Thank you for purchasing the HIOKI 3151
EARTH HiTESTER. To obtain maximum
performance from the instrument, please read
this manual first, and keep it handy for future
reference.
Inspection
When you receive the instrument, inspect it
carefully to ensure that no damage occurred
during shipping. In particular, check the
accessories, panel switches, and connectors. If
damage is evident, or if it fails to operate
according to the specifications, contact your
dealer or Hioki representative.
Accessories
i
AUXILIARY EARTHING RODS
9214
9215
MEASURING CABLE
(two)
(black 5 m, yellow 10 m, red 20 m,
CABLE WINDER(with coiled measuring
)
cord)
9393
CARRYING CASE
Hand strap
Instruction manual
R6P Manganese batteries (six)
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Introduction
Page 52
ii
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Safety Notes
This manual contains information and
warnings essential for safe operation of the
instrument and for maintaining it in safe
operating condition. Before using the
instrument, be sure to carefully read the
following safety notes.
DANGER
This instrument is designed to comply with IEC
61010 Safety Standards, and has been thoroughly
tested for safety prior to shipment. However,
mishandling during use could result in injury or
death, as well as damage to the instrument.
However, using the instrument in a way not
described in this manual may negate the provided
safety features. Be certain that you understand
the instructions and precautions in the manual
before use. We disclaim any responsibility for
accidents or injuries not resulting directly from
instrument defects.
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Safety Notes
Page 53
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
iii
Safety Symbols
Thesymbol printed on the
instrument indicates that the user
should refer to a corresponding topic in
the manual (marked with the
symbol) before using the relevant
function.
In the manual, thesymbol indicates
particularly important information that
the user should read before using the
instrument.
Indicates a double-insulated device.
Indicates AC (Alternating Current).
The following symbols in this manual indicate
the relative importance of cautions and warnings.
Indicates that incorrect operation
DANGER
WARNING
presents an extreme hazard that could
result in serious injury or death to the
user.
Indicates that incorrect operation
presents a significant hazard that could
result in serious injury or death to the
use.
Indicates that incorrect operation
CAUTION
NOTE
presents a possibility of injury to the
user or damage to the instrument.
Indicates advisory items related to
performance or correct operation of the
instrument.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Safety Notes
Page 54
iv
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Measurement categories
This instrument complies with CAT II safety
requirements.
To ensure safe operation of measurement
instruments, IEC 61010 establishes safety
standards for various electrical environments,
categorized as CAT II to CAT IV, and called
measurement categories.
CAT II : Primary electrical circuits in
equipment connected to an AC
electrical outlet by a power cord
(portable tools, household appliances,
etc.)
CAT II covers directly measuring
electrical outlet receptacles.
CAT III : Primary electrical circuits of heavy
equipment (fixed installations)
connected directly to the distribution
panel, and feeders from the
distribution panel to outlets.
CAT IV : The circuit from the service drop to
the service entrance, and to the
power meter and primary overcurrent
protection device (distribution panel).
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Safety Notes
Page 55
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Using a measurement instrument in an
environment designated with a highernumbered category than that for which the
instrument is rated could result in a severe
accident, and must be carefully avoided.
Use of a measurement instrument that is not
CAT-rated in CAT II to CAT IV measurement
applications could result in a severe accident,
and must be carefully avoided.
v
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Safety Notes
Page 56
vi
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Notes on Use
Follow these precautions to ensure safe
operation and to obtain the full benefits of the
various functions.
DANGER
When measuring earthing resistance, a voltage
of maximum 50 Vrms exists across the
measurement terminals E - C(H). Take proper
precautions against electric shock.
When performing a simplified measurement (2pole method) with the instrument connected to
the earth side of a household power supply (AC
outlet), take proper precautions against electric
shock.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Notes on Use
Page 57
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
WARNING
vii
Do not allow the instrument to get wet, and do
not take measurements with wet hands. This may
cause an electric shock. Take appropriate care
when using the instrume nt outdoors.
Do not use the instrument where it may be
exposed to corrosive or combustible gases. The
instrument may be damaged or cause an
explosion.
Do not power the instrument from sources other
than batteries, to prevent damage and the risk of
electric shock.
Before using the instrument, make sure that the
insulation on the measuring cable is undamaged
and that no bare conductors are improperly
exposed. Using the instrument in such conditions
could cause an electric shock, so contact your
dealer or Hioki representative for replacements.
(Model 9215).
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Notes on Use
Page 58
viii
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
CAUTION
Do not store or use the instrument where it could
be exposed to direct sunlight, high temperature or
humidity, or condensation. Under such conditions,
the instrument may be damaged and insulation
may deteriorate so that it no longer meets
specifications.
Although this instrument is dust resistant, it is not
completely dust- or waterproof. To prevent possible
damage, avoid using in dusty or wet environments.
