Intuicom, Inc.
1880 South Flatiron Court
Boulder, CO 80301
(303) 449-4330
www.intuicom.com
Intuicom CommunicatorTM User Manual
This manual is for use by purchasers and other authorized users of the Intuicom
CommunicatorTM Wireless Data Transceivers. No part of this document may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or for any purpose without
the express written permission of Intuicom Inc.
Intuicom reserves the right to make changes to this manual without notice. Unless otherwise
agreed to in writing, Intuicom assumes no responsibility or liability for the use of this manual or
for the infringement of any copyright or other proprietary right and Intuicom shall deem nothing
contained in this manual a warranty or guarantee.
Intuicom, WiGate, Intuicom CommunicatorTM, and Intuicom SmartGPS TrackerTM/SurveyorTM
are Trademarks of Intuicom, Inc.
Other product names mentioned in this manual may be copyrights, trademarks, or registered
trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.
Parts of this manual have been reproduced with permission from Copyrighted material of
Freewave Technologies, Inc. or other system component suppliers.
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC
rules. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions: 1) This device many not cause
harmful interference and 2) this device must
accept any interference receiver, including
interference that may cause undesired
operation.
This device must be operated as supplied by
Intuicom, Inc. Any changes or modifications
made to the device without the express written
approval of Intuicom, Inc. may void the user’s
authority to operate the device.
This product is licensed by The United States.
Diversion contrary to U.S. law is prohibited.
Shipment or re-export of this product outside
The United States may require authorization by
the U.S. Bureau of Export Administration.
Please contact Intuicom Inc. for assistance and
further information.
This manual covers the operation of both the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz Intuicom Communicator
spread spectrum transceivers. For the most part operation of the products is identical, where
operating differences exist every effort has been made to clearly identify which product family is
being referred to.
When purchased as a pair the Intuicom Wireless Data Transceivers are shipped from the factory
pre-configured to operate together in point-to-point applications. The Transceivers are preset for
high-speed data communications and to communicate only with each other.
The Communicator will potentially operate in virtually any environment where RS232 data
communications occur. The transceivers function as a 9-pin null modem cable. If the
Communicator is to be used in an application where a null modem cable is used (such as
communication between two computers), then the communicator can be connected directly. If
the Communicator is to be used to replace a straight-through RS232 cable, then a null modem
cable must be placed between the transceiver and the DCE instrument to which it is connected.
To establish communications between a pair of Communicators just received from the factory:
1. Set the baud rate on each transceiver to match the baud rate of the instrument to
which it is attached. Please note that when you are setting the transceiver's baud rate
you are setting its RS232 data rate, which must match the rate for the instrument to
which it is attached. This in turn means that the baud rate does not have to be on the
same setting for the two transceivers.
2. Verify that the RS232 connector on the cable supplied will fit the RS232 interface on
the instrument to which it is being connected. The cable supplied will fit a 9 pin male
RS232 connector; any other format will need an adapter or different cable.
3. Screw the included whip antennas in the modem (DGR-115 model only), ensuring
they are snug and properly seated. Any Communicator may be operated without an
antenna for bench top testing without concern for damaging the product.
4. Connect the Transceiver to the instrument with the RS232 cable and attach the power
adapter to the Transceiver. Shortly after both modems are plugged in they should
establish a communications link with each other and your connection is complete!
Note: The terms Modem, Transceiver and Communicator are used interchangeably in this
manual and in the text of the setup menu. While the words have different meanings, the two
terms should be treated as one and the same for the purposes of use of the Intuicom product.
Program one of the units to be a multipoint Master (Operation Mode 2)
Program the Multipoint Slaves (Operation Mode 3)
1) Set Baud Rate
Set the Baud Rate to match the baud rate of the device to which the transceiver will be
connected.
3) Edit Radio Transmission Characteristics
Set FreqKey, Max Packet Size, Min Packet Size, and RF Data Rate to identical settings
on every radio to be used in the network. It is always a good idea to set the FreqKey,
Max Packet Size, Min Packet Size to values other than the factory defaults.
4) Edit Multipoint Parameters
Will there be a repeater in the network? If so set that value to 1.
Set the NetworkID to a value between 1 and 4095, other than 255.
Communicator allows you to tune several parameters to optimize its performance for your
particular application. All adjustments are done through the Communicator setup program, a
user interface that eliminates the need for setup diskettes, DIP switch settings, or proprietary
software.
The setup program is invoked by connecting The Communicator to any terminal program, setting
the baud rate for that terminal to 19200 baud, and putting the transceiver into setup mode (on
most models this is done by pressing the Setup button). While any terminal that can be set to
19200 baud will work, examples for this manual were generated using Windows 98/2000HyperTerminal.
Parameter Setting
Baud Rate 19200
Data Bits 8
Parity None
Stop Bits 1
Parity Check None / Off
Carrier Detect None / Off
When the setup program is invoked all three LEDs on the Communicator front panel will turn
green and will remain green for the entire time the Transceiver is in setup mode. The main menu
screen for the setup program is shown in Figure 3-1:
Figure 3-1: Initial Menu
The initial menu provides the Transceiver's unique serial number, firmware version, and the set
of choices for editing the operational parameters and viewing the performance data.
(0) Set Operation Mode
When item (0) is selected the Operation Mode Menu appears as shown in Figure 3-2. The
Operation Mode option is used to designate the method in which the particular Transceiver will
be used. The Communicator operates in a Master to Slave configuration; therefore, any
Transceivers, which are intended to operate together, must be set up as such. In a point-to-point
setup, either the master or slave may be used on either end of the communications link without
any performance degradation. One consideration when setting up the Transceivers is that a
number of parameters are controlled by the settings in the master; therefore, you may wish to
deploy the master on the communications end where you will have easier access to the
transceiver.
As mentioned previously, The Communicator operates in a Master/Slave configuration.
When designated,as a master in point-to-point mode, the Transceiver will call any or all
slaves it is instructed to call in the Call Book. In Point to Point mode the master determines
the settings used for most of the Radio Transmission Characteristics, regardless of the
settings in the slaves and/or repeaters. The settings for the slave and repeater(s) not
determined by the master are RF Xmit Power, Slave Security, and Retry Time Out.
A quick method of identifying a master is to power up the Transceiver. Prior to establishing
a communication link with a slave or repeater all three of the master's LEDs will be solid red.
4.2 (1) Point-to-Point Slave
When set up as a slave a The Communicator Transceiver will communicate with any master
in its call book, either directly or through one or two repeaters. When functioning as a slave,
the Entry to Call feature in the Transceiver's call book (Figure 5) is not operational. The
slave will communicate with any master on the list that calls.
4.3 (2) Point-to-Multipoint Master
The Communicator Transceiver may be set to run in Multipoint mode, which allows one
master to simultaneously be in communication with numerous slaves. A Point-to-Multipoint
Master will communicate only with other transceivers designated as Point-to-Multipoint
Slaves or Point-to-Multipoint Repeaters.
Please refer to the next chapter 'Multipoint Operation', for more information on running a
Multipoint network.
4.4 (3) Point-to-Multipoint Slave
Setting (3) allows the transceiver to operate as a slave in a Multipoint network.
Please refer to the next chapter - 'Multipoint Operation' for more information on running a
Multipoint network.
Option 4 allows you to designate the transceiver to act as either a slave or a repeater,
depending upon the instructions received from the master for the specific communications
session. When a transceiver is placed in an ideal location, this setting offers the flexibility of
using that transceiver as an end point in the communication link (slave) or to extend the link
to a point further (repeater). These functions are not, however, available simultaneously (the
transceiver cannot act as both a slave and a repeater at the same time). This option is
available in multipoint operation.
A word of caution: A transceiver designated as a repeater has no security features, as
explained below. When a transceiver is designated as a Point-to-Point Slave/Repeater, it will
allow any master to use it as a repeater.
4.6 (5) Point-to-Point Repeater
The Communicator allows the use of up to two repeaters in a communications link,
significantly extending the operating range. When designated as a repeater a Transceiver
behaves as a pass-through link. All settings for the call book, baud rate, and radio
transmission characteristics are disabled. A repeater will connect with any master which
calls it (the repeater must still be set up in the master's call book).
