This manual has been prepared to help in the use of the Manning Systems EC-P2 portable gas
detector.
This manual must be carefully followed by all individuals who have or will have the
responsibility for using or servicing the sensor.
Warranties made by Manning Systems, Inc.
with respect to this equipment will be voided if the equipment is not used and serviced in
accordance with the instructions in this manual. If in doubt about a procedure, please contact
Manning Systems, Inc. before proceeding.
The EC-P2 is a portable, battery operated instrument for
the measurement of gas concentrations in ambient air.
The EC-P2 can be converted from one target gas to
another by simply plugging in a different SMART-CELL
for the desired target gas (takes about 30 seconds). This
allows one instrument to detect a number of different
gases.
All calibration and alarm setpoint data is stored on the
individual SMART-CELL so reconfiguration is not
necessary when changing target gases. Extra SMARTCELLs should be kept on the optional sensor keeper
when not in use to keep them “warmed up” and ready
for immediate use.
The EC-P2 utilizes two different batteries to insure that
you’ll never be without power when you need it. The
primary power source is a “C” size alkaline battery
housed in the handle. It will run the unit approximately
48 hours. When this battery is removed or dead, the unit
will switch to its standby power source, an internal
rechargeable NiCad battery, which will run the unit
approximately six hours. When not in use, the unit
should be plugged into the charger to keep this standby
battery charged. If desired, the unit can be run
continuously when plugged into the charger.
Figure 1: Basic Parts of the EC-P2 Sensor
Outlet Tube
Sampling Wand
Assembly
Data Logger Port
Standby Battery
Recharge Receptacle
Primary Battery
The EC-P2 also has advanced capabilities such as data
logging to an Excel spreadsheet, 0 to 1.0 Volt DC analog
output capability, and a sampling mode for taking a
single reading in a controlled, repeatable manner.
operation.
60 seconds indicates that either the Alkaline C cell
battery is low or the internal rechargeable NiCad
battery is low.
Standby Power: Internal rechargeable NiCad
battery, 6 hours operation.
single beep every 60 seconds indicates that either
the Alkaline C cell battery is low or the internal
rechargeable NiCad battery is low.
Charger: 120 VAC plug-in charger for internal
standby battery
Display: Backlit LCD
Pump: Miniature internal diaphragm type,
flowrate 0.5 SCFH
Alarms: Two concentration alarms, zero drift
caution, Low flow and Low battery alarms. Alarms
displayed on LCD and indicated by audible beeper.
P = Primary (“C” cell)
S = Standby (Internal NiCad)
Flashing indicates low battery
CURRENT GAS CONCENTRATION
(Blinking indicates sensor over range)
TARGET GAS
SMART-CELL dependent
ADVANCED FEATURES ONLY
Do not push for normal operation
ALARM INDICATION CODE
Blank = No alarm condition present
C = Caution—Cell has excessive zero downdrift
W = Warning—Gas concentration has exceeded warning level
A = Alarm—Gas concentration has exceeded alarm level
P = Pump trouble
Lg = Data logging in progress
Battery Light
A Operating the Sensor
The EC-P2 is shipped ready for use. To power up the
instrument, push the PWR button. The power up
sequence displays first the self check, the sensor full
scale value, the downscale caution level, warning
concentration setpoint, alarm concentration setpoint,
output ranges, software version, then the normal
operating screen.
The unit will then display the instantaneous gas
concentration and is ready for use.
The normal operating screen displays the information as
shown in Figure 2.
The EC-P2 is designed to avoid accidental shut-off of the
To turn the unit off, the PWR button must be
power.
held down for approximately three seconds.
Release
the button after the “Power Down” message appears.
B Changing the Target Gas
using SMART-CELL
Technology
4) Replace the manifold and hand tighten the thumbscrews.
5) Verify proper flow through the sampling wand using the
flowmeter provided.
Extra SMART-CELLS should be kept on the optional
sensor keeper when not in use to keep them “warmed
up” and ready for immediate use. The sensor keeper is
powered by an Alkaline “C” size battery which should be
replaced every 6 months.
For a variety of target gases, see page 13 for a list of
available SMART-CELLs. Contact Manning Systems if
the desired target gas is not listed, as new cells may be
available.
