HP 83630B, 83620B, 83640B, 83650B, 83622B User Manual

...

Page 1

HP 8360 B-Series Swept Signal Generator (Including Options 001, 002, 004, 006, and 008)

User’s Guide

SERIAL NUMBERS

This manual applies directly to any swept signal generator with the model and serial number prefix combination shown below. You may have to modify this manual so that it applies directly to your

instrument version. Refer to the “Instrument History” chapter.

83620B/22B/23B/24B/3OB/4OB/50B

3844A and Below

HP Part No. 08360-90127 Printed in USA

February 1999 Supersedes: September 1997

Page 2

Notice

Restricted Rights

Legend

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard

shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights of Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS

252.227-7013 for DOD agencies, and subparagraphs (c) (1) and (c) (2) of the

ommercial

Computer Software Restricted Rights

clause at FAR 52.227-19 for other agencies.

Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1996, 1997, 1999 All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws. 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799, USA

Page 3

Certification

Hewlett-Packard Company certifies that this product met its published specifications at the time of shipment from the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute’s calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.

Warranty

This Hewlett-Packard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Hewlett-Packard Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective.

For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by Hewlett-Packard. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Hewlett-Packard and Hewlett-Packard shall pay

shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to Hewlett-Packard from another country.

Hewlett-Packard warrants ‘that its software and firmware designated by Hewlett-Packard for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. Hewlett-Packard does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or firmware will be uninterrupted or error-free.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance.

NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HEWLETT-PACKARD SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. HEWLETT-PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.

. . .

III

Page 4

Assistance

Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance

agreements are available for Hewlett-Packard products. For any assistance, contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service

Ofice.

Safety Notes

The following safety notes are used throughout this manual.

Familiarize yourself with each of the notes and its meaning before

operating this instrument.

WARNING

Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

CAUTION

Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, would result in damage to or destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Page 5

General Safety

Considerations

WARNING

No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified

personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers.

For continued protection against fire hazard replace line fuse only

with same type and rating (F

5A/25OV).

The use of other fuses or

material is prohibited.

This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor, inside or outside the instrument, is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

If this instrument is used in a manner not specified by

Hewlett-Packard Co., the protection provided by the instrument may

be impaired. This product must be used in a normal condition (in which all means for protection are intact) only.

Position the instrument according to the enclosure protection provided. This instrument does not protect against the ingress of water. This instrument protects against finger access to hazardous parts within the enclosure.

Page 6

CAUTION

n Before switching on this instrument, make sure that the line

voltage selector switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is installed.

n Always use the three-prong ac power cord supplied with this

instrument. Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause instrument damage.

n Before switching on this product, make sure that the line voltage

selector switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is installed. Assure the supply voltage is in the specified range.

Ventilation Requirements: When installing the instrument in a

cabinet, the convection into and out of the instrument must not be restricted. The ambient temperature (outside the cabinet) must be

less than the maximum operating temperature of the instrument

by 4 “C for every 100 watts dissipated in the cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts, then

forced convection must be used.

n This product is designed for use in Installation Category II and

Pollution Degree 2 per IEC 1010 and 664, respectively.

Note

The detachable power cord is the instrument disconnecting device. It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the instrument. The front panel switch is only a standby switch and is not a LINE switch.

Page 7

PREFACE

This manual provides user information for the HP 8360 B-Series swept signal generator.

Instruments Covered

This manual applies to instruments having a serial number prefix

By This Manual

listed on the title page (behind the “Documentation Map” tab).

Some changes may have to be made to this manual so that it applies directly to each instrument; refer to Chapter 5, “Instrument History”, to see what changes may apply to your instrument.

A serial number label (Figure O-l) is attached to the instrument’s rear panel. A prefix (four digits followed by a letter), and a suffix

(five digits unique to each instrument), comprise the instrument serial number.

SERIAL NUMBER

PREFIX

SUFFIX

-A

INSTALLED

OPTIONS

Figure O-l. Typical Serial Number Label

User’s Guide

Tabs divide the major chapters of this manual. The contents of each

Organization

chapter is listed in the Table of Contents.

HP 8360 B-Series Documentation

Documentation Map

For a pictorial representation of the HP 8360 B-Series documentation, see the “Documentation Map” at the front of this

manual.

Ordering Manuals

A manual part number is listed on the title page of this manual. You may use it to order extra copies of this manual. See

“Replaceable Parts” in HP 8360 B-Series Swept Signal Generator/

HP 8360 L-Series Swept CW Generator Service Guide for a complete

list of HP 8360 documentation and ordering numbers.

vii

Page 8

Typeface Conventions

The following conventions are used in the HP 8360 B-Series documentation:

Italics Italic type is used for emphasis, and for titles of manuals and

other publications. Computer Computer type is used for information displayed on the

instrument. For example: In this sequence, POWER LEVEL is displayed.

(Hardkeys)

Instrument keys are represented in “key cap.” You are

instructed to press a

hardkey.

Softkeys

Softkeys are located just below the display, and their functions depend on the current display. These keys are represented in “softkey.” You are instructed to select a softkey.

Regulatory Information

This product has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC

Publication 1010, Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus, and has been supplied in a safe condition. The instruction documentation contains information and warnings which must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the instrument in a safe condition.

. . .

VIII

Page 9

Manufacturer’s

Declaration

Note

This is to certify that this product meets the radio frequency

interference requirements of Directive FTZ 1046/1984. The German

Bundespost has been notified that this equipment was put into circulation and has been granted the right to check the product type

for compliance with these requirements.

Note: If test and measurement equipment is operated with unshielded cables and/or used for measurements on open set-ups, the user must insure that under these operating conditions, the radio frequency interference limits are met at the border of his premises.

Model HP 8360 B-Series swept signal generator

Note

Hiermit wird bescheinigt, dass dieses

Gerit/System

ubereinstimmung

mit den Bestimmungen von

Postverfiigung

1046/84

funkentst”rt

ist.

Der Deutschen Bundespost wurde das Inverkehrbringen dieses

Gerates/Systems

angezeight und die Berechtigung zur

oberpriifung

der Serie auf Einhaltung der Bestimmungen eingeraumt.

Zustzinformation

fur

Mess-und Testgerate:

Werden Mess- und Testgerate mit ungeschirmten Kabeln

und/oder

in offenen Messaufbauten verwendet, so ist vom Betreiber

sicherzustellen, dass die

Funk-Entst”rbestimmungen

unter Betriebsbedingungen an seiner Grundstiicksgrenze eingehalten werden.

Page 10

Declaration of Conformity

DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

according to ISOilEC G&de 22 and EN 45014

blanufacturer’s

Name:

Hewlett-Packard Co.

Manufacturer’s

Address:

declares

that the products

Microwave Instruments Division 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway Santa

Rosa,

CA 95403-1799

USA

Product Name:

Synthesized Sweeper

Model Numbers:

83620B,

HP 836228, HP 836238

836248,HP836308,

836408

836508

Product Options:

This declaration covers all options of the above products.

:onform

to the following Product specifications:

Safety:

IEC 348:1978/HD

401 Sl:1981

CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 231 (Series M-89)

EMC:

CISPR 11:1990/EN 55011:1991

Group 1, Class A

IEC

801-2:1984/EN

50082-I:1992 4 kV CD, 8 kV AD

IEC 80+3:1984/EN 50082-I:1992 3 V/m,

27-500

MHz

IEC 801-4:1988/EN

50082-I:1992 0.5 kV Sig. Lines, 1 kV Power Lines

IEC 5552:1982

Al:1985 I

60555-2:1987

IEC

555-3:1982

Al:1990 I

60555-3:1987

Al:1991

jupplementary Information:

rhese

products herewith comply with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive

‘3/23/EEC

and the EMC Directive

89/336/EEC

and carry the CE-marking accordingly.

‘roduct safety qualification testing for these products was performed prior to 1 December

1993.

Santa

Rosa, California, USA 17 Dec. 1996

Manager

European Contact: Your local Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Office or Hewlett-Packard

GmbH.

Department HQ-TRE.

Herrenberger

Strasse

130, D-71034 BWingen. Germany (FAX

*497031-l

4-3143)

Page 11

Compliance with German Noise Requirements

This is to declare that this instrument is in conformance with the German Regulation on Noise Declaration for Machines (Laermangabe

nach

der Maschinenlaermrerordnung

-3.GSGV

Deutschland).

Acoustic Noise Emission/Geraeuschemission

LpA <70 dB

Operator position

am Arbeitsplatz

Normal position

normaler Betrieb

per IS0 7779

nach DIN 45635 t.19

Instrument Markings

“ISMl-A”

CI)

The instruction documentation symbol. The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation.

The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community.

The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association.

This is a symbol of an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product.

This is an ON symbol. The symbol ON is used to mark

the position of the instrument power line switch.

This is an ON symbol. The symbol ON is used to mark the position of the instrument power line switch.

This is a STANDBY symbol. The STANDBY symbol is used to mark the position of the instrument power line switch.

This is an OFF symbol. The OFF symbol is used to mark the position of the instrument power line switch.

This is an AC symbol. The AC symbol is used to indicate the required nature of the line module input power.

Page 12

Table O-l. Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Offices

UNITED STATES

Instrument Support Center

Hewlett-Packard Company (800) 403-0801

EUROPEAN FIELD OPERATIONS

Headquarters

France

Germany

Hewlett-Packard S.A.

Hewlett-Packard France

Hewlett-Packard GmbH 150, Route du Nant-d’Avri1 1 Avenue Du Canada Hewlett-Packard Strasse 1217 Meyrin 2/Geneva Zone

D’Activite

De Courtaboeuf

61352 Bad Homburg v.d.H

Switzerland

F-91947 Les Ulis

Cedex

Germany (41 22) 780.8111

France

(49 6172) 16-O

(33 1) 69 82 60 60

Great Britain

Hewlett-Packard Ltd.

Eskdale

Road, Winnersh Triangle

Wokingham, Berkshire RG41 5DZ

England (44 734) 696622

INTERCON

FIELD OPERATIONS

Headquarters

Hewlett-Packard Company 3495 Deer Creek Road Palo Alto, California, USA 94304-1316 (415) 857-5027

Australia

Hewlett-Packard Australia Ltd. 31-41 Joseph Street Blackburn, Victoria 3130 (61 3) 895-2895

Canada

Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd. 17500 South Service Road Trans-Canada Highway Kirkland, Quebec

H9J

2X8 Canada (514) 697-4232

China

Japan

China Hewlett-Packard Company Hewlett-Packard Japan, Ltd. 38

Bei

San Huan Xl Road

9-l Takakura-Cho, Hachioji Shuang Yu Shu Tokyo 192, Japan

Hai

Dian District (81 426) 60-2111 Beijing, China (86 1) 2566888

Singapore

Hewlett-Packard Singapore (Pte.) Ltd. 150 Beach Road #29-00 Gateway West Singapore 0718 (65) 291-9088

Taiwan

Hewlett-Packard Taiwan

8th

Floor, H-P Building 337 Fu Hsing North Road Taipei, Taiwan (886 2) 712-0404

xii

Page 13

Contents

1. Getting Started

What Is In This Chapter ............

How To Use This Chapter ............

Equipment Used In Examples .........

Introducing the HP 8360 B-Series Swept Signal

Generators .................

Display Area ..................

Entry Area ..................

CW Operation and Start/Stop Frequency Sweep . .

CW Operation ................

Start/Stop Frequency Sweep ..........

Center Frequency/Span Operation ........

Power Level and Sweep Time Operation ......

Power Level Operation ............

Sweep Time Operation ............

Continuous, Single, and Manual Sweep Operation

Marker Operation ...............

Saving and Recalling an Instrument State .....

Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation .....

Power Sweep Operation ............

Power Slope Operation ............

Getting Started Advanced ............

Externally Leveling the Swept Signal Generator

. .

Leveling with Detectors/Couplers /Splitters

...

External Leveling Used With the Optional Step

Attenuator ...............

Leveling with Power Meters ..........

Leveling with MM-wave Source Modules .....

Working with Mixers/Reverse Power Effects

....

Working with Spectrum Analyzers/Reverse Power

Effects ...................

Optimizing Swept Signal Generator Performance . .

Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction

Array

..................

Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically,

Example 1 ...............

Creating a User Flatness Array, Example 2

. .

Swept mm-wave Measurement with Arbitrary

Correction Frequencies, Example 3

....

Scalar Analysis Measurement with User Flatness

Corrections, Example 4 .........

Using Detector Calibration ..........

l-l l-2 l-2

l-3 l-4 l-5 l-6 l-6 l-6

l-8 l-10 l-10 l-10 1-12 1-14 l-16 1-18 1-18 1-19 1-21 l-23 l-23

l-26 l-27 1-28 l-30

l-32 l-33

l-33

l-34 1-36

1-39

l-43 l-47

Contents-l

Page 14

Using the Tracking Feature ..........

Peaking

..................

Tracking

.................

ALC Bandwidth Selection ............

Using Step Sweep

...............

Creating and Using a Frequency List

.......

Using the Security Features ...........

Changing the Preset Parameters .........

Getting Started Programming ..........

HP-IB General Information ...........

Interconnecting Cables ............

Instrument Addresses

.............

HP-IB Instrument Nomenclature

........

Listener

..................

Talker.

..................

Controller

.................

Programming the Swept Signal Generator

....

HP-IB Command Statements .........

Abort

...................

Remote

..................

Local Lockout ...............

Local

...................

Clear

...................

output

..................

Enter

...................

Getting Started with SCPI ...........

Definitions of Terms

..............

Standard Notation

..............

Command Mnemonics

...........

Angle Brackets ...............

How to Use Examples

.............

Command Examples

............

Response Examples .............

Essentials for Beginners

.............

Program and Response Messages

.......

Forgiving Listening and Precise Talking

....

Types of Commands

............

Subsystem Command Trees ..........

The Command Tree Structure

........

Paths Through the Command Tree

......

Subsystem Command Tables ..........

Reading the Command Table

........

