HAMEG HM504-2 User Manual

Oscilloscope

HM504-2

Manual

English

Contents

CE-Declaration of Conformity ........................................... 4

General Information regarding the CE-marking .............. 4

Specifications ...................................................................... 5

General Information ........................................................... 6

Symbols............................................................................ 6

Use of tilt handle .............................................................. 6

Safety ............................................................................... 6

Intended purpose and operating conditions .................... 6

EMC ................................................................................. 7

Warranty ........................................................................... 7

Maintenance .................................................................... 7

Protective Switch-Off ....................................................... 7

Power supply .................................................................... 7

Type of signal voltage .................................................... 8

Amplitude Measurements ............................................... 8

Total value of input voltage .............................................. 9

Time Measurements........................................................ 9

Rise Time Measurement .................................................. 10

Connection of Test Signal................................................. 10

Controls and Readout ........................................................ 11

A: Menu Display and Operation....................................... 11

B: READOUT Information................................................. 12

C: Descriptions of Controls .............................................. 12

3 3

Oscilloscope

HM504-2

Menu .................................................................................... 23

First Time Operation ........................................................... 24

Trace Rotation TR ............................................................. 24

Probe compensation and use .......................................... 24

Adjustment at 1 kHz......................................................... 24

Adjustment at 1 MHz ....................................................... 24

Operating modes of the vertical

amplifiers in Yt mode. ........................................................ 25

X-Y Operation ................................................................... 25

Phase comparison with Lissajous figures ....................... 26

Phase difference measurement

in DUAL mode (Yt) ........................................................... 26

Phase difference measurement in DUAL mode .............. 26

Measurement of an amplitude modulation ..................... 26

Triggering and time base ................................................... 27

Automatic Peak (value) -Triggering................................... 27

Normal Triggering ............................................................. 28

SLOPE ....................................................................... 28

Trigger coupling ................................................................ 28

Triggering of video signals ............................................... 28

Line / Mains triggering (~)................................................ 29

Alternate triggering .......................................................... 29

External triggering ............................................................ 29

Trigger indicator ”TR” ...................................................... 30

HOLD OFF-time adjustment ............................................ 30

Delay / After Delay Triggering ........................................... 30

AUTO SET ............................................................................ 32

Mean Value Display ............................................................ 32

Component Tester ............................................................... 33

General ............................................................................. 33

Using the Component Tester ........................................... 33

Test Procedure ................................................................. 33

Test Pattern Displays ........................................................ 33

Testing Resistors .............................................................. 33

Testing Capacitors and Inductors..................................... 33

Testing Semiconductors .................................................. 34

Testing Diodes.................................................................. 34

Testing Transistors ............................................................ 34

In-Circuit Tests .................................................................. 34

Adjustments ........................................................................ 35

RS-232 Interface - Remote Control ................................... 35

Safety ............................................................................... 35

Operation ......................................................................... 35

RS-232 Cable.................................................................... 35

RS-232 protocol................................................................ 35

Baud-Rate Setting ............................................................ 35

Data Communication ....................................................... 35

Front Panel HM504-2 .......................................................... 36

Subject to change without notice

General information regarding the CE marking

Herstellers HAMEG Instruments GmbH Manufacturer Industriestraße 6 Fabricant D-63533 Mainhausen

Die HAMEG Instruments GmbH bescheinigt die Konformität für das Produkt The HAMEG Instruments GmbH herewith declares conformity of the product HAMEG Instruments GmbH déclare la conformite du produit

Bezeichnung / Product name / Designation:

Oszilloskop/Oscilloscope/Oscilloscope

Typ / Type / Type: HM504-2

mit / with / avec: –

Optionen / Options / Options: –

mit den folgenden Bestimmungen / with applicable regulations / avec les directives suivantes

EMV Richtlinie 89/336/EWG ergänzt durch 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EWG EMC Directive 89/336/EEC amended by 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EEC Directive EMC 89/336/CEE amendée par 91/263/EWG, 92/31/CEE

Niederspannungsrichtlinie 73/23/EWG ergänzt durch 93/68/EWG Low-Voltage Equipment Directive 73/23/EEC amended by 93/68/EEC Directive des equipements basse tension 73/23/CEE amendée par 93/68/CEE

KONFORMITÄTSERKLÄRUNG DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY DECLARATION DE CONFORMITE

Angewendete harmonisierte Normen / Harmonized standards applied / Normes harmonisées utilisées

Sicherheit / Safety / Sécurité EN 61010-1: 2001 / IEC (CEI) 1010-1: 2001

Messkategorie / Measuring category / Catégorie de mesure: I Verschmutzungsgrad / Degree of pollution / Degré de pollution: 2

Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit / Electromagnetic compatibility / Compatibilité électromagnétique

EN 61326-1/A1 :1997 + A1:1998 + A2 :2001/IEC 61326 :1997 + A1 :1998 + A2 :2001 Störaussendung / Radiation / Emission: Tabelle / table / tableau 4; Klasse / Class /Classe Störfestigkeit / Immunity / Imunitee: Tabelle / table / tableau A1.

EN 61000-3-2/A14 Oberschwingungsströme / Harmonic current emissions / Émissions de courant harmonique: Klasse / Class / Classe D.

EN 61000-3-3 Spannungsschwankungen u. Flicker / Voltage ﬂ uctuations and ﬂ icker / Fluctuations de tension et du ﬂ icker.

Datum / Date / Date Unterschrift / Signature / Signatur

25.6.2003

G. Hübenett Product Manager

General information regarding the CE marking

HAMEG instruments fulﬁ ll the regulations of the EMC directive. The conformity test made by HAMEG is based on the actual generic- and product standards. In cases where different limit values are applicable, HAMEG applies the severer standard. For emission the limits for residential, commercial and light industry are applied. Regarding the immunity (susceptibility) the limits for industrial environment have been used. The measuring- and data lines of the instrument have much inﬂ uence on emmission and immunity and therefore on meeting the acceptance limits. For different applications the lines and/or cables used may be different. For measurement operation the following hints and conditions regarding emission and immunity should be observed:

1. Data cables

For the connection between instruments resp. their interfaces and external devices, (computer, printer etc.) sufﬁ ciently screened cables must be used. Without a special instruction in the manual for a reduced cable length, the maximum cable length of a dataline must be less than 3 meters and not be used outside buildings. If an interface has several connectors only one connector must have a connection to a cable. Basically interconnections must have a double screening. For IEEEbus purposes the double screened cables HZ72S and HZ72L from HAMEG are suitable.

cable HZ72 from HAMEG is suitable.