To avoid damage to the instrument, protect it from
physical shock when transporting and handling. Be
especially careful to avoid physical shock from
dropping.
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Notes on Use
Page 59
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 1
Outline
1.1 Product Outline
The earthing (grounding) of electrical
equipment is essential in maintaining safety
and protecting lives, as well as preventing
damage to equipment.
This instrument uses the AC phase differential
system to measure earthing resistance. This
assures accurate measurements unaffected by
earth voltage and auxiliary earthing resistance.
1
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Chapter 1 Outline
Page 60
2
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
1.2 Features
(1) High performance
Performance of this instrument surpasses the
requirements of the Japanese standard JISC1304-1995 and complies with the safety
standard IEC 61010.
(2) Wide measurement range
Measurement scope was extended to 115% of
the earthing resistance measurement range.
This is useful especially in the 10 Ω and
100 Ω measurement modes which are
important for earthing evaluation during
electrical installation work.
(3) Auxiliary earthing resistance check function
Auxiliary earthing resistance can be checked
for each pole, in order to evaluate possible
influences upon the measurement.
(4) Switchable measurement frequency
Measurement frequency can be changed by the
user, to minimize the influence of harmonic
earth voltage and to assure stable
measurement.
(5) Simplified measurement function
Simplified earthing resistance measurement is
possible using the earth of an AC outlet.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 1 Outline
Page 61
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
(6) Over-voltage protection and warning buzzer
When an AC outlet is used for simplified
measurement and a voltage is input by
mistake, the protection circ uit is activated and
a warning tone is heard.
(7) Semi-dust-proof construction
Measurement switches, indicators and other
moving parts are designed to withstand use in
tough environments.
(8) Easy to use
The supplied carrying case is designed to hold
the instrument and all accessories. A cable
winder is standard, making it easy to deploy
and store measurement leads.
3
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Chapter 1 Outline
Page 62
4
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
1.3 Names and Functions of Parts
14
10
8
7
6
9
11
13
12
4
5
3
12
① Measurement button (
Front View
PRESS ON
)
Press this button for earthing resistance
measurement, auxiliary earthing resistance
check, and battery check.
② Range selector
Serves to switch the instru ment to battery
check, earth voltage measurement, auxiliary
earthing resistance check, and earthing
resistance measurement.
③ 2/3 pole measurement selector (
TERMINALS
)
Serves to switch between 2-pole measurement
(simplified measurement) and 3-pole
measurement. Also serves to switch the
measurement frequency (a/b) to reduce the
influence of harmonic earth voltage.
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Chapter 1 Outline
Page 63
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
④ Resistance dial
The measured r esistance value can be read
from this dial.
⑤Dialknob
⑥ Galvanometer
⑦ Battery effective range
⑧ Auxiliary earthing resistance effective range
⑨ Earth voltage scale
⑩ADJUST:Zeroadjustment
⑪ E: Earth terminal
This terminal is to be connected to the earth of
the measurement object.
⑫ P (S): Probe terminal
Terminal for potential detection
⑬ C (H): Auxiliary earthing terminal
This terminal supplies measurement current.
⑭ Explanation label
Contains brief instructions and in strument
specifications.
5
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Chapter 1 Outline
Page 64
6
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16
Rear View
15
⑮ Fixing screw on the battery cover
⑯ Battery cover
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Chapter 1 Outline
Page 65
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Chapter 2
Specifications
2.1 General Specifications
7
Operating system
Display Method
Open circuit voltage
Measurement current
Measurement
frequency
Operating
temperature and
humidity range
Storage temperature
and humidity range
Operating
environment
Power supply
(Note) The 3151 complies with the requirements of the
international standard EN61557-5 for earth resistance
meter.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
AC potentiometer
Resistance indication on meter with
linear scale galvanometer
50 V AC max
15 mA AC max (using the 2-pole
method: 3 mA AC max)
575 Hz (during setting to 2a or 3a)
600 Hz (during setting to 2b or 3b)
o
C (32to 104 ),
0to40
80% RH or less (with no condensation)
o
-10 to 50
80% RH or less (with no condensation)
Pollution degree 2
Up to a height of 3,000 meters
Instr ument is designed for earthing
resistance measurements in locations
except farms. (Note)
Six R6P manganese batteries or
six LR6 alkaline batteries
Rated supply voltage: 1.5 V x 6
C (14to 122 ),
Chapter 2 Specifications
Page 66
8
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Maximum rated power
Battery Life
Overvoltage
protection
Dielectric voltage
Maximum rated
voltage to earth
External dimensions
Mass
Accessories
Option
Standards applying
Degree of protection
Period of guaranteed
accuracy
2.5 VA max
Approx. 350 times (R6P in use) or
Approx. 1100 times (LR6 in use)
(30-second measurement/30-second
pause cycle)
250 VAC for one minute
between E-P (S) and E-C (H) terminals
3000 VAC for one minute
between electric circuit and case
30 VAC, Measurement category II,
(anticipated transient overvoltage
500 V)
Approx. 164W x 119H x 88D mm
(6.46W" x 4.37H" x 3.47D")
(excluding protrusion)
Approx. 800 g (28.2oz.) (instrument only)
9214 AUXILIARY EARTHING ROD
9215 MEASURING CABLE
(black 5m, yellow 10 m,
red 20 m each one,
CABLE WINDER x 3)
9393 CARRYING CASE
R6P manganese battery x 6
Instruction manual, Hand strap
9050 EARTH NETS 30 x 30cm
Earthing resistance measurement:
JIS C1304-1995
Safety: EN61010
EMC: EN61326
IP40
1 year
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Chapter 2 Specifications
Page 67
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
2.2 Measurement Range and
Tolerances
Accuracy is guaranteed for 1 year at following conditions.
