Hioki 3551 User Manual

3550 Series Battery HiTESTERs

User's Guide

September 1999

HIOKI E. E. CORPORATION

Author: R&D OFFICE II

Editor: Technical Sales Sup p o rt Section

81 Koizumi

Ueda-shi, Nagano-ken JAPAN

[e-mail]

http://www.hioki.co.jp

2

CONTENTS

1 Display

……………………………

2

Q 1 - 3

2 Printer Output/Memory

……………………………

2

Q1 - 8

3 Comparator

……………………………

4

Q1 - 7

4 Input Protection

……………………………

6

Q1 - 3

5 Leads

……………………………

7

Q1 - 15

6 Resistance Measurement

……………………………

9

Q1 - 14

7 Voltage Measurement

……………………………

14

Q1

8 Temperature Measurement

……………………………

14

Q1 - 2

9 Batteries

……………………………

15

Q1 - 13

10 Miscellaneous

……………………………

19

Q1 - 19

11 References

……………………………

23

Questions & Answers

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

3

1 Display………………………………………………………………...

Q1. Why does the 3550 series

comparator display a warning
when it finds the resistance of a
battery to be between the upper
and lower limits, i.e., (lower
limit resistance value)
<resistance < (upper limit

resistance value)

?

A1. When a battery is new, it has a low internal

resistance, but as the battery deteriorates the
internal resistance becomes larger. This is due
to corrosion on the plates, loss of electrolytic
solution, etc. Theref ore, when the comparator
is found to be in the "IN "con ditio n dur ing batte ry
maintenance work, a warning is generated.
However, when the battery is shipped fr om the
factory, it passes inspection as long as it falls
between the upper and lower limits for both
resistance and voltage. At HIOKI, we use
these units in combination with the 3225 and the

3236.

Q2. If a negative voltage is displayed,

the comparator makes an
incorrect evaluation if the polarity
of the test leads is reversed
when connected to the battery.
(To be more precise, rath er than
incorrectly evaluating the
voltage, it judges the voltage
low.) Is it possible to ignore the
negative polarity for the
evaluation?

A2. Although it is not possible with the 3550 series,

we will consider im plementing such a c apability
in a future BATTERY HiTESTER/AC
mΩHiTESTER.

Q3. After inserting batteries in the

3551 (or connecting the AC
adapter), power does not come
on immediately. Is this a
defect?

A3. When batteries are first inserted or when

batteries were fully depleted and are replaced
(or when the AC adapter is connected), the unit
will not come on for abou t 15 seconds. This is
because the inter nal backup capacitor is b eing
charged. It is not a defect. Information about
this point is included in the manual.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

4

2 Printer Output/Memory………………………………………………

Q1. How can I load data stored in

memory into a personal
computer?

A1. Refer to the reference mater ial at the end of

this sales guide. The material describes how
to use the 3550 and 3551's printer outp ut to
load data from memory into a personal
computer. The method that is described
uses a commercially available RS- 232C
converter to load the data into a personal
computer running under Windows 95.Hyper
Terminal, provided with Windows 95, is the
software that is used.
Note:Units (Ω, V, C, etc.) are also output.

Q2. Is conversion of output to

Centronics - RS- 232C
possible?

A2. At present, the 3550 can store 26 0, 3551 can

store 250 items of data i n mem ory. Because
the memory in the u nit is already be ing used
to the fullest extent possible, it is not p ossible
to increase the amount of data that can be
stored in memory.

Q3. Is it possible to increase the

amount of data that can be
stored in memory?

A3. When batteries are first inserted or when

batteries were fully depl eted and are r eplaced
(or when the AC adapter is connected), the
unit will not come on for about 15 seconds.
This is because the inter nal backup capacit or
is being charged. It is not a defect.
Information about th is point is includ ed in the
manual.

Q4. I have imported the data to a PC

and want to process them with
Microsoft Excel, but the unit
symbols prevent proper
calculation or graph display.
What should I do?

A4.

Unit symbols such as "Ω", "V", or "C" can be
deleted using the global replace function of
Excel.

Q5. Can measurement data be

selectively deleted or added?

A5. With the 3550 and 35 51, it is on ly possible t o

delete the latest data or all data. T he 3551
has a new function which allo ws over writing
data selectively.

Q6. Can I print out measurement

data selectively?

A.6 This is not possible. The 3550 and 3551

send all data to the 9203 in one operation,
and the 9203 prints all of these data.

Refer to the reference
material at the end of
guide.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

5

Q7. I want to externally control

EXT.HOLD and EXT.MEMO.
Where is the circuit common
point? Is it possible to perform
control with 0/5 V (CMOS
level)?

A7. Refer to the circuit configuration of EXT.HOLD

and EXT.MEMO shown below.The internal
circuit operates at 5 V. Con trol at the CMO S
level is therefore possible.

Q8. Does the printout differ,

depending on the software
version of the 9203?

A8. The software ver sion and compatible m odels

are listed below.
Ver.1.00:3227
Ver.1.01:3550, 3227
Ver.1.10:3550, 3551, 3227
When version 1.10 is used and the 3550 is
connected, "NG" is displayed as "- - ".
When the 3551 is connected, printout is as
explained in the m anual. W hen version 1.01
is used and the 355 1 is connected, the 3 m
Ωrange cannot be printed. For details,
please contact the HIOKI Head Office.

3 Comparator…………...………………………………………………

Q1. Is it possible for HIOKI to

research the battery data and
write the comparator values to
memory?

A1. Although HIOKI is engaged in battery

charging and discharging tests, the data
generated by these tests is intende d only for
reference purposes. Users m ust provide the
data on individual batteries.

Q2. Is it possible to increase the

number of comparator?

A2. Yes. It is possib le to increase the num ber of

comparator numbers up to 3 0(3550 and 3555
but 3551 is not possible). Such cases are
handled as special orders.

Q3. Is it possible to input upper and

lower limit values for a voltage
comparator?

A3. This is not possible with the 3550 series.

Inspections conducted by the battery
manufacturer when the batteries are shipped
from the factor are perf ormed with upper and
lower limit values. However, if the voltage
is higher than normal during maintenance

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

6

work, a failure in o ne of the other batteries
that is connected in series in a UPS could b e
causing a relative increase in the battery
voltage, or the charger could be
malfunctioning. Increases in a battery's
voltage that are discovered during
maintenance appear n ever to be the result of
a problem with the battery itself.

Q4. Is it possible to use the

comparator for voltage only?

