improves device
response time, which may be critical for pulsed measurements.
232
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A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE
2182A
Hz
pulse_avg_count + 3nV** / (2 · meas_time · pulse_avg_count)
Hz
Nanovoltmeter
Volts Specifications (20% over range)
CONDITIONS: 1PLC with 10 reading digital filter or 5PLC with 2 reading digital filter.
CHANNEL 1 INPUT 24 Hour
RANGE RESOLUTION RESISTANCE T
10.000000 mV
2, 3, 4
1 nV >10 GΩ 20 + 4 40 + 4 50 + 4 60 + 4 (1 + 0.5)/°C
100.00000 mV 10 nV >10 GΩ 10 + 3 25 + 3 30 + 4 40 + 5 (1 + 0.2)/°C
1.0000000 V 100 nV >10 GΩ 7 + 2 18 + 2 25 + 2 32 + 3 (1 + 0.1)/°C
10.000000 V 1 µV >10 GΩ 2 + 1
100.00000 V
CHANNEL 2
6, 10
4
10 µV 10 MΩ ±1% 10 + 3 25 + 3 35 + 4 52 + 5 (1 + 0.5)/°C
100.00000 mV 10 nV >10 GΩ 10 + 6 25 + 6 30 + 7 40 + 7 (1 + 1 )/°C
1.0000000 V 100 nV >10 GΩ 7 + 2 18 + 2 25 + 2 32 + 3 (1 + 0.5)/°C
10.000000 V 1 µV >10 GΩ 2 + 1
(channel 2 reading (accuracy channel 1 range) + channel 1 reading (accuracy channel 2 range)
CHANNEL 1/CHANNEL 2 RATIO: Ratio accuracy =
DELTA (hardware-triggered coordination with 24XX series or 622X series current sources for low noise R measurement):
Accuracy = accuracy of selected Channel 1 range plus accuracy of I source range.
__________________________________________________________________________________
DELTA MEASUREMENT NOISE WITH 6220 OR 6221: Typical 3nVrms / (10mV range)
PULSE-MODE (with 6221): Line synchronized voltage measurements within current pulses from 50µs to 12ms, pulse repetition rate up to 12Hz.
PULSE MEASUREMENT NOISE (typical rms noise, R
* 0.0028ppm for the 100mV range, 0.0016ppm for ranges 1V and above.
** 8nV/ for ranges above 10mV. meas_time (seconds) = pulsewidth – pulse_meas_delay in 33µs incr.
DC Noise Performance
7
<10Ω): ±(0.009ppm of range*) /meas_time / for 10mV range.
DUT
(DC noise expressed in volts peak-to-peak)
Response time = time required for reading to be settled within noise levels from a stepped input, 60Hz operation.
CHANNEL 1
RESPONSE RANGE
TIME NPLC, FILTER 10 mV 100 mV 1 V 10 V 100 V NMRR
25.0 s 5, 75 6 nV 20 nV 75 nV 750 nV 75 µV 110 dB 140 dB
4.0 s 5, 10 15 nV 50 nV 150 nV 1.5 µV 75 µV 100 dB 140 dB
1.0 s 1, 18 25 nV 175 nV 600 nV 2.5 µV 100 µV 95 dB 140 dB
667 ms 1, 10 or 5, 2 35 nV 250 nV 650 nV 3.3 µV 150 µV 90 dB 140 dB
60 ms 1, Off 70 nV 300 nV 700 nV 6.6 µV 300 µV 60 dB 140 dB
CHANNEL 2
6, 10
25.0 s 5, 75 — 150 nV 200 nV 750 nV — 110 dB 140 dB
4.0 s 5, 10 — 150 nV 200 nV 1.5 µV — 100 dB 140 dB
1.0 s 1, 10 or 5, 2 — 175 nV 400 nV 2.5 µV — 90 dB 140 dB
85 ms 1, Off — 425 nV 1 µV 9.5 µV — 60 dB 140 dB
ACCURACY: ±(ppm of reading + ppm of range)
(ppm = parts per million) (e.g., 10ppm = 0.001%)
1
±1°C T
CAL
(channel 2 reading)
21
. 1Hz achieved with 1PLC, delay = 1ms, RPT filter = 23 (20 if 50Hz).