2. Signal cables

Basically test leads for signal interconnection between test point and instrument should be as short as possible. Without instruction in the manual for a shorter length, signal lines must be less than 3 meters and not be used outside buildings. Signal lines must screened (coaxial cable - RG58/U). A proper ground connection is required. In combination with signal generators double screened cables (RG223/U, RG214/U) must be used.

3. Inﬂ uence on measuring instruments

Under the presence of strong high frequency electric or magnetic ﬁ elds, even with careful setup of the measuring equipment an inﬂ uence of such signals is unavoidable. This will not cause damage or put the instrument out of operation. Small deviations of the measuring value (reading) exceeding the instruments speciﬁ cations may result from such conditions in individual cases.

4. RF immunity of oscilloscopes

4.1 Electromagnetic RF ﬁ eld The inﬂ uence of electric and magnetic RF ﬁ elds may become visible (e.g. RF superimposed), if the ﬁ eld intensity is high. In most cases the coupling into the oscilloscope takes place via the device under test, mains/line supply, test leads, control cables and/or radiation. The device under test as well as the oscilloscope may be effected by such ﬁ elds. Although the interior of the oscilloscope is screened by the cabinet, direct radiation can occur via the CRT gap. As the bandwidth of each ampliﬁ er stage is higher than the total –3dB bandwidth of the oscilloscope, the inﬂ uence RF ﬁ elds of even higher frequencies may be noticeable.

4.2 Electrical fast transients / electrostatic discharge Electrical fast transient signals (burst) may be coupled into the oscilloscope directly via the mains/line supply, or indirectly via test leads and /or control cables. Due to the high trigger and input sensitivity of the oscilloscopes, such normally high signals may effect the trigger unit and/or may become visible on the CRT, which is unavoidable. These effects can also be caused by direct or indirect electrostatic discharge.

HAMEG Instruments GmbH

Subject to change without notice

HM504-2

� 2 Channels with deflection coefficients 1mV/div.…20V/div.

� Time Base 50ns /div.…0.5s/div.,

with X Magnification to 10ns/div.

� Low Noise Measuring Amplifiers with high pulse fidelity

� Triggering 0…100MHz from 5mm signal level

� Time Base delay provide high X Magnification

of any portion of the signal

� 100MHz 4-Digit Frequency Counter,

Cursor and Automatic Measurement

� Save/Recall Memories for Instrument Settings

� Readout, Autoset, no Fan

� Yt, XY and component-test modes

� RS-232 Interface (for parameter queries and control only)

5 0 M H z An a lo g O s c i ll o s co p e

H M 5 04 - 2

HM504-2

Optimum deflection linearity

Rise-time measurement with cursor

Full screen display of 50 MHz sine wave

50MHz Analog Oscilloscope HM504-2

All data valid at 23 °C after 30 minute warm-up

Vertical Deflection

Operating Modes: Channel 1 or 2 only

Channels 1 and 2 (alternate or chopped) Sum or Difference of CH 1 and CH 2

Invert: CH 2 XY Mode: CH 1 (X) and CH 2 (Y) Bandwidth: 2 x 0…50 MHz (-3 dB) Rise Time: ‹ 7 ns Deflection Coefficient: 1-2-5 Sequence

1…2 mV/div.: ±

5 % (0…10 MHz (-3 dB)) 5 mV/div.…20V/div.: ± 3 % (0…50MHz (-3 dB)) Variable (uncalibrated): ›2.5:1 to ›50 V/div.

Input Impedance: 1 MΩ II 15 pF Input Coupling: DC, AC, GND (ground) Max. Input Voltage: 400 V (DC + peak AC)

Triggering

Automatic (Peak to Peak): 20 Hz…100MHz (≥ 5 mm) Normal with Level Control: 0…100 MHz (≥ 5 mm) Slope: Rising or falling Sources: Channel 1 or 2, CH 1/CH 2 alternate

(≥ 8 mm), Line and External

Coupling: AC (10 Hz…100MHz), DC (0…100 MHz),

HF (50 kHz…100MHz), LF (0…1.5 kHz)

Trigger Indicator: LED Triggering after Delay: with Level Control and Slope selection External Trigger Signal: ≥ 0.3 V

(0…50 MHz)

Active TV sync. separator: Field and Line, +/-

Horizontal Deflection

Time Base: 50 ns/div.…0.5 s/div. (1-2-5 Sequence)

Accuracy: ± 3 % Variable (uncalibrated): › 2.5 :1 to › 1.25 s/div.

X Magnification x 10: up to 10 ns/div. (± 5 %)

Accuracy: ± 5 %

Delay (selectable): 200

ns…140 ms (variable)

Hold-Off Time: variable to approx. 10 : 1 XY Bandwidth X amplifier: 0…3 MHz (-3dB) XY Phase shift ‹ 3 °: ‹120 kHz

Operation/Readout/Control

Manual: via controls Autoset: automatic signal related parameter settings Save and Recall: 9 instrument parameter settings Readout: display of menu, parameters, cursors and

results

Autom. Measurement: Freq./Period, V

, Vpp, Vp+, Vp-,

Trigger Level

Cursor Measurement: Δt, 1/Δt, tr, ΔV, V to GND, Gain, Ratio X and Y Frequency counter: 4 digit (0.01 % ± 1 digit) 0.5 Hz…100MHz Interface: RS-232

Component Tester

Test Voltage: approx. 7V

rms

(open circuit)

Test Current: max. 7 mA

rms

(short-circuit)

Test Frequency: approx. 50Hz Test Connection: 2 banana jacks 4 mm Ø

One test circuit lead is grounded via protective earth (PE)

Miscellaneous

CRT: D14-363GY, 8 x 10 div. with internal graticule Acceleration Voltage: approx. 2kV Trace Rotation: adjustable on front panel Z-input (Intens. modulation): max. + 5 V (TTL) Calibrator Signal (Square Wave):0.2V, 1 Hz…1MHz (tr ‹ 4 ns), DC Power Supply (Mains): 105…253 V, 50/60 Hz ± 10 %, CAT II Power Consumption: approx. 34Watt at 230 V/50 Hz Safety class: Safety class I (EN61010-1) Operating temperature: +5…+40°C Storage temperature: -20…+70°C Rel. humidity: 5…80% (non condensing) Dimensions (W x H x D): 285 x 125 x 380 mm Weight: approx. 5.4kg

Device control and Parameter query, no CRT content transfer possible.