A4. Set the upper and lower limit values of the

comparator to 3000 (3550 and 3555), 3100
(3551) in the resistance range that is being
used. It is then possible to set the voltage
range and voltage comparison value to the
desired value. If the voltage exceeds the
comparison value, the PASS indicator lights; if
the voltage is equal to or less than the
comparison value, the WARNING indicator
flashes. However, if the resistance value is
too large and a constant cur rent error occur s,
[- - - - ] is displayed and no LED lights.

Q5. Can the battery t ype number be

displayed instead of the
comparator number?

A5. This is not possible, because it wo uld require

not only a software upgrade but also a new
LCD.

Q6. I want to measure a 48 V battery

assembly. Since voltage
evaluation is not needed, can
evaluation be based on
impedance only?

A.6 The maximum input voltage is 50 V DC for the

3550 and 3555 and 60 V DC for the 3551.
Therefore the impedance of a 48 V battery
assembly can be measured if voltage
evaluation is not required. Use the
comparator setting screen and set t he vo ltag e
comparator value to - 3000dgt (3551: ­3100dgt).

Q7. Is it possible to obtain separate

comparator outputs for
resistance and voltage?

A7. Because resistance and voltage comparator

output is obtained by software, it is not
possible to obtain separate comparator
outputs for resistance and voltage.

4 Input Protection….…...………………………………………………

Q1. Is input overvoltage protection

implemented, and how?

A1. Basically, in the case of both the 3550, 35 55

and the 3551, it is not possible to input voltage
in excess of 50V DC (3551:6 0V DC), nor is it
possible to input AC voltage or current. If
such voltage or current is input, the unit will be
damaged. Although a design change that
adds a fuse will be implemented in new lots in
the near future in order to minimize the
number of failures resulting from such mis­operation, the fuse will not be user
replaceable. Note that any unit failures
caused by overvoltage input will only be
repaired for a fee.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

7

Q2. Can maximum allowable input

voltage be increased?

A2. This is a frequently expr essed request f or the

3550 and 3551. However, for reasons of
safety and because extensive parts
modifications would be required, it is not
possible to increase the rated m aximum input
voltage of the 3550 series models. The 3551
has passed overload tests up to 400 V DC.
When a voltage of about 330 V or more is
applied, an intermittent warning tone will be
heard. However, when high voltage is
applied, sparks ar e produced when the input
coupling capacitor is charged, which can be
dangerous. The rated maximum input
voltage therefore is 60 V DC.

Q3. What type of damage wil l occur

for various types of mis­operation?

A3. If AC voltage is input, depending on the

amount of voltage, the surge abs orber will be
damaged, and the fuse will be damaged (once
the design change for adding the fuse is
implemented).In some cases, the A/D
converter will also be damaged. If
overvoltage is inp ut, the capacitor and surge
absorber will be damaged. If a battery is
inserted with reversed polarity, the battery will
leak and the power supply circuitry will be
damaged.

5

Leads……...…………...……………………………………………

Q1. Will the spring pressure of the

9460 be increased

?

A1. Compared to when the product was initially

released, the diameter of the spri ng has been
increased, resulting in greater strength.

Q2. Will the tip of the 9461 pin be

made rounder? A

nd will the
spring pressure of the pin tip be
reduced?

A2. The pin tip has been made rounder, and the

spring pressure has been reduced. As a
result, the tip wil l be less likel y to damage ba
ttery terminals.

Q3. Will the tip of the 9461 pin be

made thinner?

A3. The 9174- 02 semi- s tandard product can be

used with the 3550 and 3555. However,
because the probes are not red and black, the
user must mark them b y wrapping them with
red or black tape, as appropriate. In addition,
the 9461 can be m odified for special orders .
However, because pin tip 1172 is a four­terminal probe that was developed for in­circuit testing, it offers extremely high
accuracy, but is susceptible to dam age when
used manually.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

8

9465 PIN-TYPE

LEADS

Q4. Is it possible to special order the

9460 CLIP- TYPE LEADS WITH
TEMPERATURE SENSO

R with
a wider opening between the
jaws?

A4. We provided 9467 LARGE CLIP TYPE

LEADS. But it can not measure temperature.

Q5. Is it possible to extend the

leads?

A5. We have confirmed that it is possible to

extend the leads up to 5m.However, only the
thick, bundled portion between the points
where the leads branch out at each end can
be extended. Note also that extending the
leads results in increased susceptibility to
external noise, so in som e environments the
measured values may fluctuate.

Q6. Describe the pin ar rangements,

including shielding, so that we
can produce our own leads.

A.6 The pin arrangements are indicated on the

3550 and the 3555 themselves . In addit ion,
the shielding wires in the 9460 and 946 1 are
connected to SENSE- LO.

Q7. Can the 9287 CLIP- TYPE

LEADS be used With the 3550
series?

A7. Yes, with some restrictions. Because the

9287 leads are test leads for low- resistance
meters, they are not designed to be used to
test objects to which voltage is being input.
Therefore, they cannot be used in the
maintenance of batteries used in a UPS, for
example. When c hecking a battery by itself
(less than absolute maximum input voltage),
the 9287 leads can be used without any
problems.

Q8. Can the 9461PIN- TYPE

LEADS be used with
the 3550 and 3551?

A8. Yes, with some restrictions. Because the

9461 leads are test leads for the 3555, they
are designed to be used at l ess than 50V DC.
Therefore, they cannot be used in the
maintenance of batteries used in a UPS, for
example. When c hecking a battery by itself
(less than absolute maximum input voltage),
the 9461 leads can be used without any
problems.

Q9. Can the 9465 PIN- TYPE

LEADS be extended?

A9. When the 3551 is used, no extension is

possible because m easurement values would
become unstable. With the 3550 and 35 55,
extension for up to five meters is possible.
Only the heavy- gauge par t bet ween j unc tio ns
can be extended.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

9

Q10. Can the 9173 FOUR-

TERMINAL LEADS be modified
to use banana plugs?

A10. This is possible only when used with the

3555.Precision assurance with the 3550 and
3551 is not given. The 9173 is available as a
special- order option with banana plugs .

Q11. The pin tip of the 9465 PIN-

TYPE LEADS has become
damaged. Is it possible to
replace the pin tip only?

A11 The measurement leads cannot be rep aired.

A new lead must be p urchased. 3550 series
BATTERY HiTESTER

Q12. What are the usage limitations

of the 9287 CLIP- TYPE LEADS
and 9467 LARGE CLIP TYPE
LEADS?