Figure 2: Normal Operating Screen of the EC-P2 Sensor
The EC-P2 can easily be changed to sense another target
gas by installing the SMART-CELL for the desired target
gas. Each SMART-CELL contains all the calibration and
alarm setpoint information on its internal memory chip,
so recalibration or reprogramming is not necessary
when changing the EC-P2 from one gas to another. This
procedure can be performed with the unit powered on
or off (see Figure 3).
1) Unscrew the two stainless steel thumbscrews and remove
2)
To remove the existing SMART-CELL, grip the sides of the
3)
Install the desired SMART-CELL by gently inserting it into
the black inlet / outlet manifold lid from the back of the
unit.
cell and pull it straight out.
the socket. Notice that the SMART-CELL is keyed so it
cannot be inserted incorrectly.
2 Operation continued
C Response Test
Prior to use, the unit should first be tested for proper
response. With the detector operating, the unit should
be exposed to a sample of the target gas. The display
should show an increasing concentration. If not, do not
use it for field measurements.
D Sample Inlet Port
The EC-P2 is provided with a quick disconnect flexible
extension wand. It will work with or without the wand.
When using the extension wand, the internal walls must
be kept dry. Water on the walls of the tubing can
potentially absorb the target gas. To dry, allow the unit
to pump dry, ambient air for 15 minutes.
E Response/Recovery Time
Under normal conditions, the instrument will reach 90%
of final value within two minutes. This is dependent on
concentration and temperature.
Recovery time for the sensor depends on duration and
concentration of exposure. Short exposures of concentrations at the lower end of the target gas range result
in rapid recovery. Long exposures to levels above the
middle of the target gas range or short exposures to
levels exceeding the target gas range can extend recovery
times to hours. Repeated exposures above the target gas
range will reduce cell life and should be avoided.
F Interference Gases
The EC-P2 is generally quite specific to the target gas,
but depending on the target gas, other gases may cause
a reading. See Appendix B for a listing of potential
interference gases for the various SMART-CELLs.
G Alarm Functions
The EC-P2 provides both visible and audible gas concentration alarms and system alarms. An alarm condition
will be displayed on the normal operating screen as
described on page 5. In addition to the alarm indication
code in the left side of the screen, an alarm message
will flash intermittently on the screen, the audible beeper
will sound and the ACK button will appear. Pushing the
ACK button will silence the beeper and stop the display
flashing. The Alarm Indication Code will remain on the
left side of the screen until the alarm condition clears.
Alarm setpoints are stored on the individual SMARTCELL and can be changed by the user as described in
Section 4.
Note: An audible alarm single beep every 60 seconds
indicates that either the Alkaline C cell battery is low or
the internal rechargeable NiCad battery is low.
H Display Resolution
The EC-P2 displays gas concentration with a resolution
that depends upon the range of the unit. Full scale ranges
of 0-4.00 or below will provide resolution of 0.01. Ranges
from 0-5.0 up to 0-49.9 will provide resolution of 0.1.
Full scale ranges above 50 will have a resolution of 1.
It is essential that the test and calibration schedule be
adhered to. Manning Systems recommends the following
maintenance schedule:
• Response test prior to each use. Expose sensor to
a sample of the target gas to verify proper sensor
response and alarm functions.
• Calibration should be performed with certified
calibration gas every six months, and all tests
must be logged.
• Check filter material every six months. Replace if
dirty or moist.
• If the optional sensor keeper is used for extra
SMART-CELLs, change the sensor keeper battery
once every 6 months. Use only alkaline “C” size
batteries.
B Sensor Life
The electrochemical SMART CELL is extremely reliable,
but the following can cause the cell chemicals to
become depleted:
• A period of time
C Calibration
Calibration is recommended every six months in normal
use. Each SMART-CELL stores its calibration and alarm
setpoint information on its own memory chip. When the
SMART-CELL is plugged into the EC-P2, this information
is used by the EC-P2. The SMART-CELL can be field
calibrated by the user or returned to Manning Systems
for factory calibration.
The calibration procedure requires the use of a bypass
tee to allow the gas to be drawn into the flow cell
without creating variable pressure or dilution problems.
Calibration gas cannot be fed into the flow cell under
pressure.
When applying calibration gas use the bypass tee as
shown in figure 4 on page 8. The flowrate of calibration
gas should be high enough that at least 0.5 SCFH is
flowing out of the calibration tee. This can be measured
with the supplied flowmeter and insures that air is not
being drawn into the unit and diluting the calibration
gas.