90 Day 1 Year 2 Year COEFFICIENT
±5°C T
CAL
5
18 + 2 25 + 2 32 + 3 (1 + 0.1)/°C
5
18 + 2 25 + 2 32 + 3 (1 + 0.5)/°C
2
±5°C T
CAL
CAL
TEMPERATURE
±5°C 0°–18°C & 28°–50°C
8
CMRR
9
Model 2182A Specifications
VOLTAGE NOISE VS. SOURCE RESISTANCE
(DC noise expressed in volts peak-to-peak)
TEMPERATURE (Thermocouples)
(Displayed in °C, °F, or K. Accuracy based on90 DAY/1 YEAR
SOURCE ANALOG DIGITAL
RESISTANCE NOISE FILTER FILTER
0 Ω 6 nV Off 100
100 Ω 8 nV Off 100
1kΩ 15 nV Off 100
10 kΩ 35 nV Off 100
100 kΩ 100 nV On 100
1MΩ 350 nV On 100
ITS-90, exclusive of thermocouple errors.) 23° ±5°C
TYPE RANGE RESOLUTION REFERENCE JUNCTION
J –200 to +760°C 0.001 °C ±0.2 °C
K –200 to +1372°C 0.001 °C ±0.2 °C
N –200 to +1300°C 0.001 °C ±0.2 °C
T –200 to +400°C 0.001 °C ±0.2 °C
E –200 to +1000°C 0.001 °C ±0.2 °C
R 0 to +1768°C 0.1 °C ±0.2 °C
S 0 to +1768°C 0.1 °C ±0.2 °C
B +350 to +1820°C 0.1 °C ±0.2 °C
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12
ACCURACY
11
RELATIVE TO SIMULATED
Operating Characteristics
13, 14
60Hz (50Hz) Operation
FUNCTION DIGITS READINGS/s PLCs
DCV Channel 1, 7.5 3 (2) 5
Channel 2, 7.5
Thermocouple 6.5
Channel 1/Channel 2 (Ratio), 7.5 1.5 (1.3) 5
Delta with 24XX, Scan 7.5
Delta with 622X 6.5 47 (40.0)
System Speeds
RANGE CHANGE TIME:
FUNCTION CHANGE TIME:
AUTORANGE TIME:
13, 15
14
14
14
ASCII READING TO RS-232 (19.2K Baud): 40/s (40/s).
MAX. INTERNAL TRIGGER RATE:
MAX. EXTERNAL TRIGGER RATE:
A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE
17, 19
18, 19
18, 19, 20
6.5
17, 19
5.5
16, 17, 19
4.5
17, 19
18
6.5
18, 20
6.5
17
5.5
17
4.5
6 (4) 5
18 (15) 1
45 (36) 1
80 (72) 0.1
115 (105) 0.01
2.3 (2.1) 5
8.5 (7.5) 1
20 (16) 1
30 (29) 0.1
41 (40) 0.01
22
<40 ms (<50 ms).
<45 ms (<55 ms).
<60 ms (<70 ms).
16
16
120/s (120/s).
120/s (120/s).
1
LOW LEVEL MEASURE & SOURCE
233
2182A
Nanovoltmeter
Measurement Characteristics
A/D LINEARITY: ±(0.8ppm of reading + 0.5ppm of range).
FRONT AUTOZERO OFF ERROR
10mV–10V: Add ±(8ppm of range + 500µV) for <10 minutes and ±1°C.
NOTE: Offset voltage error does not apply for Delta Mode.
AUTOZERO OFF ERROR
10mV: Add ±(8ppm of range + 100nV) for <10 minutes and ±1°C.
100mV–100V: Add ±(8ppm of range + 10µV) for <10 minutes and ±1°C.
NOTE: Offset voltage error does not apply for Delta Mode.
INPUT IMPEDANCE
10mV–10V: >10GΩ, in parallel with <1.5nF (Front Filter ON).
10mV–10V: >10GΩ, in parallel with <0.5nF (Front Filter OFF).
100V: 10MΩ ±1%.
DC INPUT BIAS CURRENT: <60pA DC at 23°C, –10V to 5V. <120pA @ 23°C, 5V to 10V.
COMMON MODE CURRENT: <50nA p-p at 50Hz or 60Hz.
INPUT PROTECTION: 150V peak to any terminal. 70V peak Channel 1 LO to Channel 2 LO.
CHANNEL ISOLATION: >10GΩ.
EARTH ISOLATION: 350V peak, >10GΩ and <150pF any terminal to earth. Add 35pF/ft with Model
2107 Low Thermal Input Cable.
Analog Output
MAXIMUM OUTPUT: ±1.2V.
ACCURACY: ±(0.1% of output + 1mV).
OUTPUT RESISTANCE: 1kΩ ±5%.