A12. The 9287 can only be used with the

3555.Because the 9287 has no barri er at the
clip section, measuring a UPS battery involves
a risk of electric shock and is therefore not
allowed with the 3550 and 3551.The 9467 can
be used with all models, but with the 3551,
measurement results will differ by about
15dgt.in the 3 m Ωrange, due to measurement
lead length.

Q13. Can the lead of the 9466

REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH
incorporated in the 9465 PIN­TYPE LEADS?

A13. This is not possible. Internally, the

EXT.MEMO/EXT.HOLD and measurement
terminal wiring circu its are ins ulate d, but if the
9466 lead is run together with the 9465 lead,
the 2.3 kV rms r ating will no l onger appl y and
a risk of electric shock exists.

Q14. Can the zero adjustment board

also be used with the 9 461 PIN­TYPE LEADS? Can zero
adjustment be performed by
using a thick metal plate in place
of the zero adjustment board?

A14. The zero adjustment board can also be used

with the 9461.A thick metal plate cannot be
used in place of the zero adjustment board,
because the resistance of that plat e would be
measured.

Q15. Can the 9465 PIN- TYPE

LEADS be used with the 3550?

A15. Yes, but not for temperature measurements.

Zero adjustment m ust be performed with the
zero adjustment board.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

10

6 Resistance Measurement…...………………………………………

Q1. Can the impedance of a battery

not be measured with a DC type
ohmmeter?

A1. A DC type ohmmeter appli es a constant DC

current and measures the voltage reduction
caused by the load to determine the
resistance. In the case of a battery, its
electromotive force prevents correct
measurement of impedance using such a
setup. In order to eliminate the influence of the
battery's electromotive force, an AC type
ohmmeter must be used.

Q2. Why is testing conducted with a

1kHz AC current?

A2. There is no standard or rule that requires

battery testing to be conducted with a 1kHz
current. The reason why testing is
conducted at 1kHz is due to the current flow of
existing AC- type resistance meters. AC­type resistance meters were developed for
measuring contact resistance. Contact
resistance meters conform to IEC512- 2,JIS C
5402,and JIS C 5441,and one item in these
standards calls for testi ng to be conducted at
1kHz. Accordingly, the majority of AC
resistance meters are designed for 1kHz
testing. Because commercially available
resistance meters are frequently used for
measuring the internal resistanc e of a ba ttery,
a considerable amount of data on
measurements taken at 1kHz has been
accumulated. Therefore, in order to maintain
compatibility wit h this previousl y accumulate d
data, we decided to d esign the 35 50 series to
take measurements at the 1kHz frequency.
While we realize the internal resistance of a
battery is frequency- dependent, there are
indications that this char acteristic is relativel y
flat between 100Hz and 1kHz.

Q3. Can the range used by the 3550

series be changed?

A3. It is not possible at present to change the

testing range.

Q4. Can the testing current be

changed?

A4. If the testing current is changed, the voltmeter

gain must also be ch anged at the sam e time.
Changing the gain is an extremely delicate
proposition, since it is accompanied by
changes in the temperature characteristics,
noise characteristic s, etc . Therefore, it is not
possible to change the testing current. We
will study this issue when we develop future
AC m ΩHiTESTERs.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

11

Q5. Describe the equivalent circuit

for a battery.

A5. The equivalent circuit for a battery is shown

below. In the diagram, "E" represents the
electromotive force, "L" represents the
inductance of the plates and conductors,
"R1"represents the resistanc e of the e lectr o de
plates and the electrolytic
solution,"R2"represents the resistance of the
movement of the e lectric charge b etween the
electrode plates and the electrolytic solution,
and "C" represents the electric double layer
capacitance. This shows that internally, a
battery exhibits not just resistance, but also
impedance that includes capacitance and
inductance. Synchronous wave detection is
a method of measuring just the real
impedance. The 3550 series uses
synchronous wave detect ion to measure real
impedance.

Q6. Is the resistance displayed by

the 3550 series impedance, or
is it pure resistance?

A.6 A battery's internal resistance is the vector

sum of a resistance component and a
reactance component. Because the 3550
series uses the synchronous wave detection
method, the reactance is eliminated by analog
means and only the (real) resistance
component is displayed. Therefore, the
measured value is not impedance, nor is it
pure resistance; it is the real component of the
impedance (the effective resistance).

Q7. What is "synchronous wave

detection?"

A7. This method detects the test signal by using a

reference signal that is in phase with the test
current. This method is much like a type of
filter circuit. This method demonstrates
excellent frequency selectivity characteristics
for the frequency of the reference signal.
Another characteris tic of this method is th at it
cancels out the reactance component (the
false portion of the impedance), eliminating
that component from the test results.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

12

Q8. Why do the 3550 series use the

AC four-terminal method?

A8. There are basically two general methods for

checking battery deterioration: the
charging/discharging test method, and
measuring the internal resistance. Each
method has its own strengths and
weaknesses. The charging/discharging test
method is capable of accurately measuring
the discharge capacit y of the b atter y. On the
other hand, this method requires a
considerable am ount of time. Measuring t he
internal resistance, however, evaluates the
deterioration of the batter y on the bas is of the
correlation between the measured internal
resistance and the discharge capacity of the
battery. While the accuracy of the m easured
results suffers somewhat, the test can be
conducted very quickly and the test equipment
can be fairly small. In resistance
measurement, the four- terminal method is
used to measure items, such as batteries, that
have very low resistance. The AC four­terminal method is illustrated below. The
input impedance of the voltmeter is lar ge, so
practically no test current flows to the
voltmeter. As a result, it is possible to
measure the resistance of the subject only,
with the lead resistance and the contact
resistance excluded.

Q9. Why does the zero adjustment

board have to be removed at
least 10 cm from the unit when
performing zero adjustment?

A9. The electromagnetic field generated in the

loop formed by the zero adjustment board and
the measurement leads would otherwise
affect operation of the unit. Care must also
be taken not to have any other m etal objects
in the vicinity of the zero adjustment board,
because magnetic influences can falsify the
measurement.

Q10. After performing zero

adjustment with the 9460 CLI P­TYPE LEADS WITH
TEMPERATURE SENSOR, is it
possible to change leads and
take a measurement with the
9465 PIN- TYPE LEADS?

A10. Measurement precision is assured only with

the same lead that was used for zero
adjustment. However, in the 300 mΩ,3
Ω,and 30 Ω ranges, the measurement lead
influence can be largely disregar de d.