The unit may be zeroed without spanning it; however,
never span the unit without first zeroing it.
The following procedure will calibrate the SMART-CELL.
• Exposure to high temperatures
• Exposure to high concentrations of the target gas
• Exposure to high moisture
When the cell becomes depleted, the unit will give no
indication of failure other than that the sensor will not
respond. For this reason it is absolutely essential that
these units be exercised with a gas sample on a regular
basis.
Typical sensor life under normal use is two years or
more. When the SMART-CELL will no longer calibrate
properly, simply purchase a new SMART-CELL and
replace.
1) Push power button to turn unit on. Wait for power up
sequence to finish (30 seconds).
2)Push and hold the unnamed button (second from left) first,
then Push and hold the Menu button. Hold both buttons
until the screen goes blank (2 seconds). Release both
buttons and the unit is now in Programming Mode.
3)Push the SENS button and the unit is now in the zero/span
mode.
3 Maintenance continued
Zero Calibration
4) Be sure the unit is in clean air or apply zero air for two
minutes.
5)
Push ZERO button.
6)
Push SAVE button to save the new zero calibration.
Span Calibration
7) Push SPAN button.
8) Apply span gas for two minutes.
9) Push INC button (increase) or DEC button (decrease) until
the display matches the span gas concentration.
10) Push SAVE button to store new span calibration.
To Exit ZERO / SPAN Mode
11) Push DONE button twice slowly to get back into normal
operation mode.
D Troubleshooting
The detector does not start: Check to see that a fresh
battery is installed. Both the primary and standby
batteries must be discharged for this problem to occur.
Plug the charger into the EC-P2 to charge the standby
battery. Wait 10 minutes and retry.
The detector does not respond to the target gas: Verify
the proper flow rate using the supplied flowmeter.
Perform calibration. If sensor won’t calibrate, the
SMART-CELL may be depleted. Contact Manning
Systems for a replacement SMART-CELL.
Pump alarm: This will occur if the pump motor stops
or if an internal pressure sensor detects blockage of the
inlet. Check that the internal filter is not clogged or wet
and that the inlet tube is clear.
External flowmeter indicates no flow: Verify that pump
is running. Check that the manifold screws are tight and
the extension wand connection is tight.
Unit does not respond when keys are pressed: Press
and hold all four buttons for five seconds. This will reset
the EC-P2. Turn the unit back on by pressing the PWR
button.
High reading won’t clear: When the sensor is exposed
to very high gas concentrations, it takes a relatively long
time for the sensor to clear. Leave the unit running in a
clean environment for a few hours to clear the sensor. If
it doesn’t clear after six hours, the sensor may have
been damaged. Contact Manning Systems for a
replacement SMART-CELL.
Unit is in alarm with gas reading of 0 ppm: Check the
alarm setpoints and alarm functions as described on
page 9. Verify that alarm is not programmed as a
downscale alarm, and that the setpoint is above zero.
Figure 4: Calibration of the EC-P2 Sensor
using a Bypass Tee
Vent through
flowmeter
Bypass tee
LPM AIR
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
Calibration gas
flowmeter
TEST UNIT PRIOR TO USE
OUTLET
INLET
DO NOT BLOCK INLET
OR OUTLIET PORTS
CAUTION
Calibration gas bottle
(use only Certified
Calibration Gas)
The EC-P2 has three adjustable alarm setpoints. These
setpoints are stored on each SMART-CELL. The Caution
setpoint is to warn of excessive negative zero drift. The
WARNING and ALARM setpoints are to warn of
potentially dangerous target gas concentrations. The
following procedure will change the WARNING setpoint.
To Enter CAUT / WARN / ALRM Mode
1) Push power button to turn unit on. Wait for power up
sequence to finish (30 seconds).
2)Push and hold the unnamed button first, then Push and
hold the Menu button. Hold both buttons until the screen
goes blank (two seconds). Release both buttons and the
unit is now in Programming Mode.
3)Push the ALRM button and the unit is now in the
CAUT / WARN / ALRM mode.
Warning Setpoint
4) Push WARN button.
5) Push S.P. button (setpoint).
6) Push INC button (increase) or DEC button (decrease)
until the display matches the desired warning setpoint.