More About Commands

...........

Query and Event Commands

........

Implied Commands

............

Optional Parameters

...........

Program Message Examples

.........

Parameter Types ..............

Numeric Parameters

...........

Extended Numeric Parameters

.......

Discrete Parameters

...........

l-49 1-49 l-49 l-50 1-51 l-52

l-53 l-54 l-55 l-56 l-56 l-56 1-56 l-56 l-56 l-56 l-56 l-57 l-57 l-58 l-58 1-59 l-59 l-60 1-61 1-63 1-63 1-64 1-64 l-64 1-64 l-64 l-65 1-66 l-66

l-66 1-67 l-68 l-68 l-68 1-71 1-71 l-72 l-72 l-72 l-72 l-72 l-73 l-73 l-74 l-75

Contents-2

Page 15

Boolean Parameters

...........

Reading Instrument Errors

..........

Example Programs

..............

Example Program

.............

Description

...............

Program Listing

.............

Program Comments

...........

Details of Commands and Responses

.......

In This Subsection

..............

Program Message Syntax

...........

Subsystem Command Syntax

........

Common Command Syntax

.........

Response Message Syntax

...........

SCPI Data Types

..............

Parameter Types

..............

Numeric Parameters

...........

Extended Numeric Parameters

.......

Discrete Parameters

...........

Boolean Parameters

...........

Response Data Types

............

Real Response Data

...........

Integer Response Data

..........

Discrete Response Data

..........

String Response Data

...........

Programming Typical Measurements

.......

In This Subsection

..............

Using the Example Programs

.........

Use of the Command Tables

.........

HP-IB Check, Example Program 1

.......

Program Comments

............

Local Lockout Demonstration, Example Program 2

Program Comments

............

Setting Up A Typical Sweep, Example Program 3

Program Comments

............

Queries, Example Program 4

..........

Program Comments

............

Saving and Recalling States, Example Program 5 .

Program Comments

............

Looping and Synchronization, Example Program 6

Program Comments

............

Using the

*WA1

Command, Example Program 7 .

Program Comments

............

Using the User Flatness Correction Commands,

Example Program 8

............

Programming the Status System

.........

In This Subsection

..............

General Status Register Model

.........

Condition Register

.............

Transition Filter

..............

Event Register

...............

Enable Register

..............

l-75 l-76 l-77

l-77

l-77 l-77 l-78 l-80 l-80

l-80

1-81 1-81 l-82 l-83 1-83 1-83 1-84 1-85 l-85 l-85

l-85 1-86 l-86

1-86

l-87 l-87

l-87

l-88

l-90

1-91

l-92

l-93

1-95

l-95 l-97 1-97 l-99

l-99 l-101 l-101

l-103 l-106 l-106 l-106

l-106 l-107 l-107 l-107

Contents-3

Page 16

An Example Sequence

...........

Programming the Trigger System

.........

In This Subsection ..............

Generalized Trigger Model

...........

Overview

.................

Details of Trigger States

...........

Inside the

Idle State

...........

Inside the Initiate State

..........

Inside Event Detection States

.......

Inside the Sequence Operation State

....

Common Trigger Configurations

........

The

INIT

Configuration

...........

The TRIG Configuration

..........

Description of Triggering in the HP 8360 B-Series

Swept Signal Generators

..........

Advanced Trigger Configurations

.......

Trigger Keyword Definitions

..........

ABORt

..................

IMMediate

................

ODELay

.................

SOURce

..................

Related Documents ...............

The International Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers.

...........

Hewlett-Packard Company

...........

2. Operating and Programming Reference

How To Use This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . .

Address ..........

Adrs

........

Menu . . . . . . . . .

On/Off

dB/V

. . . .

an/Off lOO%fV

. . . .

an/Off Ext

. . . . . .

an/Off

Int . . . . . .

Amp1 Markers . . . . . . .

..........

. . . . . . . . . .

l-107 l-109 l-109 l-109 l-109 l-110 1-111 l-111 1-112

1-114 l-115 1-115 1-116

1-117 1-118 1-118 l-118 1-118 l-118 1-119 l-120

l-120 l-120

2-l

A-l A-l

A-3

A-10

A-11

A-12

A-13

A-14

A-15

A-16

A-17

A-18

Contents-4

Page 17

AMType

dBfV

...............

AM Type

lUC%fV

................

ANALYZERSTATUS REGISTER

........

Arrow Keys

. . .

...............

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...............

Blank Disp . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(CONT)

. . . . .

Copy List . . .

CorPair

Disable

Coupling Factor

Icw)

. . . . . .

CW/CF

Coupled .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...............

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dblr

Amp

Menu .

Deep

AM . . . .

Delay Menu . . . Delete Menu . . Delete All . . . Delete Current . Delete

Undef

. . Delta Marker . . Delta Mkr Ref . Disp Status . . Doubler

Amp

Mode Doubler Amp Mode Doubler Amp Mode Dwell Coupled .

...............

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AUTO

............

aff

............

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...............

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...............

A-18 A-19

A-20 A-22 A-23

A-24 A-25 A-26 A-27 A-28

B-l

C-l c-2

c-2 c-3

c-4 c-4

c-11 c-12

c-12 c-13

c-13 c-14

D-l D-2 D-2 D-3 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9

D-10 D-10

Contents-5

Page 18

8360hdrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E-l

EnterCorr

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E-2

HnterFreq..

................

E-3

Enter

List Dwell

..............

E-4

Enter List Freq

...............

E-4

Enter

List Offset

..............

E-5

ENTRYKEYS.

................

E-5

[ENTRY ON/OFF)

.................

E-6

ExtDet Cal

.................

E-6

Fault Menu

..................

F-l

Fault Info

.................

F-2

Fault Info 2

.................

F-3

Fault Info 3

.................

F-4

Fltness Menu

.................

F-5

(FLTNESS

ON/OFF) ................

F-10

FM Coupling

1OOkHz

.............

F-11

FM Coupling DC

................

F-11

FMMenu

...................

F-12

an/Off

.................

F-13

On/Off

.................

F-13

an/Off Ex

................

F-14

On/Off

Int

................

F-15

FreqCaI Menu

................

F-16

Freq Follow

.................

F-16

FREQUENCY[MENU).

..............

F-17

FreqMult

..................

F-18

Freq Offset

.................

F-19

FulIUsr

Cal

.................

F-20

Global Dwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G-l

Global

affset

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G-l

Contents-6

Page 19

HP-IB Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H-l

HP-IB Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H-l

Internal

Depth

..............

I-l

Internal AM Rate

..............

I-2

Internal AM Waveform Noise

.........

I-2

Internal

Waveform Ramp

..........

I-3

Internal AM Waveform Sine

..........

I-3

Internal

Waveform Square

.........

I-4

Internal AM Waveform Triangle

........

I-4

Internal FM Deviation

............

I-5

Internal FM Rate

..............

I-5

Internal FM Waveform Noise

.........

I-6

Internal FM Waveform Ramp

..........

I-6

Internal FM Waveform Sine

..........

I-7

Internal FM Waveform Square

.........

I-7

Internal FM Waveform Triangle

........

I-8

Internal Menu

................

I-8

Internal Pulse Generator Period

.......

I-9

Internal Pulse Generator Rate

........

I-10

Internal Pulse Generator Width

.......

I-10

Internal Pulse Mode Auto

..........

I-11

Internal Pulse Mode Gate

..........

I-11

Internal Pulse Mode Trigger

.........

I-12

Invert Input

.................

I-12

JJ.

Leveling

ModehLCoff

.............

L-l

Leveling

ModeNormal

.............

L-2

Leveling

ModeSearch

.............

L-2

Leveling

PointExtDet

............

L-3

Leveling

PointIntrnl

............

L-3

Leveling

PointModule'

............

L-4

Leveling

PointPwrMtr

............

L-5

LINESWITCH

................

L-5

ListMenu

..................

L-6

List Mode Pt Trighuto

............

L-8

List Mode Pt

TrigBus

............

L-9

List Mode Pt

TrigExt

............

L-9

(LOCAL)

.....................

L-10

Contents-7

Page 20

MI--M2 Sweep

.................

Manual Sweep

.................

[MARKER)

....................

MarkerMl

..................

MarkerM2

..................

MarkerM3

..................

MarkerM4

..................

MarkerM5

..................

Markers All Off

...............

Measure

Corr

All

..............

Measure Corr Current

............

Measure Corr Undef

.............

Meter Adrs

..................

Meter On/Off AH

...............

Meter

On/Off FM

...............

.....................

ModOut

On/Off AM

..............

ModOut On/Off

..............

Modulation

..................

Amplitude Modulation FM Modulation . . . Pulse Modulation . . .

Module Menu . . . .

{odule

Select AUTO

Module Select Front Module Select None Module Select Rear

Monitor Menu . . . .

more n/m . . . . . .

Mtr

Meas

Menu . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Peak RF Always

................

PeakRFOnce

.................

[POWER LEVEL] .................

POWER(K)

.................

Power Offset

.................

Power Slope

.................

Power Sweep

.................

(PRESET)

.....................

Preset Mode Factory

.............

Preset Mode User

..............

M-l M-l

M-3 M-4

M-5 M-5 M-6 M-6 M-7 M-7 M-8 M-8 M-9 M-9

M-10 M-10 M-11

M-12 M-13 M-14 M-17 M-19 M-23

M-24 M-24 M-25 M-26 M-26 M-27 M-28

P-l P-2

P-2 P-5

P-6 P-7 P-8

P-9

P-10

P-11

Contents-8

Page 21

Printer Adrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[PRIOR)

.....................

Programming Language

Analyzr

........

Programming Language

GILL

..........

Programming Language SCPI

..........

Pt Trig Menu

.................

Pulse Delay Normal

.............

Pulse Delay

Trig'd

.............

Pulse Menu

..................

Pulse Menu

..................

Pulse

OnfOffExtrnl

.............

Pulse

On/OffIntrnl

.............

Pulse

OnfOffScalar

.............

Pulse Period

.................

Pulse Rate

..................

Pulse Rise

TimeAuto

.............

Pulse Rise

TimeFast

.............

Pulse Rise

TimeSlow

.............

Pulse Width

.................

PwrMtr

Range

................

(RECALL)

.....................

Ref Osc Menu

.................

(kF%iqGg

...................

ROTARY KNOB

................

(SAVE)

.....................

SaveLock

..................

Save User Preset

..............

SCPI

ConformanceInformation

.........

SCPI COMMAND SUMMARY SCPI STATUS REGISTER

STRU&iRi

. : : : :

Security Menu

................

Selftest

(Full)

...............

SetAtten

..................

(SINGLE)

.....................

Software Rev

.................

.....................

(START)

.....................

Start=Ml

Stop=M2

..............

Start Sweep Trigger Auto

..........

Start Sweep Trigger Bus

...........

P-11 P-12 P-13

P-13 P-14 P-15 P-16 P-16 P-17

P-18 P-19

P-19 P-20 P-21 P-21 P-22 P-22

P-23

P-24

R-l R-l R-2

R-2

s-1

s-2 s-2

s-3

s-14

S-56 S-58

s-59 s-59

S-60 S-60 S-61

S-61 S-62

S-63 S-63

Contents-9

Page 22

Start Sweep Trigger Ext

...........

Step Control Master

.............

Step Control Slave

.............

Step Dwell

..................

Step Points

.................

StepSize

..................

Step Swp Menu

................

Step Swp PtTrig Auto

............

Step Swp PtTrig Bus

.............

Step Swp PtTrig Ext

.............

..............

.............

..............

SYSTEM

(MENU)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S-64 S-64

S-66 S-67 S-68 S-68

S-69

s-70 s-70 s-71

s-71 S-72

s-73

s-74 s-74 s-75 s-75

S-76 S-76 s-77

10 MHz Freq Std Auto

............

T-l

10 MHz Freq Std Extrnl

...........

T-2

10 MHz Freq Std

Intrnl

...........

T-2

10 MHz Freq Std None

............ T-3

Tracking Menu

................

T-3

TrigOut

Delay

................

T-4

Uncoupl Atten

. . .

Unlock Info . . . .

Up/Down Power . . .

Up/Dn

Size CW . . .

Up/Dn

Size CW . . .

Up/Dn

Size Swept .

[USER]

. . . . . .

[USER]

. . . . . .

USER DEFINED

@iii-)

USER DEFINED

@iii-)

l.J

l&-Key

Clear . . . .

UUsrMenu

Clear . . .

.............

............

.............

U-l U-l

u-2 u-2 u-3

u-4 u-5

U-6 U-6

Contents-10

Page 23

Waveform Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

W-l

Zero Freq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z-l

Zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

z-1

2a. Error Messages

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2a-1

Front Panel Error Messages in Alphabetical Order

2a-1

SCPI Error Messages in Numerical Order . . . . .

2a-5

Swept Signal Generator Specific SCPI Error Messages

2a-5

Universal SCPI Error Messages

........

2a-6

Error Messages From -499 To -400

.....

2a-6

Error Messages From -399 To -300

.....

2a-6

Error Messages From -299 To -200

.....

2a-6

Error Messages From -199 to -100

......

2a-7

2b. Menu Maps

ALC Menu

..................

Frequency Menu

................

Marker Menu

.................

Modulation Menu

...............

Power Menu

..................

Service Menu

.................

Sweep Menu

..................

System Menu

.................

User Cal Menu

.................

2~.

Specifications

Frequency

...................

Range ....................

Resolution

..................

Frequency Bands (for CW signals)

.......

Frequency Modes:

..............

CW and Manual Sweep

............

Synthesized Step Sweep

............

Synthesized List Mode

............

Ramp Sweep Mode

..............

Internal 10 MHz Time Base

..........

RF Output

..................

Output Power

................

Accuracy ( dB)4

..............

Flatness

(dB)

...............

Analog Power Sweep

.............

External Leveling

...............

Source Match

................

Spectral Purity

.................

Spurious Signals

...............

Single-Sideband Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)

.....

Offset from Carrier

.............