Accessories supplied: Line Cord, Operators Manual and Software for Windows on CD-ROM, 2 Probes 1:1 /10:1 (HZ154), RS-232 Interface

Optional accessories:

HZ14 Interface cable (serial) 1:1 HZ20 Adapter, BNC to 4mm banana HZ33 Test cable 50Ω, BNC/BNC, 0,5m HZ34 Test cable 50Ω, BNC/BNC, 1m HZ43 19''-Rackmount Kit 3RU HZ51 Probe 10:1 (150MHz) HZ52 Probe 10:1 RF (250MHz) HZ53 Probe 100:1 (100MHz) HZ56-2 AC/DC Current probe HZ70 Opto Interface (with optical fiber cable) HZ100 Differential probe 20:1 / 200:1 HZ109 Differential probe 1:1 / 10:1 HZ115 Differential probe 100:1 / 1000:1 HZ200 Probe 10:1 with auto attenuation ID (250MHz) HZ350 Probe 10:1 with automatically identification (350MHz) HZ355 Slimline probe 10:1 with automatically identification (500MHz) HZO20 High voltage probe 1000:1 (400MHz,1000Vrms) HZO30 Active probe 1GHz (0,9pF, 1MΩ, including many accessories) HZO50 AC/DC Current probe 20A, DC...100kHz HZO51 AC/DC Current probe 1000A, DC...20kHz

HM504-2E/091109/ce · Subject to changes · © HAMEG Instruments GmbH®· DQS-certified in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001:2000, Reg.-No.: DE-071040 QM

HAMEG Instruments GmbH · Industriestr. 6 · D-63533 Mainhausen · Tel +49 (0) 6182 800 0 · Fax +49 (0) 6182 800100 · www.hameg.com · info@hameg.com

w w w . h a m e g . c o m

50MHz Analog Oscilloscope HM504-2

All data valid at 23 °C after 30 minute warm-up

Vertical Deflection

Operating Modes: Channel 1 or 2 only

Channels 1 and 2 (alternate or chopped) Sum or Difference of CH 1 and CH 2

Invert: CH 2 XY Mode: CH 1 (X) and CH 2 (Y) Bandwidth: 2 x 0…50 MHz (-3 dB) Rise Time: ‹ 7 ns Deflection Coefficient: 1-2-5 Sequence

1…2 mV/div.: ±

5 % (0…10 MHz (-3 dB)) 5 mV/div.…20V/div.: ± 3 % (0…50MHz (-3 dB)) Variable (uncalibrated): › 2.5:1 to › 50V/div.

Input Impedance: 1 MΩ II 15 pF Input Coupling: DC, AC, GND (ground) Max. Input Voltage: 400 V (DC + peak AC)

Triggering

Automatic (Peak to Peak): 20 Hz…100MHz (≥ 5 mm) Normal with Level Control: 0…100 MHz (≥ 5 mm) Slope: Rising or falling Sources: Channel 1 or 2, CH 1/CH 2 alternate

(≥ 8 mm), Line and External

Coupling: AC (10 Hz…100MHz), DC (0…100 MHz),

HF (50 kHz…100MHz), LF (0…1.5 kHz)

Trigger Indicator: LED Triggering after Delay: with Level Control and Slope selection External Trigger Signal: ≥ 0.3 V

(0…50 MHz)

Active TV sync. separator: Field and Line, +/-

Horizontal Deflection

Time Base: 50 ns/div.…0.5 s/div. (1-2-5 Sequence)

Accuracy: ± 3 % Variable (uncalibrated): › 2.5 :1 to › 1.25 s/div.

X Magnification x 10: up to 10 ns/div. (± 5 %)

Accuracy: ± 5 %

Delay (selectable): 200

ns…140 ms (variable)

Hold-Off Time: variable to approx. 10 : 1 XY Bandwidth X amplifier: 0…3 MHz (-3dB) XY Phase shift ‹ 3 °: ‹120 kHz

Operation/Readout/Control

Manual: via controls Autoset: automatic signal related parameter settings Save and Recall: 9 instrument parameter settings Readout: display of menu, parameters, cursors and

results

Autom. Measurement: Freq./Period, V

, Vpp, Vp+, Vp-,

Trigger Level

Cursor Measurement: Δt, 1/Δt, tr, ΔV, V to GND, Gain, Ratio X and Y Frequency counter: 4 digit (0.01 % ± 1 digit) 0.5 Hz…100MHz Interface: RS-232

Component Tester

Test Voltage: approx. 7V

rms

(open circuit)

Test Current: max. 7 mA

rms

(short-circuit)

Test Frequency: approx. 50Hz Test Connection: 2 banana jacks 4 mm Ø

One test circuit lead is grounded via protective earth (PE)

Miscellaneous

Device control and Parameter query, no CRT content transfer possible.

Accessories supplied: Line Cord, Operators Manual and Software for Windows on CD-ROM, 2 Probes 1:1 /10:1 (HZ154), RS-232 Interface

Optional accessories:

Speciﬁcations

Subject to change without notice

General information

Please check the instrument for mechanical damage or loose parts immediately after unpacking. In case of damage we advise to contact the sender. Do not operate.

List of symbols used

Consult the manual High voltage

Important note Ground

Positioning the instrument

As can be seen from the ﬁ gures, the handle can be set into different positions: A and B = carrying C = horizontal operating D and E = operating at different angles F = handle removal T = shipping (handle unlocked)

Attention!