Model 2182A Specifications
GAIN: Adjustable from 10
OUTPUT REL: Selects the value of input that represents 0V at output. The reference value can be
either programmed value or the value of the previous input.
–9
to 106. With gain set to 1, a full range input will produce a 1V output.
Triggering and Memory
WINDOW FILTER SENSITIVITY: 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, or full scale of range (none).
READING HOLD SENSITIVITY: 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, or 10% of reading.
TRIGGER DELAY: 0 to 99 hours (1ms step size).
EXTERNAL TRIGGER DELAY: 2ms + <1ms jitter with auto zero off, trigger delay = 0.
MEMORY SIZE: 1024 readings.
Math Functions
Rel, Min/Max/Average/Std Dev/Peak-to-Peak (of stored reading), Limit Test, %, and mX+b with user-
defined units displayed.
Remote Interface
Keithley 182 emulation.
GPIB (IEEE-488.2) and RS-232C.
SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments).
GENERAL
POWER SUPPLY: 100V/120V/220V/240V.
LINE FREQUENCY: 50Hz, 60Hz, and 400Hz, automatically sensed at power-up.
POWER CONSUMPTION: 22VA.
MAGNETIC FIELD DENSITY: 10mV range 4.0s response noise tested to 500 gauss.
OPERATING ENVIRONMENT: Specified for 0° to 50°C. Specified to 80% RH at 35°C.
STORAGE ENVIRONMENT: –40° to 70°C.
WARRANTY: 3 years.
EMC: Complies with European Union Directive 89/336/EEC (CE marking requirement), FCC part
15 class B, CISPR 11, IEC 801-2, IEC-801-3, IEC 801-4.
SAFETY: Complies with European Union Directive 73/23/EEC (low voltage directive); meets
EN61010-1 safety standard. Installation category I.
VIBRATION: MIL-T-28800E Type III, Class 5.
WARM-UP: 2.5 hours to rated accuracy.
DIMENSIONS: Rack Mounting: 89mm high × 213mm wide × 370mm deep (3.5 in × 8.375 in
× 14.563 in). Bench Configuration (with handles and feet): 104mm high × 238mm wide ×
370mm deep (4.125 in × 9.375 in ×14.563 in).
SHIPPING WEIGHT: 5kg (11 lbs).
NOTES
1. Relative to calibration accuracy.
2. With Analog Filter on, add 20ppm of reading to listed specification.
3. When properly zeroed using REL function. If REL is not used, add 100nV to the range accuracy.
4. Specifications include the use of ACAL function. If ACAL is not used, add 9ppm of reading/°C
5. For 5PLC with 2-reading Digital Filter. Use ±(4ppm of reading + 2ppm of range) for 1PLC with
6. Channel 2 must be referenced to Channel 1. Channel 2 HI must not exceed 125% (referenced to
7. Noise behavior using 2188 Low Thermal Short after 2.5 hour warm-up. ±1°C. Analog Filter off.
8. For L
9. For 1kΩ unbalance in LO lead. AC CMRR is 70dB.
10. For Low Q mode On, add the following to DC noise and range accuracy at stated response time:
11. After 2.5 hour warm-up, ±1°C, 5PLC, 2 minute observation time, Channel 1 10mV range only.
12. For Channel 1 or Channel 2, add 0.3°C for external reference junction. Add 2°C for internal refer-
13. Speeds are for 60Hz (50Hz) operation using factory defaults operating conditions (*RST).
14. Speeds include measurements and binary data transfer out the GPIB. Analog Filter On, 4 read-
15. Auto Zero Off, NPLC = 0.01.
16. 10mV range, 80 readings/s max.
17. Sample count = 1024, Auto Zero Off.
18. For L
19. For Channel 2 Low Q mode Off, reduce reading rate by 30%.
20. Front Auto Zero off, Auto Zero off.
21. Applies to measurements of room temperature resistances <10Ω, Isource range ≤20µA.
22. Display off, delay 1ms.
to the listed specification. T
from T
CAL
10-reading Digital Filter.
Channel 1 LO) of Channel 2 range selected.
Observation time = 10× response time or 2 minutes, whichever is less.
On, line frequency ±0.1%. If L
SYNC
200nV p-p @ 25s, 500nV p-p @ 4.0s, 1.2µV p-p @ 1s, and 5µV p-p @ 85ms.
ence junction.
Autorange Off, Display Off, Trigger Delay = 0, Analog Output off.
ings/s max.
On, reduce reading rate by 15%.
SYNC
is the internal temperature stored during ACAL.
CAL
Off, use 60dB.
SYNC
234
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