Notice the minus sign above the arrow if the setpoint is
below zero.
7) Push SAVE button to store new warning setpoint.
8) Push DONE button to return to Alarms mode.
The function of each alarm can be selected to alarm on
increasing gas concentration (UP arrow), alarm on
decreasing gas concentration (DOWN arrow), or be
disabled (off). The following procedure will set the
Warning function to alarm on decreasing concentration
(Useful for Oxygen Depletion warning).
To Enter CAUT / WARN / ALRM Mode
1) Push power button to turn unit on. Wait for power up
sequence to finish (30 seconds).
2)Push and hold the unnamed button first, then Push and
hold the Menu button. Hold both buttons until the screen
goes blank (two seconds). Release both buttons and the
unit is now in Programming Mode.
3)Push the ALRMS button and the unit is now in the
CAUT / WARN / ALRM mode.
Warning Function
4) Push WARN button.
5) Push FUNC (function) button.
6) Push SELECT button while viewing the arrow in the lower
left hand corner of the screen to toggle through the
following three possibilities:
• UP arrow – Warn on increasing concentration
(gas goes higher than setpoint).
• DOWN arrow – Warn on decreasing concentration
(gas goes lower than setpoint).
• Blank – warning function turned OFF.
7)Push SAVE button when the DOWN arrow is displayed to
store new warning function.
To Exit CAUT / WARN / ALRM Mode
9) Push DONE button twice slowly to get back into normal
operation mode.
The Caution and Alarm setpoints are programmed in the
same manner, except for step four above in which you
would push either the CAUT or ALRM button.
9) Push DONE button two times slowly to get back into
normal operation mode.
The Caution and Alarm functions are programmed in the
same manner, except for step four above in which you
would push either the CAUT or ALRM button.
4 Programming and Advanced Features continued
B Display Variables
The EC-P2 has two adjustable display variables. These
variables control signal conditioning of the LCD display.
Variables are stored on each SMART-CELL. The AVG
(Average) variable determines the number of one
second samples to average to calculate the displayed
value. The lower the averaging value, the faster the
display will change and the more “wiggle” will be
displayed. The BLANK (zero blanking) variable controls
the lowest reading that will be displayed. This is to
eliminate the misleading display of signals within the
zero noise of the sensor. The following procedure will
change the AVG variable.
To Enter AVG / BLANK Mode
1) Push power button to turn unit on. Wait for power up
sequence to finish (30 seconds).
2)Push and hold the unnamed button first, then Push and
hold the Menu button. Hold both buttons until the screen
goes blank (two seconds). Release both buttons and the
unit is now in Programming Mode.
3) Push the MORE button.
4) Push the DISP (display) button and the unit is now in the
AVG / BLANK mode.
AVG Variable
5) Push AVG button.
6) Push INC button (increase) or DEC button (decrease) until
the display matches the desired value.
7) Push SAVE button to store new AVG variable.
To Exit AVG / BLANK Mode
8) Push DONE button twice slowly to get back into normal
operation mode.
The Blanking variable is programmed in the same
manner, except for step five above in which you would
push the BLANK button.
C Sample Mode
The Sample Mode feature allows the user to take a
measurement using a predefined repeatable method to
eliminate user “interpretation” of a gas concentration
that is changing. This is similar to a digital scale, for
example, so the exact same reading will be taken
regardless of who is taking it.
The measuring sequence used in Sample Mode is as
follows:
• Draw a
time to allow unit to stabilize to the existing gas
concentration.
Measure the gas concentration and average it for
•
a user programmed measuring time.
•
Clear the gas concentration to below a user
programmed recovery value before allowing
another cycle to start. (Unit should be moved to
fresh air during the clear time.)
Sample for a user programmed sampling
Taking a sample:
To take a sample, locate the detector at the desired
sample location, and push the SMPL (sample) button on
the normal operation screen. The unit will countdown
the Sample time, followed by the Measure time, at the
end of which the average value will be displayed.
Note the displayed sample value. Pushing the CLEAR
button will return the unit to the normal operation
screen once the gas concentration is below the
predefined recovery value. The unit is now ready to take
another sample if desired.
Clear as described above. The following procedure will
change the Sample variable.
To Enter SAMP / MEAS / CLEAR Mode
1) Push power button to turn unit on. Wait for power up
sequence to finish (30 seconds).