Q11. Performing renewed zero

adjustment every time is a
bother. Is it possible to retain
adjustment data whi le t he un it is
turned off?

A11 Zero adjustment data are written to volatile

memory and are therefore lost when power is
turned off. Zero adjustment must be
performed every time when the unit was
turned off.

Q12. Why is the display value

different from the calibration
value when performing
calibration? *See also Q 6 and
A 6.

A12. [Resistance measurement]

Is the AC 1 kHz resistance value being used
for calibration? The AC calibr at ion va lu e an d
DC calibration value do not necessarily match.
The DC calibration value is a true resistance
value, whereas the AC 1 kHz calibration value
is an rms value. These will normally be

R1 to R4: Lead resistance and contact

resistance

C: Coupling Capacitor

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

13

different. The 3550, 3555, 3551, and 3225
measure the AC 1 kHz resistance value.
[Voltage measurement]
Is the SOURCE- Hi terminal connec ted to the
generator? When all four terminals are
connected, the constant c urrent generated b y
the 3550 series unit may cause malfunction,
preventing correct voltage from being output.
Information about th is point is includ ed in the
manual.

Q13. When measuring a battery

connected to and operating
UPS, do ripple voltage
components caused by the
charging process affect the
measurement?

A13. The 3550 and 3551 use noise canceling

technology to reduce the influence of ripple
voltage components on the measurement.
However, if ripple voltage components are
very large, the indication may fluctuate and
will not be correct. The allowable ripple
voltage rating is listed at the end of the
documentation for the 3550 and 3551.

Q14. Why does the 9465 pin type

lead use curled cables?

A14. Resistance measurements can be affected b y

electromagnetic induction from nearby
metallic objects. This problem becomes
more pronounced when small resistance
values are to be measured and when the loop
area of the divided section of the
measurement leads is large. The 94 65 uses
curled cables to keep the loop area of the
divided section as small as possible.

7 Voltage Measurement…...…………..………………………………

Q1. Why is voltage measurement

necessary?

A1. Voltage measurement is performed

simultaneously with the measurement of
specific gravity during maintenance for lead
storage batteries and alkaline storage
batteries. If the voltage is extrem ely low, the
battery may be damaged (it may have in
internal short circuit). In addition, if the
voltage is high, it is pos sible that a c harger or
another battery connected in series with the
battery in question could suffer damage. The
3550 and 3551 detects battery deterioration
through the battery's int ernal resistance, and
checks whether the battery is damaged
according to its voltage and temperature (on ly

3550). The internal resistance of a battery
differs during charging a nd recharging. The
3555 check for excessive discharging
according to the battery voltage .The 3550
and 3551 also checks whether the battery is
damaged in the same manner.

Refer to the reference material
at the end of guide.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

14

End of a 9640 Clip-type Lead with
Temperature Sensor

8 Temperature Measurement…...……………………………………

Q1. Why is temperature measured? A1. Temperature measurement is important for

two reasons. One is because the internal
resistance changes according to the
temperature. This allows workers to us e the
temperature of the electrolytic solution to
determine the extent of battery deterioration.
Another reason is to discover damaged
batteries. A battery with an internal short
circuit will reveal its e lf b y heating up when it is
charged. Although the 355 0 and 3551 is not
able to measure the temperature of the
electrolytic solution, it is able to measure the
temperature of the term inal, which is close to
the temperature of the electrolytic solution.
However, in a 12V lead storage battery,6
individual batteries are connected in series;
we have heard that even if one of those
batteries is damaged internally, the terminal
temperature does not rise very much.

Q2. Why is the temperature

measurement sensor inside the
probe?

A2. This was done in order to av oid adding to the

work that the work er must do. Bec ause the
temperature sensor is b ui lt into the tes t pro be,
the terminal temperature can be measured
simply by clipping t he probe onto the terminal.
In addition, measuring the terminal
temperature rather than the ambient
temperature provides a clearer picture of the
degree of battery deterioration.

9 Batteries………………….…...………………………………………

Q1. Does the internal resistance of a

battery change after c harging or
after discharging?

A1. Yes. When measuring the internal

resistance of a battery with the 3555,the most
accurate measurements can be taken when
the battery is fully charged. Because
maintenance is perf orm ed on a U PS wit h th e
3550 and 3551 when the battery is in a
normally charged state, this issue is not a
concern.

Q2. Does the internal resistance of a

battery change according to its
temperature?

A2. The internal resistance does change

according to the temperature. Sample
measurements taken by HIOKI f or reference
purposes are included at the end of this sales
guide in the paper on "Applying Low
Resistance Measurem ent Techniques to the
Evaluation of the Performance of Backup
Batteries."

Refer to the reference material
at the end of guide.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

15

Q3. What is the relationship

between the charging interval
and the internal resistanc e, and
between the number of cycles
and the internal resistance?

A3. When a battery is charged f or a long tim e, or

as the charging/discharging cycle is
repeated, the discharge capacity of the
battery decreases due to corrosion on the
plates and loss of electrolytic solution. An
example discharge c urve is ill ustrated belo w.
The curve differs according to the battery
type. It is also s aid that t em peratur e has a n
effect on how fast a battery deteriorates.

Q4. Does the AC signal used for

measurement cause battery
deterioration?

A4. Normal small- size batteries and larger

batteries will not be affected, because the
measurement current is very sm all (50 mA)
and the 1 kHz AC signal does not cause a
chemical reaction in the battery.

Q5. What is the importance of the

specific gravity?

A5. For wet- type lead storage batteries and

alkaline storage ba tteries, th e temperatur e of
the electrolytic solution and the specific
gravity are measured and used to evaluate
the deterioration of the battery. Specific
gravity is measur ed with a densitometer, but
because the value changes according t o the
temperature of the solution, this value is
customarily converted to the value at a
temperature of 20°C and then compared to
the value specified by the manufacturer of
the battery. If the specific gravity is low, it
indicates that the batter y is depleted and that
its discharge capacity is low. The internal
resistance of the bat tery tends to be high in
this case. Conversely, if the specific grav ity
is high, it indicates that the battery is
overcharged.

Q6. What types of batteries can be

tested by the 3550 series?