(Temperature and humidity: 23oC 5oC (735 ), 80%
RH or less)
9
Measurement
item
Earthing
resistance
Earth voltage
Range
selector
x1Ω
x10Ω
x 100 Ω
〜
V
Measurement range Tolerances
10 Ω (0 to 11.5 Ω)
100 Ω (0 to 115 Ω)
1000 Ω (0 to 1150 Ω)
30 V (0 to 30 V)3.0%f.s.
2.5%f.s.
When using 2-pole method, applies only when the measurement
range of 100 Ω (0 to 115 Ω) and 1000 Ω (0 to 1150 Ω)
o
Effect of temperature
Effect of auxiliary
earth resistance
Effect of earth
voltage
Effect of power
voltage
Within0.1%/
at 0 to 40oC (32to 104 )
Within5% when fluctuation is
0to5kΩ
Within2% at 0 to 5 V
Within
(at 50 or 60 Hz)
Within
(at DC, 16 2/3 Hz, 400 Hz)
Within specifications for 6 - 10 V DC
――――――――――――――――――――――――
C
2% at 0 to 10 V
5% at 0 to 3 V
Chapter 2 Specifications
Page 68
10
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Operating uncertainty
(according to EN61557-5)
The operating uncertainty is calculated by the
following combination of the values of
influence quantity in the operating range.
Operating
uncertainty
=12.8%
Intrinsic uncertainty
or influence
quantity
Intrinsic
uncertainty
Position
Supply voltage
Temperature
Series
interference
voltage
Resistance of
the probes and
auxiliary earth
electrodes
System
frequency
System voltage
1234
A
2.5%
5.0%
0.0%
2.3%
5.0%
5.0%
__
__
Reference conditionsPart 5, 6.1
E
Reference position 90 Part 1, 4.2
1
At the limits stated
E
2
by the manufacturer
E
E
E
E
E
0 and 35Part 1, 4.2
3
See 4.2 and 4.3
4
0 to 100 x R
but≦50 kΩ
5
by PC check
99% to 101% of the
7
nominal frequency
85% to 110% of the
8
nominal frequency
A
Part 1, 4 .2,
Part 5, 4 .2,
Part 5, 4.3
Part 5, 4.3
Part 5, 4.3
4.3
4.3
1: Error
2: Designation code
3: Reference conditions or specified operating range
4: Requirements or test in accordance with the relevant parts of
EN61557
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 2 Specifications
Page 69
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11
Chapter 3
Technical Information
3.1 Earthing Resistance
Earthing resistance measurements differ from
ordinary resistance measurements, due to the
factors described below.
(1) Polarization
Because of polarization between the earthing
body and the earth ground, using a direct
current for measurement is not possible.
(2) Special conditions
Because one pole of the earth resistance
measurement object is buried in the ground, it
cannot be taken out for measurement. Also,
because the earthing resistance is a spreading
resistance from the earthing body, it is
necessary to use the 3-pole measurement
method with sufficient distance between the
measuring electrodes.
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Chapter 3 Technical Information
Page 70
12
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
(3) External noise
When measuring earthing resistance, leakage
current from connected equipment, earth
voltage caused by earth current, and auxiliary
earthing resistance can affect the measurement
and cause erroneous readings.
To eliminate such influences as much as
possible, the 3151 uses a newly developed AC
phase differential method to measure earthing
resistance. This assures accurate results also
under difficult conditions.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 3 Technical Information
Page 71
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
)
)
x
13
3.2 Measurement Principle
(1) 3-pole method (Precise Measurement)
Figure 1 shows the basic circuit principle for
earthing resistance measurement. The
measuring current I, driven by the oscillating
voltage of the oscillator, flows through the loop
formed as follows: oscillator→Rc→Rx→C.T.