The use of one repeater in a communications link will reduce the top data throughput
available when compared to a direct master to slave link (generally on the order of 50%).
This impact is generally noticed only when using the Transceivers at 115.2 KBaud. The
throughput does not decrease further if two repeaters are used.
4.7 (6) Point-to-Point Slave/Master Switchable
Mode 6 is a versatile option that allows the transceiver to be controlled entirely through
software commands. When in mode 6, a number of key parameters in The Communicator's
user interface may be changed either directly (as if using the Windows Terminal program) or
through the use of script files. In addition, when the transceiver is in mode 6 and not calling
a slave it will be a slave itself and accept any appropriate calls from other transceivers.
In mode 6:
• The transceiver remains in slave mode until called by another Transceiver in its Call
Book or instructed to call another transceiver through an ATDT command. The
master will disconnect when DTR goes low.
• The user may change settings in the user interface without using the setup button (this
may be of particular value if the transceiver is not in an easily accessible location).
Predetermined script files may be used which allow any of the Transceiver's settings to be
changed upon execution of that file. This, in turn, allows the user to establish push button
command sets which will instruct the Transceiver to call a predetermined slave.
Note: All AT commands issued to the transceiver in Mode 6 must be in ALL CAPS.
Script File Command Function Controlled
ATXF_ Frequency Key
ATXT_ Max Packet Size
ATXD_ Min Packet Size
ATXX_ Transmit Rate
ATXR_ RF Data Rate
ATXP_ RF Transmit Power
ATDT_ Position in Call Book to Call
ATD_ Allows specific Communicator Serial Number to
be entered to call
ATXC_ Used in conjunction with the ATD command,
instructs transceivers which repeater path to follow
4.7.1 Using Mode 6 to call a transceiver not listed in the Call Book
Mode 6 will accept the command ATD####### where ####### is any arbitrary modem
serial number such as 5551234. Upon receipt of this command the modem will call that
modem even though the number is not in the sending modem’s Call Book. The modem
will use the repeater(s) specified in the Call Book. This means it is now possible to call
an unlimited number of slaves through script files in mode 6 and have up to 10 different
repeater combinations.
To use the new features the following steps should be followed:
If one or two repeaters are to be used they must first be set up in the Call Book. This
would be done by setting up a number to call (this may be a dummy number) through the
repeater(s) which you wish to use.
Issue the command ATXC# where # corresponds to the position in the Call Book where
the repeater(s) is/are located.
Issue the command ATD####### where ####### is the serial number of the transceiver
with which you are attempting a link. The transceiver will link first to the repeater(s)
specified and then to the slave transceiver.
If you wish to link to a different slave, this time without using a repeater, it is imperative
that you reissue the ATXC# command, with # being either a position in the Call Book
that contains no repeaters or the letter A. When the command ATXCA is issued the
modem is instructed to Call All and no repeaters are used.
The Slave security may be disabled so that a modem operating as a slave (Modes 1,4, and
6) will connect to any modem calling it regardless of whether the calling modem is in the
slave’s Call Book. This feature is necessary when there are more than 10 transceivers
which may call into a slave and will allow any of the units in the system to call in. An
entry exists in the Edit Radio Characteristics Menu so that this feature can be enabled or
disabled.
4.8 (7) Point-to-Multipoint Repeater
Setting (7) allows the transceiver to operate as a repeater in a Multipoint network.
Please refer to the next chapter, 'Multipoint Operation', for more information on running a
Multipoint network.
In a Multipoint system a transceiver designated as a master is able to simultaneously be in
communication with numerous slaves. In its simplest form, a Multipoint network functions
with the master broadcasting its messages to all slaves and slaves responding to the master
when given data by the device connected to the RS232 port.
It is important to note the differences between point to point and multipoint systems. In a
point to point system all packets are acknowledged, whether sent from the master to the slave
or from the slave to the master. In a multipoint system outbound packets (those sent from the
master or repeater out to slaves or other repeaters) are sent a fixed number of times (see
Master Packet Repeat). The receiving transceiver (slave or repeater) will accept the first
packet received that passes the 32 bit CRC, however the packet is not acknowledged. On the
return trip (data going back to the master) all packets sent are acknowledged or retransmitted
until they are acknowledged. Therefore, the return link in a multipoint system is generally
very robust.
Traditionally, a Multipoint network is used in applications where data is collected from many
instruments and reported back to one central site. As such, the architecture of such a system
is completely different from point-to-point applications. The theoretical maximum number
of slaves that can be configured into a Multipoint network is a function of the data
throughput needed from each of the slaves. For example, if the network will be polling
slaves once a day to retrieve sparse data, several hundred slaves could be configured to a
single master. If, on the other hand, each slave will be transmitting data at greater levels then
fewer slaves may be connected to the master (the overall system will be closer to capacity
with fewer slaves). The theoretical limit of a Multipoint system is influenced by the
following parameters:
1. Size of the blocks of data. The longer the data blocks the smaller the system capacity.
2. RS232 baud rate.
3. The amount of contention between slaves.
4. Use of repeaters. A single repeater in a Multipoint network will decrease overall
system capacity by 50%; more than one repeater does not further decrease network
capacity.
5.2 Installing Multipoint Systems
When installing multipoint systems it is important that some planning is done up front.
Unlike point-to-point systems (where the master will set certain system parameters), a
multipoint system requires that many parameters be set consistently on all transceivers in the
system. This includes RF data rate, min and max packet size, number of repeaters, and
frequency key.
Furthermore, if several independent multipoint systems are to be located in close proximity
the planning becomes much more critical. In this scenario it becomes very important to
include as much frequency and time diversity as possible through use of different frequency
keys, min and max packet sizes, and frequency banks. Please contact Intuicom if you have
any questions about the installation of multipoint systems.
5.3 Overlapping Multipoint Systems
Overlapping multipoint systems may be set up with Communicator transceivers effectively if
a couple of key parameters are set correctly.
Overlapping multipoint systems are defined as systems using different masters which share
or overlap in a specific geographic area. It may include collocation of units (generally
repeaters), which are part of different systems.
When collocating multipoint systems it is critical that the following parameters are unique
for each system:
• Network ID (unless using Call Book)
• Frequency Key
• Max Packet Size
• Min Packet Size
5.4 Setting Multipoint Parameters
5.4.1 (0) Number Repeaters
In a Multipoint network it is critical for timing purposes to know whether or not there are
repeaters in the network. Any transceiver that is used as a repeater essentially becomes a
master to the slaves and other repeaters to which it is communicating. Therefore, the user
must identify whether or not the network contains repeaters. This is done by assigning a
value in parameter (0), Number Repeaters. The value should be 0 if there are no
repeaters in the network and 1 if repeaters are present. This parameter must be set to the
same value in all units in a Multipoint network (master, slaves, and repeater(s)).
5.4.2 (1) Master Packet Repeat
In point-to-point operation the Communicator transceivers acknowledge every data
packet transmitted. In a Multipoint network, the slaves do not acknowledge
transmissions from a master to the slaves. This is to prevent system overload. If the
slaves acknowledged all data transmissions from the master in a large Multipoint system,
then all system capacity would be spent having the master listen for acknowledgments
from the slaves. Because the transmission is not acknowledged by the slaves 100%
confidence does not exist that every slave has received every message from the master.
To address this issue the user may modify option (1) Master Packet Repeat, assigning a
value between 0 (the packet is transmitted once) to 9 (the packet is transmitted 10 times).
For networks with solid RF links, this parameter would be set at the lower end of the
scale (0-1). If the network has some weak or marginal links it would be set toward the
higher values. If a slave receives a good packet from a master more than once it will
discard the repeated packets received. In addition, once a multipoint repeater receives a
good packet from the master it will discard any of the repeated packets. In turn, the
repeater will send the packet out (to the next repeater or to the slaves) the number of
times corresponding to its Master Packet Repeat setting. For more information on this,
see the next section, Master Packet Repeat in Multipoint Systems with Repeaters.