A.6 Basically, the 3550 series can be used to test

any type of battery. However, batteries with
a resistance of sever al h undre d m Ω, such as
button- type batteries, will be out of range.
The 3550 series also can not be used to test
batteries with a total voltage of 50V(3551:60V
DC) or more, such as batteries used in
industrial machinery. Although lithium ion
batteries can also be tested, those that are
part of a package are c onnected in series to
a PTC device as a saf ety mechanism . T his
device has an internal resistance of over
100mIn addition, there is also an FET for
current control that is inserted in the path of

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

16

the current; this FET has an ON resistance of
over 30m Ω. These values are large
enough in comparison with the internal
resistance of the battery that th ey cannot be
ignored. The difference in resistance
between a good lithium ion battery and a
deteriorated lithium ion battery is also
sometimes quite small compared to other
batteries. Some nickel- metal hydride
batteries also include a PTC device.

Q7. What protection measures are

used for rechargeable nickel­metal hydride batteries and
rechargeable lithium- ion
batteries?

A7. Nickel- metal hydride batteries have a low

hazard rating and are normally only fitted with
a safety valve to prevent explosion.
Lithium- ion batteries us e organic electrolyte
and have a high energy density. Under
extreme conditions, such batteries may
explode or ignite. Therefore the following
protection measures ar e used: (1) Shutdo wn
separator (Separator holes close when
temperature rises above a certain level.)
(2)PTC elements (Resistance rises when
temperature rises.) (3)Safety valve
(Reduces internal pressure in battery.)
(4)Protection circuit (FET or similar is used
for temperature, current, or voltage control.)

Q8. What is sulfation occurring at

the electrodes of lead batteries?

A8. Lead sulfate (PbSO4, and insulating

substance) is deposited on the electrodes,
which reduces their effective area and
increases the impedance of the battery.

Q9. What is the dry- up

phenomenon?

A9. The reduction of electrol yte is called the dr y-

up phenomenon. It occurs mainly when a
battery is overcharged.

Q10. What is dendrite? A10. Dendrite is a leaf- shaped crystalline metal

growth that can occur on the electrodes of a
battery. When it advances, the electrodes
may become short- circuited.

Q11. What is the memory effect? A11 When a battery is repeatedly discharged

partially and then charged again, the so­called memory effect can develop which
causes a reduction in apparent capacity of
the battery. This occ urs mainly with alkali ne
type batteries (Ni-Cd, Ni-MH), not with lead
type and lithium-ion type batteries. The
memory effect can be countered by several
cycles of deep discharge and full charge.

Q12. What are rechargeable alkaline

batteries?

A12. The term rechargeable alkaline batteries

normally refers to nickel-cadmium (Ni- Cd)
batteries.

Q13. The resistance value of a

rechargeable lead battery differs
with every measurement.
What is the cause for this?

A13. The following causes are possible:

(1)The probe is appli ed to different points on
the battery terminals.
(2)The battery charge condition differs.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

17

(3)The battery terminals are not in proper
contact, so that measurem ent is not carried
out for all 4 terminals.
(4)The measurement lead is broken.
(5)The battery temperature is different.
(6)There is a large rippl e voltage across the
battery terminals.

10 Miscellaneous………….…...………………………………………

Q1. Up to what capacity is testing

possible?

A1. It depends on how many valid digits the user

requires. Batteries have a smaller internal
resistance the larger their capacity is. As a
guide, in the case of a lead storage batt ery with
a capacity of about 400Ah, the resistance is
approximately 0.5m Ω. W hen m easured with t he
3550 or 3551,the result would be about 50
counts or 500 counts. Alk aline stor age batter ies
have an even smaller resistance.

Q2. What is the relationship

between the deteriorated state
and the internal resistance?

A2. According to a JAPAN STORAGE BATTERY

ASSOCIATION Technical Reference (SBA3508-

1984), once the capacity drops below 80%, it
decreases at an accelerating pace; therefore,
the point at which the capacity drops below
80%is regarded as a guide for determining
when a battery has reached the end of its
operational life .At this point, the internal
resistance of the battery is about 1.5 to 2 times
greater than when it was a new battery.
Accordingly, even if you do not know what the
internal resistance of the battery should be
when the battery is in good condition, it is
possible to measure the internal resistance at
regular intervals and use the extent of the trend
towards increased resistance to estimate the
deterioration of the battery.

Q3. Can a battery other than an

alkaline battery be used for the
power supply?

A3. Manganese dry cells can also be used.

Although ni-cad dry cells can also prob ably be
used, the system shuts down soon after the
battery indicator first appears, so from the
standpoint of saving data, we cannot
recommend the use of ni-cad batteries.

Q4. Aside from AC resistance

measurement, what are
methods are available for
diagnosing batteries?

A4. There are basically two m ethods for evaluating

the deterioration of a bat tery. One is to directly
measure the discharge capacity of the battery
by conducting charging/discharging testing.
The other is to meas ure the internal resist ance
and use that information to estimate the
deterioration of the battery. There are
furthermore two method for conducting
charging/dischargi ng testing: discharging a full y
charged battery until it is completely discharged,
and discharging a fully charged battery for a few
minutes and then using that information to

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

18

estimate when the battery will be fully
discharged. There are also two methods for
measuring resistance. One is the AC
measurement method, and the other entails
causing a momentary short circ uit between the
battery terminals and then calculating the
resistance based on th e drop in voltage. All of
these different methods have their advantages
and disadvantages.

Q5. Where are the 3550 series

used?

A5. The 3550 and 3551 are primarily used for UPS

maintenance. The 3555 seem to be used in
service departments that service small
electronic devices.

Q6. Do you have materials for user s

to use to calibrate the testers?
Are there any points that req uire
special consideration?

A.6 A calibration manual is available. Contact our

International Sales and Marketing Department.
A standard resistor is used for calibration.
Because the calibration values are slightly
different for DC and AC, always use the
calibration value for AC 1kHz when calibratin g
the 3550 series.

Q7. Is testing in accordance with

IEC512- 2, JIS C 5402,and JI S
C 5441 possible?

A7. The requirements of these standards are as

follows:

1.Frequency:1kHz ±200Hz

2.Ampere execution:1A or less

3.Voltage peak:20mV or less

4.Accuracy:within ±10%
The 3550 series fail to satisfy No.3. Therefore,
testing in accordance with these standards f or
contact resistance testing is not possible.

Q8. Can these units measure the

contact resistance of a relay?

A8. Although they can m easure contact res istance,

they cannot do so in accordance with the test
standards mentioned above.

Q9. Can you provide a block

diagram for the 3550 series
testing systems and digital
systems?