2b-3 2b-5 2b-7

2b-9 2b-11 2b-13 2b-15 2b-17 2b-19

2c-2 2c-2 2c-2 2c-2 2c-2 2c-2 2c-3 2c-3 2c-3 2c-3 2c-4

2c-4 2c-5 2c-5 2c-6 2c-6 2c-6 2c-7 2c-7 2c-9 2c-9

Contents-l 1

Page 24

Residual FM (RMS, 50 Hz to 15 kHz bandwidth) .

Modulation ..................

Pulse

....................

AM and Scan

................

FM .....................

Simultaneous Modulations ...........

Internal Modulation Generator Option 002

....

AM,FM

..................

Pulse

....................

Modulation Meter

..............

General ....................

Environment al

................

Warm-Up Time

...............

Power Requirements

.............

Weight & Dimensions

.............

Adapters Supplied

..............

Inputs & Outputs

..............

Auxiliary Output ..............

RF Output ................

External ALC Input

............

Pulse Input/Output

............

AM Input .................

FM Input .................

Trigger Input ...............

Trigger Output ...............

10 MHz Reference Input

...........

10 MHz Reference Output

..........

Sweep Output ...............

Stop Sweep Input/Output

..........

Z-Axis Blanking/Markers Output

.......

Volts/GHz

Output .............

Source Module Interface

...........

Auxiliary Interface .............

Pulse Video Output (Option 002 only)

....

Pulse Sync Out (Option 002 only)

......

AM/FM Output (Option 002 only)

......

Models ...................

Options ...................

Option 001 Add Step Attenuator

.......

Option 002 Add Internal Modulation Generator Option 004 Rear Panel RF Output

......

Option 006 Fast Pulse Modulation

......

Option 008 1 Hz Frequency Resolution

....

Option 700 MATE System Compatibility

...

Option 806 Rack Slide Kit

..........

Option 908 Rack Flange Kit

.........

Option 910 Extra Operating & Service Guides . Option 013 Rack Flange Kit

.........

Option W30 Two Years Additional Return-To-HP

2c-9 2c-10 2c-10 2c-11 2c-12 2c-12

2c-13 2c-13 2c-13 2c-13 2c-14 2c-14 2c-14 2c-14 2c-14 2c-14 2c-15 2c-15 2c-15

2c-15 2c-15 2c-15 2c-15 2c-15 2c-15 2c-16 2c-16 2c-16 2c-16 2c-16 2c-16 2c-16 2c-16 2c-16 2c-17 2c-17 2c-17 2c-17 2c-17

2c-17 2c-17

2c-17

2c-17 2c-17 2c-18 2c-18 2c-18 2c-18

Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2c-18

Contents-12

Page 25

Installation

Initial Inspection

................

Equipment Supplied

..............

Options Available

...............

Preparation for Use

...............

Power Requirements

.............

Line Voltage and Fuse Selection

........

Power Cable

.................

Language Selection

..............

How to View or Change a Language Selection from

the Front Panel

.............

How to Select a Language on an Instrument

without a Front Panel

..........

HP-IB Address Selection

...........

How to View or Change an HP-IB address from

the Front Panel

.............

How to Prevent a Front Panel Change to an HP-IB

Address

................

How to Set the HP-IB Address on a Swept Signal

Generator without a Front Panel

.....

Mating Connectors

..............

10 MHz Frequency Reference Selection and Warmup

Time

..................

Operating Environment

............

Chassis Kits

..................

Rack Mount Slide Kit (Option 806)

.......

Installation Procedure

............

Rack Flange Kit for Swept Signal Generators with

Handles Removed (Option 908)

.......

Installation Procedure

............

Rack Flange Kit for Swept Signal Generators with

Handles Attached (Option 913)

.......

Installation Procedure

............

Storage and Shipment

..............

Environment

.................

Package the Swept Signal Generator for Shipment

Converting HP 8340/41 Systems to HP 8360 B-Series

Systems

...................

Manual Operation

..............

Compatibility

...............

Front Panel Operation

...........

Instrument Preset Conditions

.......

System Connections

.............

The HP 8510 Network Analyzer

.......

The HP

8757C/E

Scalar Network Analyzer

. .

The HP 83550 Series Millimeter-wave Source

Modules

................

The HP 8970B Noise Figure Meter

......

Remote Operation

..............

Language Compatibility

...........

Network Analyzer Language

.........

3-l

3-2 3-2 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-4 3-6

3-6

3-6 3-7

3-8

3-8 3-8

3-8

3-9

3-10 3-10 3-11

3-13 3-14

3-15 3-16 3-17 3-17 3-18

3-19

3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-21 3-21 3-22

3-22 3-22

3-23 3-23 3-23

Contents-13

Page 26

Test and Measurement System Language . . .

Control Interface Intermediate Language . . .

Converting from Network Analyzer Language to

SCPI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Numeric Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Status Bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-23 3-23

3-23 3-24

3-24

4. Operator’s Check and Routine Maintenance

Operator’s Checks ...............

Service Information

..............

Local Operator’s Check .............

Description

.................

Preliminary Check

..............

Main Check

.................

Routine Maintenance ..............

How to Replace the Line Fuse

.........

How to Clean the Fan Filter ..........

How to Clean the Cabinet ...........

How to Clean the Display Filter

........

5. Instrument History

4-l 4-l 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-6

Index

Contents-14

Page 27

Figures

O-l. Typical Serial Number Label ..........

l-l. The HP 83620B Swept Signal Generator

.....

l-2. Display

...................

l-3. Entry Area

.................

l-4. CW Operation and Start/Stop Frequency Sweep . l-5. Center Frequency and Span Operation

.....

l-6. Power Level and Sweep Time Operation

.....

l-7. Continuous, Single, and Manual Sweep Operation l-8. Marker Operation

..............

l-9. Saving and Recalling an Instrument State

....

l-10. Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation

....

l-11. ALC Circuit Externally Leveled ........

l-12. Typical Diode Detector Response at 25°C

....

1-13. Leveling with a Power Meter ..........

l-14. MM-wave Source Module Leveling .......

1-15. MM-wave Source Module Leveling Using a Microwave

Amplifier

.................

l-16. Reverse Power Effects, Coupled Operation with -8

dBm

Output

...............

l-17. Reverse Power Effects, Uncoupled Operation with -8

dBm

Output

...............

1-18. Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically . .

l-19. Creating a User Flatness Array .........

l-20. Creating Arbitrarily Spaced Frequency-Correction

Pairs in a Swept mm-wave Environment

...

l-21. Scalar System Configuration

..........

l-22. Automatically Characterizing and Compensating for

a Detector

................

l-23. Decision Tree for ALC Bandwidth Selection

...

l-24. SCPI Command Types

............

l-25. A Simplified Command Tree

..........

l-26. Proper Use of the Colon and Semicolon

.....

l-27. Simplified

SWEep

Command Tree .......

l-28. Voltage Controlled Oscillator Test .......

l-29. Simplified Program Message Syntax .......

l-30. Simplified Subsystem Command Syntax

.....

l-31. Simplified Common Command Syntax

.....

l-32. Simplified Response Message Syntax ......

l-33. Generalized Status Register Model .......

l-34. Typical Status Register Bit Changes ......

l-35. Generalized Trigger Model

...........

l-36. Inside the Idle State

.............

vii l-3 l-4 l-5 l-7 l-9

l-11 l-13

l-15

l-17 l-19 l-23 l-25 l-27 l-28

l-29

l-31

l-31 l-34 1-37

l-40 l-43

l-47 l-50 l-67 l-68 l-70 l-71 l-77 l-80 l-81 l-82

l-82 l-106 l-108 l-110 l-111

Contents-15

Page 28

l-111

l-113 l-114 l-115 1-116 l-117

A-5 A-8

c-7 C-8

c-10

l-37. Inside the Initiate State

............

l-38. Inside an Event Detection State

........

l-39. Inside the Sequence Operation State

......

l-40. The

INIT

Trigger Configuration

........

l-41. The TRIG Trigger Configuration

........

l-42. HP 8360 Simplified Trigger Model

.......

A-l. ALC System Simplified Block Diagram

.....

A-2. Typical External Leveling Hookup

.......

C-l. Auxiliary Interface Connector

.........

C-2. HP-IB Connector and Cable

..........

C-3. Interface Signals of the Source Module Connector .

F-l. Basic User Flatness Configuration Using an HP 437B

Power Meter ...............

F-2. User Flatness Correction Table as Displayed by the

Swept Signal Generator

..........

F-3. The Sources of ALC Calibration Correction Data .

F-4. Array Configuration when the Correction Data

Frequency Span is a Subset of the Swept Signal

Generator Frequency Span

.........

M-l. ALC Block Diagram .............

M-2. Power Accuracy Over the AM Dynamic Range . . M-3. FM Deviation and Rate Limits

.........

M-4. ALC Block Diagram .............

M-5. Pulse Modulation System

...........

M-6. Video Feedthrough ..............

P-l. How

(PRIOR)

Works

...............

S-l. Connections Required for a Two-Tone Scalar

Network Analyzer Measurement System

...

2b-1.

ALC Menu .................

2b-2.

Frequency Menu ...............

2b-3. Marker Menu ................

2b-4.

Modulation Menu ..............

2b-5.

Power Menu .................

2b-6. Service Menu ................

2b-7. Sweep Menu .................

2b-8.

System Menu ................

2b-9. User Cal Menu ................

3-1. AC Power Cables Available

..........

3-2. Rear Panel HP-IB Switch

...........

3-3. Removing the Side Straps and Feet

.......

3-4. Chassis Slide Kit ...............

3-5. Rack Mount Flanges for Swept Signal Generators

with Handles Removed

...........

3-6. Rack Mount Flanges for Swept Signal Generators

with Handles Attached

...........

4-l. Replacing the Line Fuse

............

4-2. Removing the Fan Filter

...........

F-6

F-7 F-8

F-8 M-13 M-16 M-18 M-20 M-20 M-22

P-12

S-65

2b-3 2b-5 2b-7

2b-9 2b-11 2b-13 2b-15 2b-17 2b-19

3-5

3-7 3-11 3-12

3-14

3-16

4-4

4-5

Contents-16

Page 29

Tables

l-l. Keys Under Discussion in This Section

.....

l-2.

SWEep

Command Table

...........

l-3. SCPI Data Types

..............

1-4. Sample Swept Signal Generator Commands

...

C-l. Pin Description of the Auxiliary Interface

....

D-l. Mnemonics used to Indicate Status

.......

S-l. HP 8360 SCPI COMMAND SUMMARY

....

3-l. Adapter Descriptions and Part Numbers Shipped

with Each Swept Signal Generator Model

...

3-2. Language HP-IB Addresses

..........

3-3. Factory-Set HP-IB Addresses

.........

3-4. Rack Mount Slide Kit Contents

........

3-5. Rack Flange Kit for Swept Signal Generators with

Handles Removed Contents

.........

3-6. Rack Flange Kit for Swept Signal Generators with

Handles Attached Contents

.........

3-7. Instrument Preset Conditions for the HP

8360/8340/8341

..............

3-8. Numeric Suffixes ...............

3-9. Programming Language Comparison

......

4-l. Fuse Part Numbers

..............

1-21 1-71 l-83

l-88

c-7 D-7

S-18

3-2 3-6 3-7

3-10

3-13

3-15

3-20 3-24 3-25

4-4

Contents-17

Page 30

Getting Started

What Is In This Chapter

This chapter contains information on how to use the HP 8360 B-Series swept signal generator. The information is separated into three sections.

Basic

For the novice user unfamiliar with the HP 8360 B-Series swept signal generator. This section describes the basic features of the swept signal generator.

Advanced

Programming

For the user familiar with swept signal generators, but not necessarily familiar with how to use the special features of the HP 8360 B-Series swept signal generator.

For the user wishing to program an HP 8360 B-Series swept signal generator. This section contains

an introduction to Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments language

(SCPI), Hewlett-Packard’s implementation of IEEE-488.2-1987, and an introduction to the Analyzer programming language.

Note

If you are unpacking a new swept signal generator, refer to the installation suggestions provided in Chapter 3, “Installation”.

Getting Started Introduction

Page 31

How To Use This Chapter

To use this chapter effectively, refer to the tabbed section “Menu

Maps”. Menu maps can be folded out to be viewed at the same time as the Getting Started information, as illustrated.

Equipment Used In

The following table lists the equipment used in the operation

Examples

examples shown in this chapter. You can substitute equipment, but be aware that you may get different results than those shown.

Equipment Used In Examples

Equipment

Power Meter

HP 436A/437B Power Sensor HP 8485A Power Splitter

HP 11667B Oscilloscope HP 1740A mm-Wave Source Module HP 83556A Power Amplifier HP 8349B Coupler

HP 11691D

Detector HP 8474D

Recommended

Model Numbers

l-2

Getting Started Introduction

Page 32

Getting Started Basic

Introducing the HP 8360 B-Series Swept Signal Generators

The HP 8360 B-Series swept signal generators are high performance,

broadband frequency swept signal generators.

PRESET

Figure l-l. The HP 838208 Swept Signal Generator

(PRESET) initializes the front panel settings and runs the swept signal generator through a brief self-test. In the following examples, unless stated otherwise, begin by pressing (PRESET).

Getting Started Basic

l-3

Page 33

Display Area

‘1

ACTIVE ENTRY AND

DATA DISPLAY AREA

-MESSAGE LINE

SOFTKEY LABEL

ARE4

SOFTKMS

Figure 1-2. Display

Active Entry and Data Display Area: This area typically displays

the frequency and power information of the current instrument

state. When data entry is expected, the swept signal generator

uses all or part of this area to record the entries. The active entry arrow

(-->)

indicates the active entry function and its current

value. Message Line: This line is used to display:

ALC level status.

Unlock information.

Timebase

status.

RF output status.

Softkey

Label Area: This area displays the name of the softkey

directly below it.

Softkeys: These keys activate the functions indicated by the labels

directly above them.