If the galvanometer is balanced, the voltage
between the measurement terminals
taken as Ex, and the resistance between the
measurement terminal
E
and the sliderSof the
variable resistor is taken as Rs. The voltage
drop at the variable resistor is Es.
The following equations then apply:
Ex =
IR
x, Es =IRs/n (n: C.T. winding ratio)
Ex = Es, thereforeRx=Rs/n
If the dial connected directly to the sliding
resistor has a scale of 1/n for Rs, the dial reading
corresponds to the earthing resistance Rx.
C.T.
1:n
I
S
R
s
Galvanometer
Synchronous
rectifier
E-P(S)
Oscillator
is
E
R
Figure 1 Measurement Principle (3-pole method)
――――――――――――――――――――――――
P(S
R
p
Chapter 3 Technical Information
C(H
R
c
Page 72
14
)
)
x
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
(2) 2-pole method (Simplified measurement)
Figure 2 shows the basic circuit principle for a
simplified earthing resistance measurement
using an existing earthing body.
If the earthing resistance of the existing
earthing body is taken as Ro and the earthing
resistance of the measurement object as Rx, the
same equation as for the 3-pole method
applies:
Rx+Ro=R
s/n
Therefore, the earthing resi stance can be found
by adding the earthing resistance of the
existing earthing body (Ro) to the earthing
resistance of the measurement object (Rx).
The 3151 uses a very low measurement
current, so that the leakage current circuit
breaker of a household power supply will not
be tripped when the grounded side of an AC
outlet is used as existing earthing body.
C.T.
1:n
I
S
R
s
Galvanometer
Oscillator
Synchronous
rectifier
E
R
Figure 2 Measurement Principle (2-pole method)
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Chapter 3 Technical Information
P(S
C(H
R
o
Page 73
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
15
Chapter 4
Measurement
Procedure
WARNING
When the measurement button (PRESS ON) is
operated, a voltage of maximum 50 Vrms AC is
produced. Take proper precautions a gainst
electric shock.
When using the grounded side of an AC outlet
for simplified measurement, be sure to check
the outlet first, to determine the grounded side.
Use a suitable checker (electroscope or similar)
for this purpose. Take proper precautions
against electric shock.
CAUTION
If the batteries are exhausted, the warning tone will
notsoundalsowhenavoltageisappliedduetoa
wrong connection. Always check the batteries
before starting to use the instrument.
Hammering the auxiliary earthing rods at the edge
may damage the rods. When hammering, hammer
the center of the T-shaped rod.
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Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 74
16
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
4.1 Preparations
(1) Zero adjustment
Before use, adjust the needle of the
galvanometer to the zero point.
Use a small flat-blade screwdriver to turn the
ADJUST control until the needle points at the
center of the
This must be performed while the measurement
button (
PRESS ON
(2) Battery check
Perform a battery check to verify that the
batteries are still good. If exhausted, replace
the batteries with fresh ones. (See Section 5.2.)
If there is a protective tube covering the tip of
NOTE
the assisting earth rod, please remove the tube
before use.
scale.
) is not depressed.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 75
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
17
4.2 3-Pole Measurement Method
(1) Connections
Connect the measurement terminals to the
measurement object using the supplied
measurement leads, as shown in Figure 3.
Drive the auxiliary earthing rods P and C deep
into the ground so that the P, C and the
measurement object E can make a straight line
at 5 to 10 m intervals among the P, C and E.
Connect them to the 3151 using the supplied
measurement leads.
Measuremen
t terminal
EblackMeasurement object E
P (S)yellowAuxiliary earthing rods P
C (H)redAuxiliary earthing rods C
LeadObject to be connected
CP EE
R
x
5-10 m
5-10 m
Figure 3 Measurement by 3-Pole Method Connection
NOTE
The ground into which the auxiliary earthing
rods are inserted should be as humid as
PC
possible. If the rods cannot be inserted into
the ground, such as on hard ground surfaces
or concrete surfaces, use the 9050 EARTH
NETS available as an option. (Se e Section 4.4)
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 76
18
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
Hammering the auxiliary earthing rods at the
edge may damage the rods. When hammering,
hammerthecenteroftheT-shapedrod.
When hammering, hammer the center
of the T-shaped rod.
(2) Settings for 3-pole measurement
Set the 2/3 pole measurement
selector (
When using the 3-pole measurement method,
NOTE
TERMINALS
)to"3a".
measurement can be carried out with a
measurement frequency of 575 Hz (
Hz (
3b
). Normally, you should choose the "3a"
3a
) or 600
setting. If the galvanometer fluctuates during
measurement, try choosing the "
3b
"setting.This
reduces the influence of harmonics earth voltage
and other extraneous earth voltage components.