A9. These block diagr ams are provided at the end

of this guide. Note that the 3555 is not capable
of temperature measurement.

Q10. I would like to retrieve the

comparator output. Is it
possible to modify the units in
order to do so?

A10. No. At present, we would recommend that you

use the 3225 and the 3236 in combination.
The 3225 model revision was planned with th is
capability in mind.

Q11. Is it possible to coll ect da ta from

the batteries that pass testing
and use those data as the
comparation values?

A11 It should be possible f or the user to set these

values. Through battery maintenance it is
necessary to collect data on a regular basis,
and it should be possible to estimate the degree
of deterioration in a bat tery on the basis of the
rise in the curve of its internal resistance data.

Q12. What do "CE" and "CAT - I"

mean?

A12. The CE mark displayed on the unit indicates

that the product complies with the CE mark
requirements for safety , which are necessary for
marketing a product in the EU. The "CAT- I"

Refer to the reference material at the end of guide.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

19

indication shows the installation category
(voltage proof category) of the product. UPS
battery installations correspond to category I.
The following four installation categories are
defined. Installation category I: Signal levels,
special equipment or part of equipment,
communication equipment, electronic
technology, etc. Installation category II: Local
levels, tools, portable equipment, etc.
Installation categor y III: D istrib ution le vels, f ixed
installations Installation category IV Primary
power levels, power lines, cable systems, etc.
The 9287 and 9467 do not comply with CE
marking requirements.

Q13. To which point of the battery

terminals should the pin type
leads be applied?

A13. The resistance of battery terminals is higher

than commonly assumed and may differ
depending on the contact point. Be sure to
apply the pin tips always to the same position.

Q14. Which points should be

considered when measuring t he
impedance of a battery pack?

A14. Many battery packs have protective circuitry

that is located between the battery and the
external terminals. Some representative types
of protection circuits are: (1)PTC element
(Resistance rises when temperature rises.);
(2)Diode; (3)Battery control IC.
If only a PTC element is installed, the measured
value will be the combined resistance of the
PTC element and battery impedance. If diodes
or a battery control IC are installed, correct
impedance measurement is not possible.

Q15. How can the 3550 and 3551

measure the impedance of a
battery that is being charged?
Why can the 3555 not m easure
the impedance of a batter y that
is being charged?

A15. The 3550 and 3551 incorporate bandpass filters

which remove the influenc e of signals (such as
UPS ripple voltage) other than the
measurement frequency. The 3555 does not
have such bandpass filter circuitry and can
therefore not reliably measure a battery in a
noisy environment such as in a UPS. The
9461 pin type lead s upplied with the 3 555 also
has no barrier and is not allowed for
measurements in hazardous equipment such as
a UPS.

Q16. Can IEC R6 rechargeable ni-

cad batteries be used in place of
IEC R6 alkaline batteries?

A16. Rechargeable ni-cad batteries can be used, b ut

the unit does not have a facility for recharging
such battries. A separate charger is required.

Q17. How long can the unit operate

on six IEC R6 manganese
batteries?

A17. 3550:about 2.5 hours

3551:about 1.5 hours

Q18. Is there a carrying cas e for the

AC adapter?

A18. The carrying case for the logic probe of the

8800 series has just the right size and can be
used for the AC adapter.

Q19. Can the LCD be equipped for

backlighting?

A19. The LCD used in the 3551 is a reflective type

that cannot be adapted to backlighting.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

20

1

Transfer r ing Data Stored in the Me mor y of the 3550 or
3551 BATTERY HiTESTER to a Personal Computer

……….. 21

Windows NT4.0,Windows 95/EXCEL(Microsoft)

2

Technical Report: To Evaluate the Performance of
Secondary Batteries Using Low Resistance
Measurement Techniques

………… 23

Proceedings of 7th Shinshu meeting of SICE, p.p.1-4
(June 1996)

3

Allowable ripple voltage graph

………… 30

4

Block diagram for the 3550

………… 31

References

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

21

Transferring Data Stored in the Memory of the 3550 and 3551

BATTERY HiTESTER to a Personal Computer

Although the data stored in the memory of the 3550 and 3551 BATTERY HiTESTERcan
normally be output to a pri nter vi a a Centronics interface, it is a lso pos s ible to output the data to
a personal computer b y using a Centr onics-RS- 232C converter unit. T he m ethod for doing s o
is described below.

1. Equipment required

• 3550 or 3551 BATTERY HiTESTER

• Personal computer (A DOS/V personal computer with Windows 95 installed is assumed.)

• Centronics-RS-232C converter unit

• 9425 c onnecting cable, or a PC98 printer cable (for connecting the 3550 or 3551 to the

converter unit)

• RS-232C cable (25-pin D-sub, crossed type)

• RS-232C converter connector (25-pin/9-pin D-sub, straight type)

2. Equipment connections

Connect the equipment as shown in Fig. 1.

3. Equipment settings

(1) Centronics-RS-232C converter unit settings

• Communications speed: 9600bps

• Flow control: Hardware

• Data length: 8 bits

• Parity: none

• Stop bits: 2

• (For details on the functions set, refer to the converter unit manual.)

Transferring Data

Fig. 1 Equipment Connections

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

22

(2) Personal computer settings Preparation

Use the communicatio ns software "HyperTerminal" that is included with Windows 95
to receive the data stored in the 3550 or 3551's memory. HyperTerminal can be
found under "Accessories" in the Program menu accessed through the Start button.

(If "HyperTerminal" is not found, open "Add/Remove Applications" in the Control Panel,
and then select the "Windows F iles" tab. Select "Com munications" for "File Type",
click the "Details" button and then select "HyperTerminal" in order to install the
software.

Fig. 2 Sample Display of a Retrieved File

(Japanese version shown)

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

23

To Evaluate the Performance of Secondary Batteries Using Low

Resistance Measurement Techniques

Hiroshi Kutsukake - Kenji Kobayashi - Mitsuyoshi Tanaka

HIOKI E.E.CORPORATION

Abstract

As portable communications terminals for individuals (typified by devices such as cellular
telephones and notebook computers), uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), and other types of
equipment that use secondary batteries become widespread, there is a growing need to be able
to easily evaluate the per f ormance of secondary batteries. In this paper, we propose us in g th e
internal resistance of a secondary battery as a guide for the evaluation of secondary battery
performance. The internal resistance of a secondary battery is m easured with low resistanc e
measurement techniques. Development of such a tester has already completed.