2)Push and hold the unnamed button (second from left) first,
then Push and hold the Menu button. Hold both buttons
until the screen goes blank (two seconds). Release both
buttons and the unit is now in Programming Mode.
3) Push the MORE button.
4) Push the SMPL (sample) button and the unit is now in the
SAMP / MEAS / CLEAR mode.
SAMP Variable
5) Push SAMP (sample) button.
6) Push INC button (increase) or DEC button (decrease) until
the display matches the desired value. The display is in
minutes and seconds.
7) Push SAVE button to store new SAMP variable.
To Exit SAMP / MEAS / CLEAR Mode
8) Push DONE button twice slowly to get back into normal
operation mode.
The Measure and Clear variables are programmed in the
same manner, except for step five above in which you
would push the MEAS or CLEAR button.
D Data Logging
The EC-P2 can log periodic gas concentration readings
to be downloaded to a file which can be read by
Microsoft Excel or other popular spreadsheet applications. The EC-P2 will store instantaneous gas values
every one, five, 10, or 15 minutes. Multiple sessions can
be logged and then downloaded as separate files.
EC-P2 software installation:
The EC-P2 is supplied with a CD containing the “Manning
Systems EC-P2” program. It will run on Windows 95,
Windows 98, or Windows 2000. To install the program,
place the disk in your CD drive. The CD should
automatically begin the installation process. Follow the
prompts as they appear on your screen. Accepting the
default directory locations is recommended for most
installations. If the CD does not automatically start, click
on “My Computer” and then your CD drive. Double-click
on the file named “Setup.exe.”
Prior to your first datalogging session it is recommended
that you connect the EC-P2 to your computer with the
data logging program running. The computer can then
set the time in the EC-P2 to match its own clock.
Data logging with the EC-P2:
To Start the Data Logging Session
1) Push power button to turn unit on. Wait for power up
sequence to finish (30 seconds).
2) Push the MENU button.
3) Push the LOG button and the unit is now in the
CLEAR / INT / START mode.
4)If the CLEAR button is available, that means there is data
currently stored in the unit. If desired, you can erase the
data already in the unit by pushing the CLEAR button.
(If you don’t push CLEAR, each data logging session can
be downloaded as a separate file).
5)Push INT button (interval) to cycle through the choices for
how often to log a data point. Stop when the desired
interval is displayed. Notice how much time can be
covered with the remaining free memory.
6)Push and hold the START button until the screen goes
blank (two seconds) to begin a new data logging session.
The unit will now display the gas concentration. The Lg
symbol in the left side of the display indicates that the unit
is logging data. If you watch this symbol carefully, you will
see it change to an “s” each time a data point is stored.
9) Push and hold the STOP button until the screen changes
to CLEAR / INT / START / MODE (two seconds).
10) Push the DONE button to get back into normal operation
mode.
Working with the “EC-P2” program:
The “EC-P2” program downloads the logging files from
the EC-P2. It does not display the data. The files it
downloads can be opened by or imported into Excel,
Lotus 123 or other programs for graphing and analysis.
Turn on the EC-P2 and connect it to your PC using the
RS-232 cable supplied. From Windows START menu,
select “PROGRAMS,” then “Manning Systems EC-P2,”
and then “EC-P2”. As soon as you start the “EC-P2”
program, your computer will try to establish a
connection to the EC-P2. If the EC-P2 is currently
logging data, the “EC-P2” program will automatically
stop the logging function.
The program contains two tabs, one marked “Download”
and one marked “Configure”. Review the settings on the
“Configure” tab, making changes as necessary.
From the “Download” tab, review the Link Status block
in the lower right hand corner. It should indicate
“Link OK”. Link Trouble can be caused by selection of
the wrong Com port in the Configure Tab, improperly
connecting the RS-232 cable, or not turning on the
EC-P2.
E Analog Output
The EC-P2 has a 0 to 1.0 volt DC analog output
capability when used with the optional analog output
cable. With the analog output cable plugged into the
communication port of the EC-P2, the user can measure
the voltage between the two wires and correlate it to
gas concentration. The voltage output will be linear
between zero and the full scale range of the SMARTCELL as programmed below. Each SMART-CELL has a
wide range of choices of full scale values.
The full scale range as programmed below only affects
the analog output and the data logging full-scale output.