(3) Battery check
Set the range selector to
and press the measurement button
(
PRESS ON
). If the needle of the
galvanometer is within the
range of the scale, the batteries
can be used for measurement.
Perform this check in the actual
measurement condition, with the measurement
leads already connected.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 77
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
NOTE
If the needle of the galvanometer is not within
the "
BATT
" range of the scale, the batteries
19
must be replaced. (See Section 5.2)
(4) Earth voltage check
Set the range selector to
V
to check for the presence of
earth voltage. Do not press the
measurement button (
)atthistime.
ON
CAUTION
PRESS
If the measurement button (
depressed, earth voltage cannot be measured. The
needle of the galvanometer may fluctuate or
register to the end of the scale. This is not a defect.
If there is an earth voltage of more than 10 V, the
earthing body should be isolated from the electrical
installation and power line switches or similar
should be turned off in order to minimize the earth
voltage for measurement. Also, if the earth voltage
is high, a risk of electric shock exists and proper
precautions should be taken.
PRESS ON
)is
(5) Auxiliary earthing resistance check
The 3151 has a function for checking the
auxiliary earthing resistance. Be sure to perform
this c he ck before measuring earthing resistance.
The check result should be evaluated as follows:
The more the needle of the galvanometer deflects
to the left, the higher is the auxiliary earthing
resistance. (If the needle remains in the vicinity
of the zero point, auxiliary earthing resistance
poses no problem.)
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 78
20
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
① Checking earthing condition of auxiliary
earthing rod
C
Set the range selector to
and press the measurement
button (
PRESS ON
that the needle of the
galvanometer is within the
green "
P/C CHECK
② Checking earthing condition of auxiliary
earthing rod
P
Set the range selector to
and press the measurement
button (
PRESS ON
that the needle of the
galvanometer is within the
green "
P/C CHECK
NOTE
Perform the earth resistance c heck on both
of the auxiliary earthing rods C and P.
If the needle of the galvanometer is not
within the green range, the earthing
resistance of the auxiliary earthing rod is too
high and accurate measurement results will
not be obtained.
Change the position of the rod, and/or make
sure that the ground has sufficient humidity
(pour water if necessary). Then repeat the
check.
C
). Verify
" range.
P
). Verify
" range.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 79
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
If the 2/3 pole measurement selector (
is set to "
2a
"or"2b", the check will not give correct
TERMINALS
21
)
results.
(6) Earthing resistance measurement
Set the range selector to a suitable position
(x 1 Ω,x10Ω, x 100 Ω) and press the
measurement button (
PRESS ON
). While
keeping the button depressed, turn the dial
knob until the needle of the galvanometer
points to the center of the▼scale.
Then read the indication on the resistance dial
and multiply it with the setting of the range
selector. The result is the earthing resistance.
NOTE
In general, you should first choose the
x 100 Ω setting of the range selector and
then reduce the setting as necessary.
If the 2/3 pole measurement selector
TERMINALS
(
) is set to "2a"or"2b", correct
measurement is not possible.
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Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
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22
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
NOTE
As shown in the table ofOperating
uncertaintyat page 10, each influence
creates error. The total value of intrinsic
uncertainty and influence quantity will be
±
19.8%f.s. That means the max. error qua ntity
will be±19.8%f.s. ( x 1 Ω setting of the
range selector :±1.98 Ω)dependingon
conditions. Owing to such an error, when the
indicator of the resistance dial deflects to the
right side of zero (the negative side) with the
galvanometer balanced under the condition
of the range selector ( x 1 Ω) setting, the
earthing resistance is considered to be under
2 Ω.
But when the indicator of the resistance dial
deflects at the right side of zero and the
needle of galvanometer does not move
correspondingly to the resistance dial
adjustment, the measurement is invalid.
When measuring big size earth electrode like
mesh electrode, ring earth electrode or
foundation earth electrode by the 3151, the
earth resistance will not be obtained
accurately because the electrode C and P are
within the earth resistance area of the
electrode E. When long measurement leads
are used so that the electrode C and P will
not be in the resistance area, noise influence
is so big that the measurement cannot be
performed accurately. A big size electrode
requires measurement current as high as 20
A generally. Please use an exclusive
measurement instrument for a big size
electrode. (HIOKI product line-up does not
include this type of the measurement
instrument.)
When using the grounded side of an AC outlet for
simplified measurement, be sure to check the
outlet first, to determine the grounded side. Use a
suitable checker (electroscope or similar) for this
purpose.
Take proper precautions against electric shock.
If the 3151 is connected by mistake to the live
(hot) side of an outlet and a voltage of 85 V or
more is applied to the input, a warning tone
(beep) is heard.
In this case, immediately disconnect the leads
and check the outlet again.