When changing the handle position, the instru-

ment must be placed so that it can not fall (e.g. placed on a table). Then the handle locking knobs must be simultaneously pulled outwards and rotated to the required position. Without pulling the locking knobs they will latch in into the next locking position.

PUOPFGkT

PUOPFGkT PUOPFGkT

PUOPFGkT

PUOGkT

PUOPFGkT

HM507

PUOPFGkT

PUOPFGkT PUOPFGkT PUOPFGkT PUOPFGkT

PUOPFGkT

PUOPFGkT PUOPFGkT

PUk PUk PUk PUk PUk PUk

PUkT

HGOPFFD

PUOPFGkT

PUkT

INPUT CHI OPK HJ

PUkT

VBN

PUOPFGkT

HJKL

PUOPFGkT

PUkT

PUOPFGkT

HGOFFD

PUkT

INPUT CHI

HAMEG

OPK

VBN

PUOPFGkT

HJKL

Handle mounting/dismounting

The handle can be removed by pulling it out further, depending on the instrument model in position B or F.

Safety

The instrument fulﬁ ls the VDE 0411 part 1 regulations for electrical measuring, control and laboratory instruments and was manufactured and tested accordingly. It left the factory in perfect safe condition. Hence it also corresponds to European Standard EN 61010-1 resp. International Standard IEC 1010-1. In order to maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation the user is required to observe the warnings and other directions for use in this manual. Housing, chassis as well as all measuring terminals are connected to safety ground of the mains. All accessible metal parts were tested against the mains with 200 V

The oscilloscope may only be operated from mains outlets with a safety ground connector. The plug has to be installed prior to connecting any signals. It is prohibited to separate the safety ground connection.

Most electron tubes generate X-rays; the ion dose rate of this instrument remains well below the 36 pA /kg permitted by law.

In case safe operation may not be guaranteed do not use the instrument any more and lock it away in a secure place.

. The instrument conforms to safety class I.

Safe operation may be endangered if any of the following was noticed:

– in case of visible damage. – in case loose parts were noticed – if it does not function any more. – after prolonged storage under unfavourable conditions (e.g.

like in the open or in moist atmosphere).

– after any improper transport (e.g. insufﬁ cient packing not

conforming to the minimum standards of post, rail or transport company)

Proper operation

Please note: This instrument is only destined for use by personnel well instructed and familiar with the dangers of electrical measurements.

For safety reasons the oscilloscope may only be operated from mains outlets with safety ground connector. It is prohibited to separate the safety ground connection. The plug must be inserted prior to connecting any signals.

Subject to change without notice

General information

CAT I

This oscilloscope is destined for measurements in circuits not connected to the mains or only indirectly. Direct measurements, i.e. with a galvanic connection to circuits corresponding to the categories II, III, or IV are prohibited!

The measuring circuits are considered not connected to the mains if a suitable isolation transformer fulﬁ lling safety class II is used. Measurements on the mains are also possible if suitable probes like current probes are used which fulﬁ l the safety class II. The measurement category of such probes must be checked and observed.

Measurement categories

The measurement categories were derived corresponding to the distance from the power station and the transients to be expected hence. Transients are short, very fast voltage or current excursions which may be periodic or not.

Measurement CAT IV: Measurements close to the power station, e.g. on electricity meters

Measurement CAT III: M e a su r e me n t s in t h e in t e r io r o f b u il d i n gs ( p o w e r d i s t ri b u t i on i n s ta l lations, mains outlets, motors which are permanently installed).

Measurement CAT II: Measurements in circuits directly connected to the mains (household appliances, power tools etc).

Measurement CAT I: Electronic instruments and circuits which contain circuit breakers resp. fuses.

Warranty and repair

HAMEG instruments are subjected to a strict quality control. Prior to leaving the factory, each instrument is burnt-in for 10 hours. By intermittent operation during this period almost all defects are detected. Following the burn-in, each instrument is tested for function and quality, the speciﬁ cations are checked in all operating modes; the test gear is calibrated to national standards.

The warranty standards applicable are those of the country in which the instrument was sold. Reclamations should be directed to the dealer.

Only valid in EU countries

In order to speed reclamations customers in EU countries may also contact HAMEG directly. Also, after the warranty expired, the HAMEG service will be at your disposal for any repairs.

Return material authorization (RMA):

Prior to returning an instrument to HAMEG ask for a RMA number either by internet (http://www.hameg.com) or fax. If you do not have an original shipping carton, you may obtain one by calling the HAMEG service dept (++49 (0) 6182 800 500) or by sending an email to service@hameg.com.

Maintenance

Clean the outer shell using a dust brush in regular intervals. Dirt can be removed from housing, handle, all metal and plastic parts using a cloth moistened with water and 1 % detergent. Greasy dirt may be removed with benzene (petroleum ether) or alcohol, there after wipe the surfaces with a dry cloth. Plastic parts should be treated with an antistatic solution destined for such parts. No ﬂ uid may enter the instrument. Do not use other cleansing agents as they may adversely affect the plastic or lacquered surfaces.

Environment of use.

The oscilloscope is destined for operation in industrial, business, manufacturing, and living sites.

Environmental conditions

Operating ambient temperature: +5 °C to +40 °C. During transport or storage the temperature may be –20 °C to +70°C.

Please note that after exposure to such temperatures or in case of condensation proper time must be allowed until the instrument has reached the permissible temperature, resp. until the condensation has evaporated before it may be turned on! Ordinarily this will be the case after 2 hours. The oscilloscope is destined for use in clean and dry environments. Do not operate in dusty or chemically aggressive atmosphere or if there is danger of explosion.

The operating position may be any, however, sufﬁ cient ventilation must be ensured (convecti on cooling). P rolonged operation requires the horizontal or inclined position.

Do not obstruct the ventilation holes!

Speciﬁ cations are valid after a 30 minute warm-up period between 15 and 30 degr. C. Speciﬁ cations without tolerances are average values.

