10 µS Typical Byte-Program
4 second Chip-Program
n
100,000 Erase/Program Cycles
n
12.0 V ±5% V
n
High-Performance Read
90 ns Maximum Access Time
n
CMOS Low Power Consumption
10 mA Typical Active Current
50 µA Typical Standby Current
0 Watts Data Retention Power
n
Integrated Program/Erase Stop Timer
Intel’s 28F020 CMOS flash memory offers the most cost-effective and reliable alternative for read/write
random access nonvolatile memory. The 28F020 adds electrical chip-erasure and reprogramming to familiar
EPROM technology. Memory contents can be rewritten: in a t est soc ket ; i n a PROM-program mer s ock et; onboard during subassembly tes t; in-system during final test; and in-system after sale. The 28F020 increases
memory flexibility, while contributing to time and cost savings.
PP
n
Command Register Architecture for
Microprocessor/Microcontroller
Compatible Write Interface
n
Noise Immunity Features
±10% V
Maximum Latch-Up Immunity
through EPI Processing
n
ETOX™ Nonvolatile Flash Technology
EPROM-Compatible Process Base
High-Volume Manufacturing
The 28F020 is a 2048-kilobit nonvolat ile memory organiz ed as 262,144 bytes of eight bits. Intel’s 28F020 is
offered in 32-pin plastic DIP, 32-lead PLCC, and 32-lead TSOP packages. Pin assignments conform to
JEDEC standards for byte-wide EPROMs.
Extended erase and program cycling capability is designed into Intel’s ETOX™ (EPROM Tunnel Oxide)
process technology. A dvanced oxide processing, an optimized t unneling structure, and lower electric fiel d
combine to extend reliabl e cycling beyond that of traditional EEPROMs. With the 12.0 V V
28F020 performs 100,000 erase and program cycles—well within the time limits of the quick-pulse
programming and quick-erase algorithms.
Intel’s 28F020 employs adv anced CMOS circuitry for systems requiring high-performance access speeds ,
low power consumption, and immunity to noise. Its 90 ns access t ime provides zero wait -state performanc e
for a wide range of microprocessors and microcontrollers. M aximum standby current of 100 µA translat es
into power savings when the device is deselected. Finally, the highest degree of latch-up protection is
achieved through Intel’s uni que EP I proc ess ing. P revent ion of latc h-up is provided f or st ress es up t o 100 mA
on address and data pins, from –1 V to V
With Intel’s ETOX proc ess technology bas e, the 28F020 builds on years of E PROM experience to yield the
highest levels of quality, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.
CC
+ 1 V.
Order Number: 290245-009
supply, the
PP
Information in this document is provided in connection with Intel products. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or
otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Except as provided in Intel’s Terms and Conditi ons of
Sale for such products, Intel assumes no liability whatsoever, and Intel disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to
sale and/or use of Intel products including liability or warranties relating to fitness for a particular purpose, merchantability, or
infringement of any patent, copyright or other intellectual property right. Intel products are not intended for use in medical, life
saving, or life sustaining applications.
Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice.
The 28F020 may contain design defects or errors known as errata. Current characterized errata are available on request.
Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications and before placing your product order.
Copies of documents which have an ordering number and are referenced in this document, or other Intel literature, may be
temperature devices. Updated Ordering Information chart. Updated AC Characteristics.
Replaced references to –70 ns with –90 ns on first page. Removed F TSOP package pin
configuration diagram.
4
E28F020
1.0 APPLICATIONS
The 28F020 flash memory provides nonvolatility
along with the capability to perform over 100,000
electrical chip-erasure/reprogram cycles. These
features make the 28F020 an innovat i ve alternative
to disk, EEPROM, and battery-backed st atic RAM.
Where periodic updates of code and data tables
are required, the 28F020’s reprogrammability and
nonvolatility make it the obvious and ideal
replacement for EPROM.
Primary applications and operat ing systems stored
in flash eliminate the s low disk -to-DRAM downl oad
process. This result s in dramatic enhancement of
performance and substantial reduction of power
consumption—a consideration particularly
important in portable equipment. Flash memory
increases flexibility with electrical chip-erasure and
in-system update capability of operating systems
and application code. With updatable c ode, system
manufacturers can easily accommodate lastminute changes as revisions are made.