CAUTION
Connect terminal E first. The warning tone will not
sound if the earthing body is not connected to
terminal E. When the connection is made by mistake
on the power line with the leakage current circuit
breaker, the breaker may be tripped before the beep
sounds.
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Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
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24
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
The simplified measurement (2-pole method)
makes use of an existing earthing body.
It should only be used in cases where the
auxiliary earthing rods cannot be driven into
the ground.
The existing earthing body must have a
sufficiently lower resistance than the earthing
body to be measured.
When the 2-pole method is used, the
measurement current of the 3151 is kept to 3
mA or less, so that the leakage current circuit
breaker of a household power supply will not
be tripped when the grounded side of an AC
outlet is used as an existing earthing body.
NOTE
When usi ng the simplified measurement
method, the resistance of the existing earthing
body is added to the measurement result.
For measurements in the range of 10 Ω and
below, you should always use the 3-pole
method.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 83
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
25
(1) Connections
Figure 4 shows connection for a simplified
measurement using the grounded side of a
household power supply (AC outlet).
Use the supplied measurement leads to make
connections as shown in the illustration.
Set the range switch to
terminal
E
to the measurement objectE,and
then connect terminal
C(H)
to the grounded
or
V, connect
side of the AC outlet.
Measuremen
t terminal
EblackMeasurement object E
P (S)Not connected
C (H)red/yellowGround line (Ro)
PS250 VAC max
At least 5 m
Figure 4 Simplified Measurement Connection
LeadConnection
R
R
x
0
EC
NOTE
A metal water pipe or similar can also be used
as existing earthing body for simplified
measurement.
The distance between the existing earthing
body and the measurement object should be at
least 5 meters. If the distance is less, correct
results will not be obtained.
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Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
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26
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
(2) Settings for 2-pole measurement
Set the 2/3 pole measurement
selector (
TERMINALS
)to"2a".
NOTE
When using the 2-pole measurement method,
measurement can be carried out with a
measurement frequency of 575 Hz (
Hz (
2b
setting. If the galvanometer fluctuates during
measurement, try choosing the "
This reduces the influence of harmonics earth
voltage and other extraneous earth voltage
components.
(3) Battery check
measurement. Perform this check in the actual
measurement condition, with the measurement
leads already connected.
NOTE
If the needle of the galvanometer is not within
the "
BATT
must be replaced. (See Section 5.2)
2a
) or 600
). Normally, you should choose the "2a"
2b
"setting.
Set the range selector to
and press the
measurement button (
). If the needle of the
ON
PRESS
galvanometer is within the
range of the scale, the
batteries can be used for
" range of the scale, the batteries
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Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
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―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
27
(4) Earth voltage check
Set the range selector to
V
to check for the presence of
earth voltage. Do not press
the measurement button
(
PRESS ON
CAUTION
If the measurement button (
depressed, earth voltage cannot be measured. The
needle of the galvanometer may fluctuate or
register to the end of the scale. This is not a defect.
If there is an earth voltage of more than 10 V, the
earthing body should be isolated from the electrical
installation and power line switches or similar
should be turned off in order to minimize the earth
voltage for measurement. Also, if the earth voltage
is high, a risk of electric shock exists and proper
precautions should be taken.
)atthistime.
PRESS ON
)is
(5) Auxiliary earthing resistance check
Auxiliary earthing resistance check is not
required.
NOTE
When the range selector is set to P or C and
the measurement button (
PRESS ON
)is
pressed, the needle of the galvanometer may
fluctuate or register to the end of the scale.
This is not a defect, but the check result is
invalid.
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Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
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28
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
(6) Earthing resistance measurement
Set the range selector to a suitable position,
either x 10 Ω or x 100 Ω (x 1 Ω is not
guaranteed for accuracy), and press the
measurement button (
PRESS ON
). While
keeping the button depressed, turn the dial
knob until the needle of the galvanometer
points to the center of the▼scale.
Then read the indication on the resistance dial
and multiply it with the setting of the range
selector. The result is the earthing resistance.
Measurement result = Rx+Ro(combined
resistance)
NOTE
In general, you should first choose the
x 100 Ω setting of the range selector and
then reduce the setting as necessary.
If the 2/3 pole measurement selector
(
TERMINALS
) is set to "3a"or"3b", correct
measurement is not possible. Since the
measurement current will be higher in a
position f or 3-pole measurement, the leakage
current circuit breaker of a household power
supply may be tripped.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 87
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
29
Even if the needle of the galvanometer is balanced
pointing to the center of the▼scale when the
resistance dial is out of the dial scale range, the
measurement is invalid.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 88
30
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
4.4 Using the Earthing Net
If auxiliary earthing rods cannot be driven into
the ground, such as on rock, gravel, or
concrete, use the earthing net available as an
option.