Line voltage

The instrument has a wide range power supply from 105 to 253 V, 50 or 60 Hz ±10%. There is hence no line voltage selector.

The line fuse is accessible on the rear panel and part of the line input connector. Prior to exchanging a fuse the line cord must be pulled out. Exchange is only allowed if the fuse holder is undamaged, it can be taken out using a screwdriver put into the slot. The fuse can be pushed out of its holder and exchanged.

The holder with the new fuse can then be pushed back in place against the spring. It is prohibited to ”repair“ blown fuses or to bridge the fuse. Any damages incurred by such measures will void the warranty.

Type of fuse:

Size 5 x 20 mm; 250V~, C; IEC 127, Bl. III; DIN 41 662 (or DIN 41 571, Bl. 3). Cut off: slow blow (T) 0,8A.

Subject to change without notice

Type of signal voltage

The oscilloscope HM504-2 allows examination of DC voltages and most repetitive signals in the frequency range up to at least 50 MHz (–3 dB). The Y amplifiers have been designed for minimum overshoot and therefore permit a true signal display.

The display of sinusoidal signals within the bandwidth limits causes no problems, but an increasing error in measurement due to gain reduction must be taken into account when measuring high frequency signals. This error becomes noticeable at approx. 14 MHz. At approx. 30 MHz the reduction is approx. 10% and the real voltage value is 11% higher. The gain reduction error can not be defined exactly as the –3 dB bandwidth of the Y amplifiers differs between 50 MHz and 55 MHz.

When examining square or pulse type waveforms, attention must be paid to the harmonic content of such signals. The repetition frequency (fundamental frequency) of the signal must therefore be significantly smaller than the upper limit frequency of the Y amplifiers.

Displaying composite signals can be difficult, especially if they contain no repetitive higher amplitude content that can be used for triggering. This is the case with bursts, for instance. To obtain a well triggered display in this case, the assistance of the variable holdoff function or the delayed time base may be required. Television video signals are relatively easy to trigger using the built in TV Sync Separator (TV).

For optional operation as a DC or AC voltage amplifier, each Y amplifier input is provided with a DC/AC switch. DC coupling should only be used with a series connected attenuator probe or at very low frequencies, or if the measurement of the DC voltage content of the signal is absolutely necessary.

Voltage values of a sine curve

= effective value; Vp = simple peak or crest value;

rms

= peak to peak value; V

= momentary value.

mom

The minimum signal voltage which must be applied to the Y input for a trace of 1div height is 1mV

(± 5%) with this deflection

coefficient displayed on the screen (readout) and the vernier switched off (VAR-LED dark). However, smaller signals than this may also be displayed. The deflection coefficients are indicated in mV/div or V/div (peak to peak value).

The magnitude of the applied voltage is ascertained by multiplying the selected deflection coefficient by the vertical display height in div. If an attenuator probe x10 is used, a further multiplication by a factor of 10 is required to ascertain the correct voltage value. This factor can be entered into the oscilloscope’s memory for automatic calculation.

For exact amplitude measurements, the variable control (VAR) must be set to its calibrated detent CAL position.

With the variable control activated the deflection sensitivity can be reduced up to a ratio of 2.5 to 1 (

readout”

). Therefore any intermediate value is possible within

please note ”controls and

the 1-2-5 sequence of the attenuator(s).

When displaying very low frequency pulses, the flat tops may be sloping with AC coupling of the Y amplifier (AC limit frequency approx. 1.6 Hz for 3dB). In this case, DC operation is preferred, provided the signal voltage is not superimposed on too high a DC level. Otherwise a capacitor of adequate capacitance must be connected to the input of the Y amplifier with DC coupling. This capacitor must have a sufficiently high breakdown voltage rating. DC coupling is also recommended for the display of logic and pulse signals, especially if the pulse duty factor changes constantly. Otherwise the display will move upwards or downwards at each change. Pure direct voltages can only be measured with DC coupling.

Amplitude Measurements

In general electrical engineering, alternating voltage data normally refers to effective values (rms = root mean square value). However, for signal magnitudes and voltage designations in oscilloscope measurements, the peak to peak voltage (V

) value

is applied. The latter corresponds to the real potential difference between the most positive and most negative points of a signal waveform.

If a sinusoidal waveform, displayed on the oscilloscope screen, is to be converted into an effective (rms) value, the resulting peak to peak value must be divided by 2 x √2 = 2.83. Conversely, it should be observed that sinusoidal voltages indicated in Vrms

) have 2.83 times the potential difference in Vpp. The

eff

relationship between the different voltage magnitudes can be seen from the following figure.

With direct connection to the Y input, signals up to 400 V

may be displayed (attenuator set to 20 V/div, variable control to 2.5:1).

With the designations

H = display height in div, U = signal voltage in V

at the Y input,

D = deflection coefficient in V/div at attenuator switch,

the required value can be calculated from the two given quantities:

However, these three values are not freely selectable. They have to be within the following limits (trigger threshold, accuracy of reading):

H between 0.5 and 8div, if possible 3.2 to 8div, U between 0.5 mV

and 160 Vpp,

D between 1 mV/div and 20 V/div in 1-2-5 sequence.

Examples:

Set deflection coefficient D = 50 mV/div 0.05 V/div, observed display height H = 4.6 div, required voltage U = 0.05x4.6 = 0.23 V

Subject to change without notice

Type of signal voltage

Input voltage U = 5 Vpp, set deflection coefficient D = 1 V/div, required display height H = 5:1 = 5 div.

Signal voltage U = 230 V

x 2√2 = 651 V

rms

(voltage > 160 Vpp, with probe 10:1: U = 65.1 Vpp), desired display height H = min. 3.2 div, max. 8 div,

max. deflection coefficient D = 65.1:3.2 = 20.3 V/div, min. deflection coefficient D = 65.1:8 = 8.1 V/div, adjusted deflection coefficient D = 10 V/div.

The previous examples are related to the CRT graticule reading. The results can also be determined with the aid of the DV cursor measurement (

please note ”controls and readout”

The input voltage must not exceed 400 V, irrespective of polarity.