1. Introduction

The advances made in the miniaturization of electronic devices and in constructing the
communications infrastructure have led to the rapid spread of compact, high-performance
cordless equipment, such as portable telephones and notebook computers. In addition,
uninterruptible power su pplies (UPSs) are being installed in facilities wh ere equipment cannot
be allowed to stop o perating due to a power failur e. Sec ondary batteries that allow rep eated
use through recharging ar e used in such c ordless equipm ent and UPSs , and dem and for such
batteries is increasing as the market for such equipment expands. As a secondary battery
undergoes repeated charge/discharge cycles, the capacity of the battery begins to decrease due
to the effects of deterioration of the chemical matter inside the battery. Consequently, the
continuous discharge time of the battery is reduced, which can hinder the operation of the
equipment in which it is be ing used. This phenom enon is specif ically seen as deter ioration in
the performance of the secondary battery.

Generally, in order to accurately evaluate the deterioration of a secondary battery, it is necessary
to perform a charge/discharg e test and measure the capacity of the batter y. While this method
can accurately determine the state of the secondary battery, the test takes a good deal of time to
perform. Therefore, there is a need for a test method that can be used to evaluate the
performance of a sec ondar y battery easil y and q uickly. Research now indicates tha t th er e is a
correlation between a dec rease i n a seco ndar y batter y's capac it y and an increas e in its inter nal

Technical Report

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

24

resistance.1 T herefore, we have develop ed a secondary batter y internal resistance tester that
utilizes low resistance measurement techniques, and we measured internal resistances of
secondary batteries with varying the state of those.

2. Overview of Secondary Batteries

A secondary battery is one that can be used repeatedly after recharging, and differs from
primary batteries, such as manganese dry cells, that cannot be re-used once they are
discharged. Another distinction of secondary batteries from primary batteries is that secondary
batteries are capable of disc harging larg e current; as a resu lt, the y are used for equi pment that
requires large current. Typical secondary bat ter ies ar e l ead-acid batteries and nickel cadmium
(Ni-Cd) batteries. However, in order to address environmental concerns and the need for
batteries that can power sm aller devices for longer periods of time, new nickel metal hydride
(Ni-MH) and lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries were developed an d put into use; these b atteries are
smaller, provide a large capacit y, and pose little dang er of polluting the environment. Table 1
shows characteristics of the secondary batteries described above. This table lists
characteristics for each type of batter y, including volta ge per cell, the energ y density by m ass
(Wh/kg) and the energy density by volume (Wh/l). In this table it is found that lithium ion
batteries offer a high energy density and excellent performance. In practice, the type of
secondary battery tha t is used in a particular application depends on the requirements of the
equipment in which it will be used.

Table 1. Characteristics of Typical Secondary Batteries.

2

Energy density

Battery type

Voltage

Wh/kg Wh/l

Features (V/cell)

Lead-Acid 2.0 30 - 40 70 - 100 Low cost, high reliability

Nickel cadmium
(Ni-Cd)

1.2 45 - 70 100 - 150

Capable of rapid charging/discharging,
withstands excessive charging and
discharging well

Nickel metal
hydride (Ni-MH)

1.2 50 - 65 150 - 200

Superior characteristics compared to
nicad batteries without polluting the
environment

Lithium ion (Li-ion) 3.6 60 - 90 150 - 220 High energy density, high voltage

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

25

R1 to R4: Lead and contact resistance

C: Coupling Capacitor

Fig. 1: Measuring Resistance with the AC

Four-terminal Method

3. Measuring the Internal Resistance of Secondary Batteries

3.1 Principles of Measurement

While the internal resista nce of secondar y batteries varies acc ording to the batter y type and its
capacity, the figure generally ranges from several mΩ to several hundred Ω. Generally, in
order to accurately measure a low resistance, the four-terminal method is used, in which a
constant current is applied to the resistor that is being measured, and the resistance is
calculated from the voltage dr op that is detected. For secondar y batteries, internal r esistance
is measured by applying a constant alternating current, in order to avoid any effects from the DC
voltage generated by the secondary battery. This method is called the "AC four-terminal
method," and is distinguished from the DC four-terminal method in which direct current is
applied. Fig.1 illustrates the principles of the AC four-terminal method. A constant alternating
current "is" is supplied to the resistor that is being measured, and the voltage drop "

vis

"
generated across the resistor is detected.
In this case, "is" is always constant,
regardless of the resistance being measured,
the wiring resistance, and the contact
resistance between the wires and the
resistor being measured. In addition,
because the input impedance of the
voltmeter is sufficiently large, practically no
current flows t o the v olt meter so i t is p o ssi bl e
to detect only the voltage drop due to the
resistor being measured. Therefore, it is
possible, with this method, to measure the
resistance without any effect from wiring
resistance or contact resistance.

3.2 Equipment Configuration

Fig. 2 illustrates the configuration of the internal resistance measuring equipment. The AC
four-terminal method s hown in Fig. 1 is bein g applied to a secondar y battery. When a 1k Hz
constant alternating current "is" is applied to the secondary battery, the voltage drop "

vis

" due to
the internal resistance of the b attery is detected. In order to obtain the volt age drop that is due
only to the battery's internal resistance, a synchronous detector circuit is used. This circuit
operates to filter out the effects of reactance within the secondary battery and in the test system
without any effects from external noise. In addition, the DC terminal voltage "VT "of the
secondary battery is a lso measured. Then the CPU switches be tween the internal resistance
output "VR "a nd the term inal voltage output "VB "as the input to the A/D converter so t hat bot h
the internal resistance of the battery and the terminal voltage can be displayed simultaneously.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

26

Fig. 3: Synchronous detection circuit

The synchronous detection method used with this measuring equipment is the detection method
to determine the signal level of the in-phase components of a given signal and a reference
signal.