1-4 Getting Started Basic

Page 34

Entry Area

All function values are changed via the rotary knob and/or keys of the entry area.

ENTRY

ENTRY ON

ON/OFF

LEO

ARROW KEYS

ENTRY

ROTARY KNOB

TERMINATOR KEYS

NUMERIC

NEGAM SIGN/

ENTRY KMS

BACKSPACE

Figure 1-3. Entry Area

The following are active only when the swept signal generator expects an input.

[ENTRY ON/OFF): This key lets you turn off or on the active entry

area. Turning off the entry area after a value is entered prevents accidental changes.

ENTRY ON LED: This LED lights when the entry area is active. Arrow Keys: The up/down arrow keys let you increase or decrease

a numeric value. The left/right arrow keys choose a significant digit indicated by an underline.

Rotary Knob: The rotary knob increases or decreases a numeric

value. The rotary knob can be used in combination with the left/right arrow keys to change the increment size.

Terminator Keys: After the numeric entry keys are used to enter a

value, these keys define the units.

Negative Sign/Backspace Key: If a data entry is in progress, this

key backspaces over the last digit entered, otherwise a negative sign is entered.

Numeric Entry Keys: These keys enter specific numbers in the

active entry area and must be followed by one of the terminator keys before the function value changes.

Getting Started Basic

l-5

Page 35

CW Operation and Start/Stop Frequency Sweep

CW Operation

CW operation is one of the major functions of the swept signal generator, and is easy to do using front panel keys. In CW operation, the swept signal generator produces a single, low-noise, synthesized frequency. Try this example: Press

[cw 0 0 0 @ @ @ @ 0 @

(GHz).

Check the active entry area. It indicates:

-->

cw:

12345.678000 MHz

The data display area indicates CW operation and the frequency that you entered. The ENTRY ON LED is lit and the green SWEEP LED is off.

Try other frequencies. Experiment with the rotary knob and the arrow keys as alternate methods of data entry.

Start/Stop Frequency

The swept signal generator can sweep a frequency span as wide as

Sweep

the frequency range of the instrument, or as narrow as 0 Hz (swept

CW).

In start/stop sweep operation, the swept signal generator produces a sweep from the selected start frequency to the selected stop frequency. For example:

Press

ISTART) @ 0 @ @ [GHz).

Press

LSTOP) @ 0 @ @ (GHzl.

The data display area indicates the start frequency and the stop frequency. The green SWEEP LED is on (periodically off when sweep is retracing). Because this is the active function, the active entry area indicates:

-->

STOP

FREqUENCY:

7890.000000 MHz

Any subsequent entries change the stop frequency. To change the start frequency, press (START), which remains the active function until you press a different function key.

l-6

Getting Started Basic

Page 36

HEWLETT PACKARD

hlO‘IU SELECT

FREQUENCY -,

POWER

-- INSTRUMENT

STATE

SOURCE MCWLE INTERFACE

RF O”TP”T

SWEEP LED

CW Operation

START STOP

Figure 1-4. CW Operation and Start/Stop Frequency Sweep

start/stop Frequency Sweep

3. Press terminator key.

1. Press

Icw].

2. Enter value.

3. Press terminator key.

1. Press

(?=iiZQ.

4. Press (STOP).

5. Enter value.

2. Enter value.

6. Press terminator key.

Getting Started Basic

l-7

Page 37

Center Frequency/Span Operation

Center frequency/span is another way of establishing swept operation. This is just a different way of defining sweep limits. As an example of center frequency/span operation:

Press (CENTER) @

(GHz).

Press

IGHz).

The swept signal generator is now sweeping from 3.5 to 4.5 GHz (to

view these figures, press either [START) or

c-1,

then

LSPAN)).

The data display area indicates the center frequency as well as the span. Notice that the green SWEEP LED is on.

While span is the active function, try the rotary knob and arrow keys. This symmetrical increase or decrease of the frequency span about the center frequency is one reason that center frequency/span swept operation is used instead of start/stop frequency sweep.

Another example illustrates the subtleties of center frequency/span.

Press

LGHz).

Press (SPAN) @

(GHz).

Notice that the center frequency changed. This is because the center frequency could not accommodate a span of 8 GHz without exceeding the lower frequency limit of the swept signal generator’s specified frequency range. If the low or high frequency range limits are exceeded, the inactive (center or span) function is reset. Experiment with the rotary knob and the arrow keys as alternate methods of data entry.

l-8

Getting Started Basic

Page 38

SWEEP LED

CENTER SPAN

Figure 1-5. Center Frequency and Span Operation

Center Frequency Operation

Span Operation

HEWLETT

ENTRY -

PACKARD

SWEEP.

[pJ1[

mm@m

PCWCR

-F- INSTRUMENT STATE

OUTPUT

Press

(CFiTFj.

Enter value.

3. Press terminator key.

Press

ISPAN).

Enter

value.

3. Press terminator key.

Getting Started Basic

l-9

Page 39

Power Level and Sweep Time Operation

Power Level Operation

The swept signal generator can produce leveled power for CW, swept frequency, or power sweep operation. The selected power level can range from -20

dBm

(-110

dBm

for option 001 swept signal

generators) to

+25 dBm.

For practice: Press (POWER LEVEL) I-) @ @J

0).

The active entry

area shows:

-->

POWER LEVEL: -20 .OO

dBm

If the selected power level is beyond the range of the swept signal generator, the closest possible power is shown in both the data display area and the active entry area. If the selected power level exceeds the maximum leveled power the swept signal generator is able to produce, the unleveled message UNLVLED appears on the message line. Experiment with the rotary knob and the arrow keys as alternate methods of data entry.

Sweep Time Operation

In typical applications the sweep time can vary tremendously, from milliseconds in a network analyzer system, to more than a minute in thermistor-based power meter systems.

Press (START)

(JiJ (GHz).

Press (STOP) @

(GHz.

Press (SWEEP

mm) @ 0 @ (,,,.

Watch the green SWEEP LED, it blinks every 2.5 seconds. The LED blinks at each retrace.

For the fastest sweep speed for which all specifications are guaranteed, the swept signal generator must be in automatic sweep time selection.

Refer to menu map 7. Press SWEEP

(MENU].

Select more

l/3.

Select

SwpTime

Auto .

Notice that the active entry area indicates:

-->

SWEEP TIME:

100.0

mSec

AUTO

When the swept signal generator‘is in automatic sweep time selection, the active entry area displays AUTO along with the current sweep time. Faster sweep speeds than this are possible, turn the rotary knob counter-clockwise until the display no longer changes. Notice that AUTO is no longer displayed.

l-10

Getting Started Basic

Page 40

PACKARD

SWEEP TIME

SWEEP LED

POWER LEVEL

Figure 1-6. Power Level and Sweep Time Operation

Power Level

Sweep Time

Operation

1. Press [POWER

LEVEL).

Enter value.

Press

IdeoJ.

1. Press [SWEEP

TIME].

Enter value.

Press terminator

key.

Getting Started Basic

l-l 1

Page 41

Continuous, Single,

Continuous sweep is the operation mode set when the swept

and Manual Sweep

signal generator is preset. It simply means that when the swept

Operation

signal generator is performing a swept operation, the sweeps will continuously sweep-retrace-sweep-retrace until a different sweep mode is selected. To choose this sweep mode, press

(CONT).

To change from continuous sweep to single sweep operation, press

(sx).

This causes the swept signal generator to abort the sweep in progress and switch to the single sweep mode. This initial keystroke causes the swept signal generator to switch sweep modes, but it does not initiate a single sweep. A second keystroke (press

(SINGLE))

initiates a single sweep. When the swept signal generator is in single sweep operation, the amber LED above the key lights. When the swept signal generator is actually performing a sweep in single sweep mode, the green SWEEP LED lights.

The manual sweep mode lets you use the rotary knob to either sweep from the start frequency to the stop frequency or to sweep power.

Refer to menu map 7, SWEEP. Press

(PRESET).

Press SWEEP

(MENU).

Select

Manual Sweep.

The active entry area displays:

-->

SWEPT MANUAL:

XXXXXXXXX MHz

Use the rotary knob to sweep from the start to the stop frequency. The green SWEEP LED is off in manual sweep mode because the

sweeps are synthesized.

1-12

Getting Started Basic

Page 42

HEWLETT PACKARD

.MWU 4@..ECT ‘I,

SINGLE

CONT

SWEEP MENU

Figure 1-7. Continuous, Single, and Manual Sweep Operation

Single Sweep

Continuous Sweep

Manual Sweep

1. Press

@FELT).

1. Press

(E5EJ

1. Press SWEEP

CMENU).

2. Press

Manual

Sweep.

3. Use the rotary knob to adjust frequency.

Getting Started Basic 1-13

Page 43

Marker Operation

The swept signal generator has five frequency markers that can be used as fixed frequency “landmarks,” or as variable frequency pointers on a CRT display. To view the marker features of the swept signal generator on a CRT, connect the swept signal generator as shown in Figure l-8.

Refer to menu map 3, MARKER. Press (PRESET).

Press (START) @

[GHz).

Press (STOP) @

(GHz).

Press

(MARKER).

Select Marker Ml and

enter

The swept signal generator is sweeping from 3 to 7 GHz, with a

100 ms sweep speed. A frequency marker is set at 4 GHz, which causes an intensified dot to appear on the CRT. To obtain an amplitude spike at that frequency, select

amp1

Markers . Notice that you can set the amplitude of the spike with the rotary knob or entry keys. To return to the intensified dot representation, select

Amp1

Markers (asterisk off).

Caution

Amplitude markers increase the output power at the marker

frequency. Provide protection to devices that could be damaged.

For a second marker, select Marker M2 and enter @ 0 @

LGHz).

This process can be continued for all five markers. Note that the marker displayed in the active entry area is “active” and can be controlled by the rotary knob, arrow keys, and numeric entry keys.

Once the Ml and M2 markers are established, the marker sweep

function,

softkey

MI--M2 Sweep, temporarily changes the original

start/stop frequencies to those of markers Ml and M2. Select

Ml--M2 Sweep.

Notice that the swept signal generator now is

sweeping from 4 to 5.5 GHz. Use this function to focus in on a

selected portion of the frequency sweep. Select Ml--M2 Sweep again.

This turns the function off and returns the swept signal generator to its original sweep parameters. To change the start/stop frequencies for the swept signal generator, not just temporarily, use the softkey

Start=Ml

Stop=H2.

As an example of the delta marker function:

Select Marker M3 and enter @ 0 0

IGHz).

Select Delta Marker.

The frequency difference between marker 3 and marker 1 is displayed, and the CRT trace is intensified between the two markers. The active entry area displays:

-->

DELTA MKR (3-l) :

2700.000000

MHz

1-14

Getting Started Basic

Page 44

Marker 1 was chosen because it is selected as the delta marker reference. To change reference markers, select Delta Mkr Ref .

Select M2 as the reference. Watch the display change to indicate:

-->

DELTA MKR

(3-2)

: 1200.000000 MHz

You can choose any of the five markers as a reference, but when delta

marker is on, if the reference marker has a frequency value higher than the last active marker, the difference between the frequencies is negative and is displayed as such by the swept signal generator. The

CRT display continues to intensify the difference between the two markers.

When delta marker is showing in the active entry area, the ENTRY area is active. Rotate the rotary knob and watch the frequency difference change. The last active marker (in this case, marker 3) changes frequency value, not the reference marker.

OSCILLOSCOPE

on-

0000

.-a

OEC

RF OUTPUT

DETECTOR

MRT

INPUT

Figure 1-8. Marker Operation

Marker Operation

Delta Marker Operation

1. Press

(j-j.

2. Select a marker key

(MI

. . . ~5).

3. Enter value.

Press terminator key.

Press

(MARKER].

2. Select a marker key (ffl . . . ~5).

3. Enter value.

Press terminator key.

5. Select a different marker key

(ai

. . ~5).

6. Enter value.

7. Press terminator key.

8. Select Delta

I&r

Ref.

9. Select one of the previously chosen markers.

10. Press (PRIOR).

11. Select Delta Marker.

Getting Started Basic 1-15

Page 45

Saving and

Recalling an Instrument State

The save/recall registers store and access a previously set instrument state.

For example, set the swept signal generator to sweep from 3

GHz

15 GHz at a -10 dB power level, with markers 1 and 2 set at 4.5 and

11.2 GHz. Press

ISTART) (?J (GHz).

Press

LSTOP) (iJ Q (GHz).

Press

(POWER LEvEL)

I-)

(iJ @ (dB(m)).

Press (MARKER). Select Marker Ml

@o @ (GHz).

Select Marker M2 0 0 0 @

LGHz).

To save this instrument state in register 1, press (SAVE) 0. To verify that the swept signal generator has saved this state:

Press

(PRESET).

Press (RECALL)

(iJ.

Press

(NIARKER).

The active entry area displays:

-->

RECALL REGISTER: 1 RECALLED

Notice the sweep end points, power level, and the asterisks next to the marker 1 and 2 key labels.

You can save instrument states in registers 1 through 8. Register 0 saves the last instrument state before power is turned off. When power is turned on, register 0 is automatically recalled.

I-16

Getting Started Basic

Page 46

SAVE RECALL

USER

DrnNED

OUrnUT

Figure 1-9. Saving and Recalling an Instrument State

Save

Recall

1. Set up swept signal generator as desired.

2. Press

(SAVE).

Press a number1through

1. Press

(m).

Press a number0through

Getting Started Basic 1-17

Page 47

Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation

Power Sweep Operation

The power sweep function allows the power output to be swept (positive or negative) when the swept signal generator is in the

CW frequency mode. The power output of the swept signal generator determines the maximum leveled power sweep that can be accomplished. For this example, refer to the “Menu Map” section.

Zero and calibrate the power meter. Connect the instruments as shown in Figure l-10.

Press

Lcw) @ m).

Press

(POWER LEVEL) (iiJ m.

Press [SWEEP @

(,,,) (jZi!jZ).

Set the power meter to dB[REF] mode.