If an AC voltage which is superimposed on a DC voltage is applied, the maximum peak value of both voltages must not exceed + or –400 V. So for AC voltages with a mean value of zero volt the maximum peak to peak value is 800 Vpp.

If attenuator probes with higher limits are used, the probes limits are valid only if the oscilloscope is set to DC input coupling.

If DC voltages are applied under AC input coupling conditions the oscilloscope maximum input voltage value remains 400 V.

The attenuator consists of a resistor in the probe and the 1 MOhm input resistor of the oscilloscope, which is disabled by the AC input coupling capacity when AC coupling is selected. This also applies to DC voltages with superimposed AC voltages.

It also must be noted that due to the capacitive reactance of the AC input coupling capacitor, the attenuation ratio depends on the signal frequency. For sine wave signals with frequencies higher than 40 Hz this influence is negligible.

Apart from the above listed exceptions, HAMEG 10:1 probes can be used for DC measurements up to 600 V or AC voltages (with a mean value of zero volt) of 1200 V allows for use up to 1200 V DC or 2400 V

. The 100 :1 probe HZ53

for AC.

It should be noted that its AC peak value is derated at higher frequencies. If a normal x10 probe is used to measure high voltages, there is the risk that the compensation trimmer bridging the attenuator series resistor will break down, causing damage to the input of the oscilloscope.

Total value of input voltage

The dotted line shows a voltage alternating at zero volt level. If superimposed on a DC voltage, the addition of the positive peak and the DC voltage results in the max. voltage (DC + ACpeak).

Time Measurements

As a rule, most signals to be displayed are periodically repeating processes, also called periods. The number of periods per second is the repetition frequency. Depending on the time base setting (TIME/DIV. knob) indicated by the readout, one or several signal periods or only a part of a period can be displayed. The time coefficients are stated in ms/div, µs/div or ns/div. The following examples are related to the CRT graticule reading. The results can also be determined with the aid of the Dt and 1/Dt cursor measurement (

please note ”controls and readout”

The duration of a signal period or a part of it is determined by multiplying the relevant time (horizontal distance in div) by the (calibrated) time coefficient displayed in the readout.

Uncalibrated, the time base speed can be reduced until a maximum factor of 2.5 is reached. Therefore any intermediate value is possible within the 1-2-5 sequence.

With the designations

L = displayed wave length in div of one period, T = time in seconds for one period, F = recurrence frequency in Hz of the signal, Tc = time coefficient in ms, µs or ns/div and the relation F = 1/T, the following can be stated:

However, if for example only the residual ripple of a high voltage is to be displayed on the oscilloscope, a normal x10 probe is sufficient. In this case, an appropriate high voltage capacitor (approx. 22 - 68nF) must be connected in series with the input tip of the probe.

With Y-POS. control (input coupling to GD) it is possible to use a horizontal graticule line as reference line for ground potential before the measurement. It can lie below or above the horizontal central line according to whether positive and/or negative deviations from the ground potential are to be measured.

Subject to change without notice

However, these four values are not freely selectable. They have to be within the following limits:

L between 0.2 and 10 div, if possible 4 to 10 div, T between 10 ns and 5 s, F between 0.5 Hz and 100 MHz, Tc between 100 ns/div and 500 ms/div in 1-2-5 sequence

(with X-MAG. (x10) inactive), and

Tc between 10 ns/div and 50 ms/div in 1-2-5 sequence (with

X-MAG. (x10) active).

Type of signal voltage

Examples:

Displayed wavelength L = 7 div, set time coefficient Tc = 100 ns/div,

-9

thus period T = 7 x 100 x 10 thus freq. F = 1/(0.7 x 10

= 0.7 µs

-6

) = 1.428 MHz.

Signal period T = 1s, set time coefficient Tc = 0.2 s/div, thus wavelength L = 1/0.2 = 5 div.

Displayed ripple wavelength L = 1 div, set time coefficient Tc = 10 ms/div,

-3

thus ripple freq. F = 1/(1 x 10 x 10

) = 100 Hz.

TV Line frequency F = 15625 Hz, set time coefficient Tc = 10 µs/div, required wavelength L = 1/(15,625 x 10-5) = 6.4 div.

Sine wavelength L = min. 4 div, max. 10 div, Frequency F = 1 kHz, max. time coefficient Tc = 1/(4 x 10 min. time coefficient Tc = 1/(10 x 10

) = 0.25 ms/div,

) = 0.1 ms/div, set time coefficient Tc = 0.2 ms/div, required wavelength L = 1/(103 x 0.2 x 10-3) = 5 div.

Displayed wavelength L = 0.8 div, set time coefficient Tc = 0.5 µs/div, pressed X-MAG. (x10) button: Tc = 0.05 µs/div,

-6

thus freq. F = 1/(0.8 x 0.05 x 10 thus period T = 1/(25 x 10

) = 25 MHz,

) = 40 ns.

If the time is relatively short as compared with the complete signal period, an expanded time scale should always be applied (X-MAG. (x10) active). In this case, the time interval of interest can be shifted to the screen center using the X-POS. control.

Rise Time Measurement

When investigating pulse or square waveforms, the critical feature is the rise time of the voltage step. To ensure that transients, ramp-offs, and bandwidth limits do not unduly influence the measuring accuracy, the rise time is generally measured between 10% and 90% of the vertical pulse height. For measurement, adjust the Y deflection coefficient using its variable function (uncalibrated) together with the Y-POS. control so that the pulse height is precisely aligned with the 0% and 100% lines of the internal graticule. The 10% and 90% points of the signal will now coincide with the 10% and 90% graticule lines. The risetime is given by the product of the horizontal distance in div between these two coincident points and the calibrated time coefficient setting. The fall time of a pulse can also be measured by using this method. The following figure shows correct positioning of the oscilloscope trace for accurate rise time measurement.

With a time coefficient of 10 ns/div (X x10 magnification active), the example shown in the above figure results in a total measured risetime of

= 1.6 div x 10 ns/div = 16 ns

tot

When very fast risetimes are being measured, the risetimes of the oscilloscope amplifier and of the attenuator probe have to be deducted from the measured time value. The risetime of the signal can be calculated using the following formula.