In diskless workstations and terminals, network
traffic reduces to a minimum and systems are
instant-on. Reliability exceeds that of electromechanical media. Often in these environments,
power interruptions force ext ended re-boot periods
for all networked terminals. This mishap is no
longer an issue if boot code, operating systems,
communication protocol s and primary applications
are flash resident in each terminal.
For embedded systems that rely on dynamic
RAM/disk for main system memory or nonvolatile
backup storage, the 28F020 flash memory offers a
solid state alternati ve in a minimal form fact or. The
28F020 provides higher performance, lower power
consumption, instant-on capability, and allows an
“eXecute in place” (XIP) memory hierarchy for
code and data table reading. Additi onally, t he flas h
memory is more rugged and reliable in harsh
environments where extreme temperatures and
shock can cause disk-based systems to fail.
The need for code updates pervades al l phases of
a system’s life—from prototyping to system
manufacture to after sale service. The electrical
chip-erasure and reprogramming ability of the
28F020 allows in-circuit alterability; this eliminat es
unnecessary handling and less reliable socketed
connections, while adding greater test,
manufacture, and update flexibility.
Material and labor costs associated with code
changes increases at higher levels of system
integration—the most costly being code updates
after sale. Code “bugs,” or the desire to augment
system functionality, prompt after sale code
updates. Field revisions to EPROM-based code
requires the removal of EPROM components or
entire boards. With the 28F020, code updates are
implemented locally via an edge connector, or
remotely over a communications link.
For systems currently using a high-density static
RAM/battery configuration for data accumulation,
flash memory’s inherent nonvolatility eliminat es the
need for battery backup. The concern for battery
failure no longer exists, an important consideration
for portable equipment and medical instruments,
both requiring continuous performance. In addition,
flash memory offers a cons iderable c ost adv antage
over static RAM.
Flash memory’s electrical chip-erasure, byte
programmability and complete nonvolatility f it well
with data accumulation and recording needs.
Electrical chip-eras ure gives the designer a “blank
slate” in which to log or record dat a. Data can be
periodically off-loaded for analysis and the flash
memory erased producing a new “blank slate.”
A high degree of on-chip feature integration
simplifies memory-to-processor interfacing. Figure
3 depicts two 28F020s tied to the 80C186 system
bus. The 28F020’s architect ure m inim izes interf ace
circuitry needed for compl ete in-circuit updates of
memory contents.
The outstanding feature of the TSOP (Thin Small
Outline Package) is the 1.2 mm thicknes s. TSOP
is particularly suited for portable equipment and
applications requiring large amounts of flash
memory.
With cost-effective in-system reprogramming,
extended cycling capability, and true nonvolatility,
the 28F020 offers advantages to the alternatives:
EPROMs, EEPROMs, battery backed static RAM,
or disk. EPROM-compatible read specifications,
straightforward interfacing, and in-circ uit alterability
offers designers unlimited flexibility to meet the
high standards of today’s designs.
5
28F020E
DQ0 - DQ
7
V
CC
V
V
WE#
CE#
OE#
SS
PP
State
Control
Command
Register
Integrated Stop
Timer
Erase Voltage
Switch
PGM Voltage
Switch
To Array Source
Chip Enable
Output Enable
Logic
STB
Input/Output
Buffers
Data Latch
A0 - A
Address Latch
Y-Decoder
X-Decoder
STB
17
Y-Gating
2,097,152 Bit
Cell Matrix
Figure 1. 28F020 Block Diagram
Table 1. Pin Description
SymbolTypeName and Function
A0–A
17
DQ0–DQ
7
INPUTADDRESS INPUTS for memory addresses. Addresses are
internally latched during a write cycle.
INPUT/OUTPUTDATA INPUT/OUTPUT: Inputs data during memory write cycles;
outputs data during memory read cycles. The data pins are active
high and float to tri-state off when the chip is deselected or the
outputs are disabled. Data is internally latched during a write cycle.
CE#INPUTCHIP ENABLE: Activates the device’s control logic, input buffers,
decoders and sense amplifiers. CE# is active low; CE# high
deselects the memory device and reduces power consumption to
standby levels.
OE#INPUTOUTPUT ENABLE: Gates the devices output through the data
buffers during a read cycle. OE# is active low.
WE#INPUTWRITE ENABLE: Controls writes to the control register and the
array. Write enable is active low. Addresses are latched on the
falling edge and data is latched on the rising edge of the WE#
pulse.
Note: With V
V
PP
ERASE/PROGRAM POWER SUPPLY for writing the command
≤ 6.5 V, memory contents cannot be altered.