1. Place the grid flat on the ground, and pour a
sufficient amount of water on it to ensure good
surface contact.
2. Connect the measurement leads as shown in
the illustration, using a clip to connect the lead
directly to the grid or placing the auxiliary
earthing rod on the grid.
3. Set the range selector to the "
verify that the grid has good contact, and
perform the measurement.
P, C
" range,
NOTE
On surfaces such as asphalt or similar where
water will not permeate the ground,
measurement with the earthing net is not
possible. (However, if the asphalt is
permeable, measurement by an earth net is
possible)
If the earthing net is not available or if it is too
small, a metal plate or other conducting object
can be used as a substitute, provided that it is
watered sufficiently.
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Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 89
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
31
4.5 Measurement Precautions and
Hints
(1) Using the auxiliary earthing rods
For 3-pole measurement, two auxiliary earthing
rods are required. Be sure to drive the rods
well into the ground to assure correct
measurement results.
(2) Earthing resistance of auxiliary earthing rods
When the earthing resistance of the auxiliary
earthing rods is not higher than about 10 kΩ,
the 3151 can carry out correct measurement.
However, especially when measuring low
earthing resistance values, high earthing
resistance of the auxiliary earthing rods can
impair measurement sensitivity.
To assure correct measurement results, be sure
to check the earthing resistance of the auxiliary
earthing rods by setting the range selector to
andP.
If the needle of the galvanometer is whithin a
green band of the scale, the auxiliary earthing
resistance is within 5 kΩ.
C
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Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
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32
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
If check results are unsatisfactory:
①
Drive the auxiliary earthing rods deep into the
ground and water the entire area with a
sufficient amount of water. Watering is usually
very effective in reducing the contact
resistance.
②
Change the location of the auxiliary earthing
rods. Choose a location wit h high humidity.
If the ground is volcanic rock or sand, the
supplied auxiliary earthing rods may not be
sufficient. In such a case, use a metal pipe or
other conductive object with a large surface
and bury it as deep as possible in the ground.
(3) Distance between earthing electrodes
As shown in the figure (a) on the next page,
when the distance between
the distance between the
E
andCis l m, and
E
andPelectrodes is
varied (x m), the resistance of the earthing
body
E
will measure as shown in the figure
(b).
Therefore, when the position of the auxiliary
earthing rod
P
is closer to the earthing body
E
or the auxiliary earthing rodC, a measurement
error occurs.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 91
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
l
x
When the distance between the electrodes
is small, the earthing resistance of the
C
33
E-
measurement object (Rx) and the auxiliary
earthing rods cannot be separated, leading to a
measurement error.
In the case of an architectural structure which
is grounded over a large area, the resistance
range of the earthing resistance (Rx) in the
figure (a) becomes very wide. This means that
it is necessary to position the auxiliary earthing
rods (
P
andC) at a sufficiently large distance
from the earthing body (Rx).
To determine the proper distance, move the
auxiliary earthing rod P towards the auxiliary
earthing rod
C
and perform measurement at
several points. Check whether there is an area
where the measured resistance remains
approximately constant also when the auxiliary
earthing rod
P
is moved. This corresponds to
the horizontal section in the figure (b).
If such an area cannot be found, the
measurement distance is not sufficient, and the
auxiliary earthing rods
P
andCshould be
moved further away from measurement object.
(a)
xm
m
Measurement
PE
Earth surface
C
value
(b)
Horizontal
section
R
R
x
Resistance range
of electrode E
Resistance range
of electrode C
――――――――――――――――――――――――
c
l m
m
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
Page 92
34
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
(4) Position relationship of auxiliary earthing
rods
The auxiliary earthing rod
P
should normally
be positioned halfway on a straight line
between the earthing body
earthing rod
C
. If this is not possible due to
E
and the auxiliary
obstacles or the like, the area within a radius
of 5 meters from the earthing body
auxiliary earthing rod
C
should be avoided,
and the auxiliary earthing rod
E
P
should be
and the
positioned on a line not diverging more than
29 degrees from the line between the earthing
body
E
and the auxiliary earthing rodC. This
will help to reduce measurement errors.
E
5m
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
P
29°
C
5m
Page 93
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
35
(5) Influence of earth voltage
Due to the presence of leakage current from
electrical equipment connected to the earthing
body or of earth current, a voltage may exist at
the earthing body. If the voltage is less than
about 10 V, it will normally not affect the
earthing resistance measurement. However, if
the earth voltage is distorted, it may cause
measurement errors even at lower voltage
levels. For this reason, if an earth voltage of
more than about 5 V is detected, other
electrical equipment should be s witched off or
the equipment should be disconnected to
eliminate the influence of earth voltage on the
measurement.