= √ t

In this t

– t

tot

osc

is the total measured risetime, t

tot

oscilloscope amplifier (approx. 7 ns), and t probe (e.g. = 2 ns). If t

– t

is the risetime of the

osc

is greater than 100 ns, then t

tot

the risetime of the

can be

tot

taken as the risetime of the pulse, and calculation is unnecessary.

Calculation of the example in the figure above results in a signal risetime:

= √162 – 72 – 22 = 14.25 ns

The measurement of the rise or fall time is not limited to the trace dimensions shown in the above diagram. It is only particularly simple in this way. In principle it is possible to measure in any display position and at any signal amplitude. It is only important that the full height of the signal edge of interest is visible in its full length at not too great steepness and that the horizontal distance at 10% and 90% of the amplitude is measured. If the edge shows rounding or overshooting, the 100% should not be related to the peak values but to the mean pulse heights. Breaks or peaks (glitches) next to the edge are also not taken into account. With very severe transient distortions, the rise and fall time measurement has little meaning. For amplifiers with approximately constant group delay (therefore good pulse transmission performance) the following numerical relationship between rise time tr (in ns) and bandwidth B (in MHz) applies:

Connection of Test Signal

In most cases, briefly depressing the AUTOSET causes a useful signal related instrument setting. The following explanations refer to special applications and/or signals, demanding a manual instrument setting.

in the section ”controls and readout”.

Caution: When connecting unknown signals to the oscilloscope input, always use automatic triggering and set the input coupling switch to AC. The attenuator should initially be set to 20 V/div.

The description of the controls is explained

Sometimes the trace will disappear after an input signal has been applied. Then a higher deflection coefficient (lower input sensitivity) must be chosen until the vertical signal height is only 3 – 8 div. With a signal amplitude greater than 160 V

and the deflection

coefficient (VOLTS/DIV.) in calibrated condition, an attenuator probe must be inserted before the Y input. If, after applying the signal, the trace is nearly blanked, the period of the signal is probably substantially longer than the set time deflection coefficient (TIME/DIV.). It should be switched to an adequately larger time coefficient.

Subject to change without notice

Controls and Readout

The signal to be displayed can be connected directly to the Y input of the oscilloscope with a shielded test cable such as HZ32 or HZ34, or reduced through a x10 or x100 attenuator probe. The use of test cables with high impedance circuits is only recommended for relatively low frequencies (up to approx. 50 kHz). For higher frequencies, the signal source must be of low impedance, i.e. matched to the characteristic resistance of the cable (as a rule 50 Ohm). Especially when transmitting square and pulse signals, a resistor equal to the characteristic impedance of the cable must also be connected across the cable directly at the Y-input of the oscilloscope. When using a 50 Ohm cable such as the HZ34, a 50 Ohm through termination type HZ22 is available from HAMEG. When transmitting square signals with short rise times, transient phenomena on the edges and top of the signal may become visible if the correct termination is not used. A terminating resistance is sometimes recommended with sine signals as well. Certain amplifiers, generators or their attenuators maintain the nominal output voltage independent of frequency only if their connection cable is terminated with the prescribed resistance. Here it must be noted that the terminating resistor HZ22 will only dissipate a maximum of 2 Watts. This power is reached with 10 V attenuator probe is used, no termination is necessary. In this case, the connecting cable is matched directly to the high impedance input of the oscilloscope. When using attenuator probes, even high internal impedance sources are only slightly loaded (approx. 10 MOhm II 12 pF or 100 MOhm II 5 pF with HZ53). Therefore, if the voltage loss due to the attenuation of the probe can be compensated by a higher amplitude setting, the probe should always be used. The series impedance of the probe provides a certain amount of protection for the input of the Y amplifier. Because of their separate manufacture, all attenuator probes are only partially compensated, therefore accurate compensation must be performed on the oscilloscope

compensation )

Standard attenuator probes on the oscilloscope normally reduce its bandwidth and increase the rise time. In all cases where the oscilloscope bandwidth must be fully utilized (e.g. for pulses with steep edges) we strongly advise using the probes HZ51 (x10) HZ52 (x10 HF) and HZ54 (x1 and x10). This can save the purchase of an oscilloscope with larger bandwidth. The probes mentioned have an HF-adjustment in addition to low frequency calibration adjustment. Thus a group delay correction to the upper limit frequency of the oscilloscope is possible with the aid of a 1 MHz calibrator, e.g. HZ60.

In fact the bandwidth and rise time of the oscilloscope are not noticeably changed with these probe types and the waveform reproduction fidelity can even be improved because the probe can be matched to the oscilloscope’s individual pulse response.

If a x10 or x100 attenuator probe is used, DC input coupling must always be used at voltages above 400 V. With AC coupling of low frequency signals, the attenuation is no longer independent of frequency, pulse tops can show pulse tilts. Direct voltages are suppressed but charge the oscilloscope input coupling capacitor concerned. Its voltage rating is max. 400 V (DC + peak AC). DC input coupling is therefore of quite special importance with a x100 attenuation probe which usually has a voltage rating of max. 1200 V (DC + peak AC). A capacitor of corresponding capacitance and voltage rating may be connected in series with the attenuator probe input for blocking DC voltage (e.g. for hum voltage measurement).

(28.3 Vpp) with sine signal. If a x10 or x100

rms

(see Probe

With all attenuator probes, the maximum AC input voltage must be derated with frequency, usually above 20 kHz. Therefore the derating curve of the attenuator probe type concerned must be taken into account. The selection of the ground point on the test object is important when displaying small signal voltages. It should always be as close as possible to the measuring point. If this is not done, serious signal distortion may result from spurious currents through the ground leads or chassis parts. The ground leads on attenuator probes are also particularly critical. They should be as short and thick as possible. When the attenuator probe is connected to a BNC-socket, a BNC adapter should be used. In this way ground and matching problems are eliminated. Hum or interference appearing in the measuring circuit (especially when a small deflection coefficient is used) is possibly caused by multiple grounding because equalizing currents can flow in the shielding of the test cables (voltage drop between the protective conductor connections, caused by external equipment connected to the mains/line, e.g. signal generators with interference protection capacitors).