The swept signal generator is ready to produce a 4 GHz CW signal at 0

dBm

power out, with a 2 second sweep rate whenever a single sweep is executed. The power meter is ready to measure the power level relative to a starting point of 0

dBm.

Press POWER

(jZK).

Select Power Sweep and enter 0

(dB0)

(asterisk on).

Press

(SINGLE).

Watch the relative power indication on the power meter. At the end of the sweep the power meter indicates +7 dB. The active entry area on the swept signal generator indicates:

-->

POWER SWEEP: 7.00 dB/SWP

Now enter @ @ [lecm,) (power sweep is still the active entry function).

Press

(SINGLE).

This time the power meter indicates less than the power sweep requested. Note that the swept signal generator is unleveled, UNLVD. This happens because the swept signal generator’s output power at the start of the sweep is 0 dB and the requested power sweep takes the swept signal generator beyond the range where it is able to produce leveled power. The range of the power sweep is dependent on the ALC range and can be offset if a step attenuator (Option 001) is present.

Select Power Sweep to turn this function off (no asterisk). Press (POWER

LEVEL) (-) (TJ @.

On the power meter, press dB[REF] to reset the reference level.

1-18

Getting Started Basic

Page 48

Select Power Sweep (asterisk on). Press @YEi?).

The swept signal generator performs a power sweep beginning at

-20

dBm

and ending at +5

dBm.

The power meter indicates

+25

dB.

Power Slope Operation

This function allows for compensation of high frequency system or cable losses by linearly increasing the power output as the frequency

increases. For this example, refer to the “Menu Map” section.

Press Power Slope,

the active entry area displays:

-->

RF SLOPE:

X. XX

dB/GHz,

where X is a numeric value.

Power slope is now active, notice that an asterisk is next to the key label.

Use the entry keys, rotary knob, or arrow keys to enter a value for the linear slope.

Press Power Slope again to turn this feature off.

SUEPT SIGNAL

GENERflTOR

POWER

tlETER

RF OUTPUT

POUER SENSOR

Figure l-10. Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation

Power Sweep

Power Slope

1. Press POWER

INIENU).

1. Press POWER

IFV1ENU_).

2. Select Power Sweep.

2. Select Power Slope.

3. Enter a value.

4. Press terminator key.

Getting Started Basic 1-19

Page 49

Advanced

Getting Started Advanced

This section of Chapter 1 describes the use of many of the unique

features of the HP 8360 B-Series swept signal generators. The format

used is similar to the one used on the previous pages. When referred to a menu map number, go to the Menu Map tab and unfold the

menu map so that you can view it together with the text.

Some menus have more than one page of softkeys. Select the

more m/n

softkey

to view the next page of softkeys. more m/n is

not included in the keystrokes given in these procedures.

Table l-l. Keys Under Discussion in This Section

‘aragraph Heading

Keys

:xternally

Leveling the Swept Signal Generator

Leveling Point

ExtDet

Coupling Factor

POWER LEVEL

Set

Atten

Leveling Point

PwrMtr

Pwr Mtr Range

Leveling Point Module Mdl Lev Menu

Norking with Mixers/Reverse Power Effects

Uncoupl Atten

Leveling Mode Normal

Norking with Spectrum Analyzers/

Leveling Mode

ALCoff

leverse

Power Effects

Leveling Mode Search

‘Optimizing Swept Signal Generator Performance” Fltness Menu

Delete Menu Auto Fill Start

Auto Fill Stop

Auto Fill

Incr

Mtr

Meas

FLTNESS ON/OFF

Enter Freq Enter Corr Freq Follow List Menu Copy List

Sweep Mode List

Ext Det Cal

Getting Started Advanced 1-21

Page 50

Advanced

Table l-l.

Keys Under Discussion in This Section (continued)

Paragraph Heading Keys

“Optimizing Swept Signal Generator Performance” Auto Track

continued

Peak RF Always Peak RF Once

Swp Span Cal Once Swp Span Cal Always

BW Cal Always

AM BW Cal Once

FullUsr

Cal

AM On/Off

100%/V

AM On/Off

lOdB/V

Deep AM

Using Step Sweep

Zreating

and Using a Frequency List

Using the Security Features

Changing

the Preset Parameters

USER DEFINED MENL ASSIGN

Step Sap Menu List Menu Delete Menu

Enter List Freq Enter List Offset Enter List Dwell Pt Trig Menu Zero Freq Save Lock

Clear Memory Blank Display

Save Usr Preset Preset Mode User

PRESET

For more information, each of these keys has a separate entry in

Chapter 2.

1-22 Getting Started Advanced

Page 51

Externally Leveling the Swept Signal Generator

In externally leveled operations, the output power from the swept

signal generator is detected by an external sensor. The output of this detector is returned to the leveling circuitry, and the output power is automatically adjusted to keep power constant at the point of

detection.

Leveling with

Figure l-11 illustrates a typical setup for external leveling. When

Detectors/Couplers

externally leveled, the power level feedback is taken from the external

/Splitters

negative detector input rather than the internal detector. This feedback voltage controls the ALC system to set the desired RF output. Refer to Figure A-l in Chapter 2 for a block diagram of the swept signal generator’s ALC circuitry.

SUEPT SIGNRL

GENERATOR

Figure l-l 1. ALC Circuit Externally Leveled

Getting Started Advanced 1-23

Page 52

To level externally:

1. Set up the equipment as shown. For this example, the detector/coupler setup is used.

2. Refer to menu map 1.

3. Press

(ALC).

Select Leveling Point

ExtDet

Set the coupling factor. Select Coupling Factor

(-) @ @

(dB0).

Note

Power splitters have a coupling factor of 0 dB.

Figure 1-12 shows the input power versus output voltage characteristics for typical HP diode detectors. From the chart, the leveled power at the diode detector input resulting from any external level voltage setting may be determined. The range of power adjustment is approximately -30

dBm

+18 dBm.

Hint

Automatically characterize and compensate for the detector used by performing a detector calibration. Refer to “Using Detector Calibration” in the “Optimizing Swept Signal Generator Performance” section.

1-24 Getting Started Advanced

Page 53

100

1 mV

SOUARE LAW ASYMPTOTE

-40

-30

-20

-10

+10

+20

+30

DETECTOR INPUT POWER,

dBm

Figure 1-12. Typical Diode Detector Response at 2S’C

+20 dBV

+lO dBV

+6 dBV

dBV

-10

dBV

-20

dBV

-30

dBV

-40

dBV

-50

dBV

-60

dBV

-66

dBV

-70

dBV

-80

dBV

Getting Started Advanced 1-25

Page 54

External Leveling Used With the Optional Step Attenuator

Some external leveling applications require low output power from the swept signal generator. The swept signal generator automatically uncouples the attenuator from the ALC system for

all

external

leveling points. Press (POWER LEVEL). Note the display. It shows:

--> ATTEN

dB,

POWER LEVEL: 0.00

dBm

For example, leveling the output of a 30 dB gain amplifier to a

level of -10

dBm

requires the output of the swept signal generator

to be around -40

dBm

when leveled. At some frequencies this

level is beyond the range of the ALC modulator alone. If so, the

LOW UNLVLED warning message is

displayed. Inserting 40 dB of

attenuation results in an ALC level of 0

dBm,

which is well within the range of the ALC. At 20 GHz, 30 dB attenuation is a better choice as it results in an ALC level of -10

dBm.

This gives a margin

for AM or other functions that vary the power level.

For optimum display accuracy and minimum noise, the ALC

level should be greater than -10

dBm.

This is achieved by using

attenuation equal to the tens digit of output power. Example:

desired output power = -43 dBm; use:

--> ATTEN:

dB,

ALC -3

dBm

1. Press POWER

(j).

Select Set

Atten @@cm].

Hint

To obtain flatness corrected power, refer to “Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction Array” in the “Optimizing Swept Signal

Generator Performance” section.

1-26 Getting Started Advanced

Page 55

Leveling with Power

Leveling with a power meter is similar to leveling with a diode

Meters

detector. Figure 1-13 shows the setup for power meter leveling.

WEPT

SIGNAL

GENERATOR

----a

PPam

naoPPP maa0

on= 000

LEVELED OUTPUT

Figure l-13. Leveling with a Power Meter

1. Set up the equipment as shown.

Be sure to set the power meter to

manual range mode and note the range.

2. Refer to menu map 1.

Press

(ALC.

Select

Leveling Point

PwrMtr.

Select

Pwr Mtr Range.

Enter the range value set for the power

meter as noted in step 1.

6. Select Coupling Factor , press @

[x).

Unlike detector leveling, power meter leveling provides calibrated power out of the leveled RF port.

Hint

To obtain flatness corrected power, refer to “Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction Array” in the “Optimizing Swept Signal Generator Performance” section.

Getting Started Advanced l-27

Page 56

Leveling with MM-wave

Millimeter-wave source module leveling is similar to power meter

Source Modules

leveling. The following figures illustrate the setups for leveling with a mm-wave source module.

WEPT SIQNAL

GENERNTOR

Figure l-14. MM-wave Source Module Leveling

High power model swept signal generators can externally level mm-wave source modules to maximum specified power without a

microwave amplifier.

1-28 Getting Started Advanced

Page 57

WEPT

SIGNRL

GENERRTOR

AHPLIFIER

Htl-URVE SOURCE

Figure l-15. MM-wave Source Module Leveling Using a Microwave Amplifier

1. Set up the equipment as shown.

2. Refer to menu map 1.

3. Select Leveling Point

Hodule

Select Module Menu.

Select Module Select Auto or Front or Rear, depending on

where the interface connection is made.

All of the ALC data necessary to communicate properly with the swept signal generator is exchanged via the SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE.

Hint

To obtain flatness corrected power, refer to “Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction Array” in the “Optimizing Swept Signal Generator Performance” section.

Getting Started Advanced l-29

Page 58

Working with Mixers/Reverse Power Effects

Note

Uncoupled operation applies to Option 001 swept signal generators only.

Uncoupled operation is useful when working with mixers. Figure 1-16 shows a hypothetical setup where the swept signal generator is providing a small signal to a mixer. The swept signal generator output is -8

dBm,

which in Leveling Mode Normal results in

ATTEN =

0 dB, ALC Level = -8

dBm.

The mixer is driven with an

LO of

+lO dBm,

and has LO to RF isolation of 15 dB. The resulting

LO feedthrough of -5

dBm

enters the swept signal generator’s OUTPUT port, goes through the attenuator with no loss, and arrives at the internal detector. Depending on frequency, it is possible for most of this energy to enter the detector. Since the detector responds to its total input power regardless of frequency, this excess energy causes the leveling circuit to reduce its output. In this example the reverse power is actually larger than the ALC level, which may result

in the swept signal generator output being shut off. Figure 1-17 shows the same setup, with uncoupled operation used to

produce the same -8

dBm

output. In this case,

ATTEN

= -10 dB,

ALC Level = +2

dBm.

The ALC level is 10 dB higher, and the attenuator reduces the LO feedthrough by 10 dB. Thus the detector sees a +2

dBm

desired signal versus a possible -15

dBm

undesired signal. This 17 dB difference results in a maximum 0.1 dB shift in the swept signal generator output level. To set the swept signal generator to the attenuator uncoupled mode as discussed in this example, do the following:

1. Press POWER [MENU).

Select Set

Atten

and press

(iJ @ (dB(m)).

This step does two things, it uncouples the attenuator from the rest of the ALC system, and it lets you set an attenuator value, in this case, 10 dB.

3. Press [POWER LEVEL) @

[ml.

This sets the ALC level to

+2 dBm.

For more information on the ALC or setting power level, refer to

(ALC)

or [POWER LEVEL) in Chapter 2.

l-30

Getting Started Advanced

Page 59

SVNTHESIZER

WITH OPTION

DO1

MC LEVEL

-8

dBm

LEVEL ,-,

ATTENUATOR

CONTROL

MEASURES

iyz

( f

iEF=Brn

-8

dBm

-5dBm

= +lO

dEm

Figure l-16. Reverse Power Effects, Coupled Operation with -6

dBm

Output

r------------.‘---------------------------------------------------------------~

SYNTHESIZER WITH

OPflON

001

MC LEVEL

-. +2

dBm

LEVEL :

CONTROL

ATTENUATOR - !

! THROUGH

= +lO

dBm

DETECTOR

MEASURES +2

d8m

MC LEVEL

DETECTOR MEASURES -15

dBm

REVERSE POWER

-!MBm

Figure 1-17. Reverse Power Effects, Uncoupled Operation with -6

dBm

Output

Getting Started Advanced

1-3 1

Page 60

‘orking

with

SpectrGm

Analyzers/Reverse Power Effects

Reverse power is a problem with spectrum analyzers that do not have preselection capability. Some analyzers have as much as

+5 dBm

LO feedthrough coming out of their RF input, at some frequencies. The effects of reverse power are less in the heterodyne band (0.01 to 2.0 GHz) where the power amplifier provides some broadband matching. Similarly, at frequencies above 2.0 GHz, reverse power that is within 10 MHz of the swept signal generator’s frequency may be partially absorbed by the YIG filter. If the frequency difference is small enough to be within the leveling system bandwidth (typically 10 kHz CW, 200 kHz sweep or AM), the effect of reverse power is amplitude modulation of the swept signal generator’s output. The AM rate equals the difference in RF frequencies. Reverse power problems may be treated by using the unleveled mode. There are two unleveled modes, ALC off and search.

To set the swept signal generator to the ALC off mode:

1. Refer to menu map 1.

2. Press

IALC).

Select Leveling Node ALCoff .

In this mode, the swept signal generator provides RF power with no ALC correction and therefore requires a power meter to set a particular power.

To set the swept signal generator to the search mode:

1. Press

Select Leveling Mode Search.

In this mode, the swept signal generator is in the normal ALC mode until the desired power level is reached, then the ALC is disconnected.