It is important to keep in mind that increasing the master packet repeat will not only
increase the probability of a packet getting through, but will also increase latency in the
system because each packet from the master or repeater is being sent more often.
Therefore it is important to find the optimal mix between system robustness, throughput,
and latency. In general a setting of 3 will work well for most systems.
Master Packet Repeat in Multipoint Systems with Repeaters
The Master Packet Repeat parameter must also be set in multipoint repeaters when they
are used in a multipoint system. In a multipoint system a repeater looks like a master to a
slave. Therefore, the repeater will send the packet out the number of times corresponding
to its Master Packet Repeat parameter. If this parameter is set improperly the reliability
of the overall system may be compromised. For example, assume the master's Master
Packet Repeat parameter is set to 3, and the link between the master and repeater is
robust. Now assume that the repeater's Master Packet Repeat is set to 0, resulting in
marginal communications between the repeater and the slaves it is communicating with.
The data communications between the master and those slaves communicating through
the repeater will be marginal, because it is only as strong as the weakest link, which in
this case is the link between the repeater and slaves.
5.4.3 (2) Max Slave Retry
5.4.4 (3) Retry Odds
While packets transmitted from the master to the slaves in a Multipoint network are not
acknowledged, packets transmitted from slaves to the master are. However, it is possible
that more than one slave will attempt to transmit to the master at the same time, and it is
therefore important that a protocol exists to resolve contention for the master between
slaves. This is addressed through parameters (2) Max Slave Retry and (3) Retry Odds.
The Max Slave Retry setting defines how many times (0 to 9) the slave will attempt to
retransmit a packet to the master before beginning to use a back-off algorithm. Once the
slave has unsuccessfully attempted to transmit the packet the number of times specified
in Max Slave Retry it will attempt to transmit to the master on a random basis. The Retry
Odds parameter determines the probability that the slave will attempt to retransmit the
packet to the master; a low setting will assign low odds to the slave attempting to transmit
and conversely a high setting will assign high odds. An example of how this parameter
might be used would be when considering two different slaves in a Multipoint network,
one close in with a strong RF link and the other far from the master with a weak link. It
may be desirable to assign a higher Retry Odd to the slave with the weaker link to give it
a better chance of competing with the closer slave for the master's attention.
5.4.5 (4) DTR Connect
Another parameter in a Multipoint network is (4) DTR Connect. When set at 1 the slave
will connect to the master if it is free when the DTR line goes high on the 9 pin RS232
connector. In setting 2 the transceiver will accumulate data in its buffer and transmit in a
burst when the buffer is full. This mode is valuable when a network has many low data
rate devices and it is desirable to increase overall network capacity. In setting 0 the
transceiver will transmit when RS232 data is received.
5.4.6 (5) Repeater Frequency
The repeater's hopping pattern must also be set in a Multipoint network; this is
accomplished with parameter (5) Repeater Frequency. Setting this parameter is in
contrast with point-to-point mode where the repeater automatically uses the master's
hopping pattern. The repeater may be programmed to either use the master's hopping
pattern (selection 0) or its own (selection 1).
Option (6) NetWork ID allows multipoint networks to be established without the use of
the Call Book. If the NetWork ID is set to any value other than the default (255) and no
higher than 4095 the slaves in the multipoint network will communicate with the first
multipoint master or repeater heard with the same NetWork ID. When the NetWork ID is
used multipoint masters and repeaters may be replaced without reprogramming all of the
slaves in the network. In addition, this allows a slave to establish communications with
different Masters (though not at the same time) without having the serial numbers in the
Call Book. This is very useful in mobile multipoint applications.
5.4.8 (8) MultiMaster Synch
MultiMaster Synch is reserved for applications (either point to point or multipoint) with
concentrations of Master units where it is necessary to reduce interference between the
Masters. Please contact Intuicom for more information.
5.4.9 (9) 1 PPS Enable/Delay
The 1 PPS Enable/Delay option allows the radio network to propagate a GPS 1PPS signal
from the master transceiver to all slaves in a multipoint network. When this parameter is
properly enabled a 1 PPS pulse on the DTR pin of the master will provide a 1 PPS pulse
on the CD line of any slave in the network.
To use the 1 PPS Enable/Delay feature the steps outlined below must be followed:
1. The 1 PPS Enable/Delay parameter in the master must be set to 0.
2. The master must have a 1 PPS pulse on the DTR pin.
3. The 1 PPS Enable/Delay parameter on the slaves must be enabled. The
calibration on the slave is typically factory set. However, the slaves may also be
calibrated with the following procedures:
a. Trigger an oscilloscope on the 1 PPS pulse (from a GPS receiver) on the
DTR pin of the master.
b. Monitor the CD line of the slave.
c. If the timing on the slave differs from the master it may be adjusted via the
value in the slave's 1 PPS Enable/Delay parameter. The difference in time
between each incremental integer value is 542.534nS. Changing the
parameter to higher values decreases the slave time delay and changing
the parameter to lower values increases the time delay.
When properly calibrated the CD line of a slave radio will output a pulse that goes high
for about 2 mS in synch with the 1 PPS pulse on the master radio. The output on the
slave will occur within 20 microseconds of the input to the master.
Note: When 1 PPS is enabled the master must
have a 1 PPS pulse on its DTR pin,
otherwise the network will not function.
5.4.10 (A) Slave/Repeater
The Slave/Repeater mode allows a transceiver in a multipoint system to simultaneously
act as a slave and a repeater. When in this mode a transceiver will repeat any packets
sent from a master as well as send them out the RS232 port. Thus where 2 transceivers
would be necessary previously (one to repeat and one to be a slave) only one is now
needed.
To operate a transceiver as a multipoint slave/repeater you must set the operation mode to
(7) Multipoint Repeater and then enable the slave/repeater option (setting of 1).
5.4.11 (B) Diagnostics
This option, when enabled, provides diagnostics data over a multipoint network
simultaneously with the application data. Proper use of diagnostics requires the
following:
1. Version 5.62 / 1.62 or later firmware in every transceiver in the network
2. Diagnostics must be enabled on the Master (set to 1)
3. Number of Repeaters must be set to 1 on every transceiver in the network, even if
there are no repeaters in the network.
4. A second computer to run the diagnostics software
5. A diagnostics cable, available through Intuicom.
6. Diagnostics software, also available through Intuicom.
Please contact Intuicom if you are interested in using the diagnostics feature in your
network.
5.4.12 (C) Subnet ID
In a Multipoint Network where the Network ID is used (instead of the Call Book) when a
slave is initially powered it will connect with the first Repeater or Master that it hears
with the same Network ID. Likewise, a repeater in the network, when initially powered
up, will connect to the first master or repeater that it hears with the same Network ID.
In typical applications this approach works very well, however there are scenarios where
you want to force communications to follow a specific path. For example, you may want
to ensure that two repeaters in the system are communicating in series instead of in
parallel, or it may be desirable to force slaves to communicate to specific repeaters for
load balancing purposes.
There are two components to the Subnet ID:
1. Rcv Subnet ID. This setting identifies who a repeater or slave will listen to.
2. Xmit Subnet ID. This setting identifies the sub network this device transmits on,
and in turn which devices will listen to it. The Xmit Subnet ID parameter is
relevant for Multipoint Repeaters only.
To disable the Subnet ID both Rcv Subnet ID and Xmit Subnet ID should be set to F.
Note: The Subnet ID settings are irrelevant for the Master.
Note: The Master always transmits on Subnet ID=0, regardless of the setting. To force
communications directly through the Master the Slave or Repeater's Rcv SubnetID must
be set to 0.
Note: The Subnet ID works only in Multipoint Networks using NetworkID.
Note: In typical Multipoint Networks the Freq Key must be at the same setting for all
transceivers. If the SubnetID is used the sub network may be set to a different Freq Key.
Note: If both Rcv SubnetID and Xmit SubnetID are set to 0 the SubnetID will show
Roaming in the menu. This feature has not been enabled at the time of the printing of this
manual.