Controls and Readout

A: Basic settings

The following description assumes that:

1. “Component Tester” is switched off.

2. The following settings are present under MAIN MENU > SETUP & INFO > MISCELLANEOUS:

2.1 CONTROL BEEP and ERROR BEEP activated (x),

2.2 QUICK START not activated.

3. The screen Readout is visible.

The LED indicators on the large front panel facilitate operation and provide additional information. Electrical end positions of controls are indicated by acoustic signal (beep).

All controls, except the power switch (POWER), are electronically set and interrogated. Thus, all electronically set functions and their current settings can be stored and also remotely controlled.

B: Menu Display and Operation

Operation of some pushbuttons activates the display of menus. There are Standard and Pulldown Menus.

Standard menus:

When a standard menu is displayed, all other readout information (e.g. parameter settings) are switched off. The readout then consists of the menu headline, and the respective menu functions. At the bottom of the graticule are displayed symbols and commands which can be operated by the pushbuttons related to them below.

“Esc” CT pushbutton [37] switches one step back in the menu hierarchy.

“Exit” SELECT – ON/OFF pushbutton [34] closes the menu and switches back to the operating conditions present before calling the menu.

The pushbuttons underneath the triangle symbols pointing upwards UNIT CAL.SEL. [35] and downwards SOURCE GLUE [33] enable you to select one item which becomes highlighted.

Subject to change without notice

Controls and Readout

“SET” MAIN MENU-pushbutton [31] calls the selected menu

item, starts a function or switches a function on/off.

Pulldown menus:

After pressing a pushbutton which calls a Pulldown menu, the instrument parameter settings are still displayed. The readout only changes in respect to the called parameter (e.g. input coupling) and now shows all selectable parameter options (in case of input coupling: AC, DC and GND). The previously displayed parameter doesn‘t change but is displayed highlighted. Each time the pushbutton is briefly pressed the next parameter becomes active and highlighted, as long as the Pulldown menu is displayed. Without further pressing the pushbutton, the Pulldown menu extinguishes after a few seconds and the selected parameter is displayed in the normal way.

C: READOUT Information

The readout alphanumerically displays the scope parameter settings, measurement results and CURSOR lines. Which information is displayed depends on the actual instrument settings. The following list contains the most important display information.

Top of the graticule from left to right: 1st time deflection coefficient 2nd trigger source, slope and coupling 3rd operating condition of delay time base 4th measuring results

Bottom of the graticule from left to right: 1st probe symbol (x10), Y deflection coefficient and input

coupling channel I 2nd “+” symbol (addition) 3rd probe symbol (x10), Y deflection coefficient and input

coupling channel II 4th channel mode

The trigger point symbol is displayed at the left graticule border line. The CURSOR lines can take any position within the graticule.

[2] AUTOSET

Briefly pressing this pushbutton results in an automatic instrument setting selecting Yt mode as the default. The instrument is set to the last used Yt mode setting (CH I, CH II or DUAL). The instrument is set automatically to normal (undelayed) time base mode, even if the previous Yt mode was present in combination with search (“sea”), delay (“del”) or triggered delay (“dTr”) time base mode.

Please also note ”AUTO-

SET” in section “First Time Operation”.

Automatic CURSOR positioning:

If CURSOR lines are displayed and AUTOSET is chosen the CURSOR lines are set automatically under suitable conditions and the readout briefly displays “SETTING CURSOR”.

If the signal height is insufficient, the CURSOR lines do not change. In DUAL mode the CURSOR lines are related to the signal which is used for internal triggering.

Voltage CURSOR

If voltage measurement is present, the CURSOR lines are automatically set to the positive and negative peak value of the signal. The accuracy of this function decreases with higher frequencies and is also influenced by the signal‘s pulse duty factor.

Time/Frequency CURSOR

If complex waveforms such as video signals are applied, the cursor lines may not align exactly with one period and give a false reading.

[3] INTENS/FOCUS – Knob with associated LEDs and TRACE

ROT.-pushbutton. If the readout (RO) is not switched off, briefly pressing the READOUT pushbutton switches over the INTENS/FOCUS knob function indicated by a LED in the sequence A, FOC, RO, A. In condition READOUT deactivated, the switching sequence is A, FOC, A.

Description of Controls

The large front panel is, as usual with Hameg oscilloscopes, marked with several fields.

The following controls and LED indicators are located on the top, to the right of the screen, above the horizontal line.

1 3 4 5

POWER

AUTOSET

[1] POWER – Pushbutton and symbols for ON (I) and OFF (O).

INTENS / FOCUS

TRACE

ROT.

Instruments

50 MHz

ANALOG OSCILLOSCOPE

HM504-2

RECALL

SAVE

After the oscilloscope is switched on, all LEDs are lit and an automated instrument test is performed. During this time the HAMEG logo and the software version are displayed on the screen. After the internal test is completed successfully, the overlay is switched off and the normal operation mode is present. Then the last used settings become activated and LED [3] indicates the ON condition.

“A”:

The INTENS/FOCUS control knob adjusts the signal(s) intensity. Turning this knob clockwise increases the intensity. Only the minimum required trace intensity should be used, depending on signal parameters, oscilloscope settings and light conditions.

“FOC”:

The INTENS/FOCUS control knob adjusts both the trace and the readout sharpness. Note: The electron beam diameter gets larger with a higher trace intensity and the trace sharpness decreases. This can be corrected to a certain extent. Assuming that the trace sharpness was set to optimum in the screen centre, it is unavoidable that the trace sharpness decreases with an increasing distance from the centre. Since the settings of the signal(s) intensity (A) and the READOUT (RO) are usually different, the FOCUS should be set for optimum signal(s) sharpness. The sharpness of the READOUT then can be improved by reducing the READOUT intensity.

“RO”:

The INTENS/FOCUS control knob adjusts the READOUT intensity. Turning this knob clockwise increases and counter clockwise decreases the intensity. Only the minimum required intensity should be used.

Subject to change without notice

+ 28 hidden pages

HAMEG HM504-2 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual