JAI RM-2040GE Series, RMC-2040GE Series, TM-2040GE Series, TMC-2040GE Series User Manual
RM/TM-2040GE
RMC/TMC-2040GE
Progressive Scan Cameras
Document Version: E
Document P/N: 10447
Disclaimer i
RM/TM-2040GE Series
Disclaimer
The material contained in this manual consists of information that is proprietary to JAI Inc., and may only be
used by the purchasers of the product. JAI, Inc. makes no warranty for the use of its product and assumes no
responsibility for any errors which may appear or for damages resulting from the use of the information
contained herein. JAI, Inc. reserves the right to make changes without notice.
Microsoft, Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, XP, and Windows Explorer are either registered trademarks or trademarks
of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
Warranty
Please contact your factory representative for details about the warranty.
Certifications
CE Compliance
The RM/TM-2040GE series of cameras has been certified to conform to the requirements of Council Directive
89/336/EC for electromagnetic compatibility and to comply with the following European Standards:
EMCEN55022: 1998 + A1: 2000 CLASS A
EN55024: 1998 + A1: 2001
All JAI Inc. products bearing the CE mark have been declared to be in conformance with the applicable EEC
Council Directives. However, certain factory-installed options or customer-requested modifications may
compromise electromagnetic compatibility and affect CE compliance. Please note that the use of interconnect
cables that are not properly grounded and shielded may affect CE compliance.
Contact the JAI Inc. Applications Engineering Department for further information regarding CE compliance.
FCC
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to
Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful
interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses
and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction
manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential
area may cause harmful interference, in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his
own expense.
RM/TM-2040GE Series
ii Disclaimer
WARNING
Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for FCC compliance could
void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
RM/TM-2040GE Series Operation Manual
JAI Inc.
625 River Oaks Parkway
San Jose, CA 95134
Tel:(408) 383-0300
Tel:(800) 445-5444
Fax:(408) 383-0301
www.jai.com
November 17, 2011
Table of Contents iii
RM/TM-2040GE Series
Table of Contents
Disclaimer Notice ..................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... v
List of Figures ........................................................................................................ vii
List of Tables .......................................................................................................... ix
1
Hardware Introduction .................................................................................. 7
1.1 Product Description ..................................................................................... 7
1.2 Features ................................................................................................... 7
2 Installation ................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Getting Started ........................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Unpacking Instructions .................................................................................. 9
2.1.2 Components ............................................................................................... 9
2.1.3 Accessories and Options ................................................................................ 9
2.2 Camera Setup ............................................................................................. 9
2.2.1 Heat Dissipation .......................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Connector Pin Configurations .......................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Power Supplies and Power Cable Setup ............................................................ 10
2.2.4 Attaching the Camera Lens .......................................................................... 12
2.2.5 Adjustable Back-Focus ................................................................................ 12
3 Operation ................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Progressive Scanning .................................................................................. 13
3.1.1 Preset Scan Area ....................................................................................... 13
3.1.2 Programmable Scan Area ............................................................................. 13
3.1.3 Full Scan Area 2x2 Binning ........................................................................... 15
3.2 Bayer Color Filter (Color Versions) ................................................................. 16
3.2.1 Color Filter Array ...................................................................................... 16
3.2.2 Bayer Color Filter Array (CFA) ....................................................................... 16
3.2.3 Starting Pixel Configuration .......................................................................... 17
3.2.4 Sync and Data .......................................................................................... 17
3.2.5 Camera Functions ...................................................................................... 18
3.2.6 Interpolation Software ................................................................................ 18
3.2.7 Color Interpolation .................................................................................... 18
3.3 Dynamic Range Control ............................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Programmable Look-Up Table (LUT) and Knee Control ......................................... 19
3.4 External Sync and Pixel Locking ..................................................................... 20
3.5 Electronic Shutter ..................................................................................... 20
3.5.1 Programmable Exposure-Continuous Mode ........................................................ 20
3.5.2 Asynchronous No Shutter Mode ...................................................................... 20
3.5.3 Asynchronous Programmable Exposure Mode ..................................................... 21
3.5.4 Pulse Width Control Mode ............................................................................ 22
3.5.5 Particle Imaging Velocimetry Fixed Exposure Mode ............................................. 23
3.5.6 PWC PIV Mode .......................................................................................... 23
3.6 Camera Timing Charts ................................................................................ 24
3.6.1 Timing Table ............................................................................................ 25
4 Function & Operations ................................................................................ 27
4.1 GigE Vision Standard Interface ...................................................................... 27
4.2 GigE Vision-Aware Software ......................................................................... 27
4.3 Recommended Network Configurations ............................................................ 27
RM/TM-2040GE Series
iv Table of Contents
4.3.1 Verified Network Interface Cards (NICs) ........................................................... 27
4.3.2 Video data rate (network bandwidth) .............................................................. 27
4.3.3 Disable Firewalls ....................................................................................... 28
4.3.4 Enabling Jumbo Frame ................................................................................ 28
4.3.5 Setting Receive Descriptors .......................................................................... 30
4.3.6 Interrupt Moderation rate ............................................................................ 31
4.3.7 Calculating and setting Inter-Packet Delay ....................................................... 31
4.3.8 Confirm the Filter Driver is used .................................................................... 32
5 Configuring the Camera .............................................................................. 34
5.1 Acquisition and Trigger Controls .................................................................... 34
5.2 AnalogControls ......................................................................................... 35
5.3 Image Size Controls .................................................................................... 36
5.4 Image Preprocessing................................................................................... 39
5.5 LUT (Look Up Table) .................................................................................. 39
5.6 UserSets ................................................................................................. 40
5.7 DeviceInformation ..................................................................................... 41
5.8 GigEVisionTransportLayer ............................................................................ 42
5.8.1 Persistent IP ............................................................................................ 42
5.8.2 Stream Channel Packet Size ......................................................................... 43
5.9 IPEngine ................................................................................................. 43
5.9.1 SignalRoutingBlock..................................................................................... 45
5.9.2 ControlBits .............................................................................................. 47
5.9.3 PLC LookupTable ....................................................................................... 48
5.9.4 PLCSpecialConfigurations ............................................................................ 49
5.9.5 Counters ................................................................................................. 51
5.9.6 Pulse Generators controls ............................................................................ 52
5.9.7 PLC Grabber Features ................................................................................. 53
5.9.8 IPEngine Examples: .................................................................................... 53
5.10 Register Map ............................................................................................ 54
6 Troubleshooting ........................................................................................ 59
6.1 Problems and Solutions ............................................................................... 59
6.1.1 Symptom: No Video.................................................................................... 59
6.1.2 Symptom: Dark Video ................................................................................. 59
6.1.3 Symptom: Non-Synchronized Video ................................................................. 59
6.1.4 Symptom: Notebook Computer Driver Installation Problems .................................. 59
6.1.5 Information and Support Resources ................................................................ 60
7 Appendix ................................................................................................ 61
7.1 Specifications ........................................................................................... 61
7.1.1 TM-2040GE Physical Dimensions ..................................................................... 62
7.1.2 Spectral Response ..................................................................................... 63
List of Figures v
RM/TM-2040GE Series
List of Figures
Figure 1.
12-Pin Connector Pinouts ............................................................................. 10
Figure 2. GigE Ethernet Connector ............................................................................. 10
Figure 3. 12P-02S Interface Cable (optional) ................................................................. 11
Figure 4. Back Focus Set-Screw Locations..................................................................... 12
Figure 5. Bayer 1 ................................................................................................... 14
Figure 6. Bayer 2 ................................................................................................... 15
Figure 7. 2x2 Binning .............................................................................................. 15
Figure 8. Bayer Color Filter Response. ......................................................................... 17
Figure 9. Example of Color CCD CFA Pattern ................................................................. 17
Figure 10. Example of TMC-2040GE (Same as TM/RM/RMC-2040GE) ...................................... 18
Figure 11. Output and Blooming .................................................................................. 19
Figure 12. External Trigger Timing. .............................................................................. 21
Figure 13. Asynchronous Programmable External Trigger ................................................... 22
Figure 14. Pulse Width Control Trigger .......................................................................... 22
Figure 15. PIV Exposure Timing Table ........................................................................... 23
Figure 16. PWC PIV Timing Table. ............................................................................... 23
Figure 17. Camera Timing Chart.................................................................................. 24
Figure 18. Digital Data Output Order for Configuration ...................................................... 25
Figure 19. Field Video Timing--Continuous Mode .............................................................. 25
Figure 20. Acquisition And Trigger Controls Category ........................................................ 34
Figure 21. AnalogControls Category ............................................................................. 36
Figure 22. ImageSizeControl category ........................................................................... 37
Figure 23. Image Output Example ................................................................................ 38
Figure 24. LookUp Table ........................................................................................... 40
Figure 25. UserSets Category ..................................................................................... 41
Figure 26. DeviceInformation Category ......................................................................... 42
Figure 27. GigEVisionTransportLayer Persistent IP ............................................................ 43
Figure 28. PLC LUT Diagram ....................................................................................... 44
Figure 29. PLC ....................................................................................................... 45
Figure 30. SignalRoutingBlock..................................................................................... 45
Figure 31. ControlBits .............................................................................................. 47
Figure 32. PLC Q Output ........................................................................................... 48
Figure 33. PLC Special Configurations ........................................................................... 50
Figure 34. CountersAndTimersControls ......................................................................... 50
Figure 35. Physical Dimensions ................................................................................... 62
Figure 36. Monochrome Spectral Response ..................................................................... 63
Figure 37. Color Spectral Response .............................................................................. 63
RM/TM-2040GE Series
vi List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1 12-Pin Connector ....................................................................................... 10
Table 2 Scan Area Start Points ................................................................................ 16
Table 3 Asynchronous Mode Chart ............................................................................ 24
Table 4 TM-2040GE Timing Table ............................................................................. 25
Table 5 TM-2040GE Camera Specifications Table .......................................................... 61
Hardware Introduction 7
RM/TM-2040GE Series
RM/TM-2040GE Series
Camera Hardware
1 Hardware Introduction
1.1 Product Description
The JAI Inc. TM-2040GE series1 is a Gigabit Ethernet output, high-resolution progressive scan CCD camera. The
interline-type CCD permits full vertical and horizontal resolution of very high speed shutter images and
applications. The electronic shutter, which has speeds to 1/32,000 sec., can be reset asynchronously by
external pulse control. The frame rate for a full image is 34 fps. A square imager format with uniform square
pixels provides superior image definition in any orientation. On-chip micro lenses provide increased sensitivity.
12-bit internal processing can be converted to 8-bit, 10-bit, or 12-bit output.
The TM-2040GE has a full dynamic range control function, which can be set at externally selectable look-up
table (LUT) knee slopes thereby optimizing the CCD’s full dynamic range in the normal output signal range. As a
Gigabit Ethernet output camera, the TM-2040GE has semi-auto-gain balancing functions. The camera does not
have a LUT for the 12-bit output.
Applications for the TM-2040GE include machine vision, medical imaging, intelligent transportation systems,
high-definition graphics, on-line inspection, gauging, character reading, archiving, and high security
surveillance.
1.2 Features
• Small size and light weight
The printed circuit boards in the TM-2040GE have been arranged to create modular electronics, giving the
camera flexibility. In addition, the use of miniature solid-state components results in a compact,
lightweight camera that is 51mm x 51mm x 85mm in dimensions, and weighs only 216 grams (7.6 oz.).
• Imager
The TM-2040GE uses a dual-tap progressive scan interline transfer CCD that has the following features:
−Resolution of 1600 x 1200 active pixels for excellent image quality.
−7.4 x 7.4 µm square pixels for precise dimensional measurement.
−High-speed electronic shutter capability for high dynamic resolution of moving objects
that eliminates the need for a mechanical shutter.
−Progressive scan CCD eliminates interlace deterioration of image and increases ease of
computer interface.
−High sensitivity and low noise during fast scanning. The CCD has an excellent S/N ratio at
the default setting that is greater than 58dB.
−The CCD has built-in micro-lenses for increased quantum efficiency.
1
The TM-2040GE series consists of the TM-2040GE (monochrome), the TMC-2040GE (color), the RM-2040GE, and RMC-
2040GE. Unless otherwise noted, all information contained in this manual is relevant to all models.
RM/TM-2040GE Series
8 Hardware Introduction
• Electronic shutter
The TM-2040GE has a substrate drain-type shutter mechanism which provides superb pictures at various
speeds without smearing.
• Asynchronous reset
The TM-2040GE captures async reset images and provides single-shot video output with single FDV (frame
data valid). This makes it simpler for an ordinary frame grabber to capture the asynchronous reset
images. The TM-2040GE’s asynchronous reset is flexible and accepts external horizontal drive (HD) for
phase locking. When the VINIT (5V) pulse is applied to CC1, it resets the camera's scanning and purging of
the CCD.
The TM-2040GE has three modes to control the asynchronous reset and shutter speed:
−Async, no shutter. The video signal and FDV are reset by external VINIT.
−Internal shutter speed control. The speed control varies from 1/34 to 1/32,000 sec. The video signal
and FDV starts with internal V reset timing related to shutter speed.
−External VINIT with pulse width. The duration between pulse edges controls the shutter speed
externally.
• Output
The TM-2040GE has a dual-tap 12-bit/10-bit/8-bit Gigabit Ethernet output.
• Dual-channel auto black level balancing and semi-auto gain balancing
The TM-2040GE, as a dual-tap output camera, has auto black level balancing and auto gain channel
balancing functions.
• Warranty
Please contact your factory representative for details about the warranty.
Installation 9
RM/TM-2040GE Series
2 Installation
The following instructions are provided to help you to set up your camera. We suggest that you read through
these instructions before you unpack and set up the camera system.
2.1 Getting Started
2.1.1 Unpacking Instructions
We recommend that you save the original packing cartons for the cameras and accessories in case you need to
return or exchange an item.
We also recommend that you bench-test any equipment being sent to another location for field installation to
assure that everything is fully operational as a system.
2.1.2 Components
When you receive your TM-2040GE camera from JAI Inc., the contents of the shipping box should include the
camera and a document download card. If either of these items are missing, please contact your JAI Inc.
representative immediately. The document download card includes instructions and web locations for
downloading the datasheet, manual, and camera-control software. If you do not have Internet access, please
contact JAI Inc. to receive this material on a CD-ROM.
2.1.3 Accessories and Options
Following is a list of additional accessories and options that may be required for your application. Please check
with your JAI Inc. representative before you install your camera to determine what you might need.
• PD-12U series power supply
• 12P-02S power cable
• Cat5e or cat6 shielded Ethernet cable (not supplied by JAI Inc.)
• Tripod Mounting Kit: TP-20
(for dimensions go to: www.jai.com/EN/CameraSolutions/Products/Accessories/Pages/Home.aspx
)
2.2 Camera Setup
2.2.1 Heat Dissipation
The TM-2040GE is a compact 1600 by 1200 camera. Since all the electronics have been packed in a compact
package, the outer case of the camera can become hot due to heat dissipation. For optimal performance, JAI
Inc. recommends using a cooling fan to set up a positive air flow around the camera and following the
precautions below.
• Mount the camera on a large heat sink (camera bracket) made out of heat-conductive material like
aluminum.
• Make sure the flow of heat from the camera case to the bracket is not blocked by a non-conductive
material like plastic.
• Make sure the camera has enough open space around it to facilitate the free flow of air.
2.2.2 Connector Pin Configurations
2.2.2.1 12-Pin Connector
The TM-2040GE has a 12-pin Hirose connector for power input as shown below.
RM/TM-2040GE Series
10 Installation
Figure 1. 12-Pin Connector Pinouts
Pin #1 is Ground and pin #2 is +12V DC. Table 6 shows the pin-out table.
Table 1 12-Pin Connector
Pin
Description
Pin
Description
1 GND 7 VD in (CC4 equiv)
2
+12V DC 8 Strobe Output
3
GND 9 HD in (CC3 equiv)
4
Analog Video
10
Reserved
5 GND (digital) 11 Reserved
6 VINIT in 12 Reserved
2.2.2.2 Ethernet Connector
The GigE socket, marked on the camera’s back panel as GigE, is a standard RJ-45 Ethernet socket as shown in
Figure 2.
Figure 2. GigE Ethernet Connector
Use at least cat5e UTP cables (cat6 cables are preferred). Refer to the Cam2Net User’s Manual for details. JAI
Inc. recommends the use of shielded cables to reduce emissions and for CE/FCC compliance. Double-shielded
cables further reduce emissions.
2.2.3 Power Supplies and Power Cable Setup
2.2.3.1 Power Supplies
The TM-2040GE camera requires 12V DC power that is obtained through the 12-pin connector located on the
rear panel of the camera. JAI Inc. power supplies feature a 100-240V AC/12V DC 1.2A universal voltage power
supply. JAI Inc. recommends the following power supplies:
PD-12UU
PD-12UU no 12-pin connector
US Plug
PD-12UUP PD-12UU with12-pin connector US plug
PD-12UE PD-12UU no 12-pin connector European plug
PD-12UEP
PD-12UU with 12-pin connector
European plug
For users providing power through the 12-pin connector, the PD-12P, PD-12UEP and PD-12UUP power supplies
are available with the 12-pin mating connector already attached to the leads from the power supply. The PD12UU and PD-12UE power supplies can be connected to the JAI Inc. power cable either directly or using a
terminal strip.
Installation 11
RM/TM-2040GE Series
When wiring the PD-12UU and PD-12UE power supplies directly, please note the following:
• The lead ends must be twisted together and tin-soldered for strength and electrical continuity.
• Shrink tubing or a similar insulator should be used to prevent exposed leads from touching and shorting.
• The +12V lead is marked with a red stripe or white lettering; be sure not to reverse the leads.
• All connections must be properly insulated to prevent shorting.
2.2.3 (b) JAI Inc. Power Cables
If you are using JAI Inc. power cables such as the 12P-02S, please refer to the 12-pin connector pin-out diagram
below. The cable pin-out diagram is shown in Figure 51. The color-coded leads use Gray for Ground and Yellow
for +12V.
Figure 3. 12P-02S Interface Cable (optional)
12P-02S Interface Cable
Pin# Lead Color Function
Pin
#
Lead Color Function
1
Gray
GND (Power Ground)
7
Black coax
TTL IN (External_VD)
2
Yellow
+12V DC (Power In)
8
White coax shield
TTL OUT (STROBE)
3
Red coax shield
GND(Analog Ground)
9
White coax
TTL IN (External_HD)
4
Red coax
Reserved
10
Brown
Reserved
5 Orange coax shield GND(Digital Ground) 11 Blue Reserved
6 Orange coax TTL IN (External_Trigger) 12 Black coax shield Reserved
Note: Make sure that the unused leads are not touching and that there is no possibility that exposed wires
could cause the leads to short.
2.2.3.2 Building Your Own Power Cable
Refer to the 12-pin connector pin-out in Figure1. Connect the Ground lead to pin #1, and the +12V DC lead to
pin #2 of the 12-pin connector. Power must be DC-regulated, and of sufficient current to properly power the
camera.
2.2.3.3 Attaching the Power Cable to the Connector
The 12-pin connector is keyed and will only fit in one orientation. Follow these directions to properly attach
the power cable to the camera connector:
1. Rotate the connector while applying slight pressure until the keyways line up.
2. Press the connector into place until firmly seated.
3. Plug the power cord into the 100V AC socket. This powers-up the camera.
RM/TM-2040GE Series
12 Installation
Note: If using a power supply other than the standard PD-12U Series from JAI, certain characteristics are
required of the power supply and the wiring in order to properly power the camera. The camera requires
12V immediately upon start-up; no slow ramps. Once power is applied, the power supply must be able to
support a 2A to 2.5A in-rush current for approximately 200µs to prevent the voltage at the camera from
dropping below the 10.8V minimum required. Dropping below this will result in the camera’s internal
power supply lowering its impedance in an attempt to draw more current. Since no more current will be
available, the voltage at the camera will drop instead. This will result in a steady state hang-up which
will damage the camera’s power supply and cause the camera to cease operating or to operate in an
unstable manner.
2.2.4 Attaching the Camera Lens
The TM-2040GE camera accepts 1-inch or larger format size C-mount lenses. To attach the C-mount lens2 to the
camera, carefully engage the threads and rotate the lens clockwise until it firmly seats on the mounting ring.
Do not force the lens if it does not seat properly. Some lenses with extremely long flange backs may exceed the
mounting depth of the camera.
2.2.5 Adjustable Back-Focus
Before cameras are shipped, back focus is carefully set using a collimator, oscilloscope and other specialized
equipment. While the factory-set focus serves well in most cases, an adjustable back focus makes it possible to
improve image sharpness when using lower-cost zoom lenses, custom optics, or in unusual parameters.
There should be an obvious need to refocus the lens before attempting to change the back focus. This is a very
exacting task. Some cameras have been returned to the factory to reset the back focus after failed attempts to
change the focus by customers. It might be wise to label cameras whose back focus was adjusted.
1. The camera must be connected to a monitor before attempting to adjust the back focus.
2. To back focus the camera, first attach a C-mount lens in the mount. Be certain that the lens is properly
seated.
3. Next set the lens focus to infinity (if the lens is a manual iris, set the iris to a high f number while still
retaining a well illuminated image).
4. Loosen the three miniature hex set-screws (use a 0.9 mm hex wrench) that lock the focus ring in place
(two screws for a CS-mount). Slowly turn the lens and focus ring assembly back and forth until you obtain
the best image of the desired object. This sets the back focus. Once the best image is obtained, tighten
the focus ring set-screws until they are snug. Do not over-tighten the screws.
Note: Mini-bayonet cameras adapted to C-mount do not have the back focus feature.
Figure 4. Back Focus Set-Screw Locations
2
C-mount to F-mount and C-mount to K-mount adapters are available for larger format lenses (35mm). Check with local
photography dealers for these lens adapters.
Operation 13
RM/TM-2040GE Series
3 Operation
3.1 Progressive Scanning
The TM-2040GE uses a state-of-the-art progressive scanning interline transfer CCD which scans all lines
sequentially from top to bottom at one frame rate. Like a non-interlace computer screen, it generates a stable,
crisp image without alternating lines and provides full vertical TV resolution of 1000 lines (a normal TV monitor
display may not be able to show 1000 lines due to monitor resolution of 30Hz scanning).
The interline transfer architecture is also important to generate simultaneous shuttering. This is different from
full frame transfer architecture which requires a mechanical shutter or strobe light in order to freeze the
object motion.
3.1.1 Preset Scan Area
TM/TMC/RM/RMC-2040GE has four fixed Scan Area Modes: full scan, centered 600 lines, centered 300 lines, and
centered 150 lines. In full scan mode, all active lines of the CCD sensor, 1600 lines, are transferred out line by
line. In centered mode 600 lines are transferred out, in 300 line and 150 line mode, only the centered lines are
transferred out line by line. The rest of the lines are dumped out using the fast dump function of the CCD. This
transfer method causes the frame rate of each mode to vary.
3.1.2 Programmable Scan Area
In Programmable Scan Area Mode, users can specify both the start point of the active scan area and the total
active lines through the serial communication commands. The area selected by users is transferred out line by
line. The rest of the lines are dumped out using the fast dump function of the CCD. The frame rate in this mode
varies according to the selected active area. When the active area starts from x row, and the active lines are y
lines, the frame rate can be calculated using the following formulas.
RM/TM-2040GE Series
14 Operation
For a color CCD, the upper-left Bayer pattern changes, depending on the start point location. If the start point
is an odd row, the upper-left Bayer pattern is G in RG. If the start point is an even row, the upper-left Bayer
pattern is B in BG.
Figure 5. Bayer 1
Operation 15
RM/TM-2040GE Series
Figure 6. Bayer 2
3.1.3 Full Scan Area 2x2 Binning
TM-2040GE has 2x2 binning of the full scan area. In full scan 2x2 binning mode, pixel (i, j) includes all the
information of pixel (2i-1, 2j-1), (2i-1, 2j), (2i, 2j-1) and (2i, 2j) in normal full scan mode (where i=1 2, ..., 800;
j=1,2, ...., 600). In this mode vertical binning makes frame transfer faster than normal scan mode, however,
due to the mixture of pixel information, the camera resolution is low in this mode, and the Bayer pattern CCD
camera loses color information.
Figure 7. 2x2 Binning
RM/TM-2040GE Series
16 Operation
Table 2 Scan Area Start Points
Scan Area
Start Point
Effective Area
Frame Rate (FPS)
(Line)
(Lines x Pixels)
Dual Tap
Single Tap
A Full Scan 1 1200 x 1600 34.15 17.084
B Centered 600 Lines 301 600 x 1600 58.69 29.34
C Centered 300 Lines 451 300 x 1600 90.58 45.29
D
Centered 150 Lines
525
150 x 1600
122.55
61.27
T
Full Scan 2x2 Binning
1
600 x 800
60.99
30.49
U
Porgrammable Scan Area
1 — 1200
1 — 1200 x 1600
3.2 Bayer Color Filter (Color Versions)
JAI Inc. AccuPiXEL series color cameras are high-resolution, high-speed progressive scan CCD cameras. The
interline transfer, progressive scan CCD permits full vertical and horizontal resolution of images acquired at
very high shutter speeds. The electronic shutter, which has speeds to 1/16,000 sec., can be reset
asynchronously by external pulse control. Uniform square pixels provide superior image definition in any
orientation. On-chip micro lenses mean increased sensitivity.
3.2.1 Color Filter Array
JAI Inc. AccuPiXEL cameras use Bayer CFA (color filter array) as their standard primary color filter. This filter
provides the most popular color interpolation supported by numerous software suppliers.
The digital format allows the camera to output accurate pixel data, including the color information. When the
data is stored in the frame buffer of a frame grabber or computer, the color information is easily manipulated
to restore the original color images. Because the color filter array contains only a single R, G or B color in each
pixel, the restored image has to fill in colors in the missing pixel locations. The software uses neighboring pixel
information to “guess” the missing colors to make smooth, clear images. This is called “color interpolation.”
Today’s high-speed computers allow such color interpolation to be done almost in real time. Because these
cameras do not contain internal color processing circuitry, they are smaller and less expensive than fullfunction color cameras.
3.2.2 Bayer Color Filter Array (CFA)
The Bayer CFA is an R, G, B primary color filter array. This is the most widely accepted CFA for the single-chip
CCD progressive scan format. This type of array layout has a specific order for each color’s pixels. Since the
human eye’s resolution and color recognition are highest at green, the CFA contains two greens per each red
and blue.
It is critical for the frame grabber and color interpolation to know where the individual color pixels exist
relative to sync (LDV and FDV) timing.
This requirement makes digital output the preferred choice, because the timing relationships are very accurate
Operation 17
RM/TM-2040GE Series
Figure 8. Bayer Color Filter Response.
3.2.3 Starting Pixel Configuration
All manufacturers produce identical Bayer CFAs, but there are slight differences between the CCDs produced by
different manufacturers. The first line is generally R and G. The camera timing can be adjusted to start with
either G or R by skipping the very first pixels at each line. The majority of color interpolation software can
select between a variety of pixel relations, such as R/G start or G/R start, as well as G/B start and B/G start.
Once the correct scanning is configured, the rest of the interpolation is exactly the same. Contact JAI, Inc. for
further information regarding CCD manufacturers.
Figure 9. Example of Color CCD CFA Pattern
3.2.4 Sync and Data
The individual color data is exactly the same as the pixel data. This means that the timing relationships of the
color cameras are also the same as of the monochrome cameras.
For a detailed timing chart, please refer to each monochrome camera’s data sheet and manual.
The following diagram is an example of the TMC-2040GE default mode. FDV and LDV are used internally for the
GigE interface.
RM/TM-2040GE Series
18 Operation
Figure 10. Example of TMC-2040GE (Same as TM/RM/RMC-2040GE)
3.2.5 Camera Functions
AccuPiXEL color cameras perform all functions the same way as monochrome cameras. However, because of
color characteristics, the LUT (Look-up Table) is different. The LUT is a powerful tool to adjust the dynamic
range, as well as the color dynamic range. Since human color perception is non-linear, LUT selection can help
optimize color contrast by selecting the LUT value. Gamma 0.45 is logarithmic and is close to human
perception.
When LUT is selected, black-level adjustment must be more accurate than for monochrome cameras.
3.2.6 Interpolation Software
The color interpolation can be performed in the frame grabber or by using the host computer’s CPU. Most
major frame grabbers with processing capability provide tools for color interpolation. Software vision packages
also provide color interpolation capability, but speed and performance may be determined by the PC’s
resources and by the complexity of the interpolation routine.
3.2.7 Color Interpolation
The Bayer pattern color filter array (CFA) consists of R, G, and B primary colors. Each pixel represents one of
three colors. In order to display or print color images, the signal has to be converted to RGB output, which has
three independent channels (outputs) and sync signals.
Color interpolation software or firmware performs the color preprocessing by
filling the missing color pixels with neighboring pixels. It then separates the
stream of data, (8-bit or 10-bit) into 3 (RGB) data (8-bit x 3) and adds the
color matrix to adjust and balance each of the R, G, and B channels (white
balance or color balance).
The image quality depends on the camera’s own pixel data (including pixel
data independency from neighboring pixels, noise and color filter), and
interpolation of the software algorithm such as 3 x 3 interpolation, 2 x 2
interpolation, color matrix, white balance capability, and so on.
Operation 19
RM/TM-2040GE Series
All AccuPiXEL color cameras are carefully designed for maximum color performance. JAI Inc. strongly suggests
that you use digital output for the best performance.
Some software is used on board (FPGA or DSP) to perform the interpolation. Other software simply uses the
host computer’s memory and CPU. The processing speed may vary depending on the architecture and speed of
the computer.
3.3 Dynamic Range Control
Figure 11.
Output and Blooming
The typical interline transfer CCD has fixed noise levels based on dark current (thermal or KT noise), pattern
noise, and the operating clock speed. In general, the level of the 20 MHz pixel clock CCD at room temperature
is around 20 to 50 electrons. The maximum capacity of CCD charges is limited by the well capacity at
saturation. The range is limited by the structure and the pixel size.
The TM-2040GE uses a CCD with 7.4 µm x 7.4 µm pixels and a two-phase vertical shift register structure. The
well capacity is 40,000 electrons. The theoretical dynamic range is 40,000:30 = 1333:1 (60 dB).
A typical CCD camera does not use the full dynamic range due to the nominal gain and the output specification
such as RS-170. The typical CCD camera’s gain is set at 16 to 22 dB and the RS-170 video level is 714 mV. Using
20 dB gain for the calculation, CCD output is limited to 714/10 = 71.4 mV. Since the CCD’s saturation voltage is
400 mV to 500 mV, it uses less than 1/5 of the full dynamic range.
Machine vision and outdoor applications cannot afford to miss image information behind the saturation, which
is why the dynamic range adaptation is critical.
3.3.1 Programmable Look-Up Table (LUT) and Knee Control
The TM-2040GE has a built-in LUT (look-up table) for dynamic range control.
At a specific gain setting, the offset (minimum level.... dark point) and A/D reference top voltage (maximum
level... saturation point) are set to 12-bit A/D input so that the full dynamic range of the CCD is utilized at 12bit references as the input and the LUT output is converted into either 8-bit or 10- bit to adjust the gamma
correction. There is no 12-bit LUT.
The look-up table has two knee points (variable gamma selection) that allow the 10-bit input to be segmented
into three regions. The look-up table selection can be made by knee curve direct input.
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