PP
register, erasing the entire array, or programming bytes in the array.
V
CC
V
SS
DEVICE POWER SUPPLY (5 V ±10%)
GROUND
6
0245_01
E28F020
Figure 2. 28F020 Pin Configurations
7
28F020E
V
CC
80C186
System Bus
A
1-A18
DQ8 -DQ
15
DQ0 -DQ
7
Address Decoded
Chip Select
#
BHE
#
WR
A
0
#
RD
Figure 3. 28F020 in an 80C186 System
2.0 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Flash memory augments EP ROM funct ionality with
in-circuit electrical erasure and reprogramming.
The 28F020 introduces a command register to
manage this new functionality. The command
register allows for 100% TTL-level control inputs,
fixed power supplies during erasure and
programming, and maximum EPROM compatibility.
In the absence of high v oltage on the V
28F020 is a read-only memory. Manipulat ion of the
external memory control pins yields the standard
EPROM read, standby, output disable, and
intelligent identifier operations.
The same EPROM read, standby, and output
disable operations are available when high voltage
is applied to the V
on V
enables erasure and programming of the
PP
pin. In addition, high volt age
PP
device. All functions associated with altering
memory contents—intelligent identifier, erase,
erase verify, program, and program verify—are
accessed via the command register.
pin, the
PP
V
PP
V
CC
A0-A
17
DQ
-DQ
0
7
DQ0-DQ
28F02028F020
#
CE
#
WE
#
OE
V
A0-A
CE
WE
OE
PP
17
#
#
#
V
CC
V
CC
7
Commands are written to the register using
standard microprocessor write timings. Register
contents serve as input to an internal state
machine which controls the erase and
programming circuitry. Write cycles also internally
latch addresses and data needed for programming
or erase operations. With the appropriate
command written to the register, standard
microprocessor read timings output array data,
access the intelligent identifier codes, or output
data for erase and program verification.
2.1Integrated Stop Timer
Successive command write cycles define the
durations of program and erase operations;
specifically, the program or erase time durations
are normally terminated by associated P rogram or
Erase Verify commands . An integrated stop timer
provides simplified timing control over these
operations; thus eliminati ng the need for maximum
program/erase timing speci fications. Programming
and erase pulse durations are minimums only.
When the stop timer terminates a program or eras e
operation, the device enters an inactive state and
remains inactive until receiving the appropriate
Verify or Reset command.
2. Manufacturer and device codes may also be accessed via a command register write sequence. Refer to Table 3. All other
3. V
4. Read operations with V
5. With V
6. Refer to Table 3 for valid data-in during a write operation.
7. X can be V
DC Characteristics
addresses low.
is the intelligent identifier high voltage. Refer to
ID
at high voltage, the standby current equals ICC + IPP (standby).
PP
or VIH.
IL
. When VPP = V
= V
may access array data or the intelligent identifier codes.
PP
PPH
(1)
PP
PPL
PPL
PPL
V
PPL
V
PPL
PPH
PPH
V
PPH
PPH
memory contents can be read but not written or erased.
PPL
A
A
V
V
A
A
DC Characteristics
A
0
0
XXVILV
CE#OE#WE#DQ0–DQ
9
A
V
V
IL
9
IL
IH
XXVIHXXTri-State
(3)
V
IL
ID
V
IH
ID
A
0
XXVILV
V
V
IL
IL
(3)
V
V
IL
IL
V
V
IL
9
IL
IH
XXVIHXXTri-State
A
0
V
V
IL
9
.
IH
V
IH
V
IH
V
IH
V
IH
V
IH
V
IH
V
IL
Data Out
Tri-State
Data = 89H
Data = BDH
Data Out
(4)
Tri-State
(6)
Data In
7
2.2Write Protection
The command register is only active when VPP is
at high voltage. Depending upon the application,
the system designer may choose to make the V
power supply switchable—available only when
memory updates are desired. When V
the contents of the register default to the Read
command, making the 28F020 a read only
memory. In this mode, the memory contents
cannot be altered.
Or, the system designer may choose to “hardwire”
V
, making the high voltage supply constantly
PP
available. In this case, all command register
functions are inhibited whenev er V
write lockout voltage V
Protection
). The 28F020 is designed to
LKO
(see
accommodate either design practice, and to
encourage optimization of the processor memory
interface.
= V
PP
PPL
is below the
CC
Power-Up/Down
The two step program/erase write sequence to t he
command register provides additional software
write protection.
PP
2.2.1BUS OPERATIONS
,
2.2.1.1Read
The 28F020 has two control functions, both of
which must be logically act iv e, t o obtain dat a at t he
outputs. Chip Enable (CE#) is the power control
and should be used for device selection. Output
Enable (OE#) is the output control and should be
used to gate data from the output pins,
independent of device selection. Refer t o AC read
timing waveforms.
When V
is high (V
PP
), the read operation can
PPH
be used to access array data, to output the
intelligent identifier c odes, and to access data for
program/erase verificati on. When V
the read operation can only access the array data.
is low (V
PP
PPL
),
9
28F020E
2.2.1.2Output Disable
With OE# at a logic-high level (V
), output from
IH
the device is disabled. Out put pins are placed in a
high-impedance state.
2.2.1.3Standby
With CE# at a logic-high level, the standby
operation disables most of the 28F020’s circuitry
and substantially reduces device power
consumption. The outputs are placed in a highimpedance state, independent of the OE# signal . If
the 28F020 is deselected during erasure,
programming, or program/erase verification, the
device draws active current until the operation is
terminated.
2.2.1.4Intelligent Identifier Operation
The intelligent identifier operation outputs the
manufacturer code (89H) and device code (BDH).
Programming equipment automatically matches
the device with its proper erase and program ming
algorithms.
With CE# and OE# at a logic low level, rais ing A
to high voltage VID (see
DC Characteristics
activates the operation. Data read from locations
0000H and 0001H represent the manufacturer’s
code and the device code, respectively.
The manufacturer and device codes can also be
read via the command register, for instances where
the 28F020 is erased and reprogrammed in the
target system. Following a write of 90H to the
command register, a read from address location
0000H outputs the manufacturer code (89H). A
read from address 0001H outputs the device code
(BDH).
2.2.1.5Write
Device erasure and programming are
accomplished via the command register, when high
voltage is applied to the V
pin. The contents of
PP
the register serve as input to the internal state
machine. The state machine outputs dictate the
function of the device.
The command register itself does not occupy an
addressable memory location. The register is a
latch used to store the command, along with
address and data information needed to execute
the command.
The command register is written by bringi ng WE#
to a logic-low level (V
), while CE# is low.
IL
Addresses are latched on the falling edge of WE#
while data is latched on the risi ng edge of the WE#
pulse. Standard microprocessor write timings are
used.
Refer to
Only Operations
AC Characteristic s—Write/Erase/Program
and the erase/programming
waveforms for specific timing parameters.
2.2.2COMMAND DEFINITIONS
9
)
When low voltage is applied to the V
contents of the command register default to 00H,
enabling read only operations.
Placing high voltage on the V
PP
read/write operations. Device operations are
selected by writing spec ific data patterns into the
command register. Table 3 defines t hese 28F020
register commands.
pin, the
PP
pin enables
10
E28F020
Table 3. Command Definitions
Bus
Cycles
Command
Read Memory1WriteX00H
Read Intelligent
Identifier Codes
Set-Up
Erase/Erase
Erase Verify
Set-Up Program/
Program
Program Verify
Reset
NOTES:
1. Bus operations are defined in Table 2.
2. IA = Identifier address: 00H for manufacturer code, 01H for device code.
EA = Erase Address: Address of memory location to be read during erase verify.
PA = Program Address: Address of memory location to be programmed.
Addresses are latched on the falling edge of the Write-Enable pulse.
3. ID = Identifier Address: Data read from location IA during device identification (Mfr = 89H, Device = BDH).
EVD = Erase Verify Data: Data read from location EA during erase verify.
PD = Program Data: Data to be programmed at location PA. Data is latched on the rising edge of Write-Enable.
PVD = Program Verify Data: Data read from location PA during program verify. PA is latched on the Program command.
4. Following the Read Intelligent ID command, two read operations access manufacturer and device codes.
5. Figure 5 illustrates the
6. Figure 4 illustrates the
7. The second bus cycle must be followed by the desired command register write.
While V
memory contents can be accessed via the Read
command. The read operation is init iat ed by wri ti ng
00H into the command register. Microprocessor
read cycles retrieve array data. The device remains
enabled for reads until the command register
contents are altered.
The default contents of the register upon V
power-up is 00H. This default value ensures that
no spurious alteration of memory c ontents occurs
during the V
supply is hardwired to the 28F020, the device
powers-up and remains enabled for reads until the
is high, for erasure and programming,
PP
power transition. Where the V
PP
command register content s are changed. Refer to
the
AC Characteristics—Read-Only Operations
and waveforms for specific timing parameters.
2.2.2.2Intelligent Identifier Command
Flash memories are intended for use in
applications where the local CPU alters memory
contents. As s uc h, manufacturer and device codes
must be accessible while t he device resides in t he
PP
target system. PROM programmers typically
access signature codes by raising A
voltage. However, multiplexing high voltage onto
PP
address lines is not a desired system design
practice.
to a high
9
11
28F020E
The 28F020 contains an intelligent identifier
operation to supplement traditional PROMprogramming methodology. The operation is
initiated by writing 90H into the command regi ster.
Following the command Write, a read cycle from
address 0000H retrieves the manufacturer code of
89H. A read cycle from address 0001H returns the
device code of BDH. To terminate the operat ion, it
is necessary to write another valid command into
the register.
2.2.2.3Set-Up Erase/Erase Commands
Set-Up Erase is a command-only operation that
stages the device for el ectrical erasure of all by tes
in the array. The set-up erase operation is
performed by writing 20H to the command register.
To commence chip-erasure, the Erase command
(20H) must again be written to the register. The
erase operation begins with the rising edge of t he
WE# pulse and terminates wit h the rising edge of
the next WE# pulse (i.e., Erase Verify command).
This two-step sequence of set-up followed by
execution ensures that memory contents are not
accidentally erased. Also, chip-erasure can only
occur when high voltage is appli ed to the V
In the absence of this high voltage, memory
contents are protected against erasure. Refer to
pin.
PP
AC Characteristics—Write/Erase/Program Only
Operations
parameters.
2.2.2.4Erase Verify Command
The Erase command erases all by tes of the array
in parallel. After each erase operation, all bytes
must be verified. The erase verify operation is
initiated by writing A0H i nto the command register.
The address for the byte to be verified must be
supplied as it is latched on the falling edge of the
WE# pulse. The register write t erminates the erase
operation with the rising edge of its WE# pulse.
and waveforms for specific timing
In the case where the data read is not FFH,
another erase operation is performed. (Refer to
Section 2.2.2.3,
Verification then resum es from the address of t he
last verified byte. Once all bytes in the array have
been verified, the erase step is complete. The
device can be programmed. At this point , the veri fy
operation is terminated by wri ting a v alid c ommand
(e.g., Program Set-Up) to the command register.
Figure 5, the
flowchart, illustrates how commands and bus
operations are combined to perform electrical
erasure of the 28F020. Refer to
Set-Up Erase/Erase Com mands
28F020 Quick-Erase Algorithm
AC
Characteristics—Write/Erase/Program Only Operations
parameters.
2.2.2.5Set-Up Program/Program
Set-Up program is a command-only operation that
stages the device for byte programming. Writing
40H into the command register perf orms t he s et-up
operation.
Once the program set-up operation is performed,
the next WE# pulse causes a transition to an active
programming operation. Addresses are internally
latched on the falling edge of the WE# pulse. Data
is internally latched on the risi ng edge of the WE#
pulse. The rising edge of WE# also begins the
programming operation. The programming
operation terminates with the next rising edge of
WE# used to write the Program Veri fy command.
Refer to
Only Operations
parameters.
2.2.2.6Program Verify Command
The 28F020 is programmed on a byte-by-byte
basis. Byte programmi ng may occur sequent i al l y or
at random. Following each programm ing operati on,
the byte just programmed must be verified.
and waveforms for specific timing
Commands
AC Characteristics —Write/Erase/Program
and waveforms for specif ic timing
.)
The 28F020 applies an internally-generated margin
voltage to the addressed byt e. Reading FFH from
the addressed byte indicat es that all bits in the byte
are erased.
The Erase Verify command m ust be written to the
command register prior to each by te verificat ion to
latch its address. The process continues for each
byte in the array until a byt e does not return FFH
data, or the last address is accessed.
12
The program verify operation is initiated by wri ting
C0H into the command register. The register write
terminates the programming operation with the
rising edge of its WE# pulse. The program verify
operation stages the device for verification of the
byte last programmed. No new addres s inf ormat ion
is latched.
The 28F020 applies an internally-generated margin
voltage to the byte. A microprocessor read cycle
outputs the data. A successful comparison
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