1-32 Getting Started Advanced

Page 61

Optimizing Swept Signal Generator Performance

Creating and Applying

The following examples demonstrate the user flatness correction

the User Flatness

feature:

Correction Array

1. Using an HP 437B power meter to automatically enter correction data for a swept 4 to 10 GHz measurement.

2. Manually entering correction data for a stepped (List Mode) measurement.

3. Making swept mm-wave measurements, automatically entering

correction data for an arbitrary list of correction frequencies.

4. Making scalar analysis measurements with automatically-entered correction data that compensates for power variations at the output of a directional bridge.

Each example illustrates how to set up correction tables for a different measurement requirement. Modify the instrument setups

shown to suit your particular needs. Completed correction tables may be easily edited if more correction data is required for your measurement. Additional correction frequencies may be added by using the auto fill feature or by entering correction frequencies

individually. The auto fill feature adds but does not delete correction frequencies.

There are two basic front-panel methods of creating a flatness correction array. The first and quickest method is to use an HP 437B power meter. Refer to Figure 1-18 for the setup. The second method is just as accurate, but requires a little more interaction between the operator and the instruments. Figure 1-19 shows the setup for the second method.

Getting Started Advanced 1-33

Page 62

Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically, Example 1

In this example, a flatness array containing correction frequencies from 4 to 10 GHz at 1 GHz intervals is created. An HP 438B power meter controlled by the swept signal generator through the interface bus is used to enter the correction data into the flatness array.

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1. The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-18 assumes that if the setup has an external leveling configuration, the steps necessary to correctly level have been followed. If you have questions about

external leveling, refer to “Externally Leveling the Swept Signal Generator”.

Setup Power Meter

2. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3. Enter the appropriate power sensor calibration factors into the power meter.

4. Enable the power meter/sensor cal factor array. For operating information on the HP 437B power, refer to its operating and service manual.

5. Connect the power sensor to the point where corrected power is desired.

HP-IB

kTii&TFG

CABLES

RN0

OTHER I

B-B

DEVICES ,

-I”

-0

ooo~o~a

q DDDaa

HP 4378 POUER

HETER

FUINBS

coRREcTEo

, OUTPUT PORT

POUER SENSOR

OUT

-u

---------

--B-mud

DEVICE

UNDER

TEST

Figure 1-16. Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically

Note

No other devices can be connected to the HP-IB cable.

1-34 Getting Started Advanced

Page 63

Setup Swept Signal Generator Parameters

On the swept signal generator, press (PRESET).

FREQUENCY

ISTART) @ (GHz),

(STOP) 0 @

LGHz).

(POWER mm) (FJ (dB0).

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

Press POWER

(MENU).

Select Fltness Menu.

Select Delete Menu Delete All. This step insures that the

flatness array is empty.

Press

(j%i?K’).

Leave the delete menu and return to the previous

soft key menu. Enter the frequency points at which the correction information

will be taken. Choose either the point-by-point entry method

Enter

Freq

or the automatic frequency point generation

Auto Fill Start. For this example, select Auto Fill Start

@IGHz).

Select Auto Fill Stop @ @

(GHz),

Auto Fill

Incr 0 IGHz).

Notice that a frequency list starting at 4 and ending at 10 GHz with an increment value of 1 GHz is created.

Enter Correction Data into Array

Select Mtr

Meas

Menu Measure Corr All . The power meter

is now under swept signal generator control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the correction information at each frequency point.

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power meter and ensure that it is the same address the swept signal generator is using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System, for the key sequence necessary to reach softkey

Meter Adrs .

Enable User Flatness Correction

15.

When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup. Disconnect the power meter/sensor and press

[FLTNESS

ON/OFF)

(amber LED on).

epower produced at the point where the

Dower

meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the

frequencies and power level specified above.

Getting Started Advanced 1-35

Page 64

Creating a User Flatness Array, Example 2

This example shows how to use the swept signal generator and a power meter in manual entry mode. This example also introduces two features of the swept signal generator. The

softkey

Freq Follow

simplifies the data entry process and the

softkey

List Mode sets up

a list of arbitrary test frequencies. The frequency follow feature automatically sets the source to a CW

test frequency equivalent to the active correction frequency in the user flatness correction table. The front panel arrow keys are used

to move around the correction table and enter frequency-correction pairs. Simultaneously, the swept signal generator test frequency is updated to the selected correction frequency without exiting the

correction table. To further simplify the data entry process, the swept signal generator

allows you to enter correction data into the user flatness correction table by adjusting the front panel knob until the desired power level is displayed on the power meter. The user flatness correction algorithm automatically calculates the appropriate correction and enters it into the table. If you already have a table of correction data prepared, it can be entered directly into the correction table using the front-panel keypad of the swept signal generator.

With the list mode feature, you may enter the test frequencies into a table in any order and specify an offset (power) and/or a dwell time for each frequency. When list mode is enabled, the swept signal generator steps through the list of frequencies in the order entered.

The user flatness correction feature has the capability of copying and entering the frequency list into the correction table. Since the offset

in the list mode table is not active during the user flatness correction

data entry process, the value of the correction data is determined as

if no offset is entered. When user flatness correction and list mode

(with offsets) are enabled, the swept signal generator adjusts the

output power by an amount equivalent to the sum of the correction

data and offset for each test frequency. You must make sure that the

resulting power level is still within the ALC range of the swept signal generator.

1-36 Getting Started Advanced

Page 65

SWEPT

SIGNRL

GENERATOR

FLATNESS

CORRECTED

, OUTPUT PORT

2y---~

------

----

DEVICE

UNDER

TEST

_ -P;EOR

Figure l-19. Creating a User

Flatness Array

POWER

NETER

-00cl

.El

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1. The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-19 assumes that if your setup has an external leveling configuration, the steps necessary to correctly level have been followed. If you have questions about external leveling, refer to “Externally Leveling the Swept Signal Generator”.

Setup Power Meter

2. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3. Connect the power sensor to the point where flatness corrected power is desired.

Setup Swept Signal Generator Parameters

4. On the swept signal generator, press (PRESET).

5. [POWER LEVEL)

@ (dB0).

This sets the test port power to

dBm (PO maX - Ppath loss).

Create A Frequency List

6. On the swept signal generator, press FREQUENCY (MENU).

Select List

Enter List Freq

a@&.

This enters 5 GHz as the first frequency in the list array. Entering a frequency automatically sets the offset to 0 dB and the dwell to

10 ms.

8. Enter 18, 13, 11, and 20 GHz to complete this example array.

Getting Started Advanced 1-37

Page 66

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

9. Press POWER

(MENU).

Select Fltness Menu.

10.

Select

Delete Menu Delete All

. This step insures that the

flatness array is empty.

11. Press

(PRIOR).

Leave the delete menu and return to the previous

soft key menu.

12. Select Copy List This step copies the frequency list into the

correction table in sequential order.

13.

Select

Freq Follow.

This sets the swept signal generator to CW frequency mode to facilitate taking correction information. As you scroll through the correction cells, the swept signal generator produces the corresponding CW frequency at 0

dBm.

14. Select Enter Corr . This allows correction value entry.

15. Press

(FLTNESS

ON/OFF). This step enables user flatness correction.

16. For 5 GHz, set the appropriate power sensor cal factor on the power meter.

17. Use the swept signal generator rotary knob to adjust for a measurement of 0.00

dBm

on the power meter. Notice that a

correction value is entered at 5 GHz.

18. Use the up arrow key to increment to the next correction cell.

19. For 11 GHz, set the appropriate power sensor cal factor on the power meter.

20. Use the swept signal generator rotary knob to adjust for a measurement of 0.00

dBm

on the power meter.

21. Repeat this sequence of steps until all the frequency points have a correction value entered.

Activate List Mode

22. Press SWEEP

[MENU).

Select Sweep Mode List.

23. The flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup. Disconnect the power meter/sensor. The power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

l-38 Getting Started Advanced

Page 67

Swept mm-wave Measurement with Arbitrary Correction Frequencies, Example 3

The focus of this example is to use user flatness correction to obtain flat power at the output of the HP 83550 series mm-wave source modules. In this case we will use non-sequential correction frequencies in a swept 26.5 to 40 GHz measurement with an HP 83554 source module.

The time it takes for a large quantity of power meter measurements can be long, therefore, we selected non-sequential correction frequencies to target specific points or sections of the measurement range that we assume are more sensitive to power variations. This greatly expedites setting up the user flatness correction table. The amount of interpolated correction points between non-sequential correction frequencies varies.

This example uses the HP 437B to

automatically enter correction data into the array.

Note

Turn off the swept signal generator before connecting to the source module interface (SMI) cable, or damage may result.

Getting Started Advanced l-39

Page 68

WEPT

SIGNAL

GENERATOR

437B

POUER

METER

POUER SENSOR

WEPT

SIGNAL

OENERRTOR

4378

POUER NETER

SOURCE MODULI

INlERFACl

NICROURVE

IWPLIFIER

‘F

OUT

POUER SENSOR

Figure l-20.

Creating Arbitrarily Spaced Frequency-Correction Pairs

in a Swept mm-wave Environment

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1. The equipment setup shown in Figure l-20 assumes that you have followed the steps necessary to correctly level the configuration. If you have questions about external leveling, refer to “Externally Leveling the Swept Signal Generator”.

Setup Power Meter

2. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3. Connect the power sensor to test port.

4. Enter and store in the power meter, the power sensor’s cal factors for correction frequencies to be used.

l-40 Getting Started Advanced

Page 69

Note

U, V, and W-band power sensors are not available from Hewlett-Packard. For these frequencies use the Anritsu ML83A Power Meter with the MP715-004 (40 to 60 GHz), the MP716A (50 to 75

GHz),

or the MP81B (75 to 110 GHz) power sensors. Since the Anritsu model ML83A Power Meter is not capable of internally storing power sensor cal factors, you must manually correct the data entry. Refer to example 2 for information on manual entry of

correction data.

Setup Swept Signal Generator Parameters

5. Turn on the swept signal generator and press (PRESET). The following occurs:

The source module’s frequency span is displayed on the swept signal generator. The swept signal generator’s leveling mode is automatically changed from internal to “module leveling”. The source module’s maximum specified power is set and displayed.

6. Press FREQUENCY (START) @ @ 0 @

IGHz), ISTOP) @ @

(GHz).

The frequency sweep is set from 26.5 to 40 GHz.

7. Press [POWER LEVEL] @

IdBm).

The source module power is set to

+7 dBm

for maximum power to the device under test.

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

8. Press POWER

(MENU).

Select Fltness Menu.

Select Delete Menu Delete All. This step insures that the

flatness array is empty.

10. Press

[PRIOR).

Leave the delete menu and return to the previous

soft key menu.

11. Select Enter Freq @ @ 0 @

(GHz),

to enter 26.5 GHz as the first correction frequency. Enter 31, 32.5, and 40 GHz to complete the list. Notice that the frequencies are arbitrarily spaced.

Getting Started Advanced

l-41

Page 70

Enter Correction Data into Array

1‘2.

Select Mtr

Meas

Menu Measure

Cars

All. The power meter

is now under swept signal generator control and is performing

the sequence of steps necessary to generate the correction

information at each frequency point.

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power meter and ensure that it is the same address the swept signal

generator is using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu

map 8, System, for the key sequence necessary to reach softkey

Meter

Adrs

Enable User Flatness Correction

13. When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup.

14. To save the swept signal generator parameters including the correction table in an internal register, press [SAVE)

(n = number 1 through 8).

15. Disconnect the power meter/sensor and press

(FLTNESS

ON/OFF)

(amber LED on).

e p

ower produced at the point where the

power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the

frequencies and power level specified above.

1-42 Getting Started Advanced

Page 71

Note

Scalar Analysis Measurement with User Flatness Corrections, Example 4

The following example demonstrates how to set up a scalar analysis

measurement (using an HP 8757 Scalar Network Analyzer) of a 2 to

20 GHz test device such as, an amplifier. User flatness correction is used to compensate for power variations at the test port of a directional bridge. Follow the instructions to set up the swept signal generator, then configure the system as shown in Figure 1-21.

The swept signal generator’s rear panel language and address switches must be set to 7 and 31 (all l’s), to change the

language or address of the swept signal generator from the front panel. The programming language must be set to Analyzer.

Refer to menu map 8, System, to find the location of softkey

Programming Language Analyzer (asterisk on = active language).

DETECTOR

WEPT SIGNRL

SCRLflR

GENERRTOR

NETYORK ANRLYZER

Figure l-2 1. Scalar System Configuration

Example Overview

In this example you use an HP 437B power meter to automatically enter correction data into the array. It is necessary to turn off the HP 8757 System Interface (controlled from the front-panel of the analyzer) so that the swept signal generator can temporarily control the power meter over HP-IB. When the correction data entry process is complete, enable user flatness correction and set the desired test port power level. Then store the correction table and swept signal generator configuration in the same register that contains the analyzer configuration. Re-activate the HP 8757 System Interface and recall the stored register. Make sure that user flatness correction

is still enabled before making the measurement.

Getting Started Advanced 1-43

Page 72

When an HP 437B power meter is used to automatically enter the correction data, the correction calibration routine automatically turns

off any active modulation, then re-activates the modulation upon

the completion of the data entry process. Therefore, the scalar pulse modulation that is automatically enabled in a scalar measurement system is disabled during an HP 437B correction calibration.

Note

The user flatness correction array cannot be stored to a disk. You must make sure that the array is stored in one of the eight internal registers. Recalling a file from an HP 8757 disk will not erase the current array; therefore you may recall an array from an internal register, then recall an associated file from a disk.

For

this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER. The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-21 assumes that

you have followed the steps necessary to correctly level the configuration. If you have questions about external leveling, refer to “Externally Leveling the Swept Signal Generator”.

On the analyzer, press

I-).

Reset the analyzer and swept

signal generator to a known state.

Setup System Parameters

On the swept signal generator, press FREQUENCY

ISTART) @

(GHz), ISTOP) @ @ IGHz).

Set the swept signal generator for a

frequency sweep of 2 to 20 GHz.

Press (POWER

LEVEL)

0 (dBm.

Where n = maximum available

power. On the analyzer, set up the appropriate measurement

(i.e. gain for an amplifier). Calibrate the measurement (thru and short/open calibration). Press

ISAVE) 0

to store the analyzer’s configuration and swept signal generator parameters in storage register 1.

Turn off the HP 8757 System Interface. Use the analyzer

SYSINTF ON OFF softkey found under the SYSTEM menu to

deactivate the system interface.

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

On the swept signal generator, press POWER

(MENU).

Select

Fltness Menu.

Select

Del.ete

Menu Delete All. This step insures that the

flatness array is empty.

Press (PRIOR). Leave the delete menu and return to the previous

soft key menu.

1-44 Getting Started Advanced

Page 73

10. Select Auto Fill Start @

IGHz).

Set the first frequency in

correction table to 2 GHz.

11. Auto Fill Stop @ @

ml.

Set the last frequency in

correction table to 20 GHz.

12. Auto Fill

Incr 0 @ @

(MHz). Set the frequency increment to

every 100 MHz from 2 to 20 GHz.

Setup Power Meter

13. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

14. Connect the power sensor to test port.

15. Enter and store in the power meter, the power sensor’s cal factors for correction frequencies to be used.

Enter Correction Data into Array

16. Select Mtr

Meas

Menu Measure

Corr

All . The power meter is now under swept signal generator control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the correction information at each frequency point.

Meter Adrs .

Enable User Flatness Correction

17. When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup.

18. Disconnect the power meter/sensor.

19. On the swept signal generator, press (POWER LEVEL)

(TJ m.

Where

n=P

0 max

-P

path loss

for maximum leveled power at the test

port.

20. To save the swept signal generator parameters including the correction table in an internal register, press (SAVE)

(n = number 1 through 8).

Getting Started Advanced 1-45

Page 74

Reactivate the HP 8757 System Interface

21. Set the analyzer to SYSINTF ON, the analyzer and swept signal generator preset.

22. Press (RECALL) (iJ. Recall the swept signal generator parameters from storage register 1

23. On the swept signal generator, press (FLTNESS ON/OFF) (amber LED on). The power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

l-46 Getting Started Advanced

Page 75

Using Detector

Detector calibration is useful for characterizing and compensating for

Calibration

negative diode detectors used in external leveling. Detectors may be

characterized by three operating regions as shown in Figure 1-12:

the square law, the linear, and the transition region. The following steps use an HP 437B to automatically characterize the operating regions and use this information to automatically compensate for the detector being used. The equipment setup shown in Figure l-22

assumes that the steps necessary to correctly externally level have been followed.

Refer to menu map 9, USER CAL.

. ,

HP-16

DIRECTIONRL

POUER

SENSOR

-c+

4378

POUER IlETER

Figure l-22. Automatically Characterizing and Compensating for a Detector

1. Connect the power meter as shown.

2. Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3. Enter the appropriate power sensor calibration factors into the

power meter.

4. Enable the power meter/sensor cal factor array. For operating information on the HP 437B power meter, refer to its operating

and service manual.

5. Connect the power sensor to the output of the coupler

(or splitter).

Getting Started Advanced 1-47

Page 76

6. On the swept signal generator, set the power level and start/stop frequency information as desired.

7. Press

(USER].

Select

Ext

Det

Cal

. The power meter is now under swept

signal generator control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the compensation information.

Meter Adrs .

9. When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) disconnect the power meter/sensor. The swept signal generator

has stored the compensation information in its memory and is using it to calibrate the detector’s output voltage relative to

power.

l-48

Getting Started Advanced

Page 77

Using the Tracking

Feature

Peaking

Peaking is the function that aligns the output filter (YTM) so that its

passband

is centered on the RF output, in CW or manual-sweep mode. Use peaking to obtain the maximum available power and spectral purity, and best pulse envelopes, at any given frequency above 2.0 GHz. The YTM is inactive for the low band frequencies (10 MHz to 2.0 GHz).

To peak at the present CW frequency:

Press

(USERCAL).

Select

Tracking Menu Peak RF Once.

This causes an instantaneous execution of the peaking function. This is a one-time implementation of the peaking, where the function is turned on and then turned off.

To peak at the present CW frequency, and continue to peak at new frequencies as they are entered:

Press

(j?ZKiiCAL).

Select

Tracking Menu Peak RF Always.

If “peak always” is on (denoted by an asterisk next to the key

label) for an extended period of time, the peaking function will

automatically repeak every seven minutes.

Tracking

Auto track is a more extensive version of peaking. It causes all of the YTM tracking calibration constants to be aligned and requires approximately 40 to 90 seconds to complete. Tracking is performed from 2.0 GHz to the end of the specified frequency range.

Note

If the swept signal generator does not have a step attenuator, terminate the RF OUTPUT with a good 50 52 impedance match such as a 10 dB attenuator or a power sensor to prevent mistracking.

To enhance the power output and spectral purity of swept modes, and to improve tracking performance (especially in harsh

environments having wide temperature variations):

Press

[USERCAL).

Select

Tracking Menu Auto Track.

Getting Started Advanced l-49

Page 78

ALC Bandwidth Selection

The ALC bandwidth defaults at factory preset to the auto selection

ALC Bandwidth Select Auto which selects

the

appropriate

bandwidth (high or low) for each application. To make the bandwidth selection, the swept signal generator determines which functions are activated and uses the decision tree shown in

Figure l-23.

s;ey.i?la &

High EW

High BW

Figure l-23. Decision Tree for ALC Bandwidth Selection

l-50 Getting Started Advanced

Page 79

Using Step Sweep

1. Refer to menu map 2.

2. Press FREQUENCY

LMENU).

Select Step Sap Menu.

Select Step Size.

Enter the desired increment value.

Select Step Points.

Enter the number of points desired.

Determine the dwell time desired, select Step

swell

and enter a value, or choose the dwell time determined by the ramp mode sweep time, select Dwell Coupled .

Determine the triggering scheme, select

Step Swp Pt Trig Auto ,

Bus,or

Ext

8. Press SWEEP

[MENU].

Select Sweep Mode Step , to activate the step frequency mode.

Getting Started Advanced

l-5

Page 80

Creating and Using

1. Refer to menu map 2.

a Frequency List

2. Press FREQUENCY (MENU).

Select

List

Menu.

To use the frequency points of a frequency list to create the frequency portion of the user flatness correction array:

1. Refer to menu map 5.

2. Press POWER (MENU).

Select

Fitness

Menu.

Select

Copy List.

l-52

Getting Started Advanced

Page 81

Using the Security

Features

To access the security menu:

1. Refer to menu map 8.

2. Press SYSTEM (j&ii7).

Select Security Menu.

Getting Started Advanced 1-53

Page 82

Changing the Preset

1. Set up the swept signal generator in the desired operation state to

Parameters

be used as the preset state.

2. Refer to menu map 8.

3. Press SYSTEM (MENU).

Select Save User Preset.

Select Preset Mode User.

Whenever the [jG’$FF) key is pressed, the swept signal generator will return to the operation state setup and saved in steps 1 and 4. The swept signal generator displays:

*** USERDEFINEDPRESETRECALLED

***

and also gives you the option of selecting the factory preset state by creating a factory preset softkey.

1-54 Getting Started Advanced

Page 83

Programming

Getting Started Programming

HP-IB, the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus, is the

instrument-

to-instrument communication system between the swept signal generator and up to 14 other instruments. Any instrument having HP-IB capability can be interfaced to the swept signal generator,

including non-HP instruments that have “GPIB,” “IEEE-488,”

“ANSI MC1.l,” or “IEC-625” capability (these are common generic terms for HP-IB; all are electrically equivalent although IEC-625 uses a unique connector). This portion of the manual specifically describes

interfacing the swept signal generator to one type of instrument: a

computer. The first part of this section provides general HP-IB information.

Later, the Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments

language (SCPI)

is introduced, and example programs are given. For information on programming in the Control Interface Intermediate Language (CIIL),

refer to a separate option 700 manual

supplement.

Getting Started Programming 1-55

Page 84

HP-IB General

Information

Interconnecting Cables

Instrument Addresses

HP-IB Instrument

Nomenclature

Programming the Swept

Signal Generator

l-56 Getting Started Programming

Figure C-2 shows the swept signal generator rear-panel HP-IB connector and suitable cables, and describes the procedures and limitations for interconnecting instruments. Cable length restrictions, also described in Figure C-2, must be observed.

Each instrument in an HP-IB network must have a unique address, ranging in value from 00-30 (decimal). The default address for the swept signal generator is 19, but this can be changed using the

My Adrs softkey or rear panel switch as described in the reference

chapter (Chapter 2) under the “8360 Adrs” entry (the examples in

this section use 19 as the address for the swept signal generator).

Other instruments use a variety of procedures for setting the address, as described in their operating manuals, but typically either a rear

panel switch or a front panel code is used.

An HP-IB instrument is categorized as a “listener,” “talker,” or

“controller,” depending on its current function in the network.

Listener

A listener is a device capable of receiving data or commands from other instruments. Any number of instruments in the HP-IB network can be listeners simultaneously.

Talker

A talker is a device capable of transmitting data or commands to other instruments. To avoid confusion, an HP-IB system allows only one device at a time to be an active talker.

Controller

A controller is an instrument, typically a computer, capable of managing the various HP-IB activities. Only one device at a time can be an active controller.

The swept signal generator can be controlled entirely by a computer (although the line POWER switch must be operated manually). Several functions are possible only by computer (remote) control. Computer programming procedures for the swept signal generator involve selecting an HP-IB command statement, then adding

the specific swept signal generator (SCPI, Analyzer, or CIIL) programming codes to that statement to achieve the desired operating conditions. The programming codes can be categorized into two groups: Those that mimic front panel keystrokes; and those that are unique, and have no front panel equivalent.

Page 85

In the programming explanations that follow, specific examples are included that are written in a generic dialect of the BASIC language.

BASIC was selected because the majority of HP-IB computers have BASIC language capability. However, other languages can also be used.

HP-IB Command

Command statements form the nucleus of HP-IB programming;

Statements

they are understood by all instruments in the network and, when

combined with the programming language codes, they provide all management and data communication instructions for the system.

An explanation of the fundamental command statements follows. However, some computers use a slightly different terminology,

or support an extended or enhanced version of these commands.

Consider the following explanations as a starting point, but for detailed information consult the BASIC language reference manual, the I/O programming guide, and the HP-IB manual for the particular computer used.

Syntax drawings accompany each statement: All items enclosed by a circle or oval are computer specific terms that must be entered exactly as described; items enclosed in a rectangular box are names of parameters used in the statement; and the arrows indicate a path that generates a valid combination of statement elements.

The seven fundamental command statements are as follows:

Abort

Abort abruptly terminates all listener/talker activity on the interface bus, and prepares all instruments to receive a new command from the controller. Typically, this is an initialization command used to place the bus in a known starting condition. The syntax is:

interface

select

code

where the interface select code is the computer’s HP-IB I/O port, which is typically port 7. Some BASIC examples:

ABORT7

100

V>20

THEN ABORT 7

Related statements used by some computers: ABORT10 (used by HP-80 series computers) HALT RESET

Getting Started Programming l-57

Page 86

Remote

Remote causes an instrument to change from local control to remote control. In remote control, the front panel keys are disabled (except for the

[E)

key and the POWER-switch); and the amber

REMOTE annunciator is lighted. The syntax is:

where the device selector is the address of the instrument appended to the HP-IB port number. Typically, the HP-IB port number is 7, and the default address for the swept signal generator is 19, so the device selector is 719. Some BASIC examples:

REMOTE 7

which prepares all HP-IB instruments for remote operation (although nothing appears to happen to the instruments until they are addressed to talk), or

REMOTE 719

which affects the HP-IB instrument located at address 19, or

REMOTE 719, 721, 726, 715

which

effects four instruments

that

have

addresses

19,

21, 26,

and

15. Related statements used by some computers: RESUME

Local Lockout

Local Lockout can be used in conjunction with REMOTE to disable the front panel

(LOCAL)

key. With the

(iZZiiJ

key disabled, only the controller (or a hard reset by the POWER switch) can restore local control. The syntax is:

interface

select .

code

A BASIC example:

REMOTE719

LOCALLOCKOUT 7

l-58

Getting Started Programming

Page 87

Local

Local is the complement to REMOTE, causing an instrument to return to local control with a fully enabled front panel. The syntax is:

Some BASIC examples:

LOCAL 7

which effects all instruments in the network, or

LOCAL 719

for an addressed instrument (address 19).

Related statements used by some computers: RESUME

Clear

Clear causes all HP-IB instruments, or addressed instruments, to assume a “cleared” condition, with the definition of “cleared” being unique for each device.

For the swept signal generator:

1. All pending output-parameter operations are halted.

2. The parser (the software that interprets the programming codes)

is reset, and now expects to receive the first character of a programming code.

The syntax is:

Getting Started Programming l-59

Page 88

Some BASIC examples:

CLEAR 7

to clear all HP-IB instruments, or

CLEAR 719

to clear an addressed instrument. Related statements used by some computers:

RESET CONTROL SEND The preceding statements are primarily management commands

that do not incorporate programming codes. The following two statements do incorporate programming codes, and are used for data communication.

output

Output is used to send function commands and data commands from the controller to the addressed instrument. The syntax is:

numeric

,expre**ionI

string

OXPWeiC+l

where USING is a secondary command that formats the output in a particular way, such as a binary or ASCII representation of numbers. The USING command is followed by “image items” that precisely define the format of the output; these image items can be a string of code characters, or a reference to a statement line in the computer program. Image items are explained in the programming codes where they are needed. Notice that this syntax is virtually identical to the syntax for the ENTER statement that follows.

l-60 Getting Started Programming

Page 89

A BASIC example:

100 OUTPUT 719;

“programming codes”

The many programming codes for the swept signal generator are listed in the “SCPI Command Summary” in Chapter 2.