The display will always cover the entire operating range
of the SMART-CELL. Changing the range can affect the
display resolution for some SMART-CELLs.
Changing the full scale range on EC-P2:
To Enter RANGE Mode
1) Push power button to turn unit on. Wait for power up
sequence to finish (30 seconds).
2)Push and hold the unnamed button (second from left) first,
then Push and hold the Menu button. Hold both buttons
until the screen goes blank (two seconds). Release both
buttons and the unit is now in Programming Mode.
3) Push the MORE button.
4) Push the DISP (display) button.
5) Push the MORE button and the unit is now in the RANGE
mode.
Adjusting the RANGE
When you are ready to transfer data from the EC-P2 to
your PC, click on “get data” and the files will be
downloaded to your computer. Note the file names in
the destination window so you can locate the files.
These files can now be opened with Excel (use .csv
filename), Lotus 123, or other user supplied programs.
2) A number indicates that when exposed to the interference gas, the sensor will react the specified amount for a given concentration.
For example, on the first line of the table above, if the NO
This interference is in addition to the target gas present. For example, if an NH
the same time, the reading will be 0.9 ppm (1ppm NH
sensor is exposed to 1 ppm Bromine (Br2), the sensor will read 0.5 ppm.
2
sensor is exposed to 1 ppm NH3 and 1 ppm Br2 at
3
+ -0.1 ppm Br2 = 0.9 ppm reading).
3
6 Limited Warranty
1. Limited Warranty
Manning Systems, Inc. (“Manning”) warrants to
the original purchaser and/or ultimate customer
(“Purchaser”) of Manning’s Products (“Product”)
that if any part thereof proves to be defective in
material or workmanship within eighteen (18)
months of the date of shipment by Manning or
twelve (12) months from the date of first use by
the purchaser, whichever comes first, such
defective part will be repaired or replaced, free of
charge, at Manning’s discretion if shipped prepaid
to Manning at 11511 W. 83rd Terrace, Lenexa,
Kansas 66214, in a package equal to or in the
original container. The Product will be returned
freight prepaid and repaired or replaced if it is
determined by Manning that the part failed due to
defective materials or workmanship. The repair
or replacement of any such defective part shall be
Manning’s sole and exclusive responsibility and
liability under this limited warranty.
2. Exclusions
A. If gas sensors are part of the Product, the gas
sensor is covered by a twelve (12) month
limited warranty of the manufacturer.
B. If gas sensors are covered by this limited
warranty, the gas sensor is subject to
inspection by Manning for extended exposure
to excessive gas concentrations if a claim by
the Purchaser is made under this limited
warranty. Should such inspection indicate that
the gas sensor has been expended rather than
failed prematurely, this limited warranty shall
not apply to the Product.
C. This limited warranty does not cover
consumable items, such as batteries, or items
subject to wear or periodic replacement,
including lamps, fuses, valves, vanes, sensor
elements, cartridges, or filter elements.
3. Warranty Limitation and Exclusion
Manning will have no further obligation under this
limited warranty. All warranty obligations of
Manning are extinguishable if the Product has
been subject to abuse, misuse, negligence, or
accident or if the Purchaser fails to perform any
of the duties set forth in this limited warranty or
if the Product has not been operated in
accordance with instructions, or if the Product
serial number has been removed or altered.
4. Disclaimer of Unstated Warranties
THE WARRANTY PRINTED ABOVE IS THE ONLY
WARRANTY APPLICABLE TO THIS PURCHASE.
ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED.
5. Limitation of Liability
IT IS UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED THAT
MANNING’S LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, IN TORT, UNDER ANY WARRANTY,
IN NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE SHALL NOT
EXCEED THE AMOUNT OF THE PURCHASE
PRICE PAID BY THE PURCHASER FOR THE
PRODUCT AND UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES
SHALL MANNING BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL,
INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES.
THE PRICE STATED FOR THE PRODUCT IS A
CONSIDERATION LIMITING MANNING’S
LIABILITY. NO ACTION, REGARDLESS OF
FORM, ARISING OUT OF THE TRANSACTIONS
UNDER THIS WARRANTY MAY BE BROUGHT BY
THE PURCHASER MORE THAN ONE YEAR
AFTER THE CAUSE OF ACTION HAS
OCCURRED.