The drawing below depicts a Multipoint Network in which the Subnet ID is used to force
communications along specific paths. In this example Repeater1 must talk directly to the
Master, and Repeater2 must talk directly to Repeater1. Communications for Slaves 1, 2,
and 3 are forced along the direction of the solid lines, and Slave4 may link to the first
Master or Repeater it hears.
The respective Subnet ID settings are shown in the table below.
Master NA NA May be set to anything
Repeater1 0 1 0 forces it to link only to the Master
Repeater2 1 2 Rcv SubnetID=1 forces communication
through Repeater1 (Repeater1 transmits on
SubnetID 1)
Slave1 0 NA Rcv SubnetID=0 forces communication
through the Master
Slave2 1 NA Rcv SubnetID=1 forces communication
through Repeater1
Slave3 2 NA Rcv SubnetID=2 forces communication
through Repeater2
Slave4 F F Setting of FF allows the Slave to link with
the first Master or Repeater it hears with
the correct NetworkID
Table 5-1: Subnet ID Settings
Notes
Note: The specific SubnetID settings in the previous example are arbitrary. Other than
using Rcv SubnetID = 0 to listen only to the Master, and Rcv SubnetID and Xmit
SubnetID set to FF to listen to the first Master or Repeater, any settings may be used to
set the sub networks up.
5.4.13 (D) Radio ID
Option (D) allows a transceiver to be designated with an arbitrary, user selectable, 4 digit
number which identifies the transceiver in the diagnostics mode.
When item (1) is selected you will be able to change the Transceiver's RS232 baud rate - the
communication rate between the Transceiver and the instrument to which it is connected. It
is important to note that this is independent of the baud rate for the other Transceiver(s) in
the communication loop. For example, The Communicator may be used in an application to
send data from remote process instrumentation to an engineer's computer. In this application
the baud rate for the Transceiver on the instrumentation might be set to 9600, and the
Transceiver on the computer might be set to 57,600 or 115,200.
In general, it is desirable to set the baud rate to the highest level supported by the device to
which it is connected. However, please note that this may actually result in slower data
communications in certain circumstances (see the Troubleshooting section).
Figure 6-1: Baud Rate, Word Length & Modbus
The Baud Rate section of the user interface provides two other important parameters, the
ability to change the transceiver's word length and to put it into ModBus RTU mode.
There are six data word length and parity configurations available to be used with
Communicator transceivers. The default setting is 0 (8,N,1) and is the most commonly used
serial communications protocol.
Support for ModBus RTU protocol is available. The default setting for ModBus RTU is 0
(not enabled).
To enable the ModBus RTU mode:
1. In the Set Baud Rate menu enter (B) and then select 1
2. In the Set MultiPoint Parameters menu, set Master Packet Repeat to 3.
Note: When using the transceivers in ModBus RTU mode the Master Packet Repeat must be
set to 3 regardless of whether the transceivers are being used in Point to Point or Multipoint
mode.
The Call Book is an innovative feature in the Communicator which offers both security and
flexibility in use. The Call Book accomplishes this by allowing the user to determine with
which other Communicator Transceivers a given Transceiver will communicate, based on the
serial numbers for both the master and slave. The transceiver's serial number is encoded in
the microprocessor and identified on the bottom label of the unit. The instructions provided
in this section are for point-to-point mode only. Use of the Call Book for Multipoint systems
is explained later in this chapter.
For two Communicator Transceivers to communicate in point-to-point mode, three events
must occur:
1. The serial number for the master must be listed in the slave's Call Book.
2. The serial number for the slave must be listed in the master's Call Book.
3. The master must be programmed to call the slave.
As shown in Figure 7-1, the Call Book allows users to set up a list of up to 10 Communicator
Transceivers with whom they can communicate, designate up to 2 repeaters to be used in
communicating with a given transceiver, and tell the master which slave to call. To direct the
master to call a slave the user must be in the Call Book Menu. A specific slave may be
called by entering C at the prompt, followed by the menu number corresponding to that
slave. To call any available slave in the list the user should enter C and then A (for All).
Note: To call a slave through one or two repeaters you must call that slave directly (as
opposed to using the Call All option). When Call All is selected the master is not able to
connect with any slaves through repeaters. This is because the master calls every slave in
the list when instructed to call all and will connect with the first slave to respond. When
calling through a repeater, the master must first call that repeater and establish a
communications link with it prior to making contact with the slave.
7.2 Entering or Modifying numbers in the Call Book
Entering or modifying serial numbers in the Call Book is a straightforward process. When in
the Call Book menu enter the position number (0 - 9) you wish to edit. You will be prompted
for the new number (formatting is automatic, you do not need to enter the dash). Once the
number is entered (unless it is 000-0000) you will be asked for the number for the repeaters
to be used. If no repeaters are to be used then enter the escape key; your entry will be
complete and you will be back in the Call Book menu screen. If you enter a repeater number
you will then be prompted for the number of the second repeater to use. If a second repeater
is being used then enter the number at this time, if not then enter the escape key. Once again
the modem will retain your entries, as shown in the updated Call Book menu screen.
Important: It is important that the Call Book slots (0 - 9) are filled sequentially beginning
with 0, the first slot in the book. Serial numbers do not need to be entered in numerical
order, however, there must not be any 000-0000 numbers in the middle of the list of good
serial numbers. The reason for this is that when a master is instructed to Call All available
slaves it will call all slaves listed until it reaches the first phone number of 000-0000. If a
valid serial number is entered after the all zero number it will not be recognized as a valid
number to call by the master.
7.3 Programming The Call Book in Multipoint Systems
In a Multipoint system the slaves and repeaters are not listed in the master's Call Book.
When establishing such a system, it is necessary only to have the master's serial number in
each slave's and repeater's Call Book, and to have each repeater's serial number in the Call
Book of each slave which may potentially communicate through it.
The following example shows the Call Books of a multipoint system comprised of a master,
repeater, and slave in which the slave can communicate either through the repeater or directly
to the master:
Multipoint Master Call Book (Unit Serial Number 555-0001)
Entry Number Repeater1 Repeater2
(0) 000-0000
(1) 000-0000
Note: No serial number entries are necessary in the master’s Call Book. The master’s Call
Book may be programmed to call any entry.
Multipoint Repeater Call Book (Unit Serial Number 555-0002)
Entry Number Repeater1 Repeater2
(0) 555-0001
(1) 000-0000
Multipoint Slave Call Book (Unit Serial Number 555-0003)
Entry Number Repeater1 Repeater2
(0) 555-0001
(1) 555-0002
(2) 000-0000
At times it may be desirable to force a slave to go through a specific multipoint repeater. If
this is the case that slave’s Call Book should contain only the serial number for the repeater
in the upper left hand corner.
Note: If the network ID option is used no entries are needed in the Call Book of any of the
transceivers in a multipoint system.
When item (3) is selected in the main menu the screen in figure 6 appears, which allows the
user to modify the radio transmission characteristics of the Transceivers. As stated in the
warning, these parameters are for the sophisticated user who has a good understanding of the
principles of radio data transmission. They should be changed only after consulting this
manual.
In a point-to-point mode the radio parameters set in the Master will override the settings for
the slave and repeater(s) in the link for all but RF Xmit Power, Slave Security, and Retry
Time Out.
Selection (0) in the Radio Parameters menu allows the user to modify the hopping
patterns of the Transceivers to minimize the interference with other Communicator
Transceivers in operation in the area. For instance, if there were 10 pairs of
Communicator transceivers in operation within a factory or refinery, changing the
Frequency Key would ensure that they would not jump onto the same frequencies at the
same time for the same length of time.
There are 15 choices available for the Frequency Key (0-9 and A-E), representing 15
different pseudo-random patterns.
A selection of F provides additional options to use different portions of the 902-928 MHz
band.
Entry 0 allows the user to choose the portion of the band in which the transceiver will
operate. These choices are show in the table below:
Selection Name Band
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Standard Full 902-928 MHz
Australia 915-928 MHz
International 902-928 MHz, 16 fewer frequencies than full US set
Taiwan 916-920 MHz
New Zealand 921-928 MHz
Notch Uses 902-928 with center frequencies of 911-919 notched out
Brazil 902-915 MHz
Table 8-1: Frequency Bands, 900 MHz
Note: Do NOT use Freq Key 14 (D) with the Australia (915-928MHz) hop table
(1) Hop Table Size
Within a specified band you may select the number of frequencies to be used, ranging
from 50 to 112.
(2) Hop Freq Offset
The Hop Freq Offset option is not functional in the 900 MHz spread spectrum
transceiver.
Note: Irrespective of the Freq Key used, all transceivers in either point to point or point
to multipoint networks must be set to identical Hop Tables and Table Size (number of
frequencies).
The Frequency Key for the Communicator 2.4GHz transceivers offers the ability to select
more than just a different pseudo random hop table, but also the portion of the band
which the transceiver will use. Because this feature offers the ability to select which
portion of the spectrum will be used it is critical that all radios in a link, whether point to
point or point to multipoint, use the same selections.
Frequency Key
Selections 0-E provide 15 different pseudo random hop tables, similar to the 900 MHz
transceiver.
Selection F allows the user to set the Hop Table parameters. The user is then presented
with 3 additional choices
Selection 0 allows the user to determine which portion of the band to use:
Selection Band Used
0
1
2
3
4
5
Entire band, 2.400 - 2.4835 GHz
Entire band, but offset frequencies from selection 0
Lower 1/3
Middle of band
Upper 1/3
2 outer 1/3
rd
of band
rd
of band
rds
of band, avoids the middle
Table 8-2: 2.4 GHz Frequency Band Selections Available
Thus, two networks could be set up side by side using the entire band without collisions
by setting one network up with selection 0 and the second network with selection 1.
Selection 1 allows the user to set the size (number of frequencies) of the hop table to use.
The range available is from a minimum of 50 to a maximum of 80.
Selection 2 allows the user to select a frequency offset, whereby the frequencies used are
offset by 115.2 KHz from other frequency selections in the same portion of the band. For
example, if two networks are operating side by side in the lower 1/3
rd
of the band using
50 frequencies, with one set to Frequency Offset of 0 and the other to Frequency Offset
of 1, the frequencies used in the different hopping patterns will be offset by 115.2 KHz
Figure 8-3: Frequency Key and Hop Table Options, 2.4 Ghz
8.3 (1) Max Packet Size and (2) Min Packet Size
Selections (1) and (2) allow the user to designate the size of the packets (in bytes) used by the
transceiver in its communication link. This may be of particular value when using The
Communicator with different communications software packages; you may find that
throughput is optimized when packet sizes are restricted by the transceiver. It should be
noted, however, that in Point to Point modes the Max and Min Packet Settings will not have
any material impact on throughput unless 115.2 KBaud is desired.
The combination of Max and Min Packet Size Settings determines the allocation of the
communication link from the Master to the Slave and vice versa. With a given Max Packet
Setting the master will transmit up to that number of bytes on every hop. If fewer than that
number of bytes is transmitted the balance is allocated to the slave's transmission, in addition
to the quantity in the Min Packet Size Setting.
Packet size is determined by a combination of the setting entered by the user and the RF Data
Rate. Tables 7, 8, and 9 provide the packet sizes for each different combination of settings.
There are two settings for the Transmit Rate parameter. For normal operation The
Communicator should be set at Transmit Rate 1. Transmit Rate 0 is useful to qualitatively
gauge signal strength. When set to Transmit Rate 0 the Transceivers will transmit data back
and forth continuously, and the strength of the signal may be gauged by the Clear to Send
LED. A solid red Clear to Send LED indicates a strong signal, the less the LED is on the
weaker the signal.
Because the Transceivers transmit continuously when Transmit Rate is set to 0 (whether or
not they have data to send) they use radio frequency spectrum unnecessarily. Therefore,
Transmit Rate 0 should be used only as a diagnostic tool and not for normal operation.
8.5 (4) RF Data Rate
The Communicator has two settings for the RF Data Rate (not to be confused with the RS232
Baud Rate). Setting 2 should be used when the transceivers are close together and data
throughput is to be optimized. Setting 2 must also be used when full throughput of 115.2
KBaud is necessary. Setting 3 should be used when the transceivers are farther away and a
solid data link is preferred over data throughput.
Note: When using the transceivers in Multipoint mode, the RF Data Rate setting must be
identical for all units in the system. Any transceiver with a different RF Data Rate than the
master will not establish a communication link.
The Communicator offers users the ability to modify the Transmission Power of the
Transceiver. By reducing the Transmission Power when appropriate, users can ensure the
Transceivers do not overwhelm each other when used in close proximity. There are 9 power
settings available (1-9) which are roughly linear, therefore a setting of 9 is full power or 1
Watt and 1 is ~10% power or 100 mW.
The following guidelines should be followed when setting the RF Transmission Power:
Setting Power Level Used When
1 - 3 Low Pair or pairs of transceivers operating within same or
adjoining rooms.
4 - 6 Medium More than one pair of modems operating within
same facility.
7 - 9 Full Normal operation extending beyond a facility.
Table 8-6: Power Transmit Settings
8.7 (6) Slave Security
With option 6 the user may disable the transceiver’s security so it will accept a call from any
other Communicator unit. The default setting is 0 where security is enforced (the caller’s
serial number must be in the slave’s Call Book), with a setting of 1 security is disabled.
As mentioned in mode 6, Slave Security must be set to one when the unit is operating in a
point-to-point system where it may need to accept calls from more than 10 different
Communicator Transceivers. However, it is important to note that when Slave Security is set
to 1 the Transceiver will accept calls from any other Communicator Transceiver, and
additional system security measures should be taken to prevent unauthorized access.
8.8 (7) RTS to CTS
Menu selection 7 in the Radio Parameters provides the option of allowing the RTS line (pin
7) on the Master modem to control the CTS line (pin 8) of the Slave. This pass-through
control can be enabled in point-to-point mode as well as point-to-multipoint. In the latter the
Master RTS line will control all Slaves’ CTS lines. When this mode is enabled the CTS line
ceases to function as flow control. Therefore it is not recommended to enable this feature
when operating at RS-232 speeds above 38.4 kB.
To enable this mode, enter 7 in the Radio Parameters menu. An entry of 1 will enable the
RTS-CTS control, 0 will disable it.
Just before the time the Master is scheduled to transmit a packet, it will sense the state of the
RTS line. If the state has changed, the Master will then transmit a message to the Slave with
the new status. This transmission will occur regardless of data to be sent or not. In the
former case the RTS status message will be sent in addition to the data. In point-to-point
mode the Master will continue sending the new status message until it receives an
acknowledgment from the Slave. In point-to-multipoint mode the Master will repeat the
message the number of times equal to the Master Packet Repeat number in the Multipoint
Setup menu.
Because the Master transmit time is completely asynchronous to the occurrence of any
change of the RTS line, the latency time from RTS to CTS is variable. The maximum time,
however, is determined by the frequency of Master transmission times. This frequency is
determined by the Maximum Packet Size and Minimum Packet Size parameters in the Radio
Parameter menu. Setting both parameters to their maximum of 9 and 9 will produce a
maximum latency time of approximately 25 mS. At their minimum numbers the time will be
approximately 10 mS. Please note that this latency can go up significantly if packets are lost
between the Master and Slave. In point-to-multipoint mode there is no absolute guarantee
that the state change will be communicated to all Slaves in the unlikely event that all repeated
packets from the master do not get through to all Slaves.
Note: The RTS to CTS mode does not function in point to point links that contain a repeater.
If this feature is needed in a link with a repeater you should use it in conjunction with point
to multipoint mode.
8.9 (8) Retry Time Out
The Retry Time Out parameter allows the user to determine when a slave will drop a
connection to a master or repeater in multipoint mode. The default setting is 255, meaning
that if one packet in 255 from the master is sent successfully to the slave it will maintain a
link. The lowest setting is 8, at which a slave will drop a connection much more quickly.
The Retry Time Out parameter is useful when a multipoint system is used with a moving
master or slaves. As the link gets weaker, a lower setting will allow a transceiver to drop a
link and search for a stronger connection.
While intended primarily for multipoint systems, the Retry Time Out parameter may also be
modified in point to point systems. In point to point mode the Retry Time Out should not be
set to a value of less than 151.
The Lowpower Mode is an option that, when enabled, allows the transceiver to function as a
multipoint slave while consuming less power.
With a setting of 1 Lowpower Mode saves current consumption primarily by dimming the
transceiver's LEDs. When set to higher values (2 through 63) the transceiver will sleep
between slots. For example, at a setting of 2 the transceiver sleeps 1 out of 2 slots, at a
setting of 3 the transceiver sleeps 2 out of 3 slots, and so on.
Note:
1. The Lowpower Mode is for use only in point to multipoint systems, and only on the
multipoint slaves. The power savings occur when the option is enabled and the slave
is connected to the master or a repeater. There are no power consumption savings
when the slave is transmitting data back to the master. Designed primarily for
SCADA systems, the Lowpower Mode is of little value when significant amounts of
data need to be sent from the slave to the master.
2. Additional power savings may be realized when the number of repeaters is set to 1
throughout the network, even if no repeaters are being used. This is shown in the
following table in the Draw1 column, the Draw0 column shows power draw with a
setting of 0 repeaters.
3. Because the Lowpower mode puts the transceiver to sleep a latency will be
introduced before it become fully linked to the master. This latency can range from
20 to 200 milliseconds.
4. To communicate to the RS232 port of a transceiver that is in Lowpower Mode the
RTS line must be held high to wake it up. The transceiver will wake up within
approximately 20 milliseconds or when CTS goes high.
5. If the RTS line on the slave is held high the transceiver will remain in normal
operation regardless of the Lowpower Mode setting. Once RTS is dropped it will go
back into the lowpower mode that corresponds to its setting.
Option (4) in the main menu allows the user to view data transmission statistics which have been
gathered by the Transceiver during the most recent session. This is of value when the user
wishes to look at signal strength, noise levels, bytes transmitted, bytes received, and the distance
of the link between transceivers. Statistics are gathered during each data link and are reset when
the next link begins.
Ideally, noise levels should be below 30, and the difference between the average signal level and
average noise level should be 15 or more. High noise levels tend to indicate other sources of RF
interference, while low signal levels indicate a weak link. The following sections provide
information useful to the process of troubleshooting and improving radio links.
9.1 Average Noise Level
The average noise level indicates the level of background noise and interference at the
measurement site. The number is an average of the noise levels measured at each frequency
in the modems’ frequency hop table. The individual measurement values at each frequency
hop channel are shown in the frequency table. The frequency table is accessed by pressing
the ENTER key on the computer when the radio statistics menu is displayed.
Average noise levels will typically fall in the range of 15 to 30. Average noise levels
significantly higher than this are an indication of a high level of interference that may
degrade the performance of the link. High noise levels can often be improved with bandpass
filters, antenna placement or antenna polarization. Please contact Intuicom for more
information.
9.2 Average Signal Level
The average signal level indicates the level of received signal at the measurement site. The
signal source is the slave modem, or if the link includes repeaters, the closest repeater to the
measurement site. The number is an average of the received signal levels measured at each
frequency in the modem's frequency hop table. The individual measurement values at each
frequency hop channel are shown in the frequency table. The frequency table is accessed by
pressing the ENTER key on the computer when the radio statistics menu is displayed.
For a reliable link, the average signal level should be at least 15 higher than the average noise
level reading. Table 12 provides an approximate conversion of average signal level values
into the more common dBm (decibel milliwatts).
Average Signal Level 41 49 60 66 85
Level in dBm -110 -100 -90 -80 -70
Table 9-1: Conversion of Average Noise Level to dBm
Low Average Signal Levels can often be corrected with higher gain antennas, antenna
placement, and use of repeaters or use of antenna amplifiers. Contact Intuicom for more
information.
9.3 Overall Rcv Rate (%)
The Overall Rcv Rate measures the percentage of data packets that were successfully
transmitted from the master to the slave on the first attempt without requiring retransmission.
A number of 75 or higher indicates a robust link that will provide very good performance
even at high data transmission rates. A number of 25 or lower indicates a weak or marginal
link that will provide lower data throughput. An Overall Rcv Rate of 100% will provide
approximately 100 Kbaud of bandwidth with an RF data rate of 3 (Radio Transmission
Parameters Menu) and approximately 150 Kbaud of bandwidth with an RF Data Rate of 2.
These numbers are reduced approximately 50% if there are one or more repeaters in the
network.
9.4 Number of Disconnects
If, during the course of performing a link test, the link between the master and the slave is
broken, and the radios lose carrier detect, the occurrence is recorded in the Number of
Disconnects value. The value indicates the total number of disconnects that have occurred
from the time the link test started until the radio was put into reset mode. Under normal
operating conditions, the number of disconnects should be 0. One or more disconnects may
indicate a very weak link, the presence of severe interference problems or loss of dc power to
any of the radios in the link.
9.5 Radio Temperature
The radio temperature value is the current operating temperature of the radio in degrees C
(Celsius.) For proper operation, Intuicom radio modems must be in the range of –40° to
75°C.
Placement of your Intuicom unit is likely to have a significant impact on its performance. In
general the rule of thumb is that the higher the placement of the antenna the better the
communication link - height is everything! In practice you should also place the transceiver
away from computers, telephones, answering machines, and other similar equipment. The
included 6 foot RS232 cable will usually provide ample room for placement away from other
equipment. To improve the data link, Intuicom offers directional and omnidirectional antennas
with cable lengths ranging from 3 to 200 feet.
When using an external antenna, placement of that antenna is critical to a solid data link. Other
antennas in close proximity are a potential source of interference; use the Radio Statistics to help
identify potential problems. It is also possible that slight adjustments in antenna placement (as
little as 2 feet) will solve noise problems. In extreme cases, such as when the transceiver is
located close to Pager or Cellular Telephone transmission towers, Intuicom offers a band pass
filter to reduce the out of band noise.
The standard enclosure for the DGR-115 does not provide protection against water or
environmental hazards, and will fade when placed in direct sunlight. For outdoor applications
the DGR-115H should be used. The DGR-115H provides a weather resistant enclosure,
allowing placement of the Transceiver in more demanding environmental conditions. The DGR115H must be mounted in a vertical position to be weather resistant. An optional mounting
bracket (part number MBRK/115H) is available to mount the transceiver to a tower or mast. The
DGR-115H requires the use of an external antenna.
The DGR115W is waterproof and may also be mounted outdoors without additional weather
protection. The waterproof enclosure also requires an external antenna, and includes a 6-foot
data and power pigtail cable.
The LEDs on The Communicator's front panel provide important information on the operation of
the transceiver. Compare the status of a Transceiver's LEDs with the table below to aid you in
the troubleshooting process.
Point-to-Point Communications
Condition CD TR CTS CD TR CTS CD TR CTS
Powered, disconnected
Connected, no repeater,
sending sparse data
Master calling slave through
repeater
Master connected to
repeater, not to slave
Repeater connected to slave
Mode 6, disconnected
Setup Mode
Legend:LED:
BR Blinking Red
FO Flashing Orange
IF Intermittent Flash Red
O Off
SD Solid Red, Dim
SG Solid Green
SR Solid Red, Bright
Master Slave Repeater
SR SR SR SR O BR SR O BR
SG IF IF SG IF IF
SR SD SR SR O BR SR O BR
FO SD SR SR O BR SR SD SR
SG IF IF SG IF IF SG IF IF
SR O BR SR O BR
SG SG SG SG SG SG SG SG SG
CD Carrier Detect LED
CTS Clear to Send LED
TR Transmit LED
All Intuicom spread spectrum transceivers require the use of an external antenna. The
Transceivers are equipped with an external jack allowing the use of a directional Yagi or
omnidirectional antenna. When using an external antenna the whip antenna on the DGR-115
must be removed.
The use of an external antenna may radically improve the results obtained with Intuicom
Transceivers. It is highly desirable to obtain line of sight with the antennas, and changes in
placement height of as few as a couple of feet may make the difference between no link and one
that is solid and reliable.
Per FCC regulations, any antenna used with Intuicom transceivers must be provided by
Intuicom. Intuicom offers a variety of omnidirectional and directional external antennas, with
both bracket and magnetic mounts. These antennas allow versatility in deployment, extending
its range and allowing it to get around obstructions. Any Intuicom transceiver which includes a
standard RF connector is for professional installation only, and the professional installer must
ensure frequency emission limits are not exceeded.
If external directional antennas are used FCC regulations concerning effective radiated power
limitations must be followed. Table 15 provides the maximum output power settings for a 955
mW 900MHz transceiver given antenna gain and cable loss combinations.
WARNING: Any antennas placed outdoors must be properly grounded. Use extreme caution
when installing antennas and follow all
instructions included with the antennas.
The use of external antennas subjects the transceiver to greater exposure to direct lightning
strikes.
Long RS232 cable runs should also be avoided in areas with increased lightning activity or static
electricity unless they are properly isolated from the transceiver. Nearby lightning strikes or
elevated levels of static electricity may lead to voltage spikes on the line, causing failure in the
transceiver’s RS232 interface.
The following antennas are approved for use with Communicator transceivers:
900MHz Directional Antennas
Gain Manufacturer Manufacturer Model Number Intuicom Model Number
10dB Mobile Mark YAG10-915N EAN0900YB
10dB Larsen YA0006 EAN0900YA
6dB Mobile Mark YAG6-915N EAN0906YB
6dB Larsen YA6-900 EAN0906YA
900MHz Omnidirectional Antennas
Gain Manufacturer Manufacturer Model Number Intuicom Model Number
5dB Antennex
Maxrad
3dB Maxrad MAX-9053 EAN0900WC
0dB JEMA JA900SS EAN0900WR
0dB Mobile Mark PSTG0-915FW EAN0900RQ
0dB Mobile Mark PSTN3-915S EAN0900SH
0dB Mobile Mark PSTG0-915SE EAN0900SQ
0dB Mobile Mark PSTN3-915N EAN0900NH
EB8965C
BMEFC8985HD
EAN0905WC
2.4GHz Directional Antennas
Gain Manufacturer Manufacturer Model Number Intuicom Model Number
14dB Mobile Mark SCR14-2400 EAN2414CR
2.4GHz Omnidirectional Antennas
Gain Manufacturer Manufacturer Model Number Intuicom Model Number
5dB Maxrad MAXC24505 EAN2405WC
0dB Mobile Mark PSTN3-2400N EAN2400NH
Intuicom modems have a convenient, built-in tool that simplifies the task of aligning
directional antennas. This tool is particularly useful when the antenna on either end is not
visible from the other end due to distance or obstructions. To use this feature, the modems
must be configured for point-to-point operation.
12.2 Setup procedure
1. Program the modem operation mode (menu 0) for point-to-point operation, i.e.,
program one modem as a point-to-point master and one modem as a point-to-point
slave. This procedure may also be used with intermediate repeaters. If intermediate
repeaters are used, program the modem(s) to be used as repeaters for point-to-point
repeater operation.
2. Program each modem’s call book (menu 2) as necessary for point-to-point
communications.
3. On the modem programmed as the point-to-point master, set the Xmit Rate parameter
on the Radio Transmission Parameters menu (menu 3, item 3) to 0.
4. When the modems are returned to operation, the master modem will transmit a
continuous stream of high-speed data. The slave modem sends acknowledgements
for each of the data packets received from the master. The CTS LED on either the
slave or the master provides and indication of the quality of the link. A solid
indication on the CTS LED indicates a strong link with minimum packet
retransmissions. A flickering indication on the CTS LED indicates a weaker link
with a higher percentage of packet retransmissions. While observing the CTS LED
display, adjust the alignment of the directional antenna for the most solid indication.
5. After the antennas have been aligned for optimum performance, restore the Xmit Rate
parameter on the master radio to 1 for normal operation.
12.3 Point to multipoint procedure
Following the above procedure, each individual slave/master link in a multipoint network can
be aligned. After all links have been aligned, all modems in the network are programmed
for multipoint operation.
1 Carrier Detect Output
2 Transmit Data Output
3 Receive Data Input
4 DTR Input
5 Ground
6 Data Set Ready Output
7 RTS
8 Clear to Send
9 Ground
Table 13-1: RS232 Pin Assignments
Definitions:
Pin 1: Carrier Detect (CD) Used to show that there is an RF connection between
modems.
Pin 2: Transmit Data (TX) This is used to transmit data bits serially from the
modem to the system device connected to the modem.
Pin 3: Receive Data (RX) This is used to receive data bits serially from the system
device to the modem device connected to the modem.
Pin 4: Data Terminal Ready (DTR) The modem only uses this line in Point-to-Point
Slave/Master switchable mode (refer to Operation Mode
Selections) or for DTR Connect (refer to Multipoint
Operation).
Pin 5: Ground (GND) Signal return for all signal lines shared with Pin 9.
Pin 6: Data Set Ready (DSR) Always high when the radio is powered from the 2.5mm
power connector. Indicated power is on to the radio.
Also, this pin can be used for +12Volts when powering
the modem directly through the RS-232 port. Note: This
is not used on the OEM module.
Pin 7: Request to Send (RTS) The modem does not recognize RTS for flow control.
RTS is used as a control line in RTS/CTS mode (refer to
Radio Transmission Parameters).
Pin 8: Clear to Send (CTS) This signal is used to tell the system device connected to
the modem that the modem is ready to receive data.
When asserted, the modem will accept data, when
deasserted the modem will not accept data. This should
always be used for data rates above 38.4KB or there will
be a risk of lost data if an RF link is not very robust.
Pin 9: Ground (GND) Signal return for all signal lines shared with Pin 5.
The DGRO Small Footprint Series transceivers are available in both TTL and RS232 versions.
The TTL versions use reverse polarity from standard RS-232 at 0 to 5 Volt levels. All pin
descriptions and pin numbering are the same as the RS232 version. The RS232 versions use
standard RS232 polarity and voltage levels for all of the RS232 signal lines (DTR, Transmit
Data, Receive Data, Carrier Detect, RTS, and Clear to Send) and TTL standard polarity and
voltage level for the Interrupt pin.
Pin 1: B+ Power input.
Pin 2: Interrupt (INT) – Input – A 0 volt level on this pin will switch the radio into setup mode.
Pin Assignment
1 B+ input
2 Interrupt (Ground to invoke menu)
3 DTR
4 Ground
5 Transmit Data
6 Ground
7 Receive Data
8 Carrier Detect
9 RTS
10 Clear to Send
Table 14-1: DGRO Series Pinout
Note: Pin 1 on the DGRO9 and DGR24 board level transceiver is the pin farthest from the three
LEDs and pin 10 is closest to the LEDs.
1 Brown Carrier Detect Output
2 Red Transmit Data Output
3 Orange Receive Data Input
4 Yellow DTR Input
5 Green Ground Signal Ground
6 Blue Data Set Ready Output
7 Violet RTS Input
8 Gray Clear to Send Output
9 White Power Ground Power Ground
10 Black B+ Power Input
11 Shield Shield Ground Shield Ground
The device to which The Communicator is connected should be configured to match the settings
shown in Table 21.
Parameter Setting
Baud Rate Match to The Communicator
Data Bits 8
Parity None
Stop Bits 1
Parity Check None / Off
Carrier Detect None / Off
Flow Control RTS/CTS / Hardware
Connection Started by Carrier Detect
Connection Ended by Carrier Detect
DTR Signal Always On
RTS Signal Always On
The Communicator's versatility allows data communication links to be established using a
variety of different configurations. This, in turn, makes it possible to extend the range of The
Communicator and get around obstacles.