During simplified measurement, harmonic
leakage current in the ground line can cause
the galvanometer to fluctuate. In such a case,
change the setting of the 2/3 pole measurement
selector (
"
3a
TERMINALS
) from "2a"to"2b" (from
"to"3b" for 3-pole method). This may
allow stable measurement.
If earth voltage is high, the insulation of the
electrical path or electrical equipment may
have deteriorated. Check the insulation and
perform a leakage current test.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
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36
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 4 Measurement Procedure
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―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
37
Chapter 5
Maintenance and
Service
5.1 Attaching the Hand Strap
The supplied hand strap is useful for removing
the instrument from the carrying case or for
carrying the instrument.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 5 Maintenance and Service
Page 96
38
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
5.2 Changing the Batteries
WARNING
To avoid electric shock when replacing the
batteries, first disconnect the measuring cable
from the object to be measured.
After replacing the batteries, replace the cover
and screws before using the instrument.
Battery may explode if mistreated. Do not shortcircuit, recharge, disassemble or dispose of in
fire.
Handle and dispose of batteries in accordance
with local regulations.
NOTE
To avoid corrosion from battery leakage,
remove the batteries from the instrument if it
is to be stored for a long time.
Use the R6P manganese batteries or LR6
alkaline batteries. Do not use NickelHydrogen batteries, Nickel-Cadmium
batteries or OXY Nickel Hydroxide batteries.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 5 Maintenance and Service
Page 97
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
A
B
39
1. For safety, disconnect the measurement leads
from the instrument.
2. Remove the fastening screw.
3. Remove the cover of the battery compartment
in direction A, as shown in the illustration.
4. Replace all six batteries with fresh ones.
5. Reattach the cover of the battery compartment
in direction B, as shown in the illustration.
6. Fasten the battery compartment cover to the
instrument with the fastening screw.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 5 Maintenance and Service
Page 98
40
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
5.3 Cleaning the Unit
After use, wipe the auxiliary earthing rods to
remove mud and other contamination.
Otherwise the rods may rust.
To clean the instrument, wipe it gently with a
soft cloth moistened with water or mild
detergent. Never use solvents such as benzene,
alcohol, acetone, ether, ketones, thinners or
gasoline, as they can deform and discolor the
case.
5.4 Service
If the instrument seems to be malfunctioning,
confirm that the batteries are not discharged,
and the measuring cable are not open circuited
before contacting your dealer or Hioki
representative.
Pack the instrument carefully so that it will
not be damaged during shipment, and include
a detailed written description of the problem.
Hioki cannot be responsible for damage that
occurs during shipment.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 5 Maintenance and Service
Page 99
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
41
5.5 Before returning for repair
SymptomCheckpoints
If the measurement
button (
PRESS ON
operated while nothing
is connected to the
measurement
terminals, the
galvanometer may
register to the end of
the scale.
When the
measurement button
(
PRESS ON
operated, a highpitched tone will be
heard from inside the
instrument.
When turning the
resistance dial, the
needle of the
galvanometer deflects
to the left side of zero.
The needle of the
galvanometer goes off
scale to the left.
)is
This is not a defect.
)is
This is not a defect.
This is because that the earth
resistance is higher than the
measurement range.
→
Check the earthing condition of
the earth electrode.
The measurement leads may be
open circuited or the ground line
may not be connected to the
ground.
→
Check the continuity of the
measurement leads using circuit
tester. (check of disconnection)
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 5 Maintenance and Service
Page 100
42
―――――――――――――――――――――――――――
SymptomCheckpoints
The needle of the
galvanometer is
fluctuating.
The measurement with
the earthing net over
asphalt is not possible.
When P/C CHECK,
the needle cannot be
in the green range.
When making shortcircuited with the E, C
and P terminals, the
measurement result is
0 Ω.
2-pole measurement
method cannot be
carried out for the
newly built house.
When using 2-pole
measurement method,
the measurement
result was larger than
the expected
resistance value.
High voltage has maybe been
generated or the earth resistance
of the auxiliary earthing rods may
be high.
→
Please check the earth voltage
and the auxiliary earthing
resistance.
Because asphalt is a nonconductor of electricity, the
measurement is not possible even
when using the earthing net.
This is because the earth
resistance of the auxiliary earthing
rod is too high.
→
Change the position of the rod,
and/or pour water over the rods.
This is not a defect.
→
Check the continuity of the
measurement leads (check of
disconnection) and the earthing
condition of the earth electrode.
Measurement cannot be performed
in the state when power has not
been distributed by Power
company.
As for 2-pole measurement method
of the 3151, the accuracy of x 1 Ω
range is not guaranteed. So the
measurements of a low earth
resistance (10 Ω or below) is not
accurate.
――――――――――――――――――――――――
Chapter 5 Maintenance and Service
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