Related statements used by some computers: CONTROL CONVERT IMAGE IOBUFFER TRANSFER

Enter

Enter is the complement of OUTPUT, and is used to transfer data from the addressed instrument to the controller. The syntax is:

device

selector

line

number

ENTER is always used in conjunction with OUTPUT, such as: 100

OUTPUT 719; ‘I . . . programming codes . . .

”

110

ENTER 719; ” . . . response data.. .

”

ENTER statements are commonly formatted, which requires the secondary command USING and the appropriate image items. The most-used image items involve end-of-line (EOL) suppression, binary

inputs, and literal inputs. For example:

100

ENTER 719 USING

‘I#,

B”; A, B,

suppresses the EOL sequence

(#),

and indicates that variables A, B,

and C are to be filled with binary (B) data. As another example,

100

ENTER 719 USING

‘I#, 123A” ;

suppresses EOL, and indicates that string variable A$ is to be filled with 123 bytes of literal data (123A).

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Note

Be careful when using byte-counting image specifiers. If the requested number of bytes does not match the actual number available, data might be lost, or the program might enter an endless wait state.

The suppression of the EOL sequence is frequently necessary to prevent a premature termination of the data input. When not specified, the typical EOL termination occurs when an ASCII LF

(line feed) is received. However, the LF bit pattern could coincidentally occur randomly in a long string of binary data, where it might cause a false termination. Also, the bit patterns for the ASCII CR (carriage return), comma, or semicolon might cause a false termination. Suppression of the EOL causes the computer to accept all bit patterns as data, not commands, and relies on the HP-IB EOI (end or identify) line for correct end-of-data termination.

Related statements used by some computers: CONVERT

IMAGE IOBUFFER

ON TIMEOUT SET TIMEOUT

TRANSFER This completes the HP-IB Command Statements subsection. The

following material explains the SCPI programming codes, and shows how they are used with the OUTPUT and ENTER HP-IB command statements.

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Getting Started with

This section of Chapter 1 describes the use of the Standard

SCPI

Commands for Programmable Instruments language (SCPI). This

section explains how to use SCPI commands in general. The instrument command summary (at the end of this chapter) lists the specific commands available in your instrument. This section presents only the basics of SCPI. If you want to explore the topic in greater depth, see the paragraph titled, “Related Documents.”

Definitions of Terms

This section defines most terms when they are first used, you need a

general understanding of the terms listed below before you continue.

controller

instrument

program message

response

message

command

query

A controller is any computer used to communicate with a SCPI instrument. A controller can be a

personal computer, a minicomputer, or a plug-in card in a card cage. Some intelligent instruments can also function as controllers.

An instrument is any device that implements SCPI.

Most instruments are electronic measurement or stimulus devices, but this is not a requirement.

Similarly, most instruments use an HP-IB interface for communication. The same concepts apply regardless of the instrument function or the type of interface used.

A program message is a combination of one or more properly formatted SCPI commands. Program messages always go from a controller to an instrument. Program messages tell the instrument how to make measurements and output signals.

A response message is a collection of data in specific SCPI formats. Response messages always go from an

instrument to a controller or listening instrument.

Response messages tell the controller about the

internal state of the instrument and about measured values.

A command is an instruction in SCPI. You combine commands to form messages that control instruments. In general, a command consists of mnemonics (keywords), parameters, and punctuation.

A query is a special type of command. Queries instruct the instrument to make response data available to the controller. Query mnemonics always end with a question mark.

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Standard Notation

This section uses several forms of notation that have specific meaning.

Command Mnemonics

Many commands have both a long and a short form, and you must

use either one or the other (SCPI does not accept a combination of the two). Consider the FREQuency command, for example. The short form is FREQ and the long form is FREQUENCY (this notation style is a shorthand to document both the long and short form of commands). SCPI is not case sensitive, so

fREquEnCy

is just as valid as FREQUENCY, but FREQ and FREQUENCY are the only valid forms of the FREQuency command.

Angle Brackets

Angle brackets indicate that the word or words enclosed represent something other than themselves. For example, <new line> represents the ASCII character with the decimal value 10. Similarly,

<-END>means

that EOI is asserted on the HP-IB interface. Words

in angle brackets have much more rigidly defined meaning than

words used in ordinary text. For example, this section uses the word “message” to talk about messages generally. But the bracketed words <program message> indicate a precisely defined element of SCPI. If you need them, you can find the exact definitions of words such as <program message> in a syntax diagram.

How to Use Examples

It is important to understand that programming with SCPI actually requires knowledge of two languages. You must know the programming language of your controller (BASIC, C, Pascal) as well as the language of your instrument (SCPI). The semantic requirements of your controller’s language determine how the SCPI commands and responses are handled in your application.

Command Examples

Command examples look like this:

:FREQuency:CW?

This example tells you to put the string

:FREQuency

:CW? in the output statement appropriate to your application programming language. If you encounter problems, study the details of how the output statement handles message terminators such as <new line>. If you are using simple OUTPUT statements in HP BASIC, this is taken care of for you. In HP BASIC, you type:

OUTPUT Source; ‘I : FREQuency :

CW?”

Command examples do not show message terminators because they are used at the end of every program message. “Details of

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Commands and Responses,”

discusses message terminators in more

detail.

Response Examples

Response examples look like this:

1.23

These are the characters you would read from an instrument after sending a query command. To actually pull them from the

instrument into the controller, use the input statement appropriate

to your application programming language. If you have problems, study the details of how the input statement operates. In particular,

investigate how the input statement handles punctuation characters

such as comma and semicolon, and how it handles <new line> and EOL.

To enter the previous response in HP BASIC, you type:

ENTER

Source;CW,frequency

Response examples do not show response message terminators because they are always <new line>

<-END>.

These terminators

are typically automatically handled by the input statement. The paragraph titled “Details of Commands and Responses” discusses message terminators in more detail.

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Essentials for Beginners

This subsection discusses elementary concepts critical to first-time users of SCPI. Read and understand this subsection before going on to another. This subsection includes the following topics:

Program and Response Messages

These paragraphs introduce the basic types of messages sent between

instruments and controllers.

Subsystem Command Trees

Subsystem Command Tables

Reading Instrument Errors

Example Programs

These paragraphs describe the

tree structure used in subsystem

commands.

These paragraphs present the condensed tabular format used for documenting subsystem commands.

These paragraphs explain how to read and print an instrument’s internal error messages.

These paragraphs contain two simple measurement programs that illustrate basic SCPI programming principles.

Program and Response

To understand how your instrument and controller communicate

Messages

using SCPI, you must understand the concepts of program and

response messages. Program messages are the formatted data sent from the controller to the instrument. Conversely, response messages are the formatted data sent from the instrument to the controller. Program messages contain one or more commands, and response messages contain one or more responses.

The controller may send commands at any time, but the instrument sends responses only when specifically instructed to do so. The special type of command used to instruct the instrument to send a response message is the query. All query mnemonics end with a question mark. Queries return either measured values or internal instrument settings. Any internal setting that can be programmed with SCPI can also be queried.

Forgiving Listening and Precise Talking

SCPI uses the concept of forgiving listening and precise talking outlined in IEEE 488.2. Forgiving listening means that instruments are very flexible in accepting various command and parameter

formats. For example, the swept signal generator accepts either

: POWer : STATe ON or : POWer : STATe 1 to turn RF output on. Precise

talking means that the response format for a particular query is

always the same. For example, if you query the power state when it

is on (using :POWer:STATe?), the response is always 1, regardless of

whether you previously sent : POWer : STATe 1 or : POWer : STATe ON.

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Types of Commands

Commands can be separated into two groups, common commands and subsystem commands. Common commands are generally not

measurement related. They are used to manage macros, status

registers, synchronization, and data storage. Common commands are easy to recognize because they all begin with an asterisk, such as *IDN?,

*OPC,

and

*RST.

Common commands are defined

by IEEE 488.2.

Szlbsystem

commands include all measurement

functions and some general purpose functions. Subsystem commands

are distinguished by the colon used between keywords, as in

:FREQuency :CW?. Each command subsystem is a set of commands

that roughly corresponds to a functional block inside the instrument. For example, the Power subsystem contains commands for power generation, while the STATUS subsystem contains commands for accessing status registers.

SPCI

Common

Subsystem

Commands

*RST “IDN?

:MEAS:VOLT?

:FREQ

1 KHz

Figure l-24.

SCPI

Command Types

po75b

The remaining paragraphs in this subsection discuss subsystem commands in more detail. Remember, some commands are implemented in one instrument and not in another, depending on its measurement function.

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Subsystem Command

Trees

The Command Tree Structure

Most programming tasks involve subsystem commands. SCPI uses

a hierarchical structure for subsystem commands similar to the file systems on most computers. In SCPI, this command structure is called a command tree.

root

level 1

rtl

level 2 EE FF GG

Figure l-25. A Simplified Command Tree

In the command tree shown in Figure l-25, the command closest to the top is the root command, or simply the root. Notice that you must follow a particular path to reach lower level subcommands. For example, if you wish to access the GG command, you must follow the path

to GG.

Paths Through the Command Tree

To access commands in different paths in the command tree, you must understand how an instrument interprets commands. A special part of the instrument firmware, a purser, decodes each message sent to the instrument. The parser breaks up the message into component commands using a set of rules to determine the command tree path used. The parser keeps track of the current path, the level in the command tree where it expects to find the next command you send. This is important because the same keyword may appear in different paths. The particular path you use determines how the keyword is interpreted. The following rules are used by the parser:

Power On and Reset

After power is cycled or after

*RST,

the current path is set to the

root.

Message Terminators

A message terminator, such as a <new line> character, sets the current path to the root. Many programming languages have output statements that send message terminators automatically. The paragraph titled, “Details of Commands and Responses,” discusses message terminators in more detail.

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When it is between two command mnemonics, a colon moves the current path down one level in the command tree. For example,

the colon in MEAS:VOLT specifies that VOLT is one level below

MEAS.

When the colon is the first character of a command, it specifies that the next command mnemonic is a root level command. For example, the colon in

:INIT specifies that

INIT

is a root level

command.

n Semicolon

A semicolon separates two commands in the same message without changing the current path.

n Whitespuce

White space characters, such as

<tab>

and <space>, are generally

ignored. There are two important exceptions. White space inside a

keyword, such as :FREQ uency, is not allowed. You must use white space to separate parameters from commands. For example, the <space> between LEVel and 6.2 in the command

:POWer

LEVel

6.2 is mandatory. White space does not affect the current path.

Commas

If a command requires more than one parameter, you must separate adjacent parameters using a comma. Commas do not affect the current path.

n Common Commands

Common commands, such as

*RST,

are not part of any subsystem.

An instrument interprets them in the same way, regardless of the

current path setting.

Figure l-26 shows examples of how to use the colon and semicolon to navigate efficiently through the command tree.

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r-t-l

R Sets current path

to ROOT

:M:CC

:AA:BB:EE;FF;GG

:AA:DD:HH;JJ

NO change to

current path

D Set current path

DOWN one level

:AA:BB:EE;

:M:DD:JJ

Figure l-26. Proper Use of the Colon and Semicolon

In Figure l-26, notice how proper use of the semicolon can save typing.

Sending this message:

:AA:BB:EE; FF; GG

Is the same as sending these three messages:

:AA:BB:EE

:AA:BB:FF

:AA:BB:GG

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Subsystem Command

These paragraphs introduce a more complete, compact way of

Tables

documenting subsystems using a tabular format. The command table contains more information than just the command hierarchy shown in a graphical tree. In particular, these tables list command parameters for each command and response data formats for queries. To begin this exploration of command tables, consider a simplified SWEep subsystem for the swept signal generator in both the graphical and tabular formats.

SWEep

DWELI

GENeration

MANual

AUTO

POlNt

RELative

Figure l-27. Simplified SWEep Command Tree

Table 1-2. SWEep Command Table

Command

:SWEep

:DWELl

:AUTO :GENeration :MANual

:POINt

[:RELative]

Parameters

state

Parameter

Type

BooleanlONCE

Reading the Command Table

Note the three columns in the command table labeled Command,

Parameters, and Parameter Type. Commands closest to the root

level are at the top of the table. Commands in square brackets

are implied commands, which are discussed in later paragraphs. If a command requires one or more parameters in addition to the

keyword, the parameter names are listed adjacent to the command.

Parameters in square brackets are optional parameters, which are discussed in later paragraphs. If the parameter is not in square

brackets, it is required and you must send a valid setting for it with

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the matching command. The parameter type is listed adjacent to each named parameter.

More About Commands Query and Event Commands. Because you can query any value that

you can set, the query form of each command is not shown explicitly in the command tables. For example, the presence of the swept signal generator : SWEep :

DWELl

command implies that a : SWEep :

DWELl?

also exists. If you see a table containing a command ending with a question mark, it is a query only command. Some commands are events, and cannot be queried. An event has no corresponding setting if it causes something to happen inside the instrument at a particular instant. For example,

INITiate

: IMMediate causes a certain trigger sequence to initiate. Because it is an event, there is no query form of :

INITiate

IMMediate.

Implied Commands. Implied commands appear in square brackets in the command table. If you send a subcommand immediately preceding an implied command, but do not send the implied command, the instrument assumes you intend to use the implied command, and behaves just as if you had sent it. Note that this means the instrument expects you to include any parameters required by the implied command. The following example illustrates equivalent ways to program the swept signal generator using explicit and implied commands.

Example swept signal generator commands with and without an

implied commands:

: SWEep :

MANual

: RELat ive 6

using explicit commands

:SWEep:MANual 6

using implied commands

Optional Parameters. Optional parameter names are enclosed in square brackets in the command table. If you do not send a value

for an optional parameter, the instrument chooses a default value.

The instrument’s command dictionary documents the values used for

optional parameters.

Program Message Examples

The following parts of the swept signal generator SCPI command set will be used to demonstrate how to create complete SCPI program messages:

:FREQuency

[:CWl

:MULTiplier

: STATE

: POWER

[

: LEVEL]

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