Diagram (A) shows the most common and straightforward link, a master communicating to a
slave in a dedicated link.
Master
(A)
Diagram (B) depicts how a link might be set up using a repeater. The repeater may be sitting on
a hilltop or other elevated structure to link the master to the slave. In this setup it may be
desirable to use an external omnidirectional antenna on the repeater; to extend the range Yagi
antennas could be used on either or both of the master and slave.
When a repeater is used the RF speed is cut in half, making 115 KBaud uncompressed
throughput unachievable. The baud rate, however, may still be set at 115200.
Diagram (C) shows a link with two repeaters between the master and slave. With two repeaters
there is clearly more flexibility in getting around obstacles and greater total range is possible.
Once again, it would be desirable to use external omnidirectional antennas with the repeaters,
and attaching a Yagi to the master and slave would increase the range of the link.
When two repeaters are used there is no further degradation in the RF speed of the link.
Master
Repeater
Slave
Repeater
(C)
In example (D) a setup is shown where a master routinely calls a number of slaves at different
times. The master is communicating with a transceiver designated as a slave/repeater which is
connected to a remote instrument in the field. Since this instrument is placed in an elevated
location, the transceiver may also be used as a repeater when it is not used as a slave. At any
time desirable the master may call any of the slaves, establish a connection, and retrieve and send
data.
Example (E) depicts a standard point-to-multipoint system. In this example any data sent from
the master is broadcast to all three slaves, one of which receives it through a multipoint repeater.
The data is in turn sent out of the RS232 port of each of the three slaves.
In (F) a point-to-multipoint system is depicted which uses one of the slave sites as a repeater
simultaneously, all through the same radio. This system works in a manner very similar to a
standard multipoint system with repeaters, however the number of radios needed is reduced with
the use of the multipoint slave/repeater feature.
A number of parameters other those shown in the setup menu may be set on Communicator
transceivers. The parameters below may be set with DOS based software available by contacting
Intuicom.
18.1 Baud Rate
The transceiver's RS232 baud rate may be set to 300, 600, or 900 baud.
18.2 Setup Timeout
When enabled this mode invokes a timeout feature for the Setup Menu. If the transceiver
goes into setup and does not receive a legitimate menu selection within 3 to 5 seconds it will
go back out of setup and into its previous mode.
Data Transmission:
Error Detection
Data Encryption
Link Throughput
Interface
Power Requirements:
Transmit current
Receive current
Idle current
Operating Modes:
Operating Environment -40°C - +75°C -40°C - +75°C
* Line of sight distance with unity gain antenna at 900 MHz, 5 dB omni at 2.4 GHz
** Throughput measured assuming 75% frequency availability.
902 to 928 MHz 2.400 to 2.4835 GHz
955 mW (+29.8 dBm) at 9.5 to 14.0 V
400 mW (+26 dBm) at 7.5 to 9.5 V
20 miles 20 miles
GFSK, 120 kBs – 170 kBs GFSK, 120 kBs – 170 kBs
230 kHz 230 kHz
-108 dBm at 10-6 raw BER -108 dBm at 10-6 raw BER
40 dB at fc ± 230 kHz
60 dB at fc ±460 kHz
32 Bit CRC, resend on error 32 Bit CRC, resend on error
Substitution, dynamic key Substitution, dynamic key
115 KBaud 115 Kbaud
RS-232 1200 Baud to 115.2 KBaud, asynch, full
duplex
650 ma at 12V for 1W
600 ma at 8.5V for 400mW
100 ma at 12V 100 ma at 12V
65ma at 12 V 65ma at 12 V
Point-to Point
Point-to-Multipoint
Peer-to-Peer
Store and Forward Repeater
500 mW (+27 dBm) at 9.5 to
14.0 V
400 mW (+26 dBm) at 7.5 to 9.5
V
40 dB at fc ± 230 kHz
60 dB at fc ±460 kHz
RS-232 1200 Baud to 115.2
KBaud, asynch, full duplex
650 ma at 12V for 500mW
600 ma at 8.5V for 400mW
Point-to Point
Point-to-Multipoint
Peer-to-Peer
Store and Forward Repeater
"I am using A Communicator to communicate between two PCs. I am using pcANYWHERE,
which is set to direct connection. Both pcANYWHERE and the modem are set to 115.2 KBaud,
yet throughput is considerably lower."
The communication link between two computers may be slowed considerably by the UART used
in the serial port of one or both computers. If you suspect that the serial port on the computer
will not support high-speed communications, then try reducing the baud rate for that end of the
connection (both on the computer and the Transceiver) to see if throughput improves.
"I have two transceivers, one configured as a master and the other as a slave. When they are
plugged in, the LEDs indicate they are receiving power, and yet they will not connect. Why
not?"
There are several reasons why this may occur:
• The Transceivers are running at full power and are too close to each other. If the
Transceivers are within 5-10 feet of each other and will not link try either reducing the
RF power to 1 on each or moving one unit to another room. (This problem occurred on
the initial generation of product with the 555 serial number prefix. It has been addressed
in transceivers with serial numbers 556 and higher.)
• The Transceivers are not in each other's Call Books.
• The number of the slave is in the master's Call Book, but the master's menu is not set to
call that number.
• There are several phone numbers in the Call Book, the master is set to Call All, and is
connecting with another transceiver in the list first.
• The master is set to Call All and the phone number of the Transceiver with which you are
trying to communicate is preceded by a setting of 000-0000.
"I am able to link to a remote unit within line of sight when the Transceiver I have is outside.
However, as soon as I walk inside with it I lose the link, even if I place the Transceiver by the
window which faces the remote unit."
Many modern buildings use energy efficient glass which wreaks havoc on RF signals. This glass
contains a metal film which is very effective in blocking all radio waves. If your situation is as
described above the preferable solution is to install an antenna outdoors.
"I have several transceivers set up to communicate with each other in a point-to-multipoint
mode, yet they are not establishing contact.”
In a Multipoint system there are two critical parameters which must be set correctly to establish a
communications link:
1. The slave's Call Book must contain the serial number or Network ID of the master and/or
repeaters to which it will be communicating.
2. All radios must be set to run at the same RF data rate. Unlike point-to-point systems,
slaves in a Multipoint system do not change their RF data rate to match the master's rate.
"In bench testing several units in a Multipoint system, it appears that they are not
communicating through the Multipoint repeater. When all units are powered the slaves' Carrier
Detect lights are green, indicating a connection, yet when I unplug the repeater those slaves set
up to communicate through that repeater remain connected."
In a Multipoint system a slave will attempt to communicate with any master or repeater (which
looks like a master in a Multipoint system) that is in its Call Book. Therefore, it may be that the
slaves are communicating with the repeater when it is powered, and when it is unplugged they
are establishing a link with the master. To test whether or not this is what is occurring go into
the Call Book of the slaves which are set up to communicate through the repeater and remove the
master's serial number. When all units are powered the slaves’ Carrier Detect lights should be
green, when the repeater is unplugged the slaves should lose contact and Carrier Detect should
turn red.
"My transceivers have established a solid connection as indicated by the LEDs, yet the
application I am running is not transmitting and/or receiving data correctly."
The quickest acid test in a situation like this is to try to get the application up and running using
an RS232 null modem cable before deploying The Communicator in the field. The
Communicator essentially functions as a null modem cable. If the application will not work with
a hard wire connection then it will not work with The Communicator, and the problem lies
within the application or other hardware (such as the computer serial ports).
"I have 2 DGR-115 transceivers set up between two computers and have been unsuccessful in my
attempts to establish a link using LapLink."
At various times difficulty using The Communicator with LapLink has been documented by
Intuicom. The cause, while not confirmed, is believed to be due to LapLink changing baud rates,
which The Communicator does not support. If you encounter this problem it is recommended
that you test the link with a terminal program such as Windows 3.1 Terminal, Hyperterminal, or
Procomm. If either of these applications is used and characters typed on one computer appear on
the screen of the other computer in the link, then the transceivers are functioning properly.
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