Fig. 3 shows a simple example of the
circuit configuration of a synchronous
detection circuit. This circuit consists
of a multiplier, which multipli es together
the two signals, and an LPF that
removes just the DC component of the
output from the multiplier. Assuming "v1" as the voltage of the reference signal for the constant
alternating current ge nerated by the m easuring eq uipm ent, and "v2"as the voltage of the sig nal
in which synchronous detection is to be performed, these values can be expressed by the
following equations:

v

1 =

Asin

ωt……..……(1)

v

2 =

Bsin

(ωt + θ)……(2)

where A and B are the amplitudes of "v1" and"v2" , respectivel y, and θ in equ ation (2) is the
phase difference from "v1" due to reactance. If synchro nous detec t ion as s ho wn in F ig . 3 is
performed using "v1" and "v2", the result can be expressed by the following equation:

v

1 x v2

= ABsinωt sin(ωt

+ θ

)

=

1/2

ABcos

θ - 1/2

ABcos(2ωt

+ θ)………(3)

Fig. 2: Configuration of Internal Resistance Measuring Equipment

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

27

Fig. 4: Change characteristics of the

internal resistance in a Ni-cd battery while

recharging

The output of the multi pl ier c irc uit is g iv en b y equati on ( 3). In this e qua tio n, the first element is
the DC voltage component, and the second element is the AC voltage component. By inputting
these output voltages into the LPF, it is possible to obtain just the DC voltage component.
Assuming the secondar y battery impedanc e Z is

Z = R + jX

(where R is the interna l res istance

and X is the reactance), and considering that R = Z

cos

θ, we find that the DC voltage
component is the real part of Z, that is, the voltage drop caused by the internal voltage R.
Therefore, by using the synchronous detection method, it is possible to measure internal
resistance without any effect from the reactance component.

4. Experimental Results of Internal Resistance Measurement

4.1 Change Characteristics of the Internal Resistance in Secondary Batteries
While Discharging

As a battery continually discharges itself in order to supply power to an external load, its capacity
decreases and its terminal voltage drops. In order to find out how the internal resistance
changes under these conditions, we used a prototype internal resistance tester to take
measurements. After charging a var iet y of brand ne w bat tery packs (Ni-cd, Ni-MH, and lithi um
ion) intended for use in portable telephones fully, we measured their internal resistance and
terminal voltage as they were discharged at a constant current for one hour in an ambient
temperature of 23°C. We set the constant alternating current "is" generated by the equipment at
5mA (rms). Figs. 4, 5, and 6 show the measured results for each of the batteries. While
observing that the internal resistance increased as discharging continued in the case of both the
Ni-cd and lithium ion batteries, we saw that the oppos ite was true in the case of the Ni- MH
battery. When we tested other batteries of different capacities, we observed the same
phenomenon, making it likely that this characteristic is dependent on the type of the battery.

Making a judgement based only on these
results, it would seem that if a battery is
required to output a large curr ent when it has
little capacity remaining, the internal voltage
drop in a Ni-cd or lit hium ion batter y increases
and the actual output voltage drops, while in
the case of a Ni-MH batter y it is ab le to outpu t
a large current wit hout dropping in the outp ut
voltage. The terminal voltage gradually
decreased for all of the batteries.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

28

Fig. 5: Change characteristics of the

internal resistance in a Ni-MH battery

while recharging

(Discharge current: 950mA)

Fig. 6: Change characteristics of the

internal resistance in a Lithium Ion battery

while recharging

(Discharge current: 800mA)

Fig. 7: Temperature characteristics of the

internal resistance in a Ni-cd battery.

4.2 Temperature Characteristics of the Internal Resistance in Secondary
Batteries

A battery's perform ance depends on the tem per ature of the env ironm ent i n whic h it is use d. It
is reported that at low temperatures the amount of output current decreases, and at high
temperatures the operatio nal life of the battery is reduced.

3

Then, after charging a variety of
batteries (Ni-cd, Ni-MH, and lithium ion) fully , we measured their internal resistance and terminal
voltage while changing t he ambient tem perature from -10°C to +40°C. F igs. 7, 8, and 9 s how
the measured results for each of the batteries. While the change in terminal voltage was sm all
for all of the batteries, we observed that as the temperature increased, the internal resistance of
the Ni-cd and Ni-MH batteries decreased. On the other hand, the change in the internal
resistance of the l ithium ion batter y was small. This means that a lthough the perf ormance of
Ni-cd and Ni-MH batteries suff ers at low tem per atures s ince the amount of current that they can
output is limited, a lithium ion battery can output a stable amount of current even at low
temperatures.

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

29

Fig. 8: Temperature characteristics of the

internal resistance in a Ni-MH battery.

Fig. 9: Temperature characteristics of the

internal resistance in a Lithium Ion battery.

5. Conclusion

We developed an int ernal r esistance tester in order meas ure internal resis tance as a means to
quickly and easily evaluate the deterioration of secondary batteries. In this tester, low
resistance measuring tec hniques based on the AC four -terminal method and the synchronous
detection method were used. In our experiment using this tester to measure the internal
resistance of a variety of types of secondary batteries, it was found that there are different
characteristics for each t ype of battery. These differences may arise from differ ences in the
materials of which the batteries are made. We did confirm that it was possible to use this tester
to measure battery characteristics. Even if making a precise evaluation of the deterioration of a
secondary battery on the bas is of th e r esu lts of a c har ge/ dis char g e tes t, it s h ou ld be p os s ible to
provide information that can be used as a guide for determining the state of a battery by
simultaneously measuring the internal resistance and terminal voltage. We now need to
conduct long-term charge/dis charge cycle testing on secondary batteries in order to confirm in
detail the relationship between the change in internal resistance and decrease in battery
capacity due to battery deterioration, and also to confirm whether internal resistance is related to
other parameters of secondary battery performance.

References

1. M. Yamanaka, et al: "O perational Life Indicator for Sea led Lead Storage Batteries," Yuas a
Jiho, No. 72, p.p. 29 - 36 (April 1992).

2. M. Kanda: "Backup Battery Performance and Applications," Proceedings of '96 Battery
Technology Symposium (April 1996).

3. T. Fukushima: Suitabilit y of Batt er ies f or Data- r e lat ed Equ ipment," Proceedings of '96 Battery
Technology Symposium (April 1996).

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

30

3550 and 3551 Allowable Ripple Voltage

3550 Battery HiTESTER Series

31

HIOKI 3550 Series Battery HiTESTERs

User's Guide

Publication date: September 1999 Edition 1

Edited and published by HIOKI E.E. CORPORATION
Technical Support Section

All inquiries to International Sales and Marketing Department

81 Koizumi, Ueda, Nagano, 386-1192, Japan
TEL: [phone] / FAX: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]
URL http://www.hioki.co.jp/

Printed in Japan

• All reasonable care has been taken in the production of this

guide, but if you find any points which are unclear or in error,
please contact your supplier or the International Sales and Marketing

Department at HIOKI headquarters.

• In the interest of product development, the contents of this

guide are subject to revision without prior notice.

• Unauthorized reproduction or copying of this manual is
prohibited.