ENGLISH
®
Instruments
Manual
SpectrumAnalyzer
HM5010/11
MANUAL•HANDBUCH•MANUEL
MANUAL•HANDBUCH•MANUEL
Operating Instruction
Datasheet HM5010/11 .................................................... 6
HZ530 EM Near Field Sniffer Probe Set .......................... 7
General Information ......................................................... 8
Symbols ........................................................................... 8
Tilt handle ........................................................................ 8
Safety ................................................................................. 9
Operating Conditions ..................................................... 10
Warranty ........................................................................ 10
Maintenance .................................................................. 11
Selecting the Line Voltage ............................................. 11
Introduction ..................................................................... 12
Operating Instructions ................................................... 13
Attention! ...................................................................... 13
Control Elements ........................................................... 14
Vertical Calibration ......................................................... 19
Horizontal Calibration ..................................................... 20
Introduction to Spectrum Analysis ............................... 20
Types of Spectrum Analyzers ........................................ 21
Spectrum Analyzer Requirements ................................. 22
Frequency Measurements ............................................ 23
Resolution ..................................................................... 23
Sensitivity ...................................................................... 24
Video Filtering ................................................................ 25
Spectrum Analyzer Sensitivity ....................................... 25
Frequency Response ..................................................... 27
Tracking Generators ....................................................... 27
Front panel elements ...................................................... 30
Table of contents
St.0797-Brü/Obh/Mei
Subject to change without notice
3
General information regarding the CE marking
HAMEG instruments fulfill the regulations of the EMC directive. The conformity test made
by HAMEG is based on the actual generic- and product standards. In cases where different
limit values are applicable, HAMEG applies the severer standard. For emission the limits for
residential, commercial and light industry are applied. Regarding the immunity (susceptibility)
the limits for industrial environment have been used.
The measuring- and data lines of the instrument have much influence on emmission and
immunity and therefore on meeting the acceptance limits. For different applications the
lines and/or cables used may be different. For measurement operation the following hints
and conditions regarding emission and immunity should be observed:
1. Data cables
For the connection between instruments resp. their interfaces and external devices,
(computer, printer etc.) sufficiently screened cables must be used. Without a special
instruction in the manual for a reduced cable length, the maximum cable length of a dataline
must be less than 3 meters and not be used outside buildings. If an interface has several
connectors only one connector must have a connection to a cable.
Basically interconnections must have a double screening. For IEEE-bus purposes the double
screened cables HZ72S and HZ72L from HAMEG are suitable.
2. Signal cables
Basically test leads for signal interconnection between test point and instrument should be
as short as possible. Without instruction in the manual for a shorter length, signal lines
must be less than 3 meters and not be used outside buildings.
Signal lines must screened (coaxial cable - RG58/U). A proper ground connection is required.
In combination with signal generators double screened cables (RG223/U, RG214/U) must
be used.
3. Influence on measuring instruments.
Under the presence of strong high frequency electric or magnetic fields, even with careful
setup of the measuring equipment an influence of such signals is unavoidable.
This will not cause damage or put the instrument out of operation. Small deviations of the
measuring value (reading) exceeding the instruments specifications may result from such
conditions in individual cases.
December 1995
HAMEG GmbH
4
Subject to change without notice
KONFORMITÄTSERKLÄRUNG
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
DECLARATION DE CONFORMITE
Name und Adresse des Herstellers HAMEG GmbH
Manufacturer´s name and address Kelsterbacherstraße 15-19
Nom et adresse du fabricant D - 60528 Frankfurt
HAMEG S.a.r.l.
5, av de la République
F - 94800 Villejuif
Die HAMEG GmbH / HAMEG S.a.r.l bescheinigt die Konformität für das Produkt
The HAMEG GmbH / HAMEG S.a.r.l herewith declares conformity of the product
HAMEG GmbH / HAMEG S.a.r.l déclare la conformite du produit
®
Instruments
Bezeichnung / Product name / Designation:
Typ / Type / Type:
mit / with / avec:
Optionen / Options / Options:
mit den folgenden Bestimmungen / with applicable regulations / avec les directives suivantes
EMV Richtlinie 89/336/EWG ergänzt durch 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EWG
EMC Directive 89/336/EEC amended by 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EEC
Directive EMC 89/336/CEE amendée par 91/263/EWG, 92/31/CEE
Niederspannungsrichtlinie 73/23/EWG ergänzt durch 93/68/EWG
Low-Voltage Equipment Directive 73/23/EEC amended by 93/68/EEC
Directive des equipements basse tension 73/23/CEE amendée par 93/68/CEE
Angewendete harmonisierte Normen / Harmonized standards applied / Normes harmonisées utilisées
Sicherheit / Safety / Sécurité
EN 61010-1: 1993 / IEC (CEI) 1010-1: 1990 A 1: 1992 / VDE 0411: 1994
EN 61010-1/A2: 1995 / IEC 1010-1/A2: 1995 / VDE 0411 Teil 1/A1: 1996-05
Überspannungskategorie / Overvoltage category / Catégorie de surtension: II
Verschmutzungsgrad / Degree of pollution / Degré de pollution: 2
Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit / Electromagnetic compatibility /
Compatibilité électromagnétique
EN 61326-1/A1
Störaussendung / Radiation / Emission: Tabelle / table / tableau 4; Klasse / Class / Classe B.
Störfestigkeit / Immunity / Imunitee: Tabelle / table / tableau A1.
EN 61000-3-2/A14
Oberschwingungsströme / Harmonic current emissions / Émissions de courant harmonique: Klasse / Class / Classe D.
EN 61000-3-3
Spannungsschwankungen u. Flicker / Voltage fluctuations and flicker /
Fluctuations de tension et du flicker.
Spektrum-Analysator/Spectrum Analyzer/Analyseur de spectre
HM5010 / 5011
-
-
Datum /Date /Date Unterschrift / Signature /Signatur
15.01.2001
E. Baumgartner
Technical Manager
Directeur Technique
Subject to change without notice
5
Spectrum Analyzer HM 5010/HM5011
I Frequency Range 0.15MHz - 1050MHz.
I 4½ Digit Display (Center & Marker Frequency, 0.1MHz resolution)
I -100 to +13dBm Amplitude Range, 20kHz, 400kHz and Video-Filter
I Tracking-Generator (HM5011 only):
I Frequency range: 0.15MHz - 1050MHz.
I Output Voltage: +1dBm to –50dBm (50
ΩΩ
Ω).
ΩΩ
Evolution of the original HM5005/HM5006
has led to the new HM5010/HM5011
Spectrum Analyzer/Tracking Generator
which now extends operation over 1 GHz
(frequency range 0.15 to 1050 MHz). Both
fine and coarse center frequency controls,
combined with a scanwidth selector provide
simple frequency domain measurements
from 100 kHz/div. to 100 MHz/Div. Both
models include a 4½digit numeric LED
readout that can selectively display either
the center or marker frequency. The HM5011
includes a tracking generator.
The HM5010/5011 offer the same
operation modes as the HM5005/5006. The
Specifications
Frequency
Frequency range: 0.15MHz to 1050MHz (-3dB)
Center frequency display accuracy: ±100kHz
Marker accuracy: ±(0.1% span + 100kHz)
Frequency display res.: 100kHz (4½ digit LED)
Frequency scanwidth: 100kHz/div. to 100MHz/div.
in 1-2-5 steps and 0Hz/div. (Zero Scan)
Frequency scanwidth accuracy: ±10%
Frequency stability: better than 150kHz / hour
IF Bandwidth (-3dB): Resolution: 400kHz and
20kHz; Video-Filter on: 4kHz
Sweep rate: 43Hz
Amplitude
Amplitude range: -100dBm to +13dBm
Screen display range: 80dB (10dB / div.)
Reference level: -27dBm to +13dBm
(in 10dB steps)
Reference level accuracy: ±2dB
Average noise level: -99dBm (20kHz BW)
Distortion: <-75dBc; 2nd and 3rd harmonic
3rd order intermod.: -70dBc
(two signals >3MHz apart)
Sensitivity: <5dB above average noise level
Log scale fidelity: ±2dB (without attn.) Ref.: 250MHz
Input
Input impedance: 50Ω
Input connector: BNC
instruments are suitable for pre-compliance
testing during development prior to third
party testing. A near-field sniffer probe set,
HZ530, can be used to locate cable and PC
board emission "hot spots" and evaluate
EMC problems at the breadboard and prototype level. The combination of HM5010/
5011 with the HZ530 is an excellent solution
for RF leakage/radiation detection, CATV/
MATV system troubleshooting, cellular telephone/pocket pager test, and EMC diagnostics. There is an optional measurement
output for a PC which makes documentation
of results easy and affordable with the HO500
Interface.
Input attenuator: 0 to 40 dB (4 x 10dB steps)
Input attenuator accuracy: ±1dB/10dB step
Max. input level: +10dBm, ±25VDC (0dB attenuation)
+20dBm (40dB attenuation)
Tracking Generator
Output level range: -50dBm to +1dBm
(in 10dB steps and var.)
Output attenuator: 0 to 40dB (4 x 10dB steps)
Output attenuator accuracy: ±1dB
Output impedance: 50Ω (BNC)
Frequency range: 0.15MHz to 1050MHz
Frequency response: ±1.5dB
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI): <20dBc
Misc.
AM-Demodulator output for head-sets.
Permissible load impedance >8Ω
General
Display: CRT. 6 inch, 8 x 10 div. intern. graticule
Trace rotation: Adjustable on front panel
Line voltage: 115 / 230V ±10%, 50-60Hz
Power consumption: approx. 20W
Operating ambient temperature: 0°C..+40°C
Protective system: Safety Class I (IEC 1010-1)
Weight: approx. 7kg
Cabinet: W 285, H 125, D 380 mm
6
Subject to change without notice
HZ530 EMI Near Field Sniffer Probe Set (Optional accessories)
The HZ530 is the ideal toolkit for the
investigation of RF electromagnetic fields.
It is indispensible for EMI pre-compliance
testing during product development, prior
to third party testing. The set includes 3
hand-held probes with a built-in pre-ampli-
fier covering the frequency range from 10
kHz to 1000 MHz depending on probe type.
The set includes one magnetic field probe,
one electric field probe and one high
impedance probe. All have high sensitivity
and are matched to the 50Ω
spectrum analyzers. The power can be
supplied either from the batteries or thrugh
a power cord directly connected to an
HM5010/11 series spectrum analyzer. Signal feed is via a 1.5m BNC-cable. When
used in conjunction with a spectrum analyzer
or a measuring receiver, the probes can be
used to locate and qualify EMI sources.
They are especially suited to locate emission
“hot spots” on PCBs and cables, as well as
evaluate EMC problems at the breadboard
and prototype level. They enable the user
to evaluate radiated fields and perform shield
effectivity comparisons. Mechanical scree-
ning performance and immunity tests on
cables and components are easily performed.
Faulty components and poor bonding lo-
cations can be isolated.
The magnetic probe incorporates a
high degree of rejection of both stray and
direct electric fields, and provides far greater
inputs of
repeatability than with conventional field
probes. Measurements can be made on
the very near field area that is close to
components or radiation sources. The
electric field (mono-pole) probe has the
highest sensitivity of all three probes. It
can be used to check screening and per-
form pre-compliance testing on a comparative basis. The high impedance probe
is used to measure directly on the com-
ponents under test or at the conductive
trace of a PC board. It has an input capa-
citance of only 2pF and supplies virtually
no electrical charge to the device under
test.
Specifications
Frequency
Frequency range: 0.1MHz to 1000MHz
(lower frequency limit
depends on probe type)
Output impedance: 50 Ω
Output connector: BNC-jack
Input capacitance: 2pF
(high imped. probe)
Max. Input Level: +10dBm
(without destruction)
1dB-compression point: -2dBm
(frequency range dependent)
DC-input voltage: 20V max.
Supply Voltage: 6V DC
4 AA size batteries
Subject to change without notice
Supply Current: 8mA (H-Field Probe)
Probe Dimensions:
Housing: Plastic; (electrically
Package contents: Carrying case
(Batteries or Ni-Cads are not included)
Supply-power of HM5010/5011
15mA (E-FieldProbe)
24mA(High imp.Probe)
40x19x195mm (WxDxL)
shielded internally)
1 H-Field Probe
1 E-Field Probe
1 High Impedance Probe
1 BNC cable (1.5m)
1 Power Supply Cable
7
General Information
The HM5010/11 spectrum analyzer is easy to operate.The logical
arrangement of the controls allows anyone to quickly become
familiar with the operation of the instrument, however, experienced
users are also advised to read through these instructions so that
all functions are understood. Immediately after unpacking, the
instrument should be checked for mechanical damage and loose
parts in the interior. If there is transport damage, the supplier must
be informed immediately. The instrument must then not be put
into operation.
Symbols
Tilt handle
To view the screen from the best angle, there are three different
positions (C, D, E) for setting up the instrument. If the instrument
is set down on the floor after being carried, the handle automatically
remains in the upright carrying position (A). In order to place the
instrument onto a horizontal surface, the handle should be turned
to the upper side of the
Spectrum Analyzer (C).
For the D position (10°
inclination), the handle
should be turned to the
opposite direction of the
carrying position until it
locks in place automatically underneath the
instrument. For the E
position (20° inclination),
the handle should be
pulled to release it from
the D position and swing backwards until it locks once more. The
handle may also be set to a position for horizontal carrying by
turning it to the upper side to lock in the B position. At the same
time, the instrument must be lifted, because otherwise the handle will jump back.
ATTENTION - refer to manual
Danger - High voltage
Protective ground (earth) terminal
8
Subject to change without notice
Safety
This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance with
IEC Publication 1010-1, Safety requirements for electrical
equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use. The
CENELEC regulations EN 61010-1 correspond to this standard. It
has left the factory in a safe condition. This instruction manual
contains important information and warnings which have to be
followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to retain the
Spectrum Analyzer in a safe condition. The case, chassis and all
measuring terminals are connected to the protective earth contact
of the appliance inlet. The instrument operates according to Safety
Class I (three-conductor power cord with protective earthing
conductor and a plug with earthing contact). The mains/line plug
shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective
earth contact. The protective action must not be negated by the
use of an extension cord without a protective conductor.
The mains/line plug should be inserted before connections are
made to measuring circuits. The grounded accessible metal parts
(case, sockets, jacks) and the mains/line supply contacts (line/
live, neutral) of the instrument have been tested against insulation
breakdown with 2200V DC. Under certain conditions, 50Hz or 60Hz
hum voltages can occur in the measuring circuit due to the interconnection with other mains/line powered equipment or
instruments. This can be avoided by using an isolation transformer
(Safety Class II) between the mains/line outlet and the power plug
of the device being investigated. Most cathode-ray tubes develop
X-rays. However, the dose equivalent rate falls far below the
maximum permissible value of 36pA/kg (0.5mR/h). Whenever
it is likely that protection has been impaired, the instrument shall
be made inoperative and be secured against any unintended
operation. The protection is likely to be impaired if, for example,
the instrument
• shows visible damage,
• fails to perform the intended measurements,
• has been subjected to prolonged storage under unfavourable
• has been subject to severe transport stress (e.g. in poor
Subject to change without notice
conditions (e.g. in the open or in moist environments),
packaging).
9
Operating Conditions
The instrument has been designed for indoor use. The permissible
ambient temperature range during operation is +10°C (+50°F) ...
+40°C (+104°F). It may occasionally be subjected to temperatures
between +10°C (+50°F) and -10°C (+14°F) without degrading its
safety. The permissible ambient temperature range for storage
or transportation is -40°C (+14°F) ... +70°C (+158°F).
The maximum operating altitude is up to 2200m. The maximum
relative humidity is up to 80%.
If condensed water exists in the instrument it should be
acclimatized before switching on. In some cases (e.g. instrument
extremely cold) two hours should be allowed before the
instrument is put into operation. The instrument should be kept
in a clean and dry room and must not be operated in explosive,
corrosive, dusty, or moist environments. The spectrum analyzer
can be operated in any position, but the convection cooling must
not be impaired. For continuous operation the instrument should
be used in the horizontal position, preferably tilted upwards,
resting on the tilt handle.
The specifications stating tolerances are only valid if the
instrument has warmed up for 60 minutes at an ambient
temperature between +15°C (+59°F) and +30°C (+86°F).
Values without tolerances are typical for an average
instrument.
Warranty
10
HAMEG warrants to its Customers that the products it
manufactures and sells will be free from defects in materials and
workmanship for a period of 3 years. This warranty shall not
apply to any defect, failure or damage caused by improper use or
inadequate maintenance and care. HAMEG shall not be obliged
to provide service under this warranty to repair damage resulting
from attempts by personnel other than HAMEG representatives
to install, repair, service or modify these products.
In order to obtain service under this warranty, Customers must
contact and notify the distributor who has sold the product.
Each instrument is subjected to a quality test with 10 hour burnin before leaving the production. Practically all early failures are
Subject to change without notice
Maintenance
detected by this method. In the case of shipments by post, rail
or carrier it is recommended that the original packing is carefully
preserved. Transport damages and damage due to gross
negligence are not covered by the waranty.
In the case of a complaint, a label should be attached to the
housing of the instrument which describes briefly the faults
observed. If at the same time the name and telephone number
(dialing code and telephone or direct number or department
designation) is stated for possible queries, this helps towards
speeding up the processing of waranty claims.
Various important properties of the spectrum analyzer should be
carefully checked at certain intervals. Only in this way it is certain
that all signals are displayed with the accuracy on which the
technical data are based.
The exterior of the instrument should be cleaned regularly with a
dusting brush. Dirt which is difficult to remove on the casing and
handle, the plastic and aluminium parts, can be removed with a
moistened cloth (99% water +1% mild detergent). Spirit or washing benzine (petroleum ether) can be used to remove greasy dirt.
The screen may be cleaned with water or washing benzine (but
not with spirit (alcohol) or solvents), it must then be wiped with a
dry clean lint-free cloth. Under no circumstances may the cleaning
fluid get into the instrument. The use of other cleaning agents
can attack the plastic and paint surfaces.
Selecting the Line Voltage
The spectrum analyzer operates at mains/line voltages of 115V
AC and 230V AC. The voltage selection switch is located on the
rear of the instrument and displays the selected voltage. The
correct voltage can be selected using a small screwdriver.
Remove the power cable from the power connector prior to
making any changes to the voltage setting. The fuses must also
be replaced with the appropriate value (see table below) prior to
connecting the power cable. Both fuses are externally accessible
by removing the fuse cover located above the 3-pole power
connector.
Subject to change without notice
11
Introduction
The fuseholder can be released by pressing its plastic retainers
with the aid of a small screwdriver. The retainers are located on
the right and left side of the holder and must be pressed towards
the center. The fuse(s) can then be replaced and pressed in until
locked on both sides.
Use of patched fuses or short-circuiting of the fuseholder is not
permissible; HAMEG assumes no liability whatsoever for any
damage caused as a result, and all warranty claims become null
and void.
Fuse type:
Size 5 x 20 mm; 250-Volt AC;
must meet IEC specification 127,
Sheet III (or DIN 41 662 or
DIN 41 571, sheet 3).
Time characteristic: time-lag
Line voltage 115V~ ±10%: Fuse rating: T 315mA
Line voltage 230V~ ±10%: Fuse rating: T 160mA
.
The spectrum analyzer permits the detection of spectrum
components of electrical signals in the frequency range of 0.15
to 1050MHz. The detected signal and its content have to be
repetitive. In contrast to an oscilloscope operated in Yt mode,
where the amplitude is displayed on the time domain, the
spectrum analyzer displays amplitude on the frequency domain
(Yf). The individual spectrum components of “a signal” become
visible on a spectrum analyzer. The oscilloscope would display
the same signal as one resulting waveform.
12
The spectrum analyzer works according to the triple superhet
receiver principle. The signal to be measured (fin = 0.15MHz to
1050MHz) is applied to the 1st mixer where it is mixed with the
signal of a variable voltage controlled oscillator (fLO 1350MHz 2350MHz). This oscillator is called the 1st LO (local oscillator). The
difference between the oscillator and the input frequency (fLO fin = 1st IF) is the first intermediate frequency, which passes
through a waveband filter tuned to a center frequency of 1350MHz.
It then enters an amplifier, and this is followed by two additional
mixing stages, oscillators and amplifiers. The second IF is
Subject to change without notice
29.875MHz and the third is 2.75MHz. In the third IF stage, the
signal can be selectively transferred through a filter with 400kHz
or 20kHz bandwidth before arriving at an AM demodulator. The
logarithmic output (video signal) is transferred directly, or via a low
pass filter to another amplifier. This amplifier output is connected
to the Y deflection plates of the CRT.
The X deflection is performed with a ramp generator voltage. This
voltage can also be superimposed on a dc voltage which allows
for the control of 1st LO. The spectrum analyzer scans a frequency
range depending on the ramp height. This span is determined by
the scanwidth setting. In ZERO SCAN mode only the direct voltage
controls the 1st LO.
The HM5011 also includes a tracking generator. This generator
provides sine wave voltages within the frequency range of 0.15
to 1050MHz. The tracking generator frequency is determined by
the first oscillator (1st LO) of the spectrum analyzer section.
Spectrum analyzer and tracking generator are frequency
synchronized.
Operating Instructions
It is very important to read the paragraph “Safety” including the
instructions prior to operating the HM5010/11. No special
knowledge is necessary for the operation of the HM5010/11. The
straightforward front panel layout and the limitation to basic
functions guarantee efficient operation immediately. To ensure
optimum operation of the instrument, some basic instructions
need to be followed.
Attention!
The most sensitive component of the HM5010/HM5011 is
the input section of the spectrum analyzer. It consists of
the signal attenuator and the first mixer. Without input
attenuation, the voltage at the input must not exceed
+10dBm (0.7Vrms) AC or ±25 volt DC. With a maximum
input attenuation of 40dB the AC voltage must not exceed
+20dBm.
otherwise the input attenuator and/or the first mixer would
be destroyed.
Subject to change without notice
These limits must not be exceeded
13
When measuring via a LISN (line impedance stabilization
network) the input of the Spectrum Analyzer must be
protected by means of a transient limiter (HZ560).
Prior to examining unidentified signals, the presence of
unacceptable high voltages has to be checked. It is also
recommended to start measurements with the highest possible
attenuation and a maximum frequency range (1000MHz). The user
should also consider the possibility of excessively high signal
amplitudes outside the covered frequency range, although not
displayed (e.g. 1200MHz). The frequency range of 0Hz to 150kHz
is not specified for the HM5010/11 spectrum analyzer. Spectral
lines within this range would be displayed with incorrect amplitude.
A particularly high intensity setting shall be avoided. The way
signals are displayed on the spectrum analyzer typically allows for
any signal to be recognized easily, even with low intensity.
Due to the frequency conversion principle, a spectral line is visible
at 0Hz. It is called IF-feedthrough. The line appears when the 1st
LO frequency passes the IF amplifiers and filters. The level of
this spectral line is different in each instrument. A deviation from
the full screen does not indicate a malfunctioning instrument.
Control Elements
14
The front view picture of the instrument (see last page) contains
numbers referred to below.
(1) FOCUS
Beam sharpness adjustment.
(2) INTENS
Beam intensity adjustment.
(3) POWER (Power ON and OFF).
If power is switched to ON position, a beam will be visible on the
screen after approximately 10 sec..
(4) TR (Trace Rotation):
In spite of Mumetal-shielding of the CRT, effects of the earth’s
magnetic field on the horizontal trace position cannot be
completely avoided. A potentiometer accessible through an
opening can be used for correction. Slight pincushion distortion
is unavoidable and cannot be corrected.
Subject to change without notice
5) MARKER - ON/OFF
When the MARKER pushbutton is set to the OFF position, the
CF indicator is lit and the display shows the center frequency.
When the switch is in the ON position, MK is lit and the display
shows the marker frequency. The marker is shown on the screen
as a sharp peak. The marker frequency is adjustable by means of
the MARKER knob and can be aligned with a spectral line.
Switch off the marker before taking correct amplitude
readings.
(6) CF/MK
(CENTER FREQUENCY/ MARKER)
The CF LED is lit when the digital display shows the center
frequency. The center frequency is the frequency which is
displayed in the horizontal center of the CRT. The MK LED is lit
when the Marker pushbutton is in the ON position. The digital
display shows the marker frequency in that case.
(7) Digital Display
(Display of CenterFrequency / Marker Frequency)
7-segm. Display with 100kHz resolution.
(8) UNCAL.
Blinking of this LED indicates incorrectly displayed amplitude
values. This is due to scanwidth and filter setting combinations
which give to low amplitude readings because the IF-filters have
not being settled. This may occur when the scanned frequency
range (SCANWIDTH) is too large compared to the IF bandwidth
(20kHz), and/or the video filter bandwidth (4kHz). Measurements
in the case can either be taken without a video filter or the
scanwidth has to be decreased .
(9) CENTER FREQUENCY Coarse/Fine
Both rotary knobs are used for center frequency setting. The
center frequency is displayed at the horizontal center of the
screen.
(10) BANDWIDTH:
Selects between 400kHz and 20kHz IF bandwidth. If a bandwidth
of 20kHz is selected, the noise level decreases and the selectivity
is improved. Spectral lines which are relatively close together
can be distinguished. As the small signal transient response
Subject to change without notice
15
requires a longer time this causes incorrect amplitude values if
the scanwidth is set at too wide a frequency span. The UNCAL.
LED will indicate this condition.
(11) VIDEO FILTER:
The video filter may be used to reduce noise on the screen. It
enables small level spectral lines to become visible which
normally would be within or just above the medium noise level.
The filter bandwidth is 4kHz.
(12) Y-Position
Control for adjusting the vertical beam position.
(13) INPUT
The BNC 50Ω input of the spectrum analyzer. Without input
attenuation the maximum permissible input voltages of ±25V
DC and +10dBm AC must not be exceeded. With the maximum
input attenuation of 40dB the maximum input voltage is +20dBm.
The maximum dynamic range of the instrument is 70dB. Higher
input voltages exceeding the reference level cause signal
compression and intermodulation. Those effects will lead to
erroneous displays. If the input level exceeds the reference level,
the input level attenuation must be increased.
(14) ATTENUATOR
The Input Attenuator consists of four 10dB attenuators, reducing
the signal height before entering the 1st mixer. Each attenuator
is active if the push button is depressed.
The correlation of selected attenuation, reference level and
baseline level (noise level) is according to the following listing:
16
Attenuation Reference level Base line
0dB -27dBm 10mV -107dBm
10dB -17dBm 31.6mV -97dBm
20dB -7dBm 0.1V -87dBm
30dB +3dBm 316mV -77dBm
40dB +13dBm 1V -67dBm
The reference level is represented by the upper horizontal graticule
line. The lowest horizontal graticule line indicates the baseline.
The vertical graticule is subdivided in 10dB steps.
As previously pointed out, the maximum permissible input
voltages may not be exceeded. This is extremely important
because it is possible that the spectrum analyzer will only show
Subject to change without notice
a partial spectrum of currently applied signals. Consequently, input
signals might be applied with excessive levels outside the
displayed frequency range leading to the destruction of the input
attenuator and/or the 1st mixing stage. Also refer to INPUT.
The highest attenuation (4 x 10dB) and the highest usable
frequency range (scanwidth setting 50MHz/DIV.) should be
selected prior to connecting any signal to the HM5010/11 input.
This permits the detection of any spectral lines which are within
the maximum measurable and displayable frequency range, if
the center frequency is set to 500MHz. If the baseline tends to
move upwards when the attenuation is decreased, it may indicate
spectral lines outside the maximum displayable frequency range
(i.e.1200MHz)with excessive amplitude.
(15) SCANWIDTH <> (Push buttons)
The SCANWIDTH selectors allow to control the scanwidth per
division of the horizontal axis. The frequency/Div. can be increased
by means of the > button, and decreased by means of the <
button. Switching is accomplished in 1-2-5 steps from 100kHz/
div. to 100MHz/div. The width of the scan range is displayed in
MHz/div. and refers to each horizontal division on the graticule.
The center frequency is indicated by the vertical graticule line at
middle of the horizontal axis. If the center frequency and the
scanwidth settings are correct, the X axis has a length of 10
divisions. On scanwidth settings lower than 100MHz, only a part
of the entire frequency range is displayed. When SCANWIDTH
is set to 100MHz/div. and if center frequency is set to 500MHz,
the displayed frequency range extends to the right by 100MHz
per division, ending at 1000MHz (500MHz+(5x100MHz)). The
frequency decreases to the left in a similar way. In this case the
left graticule line corresponds to 0Hz. With these settings, a
spectral line is visible which is referred to as “Zero Frequency”.
It is the 1st LO (oscillator) which becomes visible when its
frequency passes the first IF filter. This occurs when the center
frequency is low relative to the scanwidth range selected. The
“Zero Frequency” is different in level in every instrument and
therefore cannot be used as a reference level. Spectral lines
displayed left of the “Zero Frequency Point” are so-called image
frequencies. In the ZERO SCAN mode the spectrum analyzer
operates like a receiver with selectable bandwidth. The frequency
is selected via the CENTER FREQ. knob. Spectral line(s) passing
the IF filter cause a level display (selective voltmeter function).
The selected scanwidth/div. settings are indicated by a number
of LEDs above the range setting push buttons.
Subject to change without notice
17
(16) X-POS. (X-position)
(17) X-AMPL. (X-amplitude)
IMPORTANT: These controls are only necessary when calibrating
the instrument. They do not require adjustment under normal
operating conditions. A very accurate RF Generator (e.g. HAMEG
HM8133) is neccessary if any adjustment of these controls is
required.
(18) Phone
(3.5mm earphone connector)
An earphone or loudspeaker with an impedance >16Ω can be con-
nected to this output. When tuning the spectrum analyzer to a spectral
line possibly available audio signals can be detected. The signal is
provided by an AM-Demodulator in the IF-section. It demodulates
any available AM-Signal and provides as well one-side FMDemodulation. The output is short circuit proof.
(19) Volume
Volume setting for earphone output.
(20) Probe power
The output provides a +6Vdc voltage for the operation of an HZ 530
near field sniffer probe. It is only provided for this purpose and
requires a special cable which is shipped along with the HZ530
probe set.
(21) LEVEL (HM5011 only):
The output level of the Tracking Generator can be continuously
adjusted with this knob by 11dBm (-10dBm to +1dBm).
(22) TRACK.GEN. (HM5011 only):
The Tracking Generator is activated if the push button is depressed
(ON). In this case, a sine signal can be obtained from the OUT-
PUT BNC socket with a frequency determined by the spectrum
analyzer. In ZERO SCAN mode the Center Frequency appears at
the output.
(23) OUTPUT (HM5011 only):
50Ω BNC socket of the Tracking Generator. The output level can
be determined from +1dBm to -50dBm.
(24) ATTN. (HM5011 only):
Output level attenuator with four 10dB attenuators which allows
the signal to be reduced prior to reaching the OUTPUT socket.
All four attenuators are equal and can be activated by pressing
the respective push button. Therefore it is irrelevant which
attenuators are used to reach e.g. a 20dB attenuation.
18
Subject to change without notice
Vertical Calibration
Prior to calibration, ensure that all input attenuators (14) are
released. The HM5010/11 must be in operation for at least 60
minutes prior to calibration. Switch VIDEO FILTER (11) to OFF
position, set BANDWIDTH (10) to 400kHz, and SCANWIDTH
(15) to 2MHz/div.
Connect RF signal of -27dBm ±0.2dB (10mV) to the spectrum
analyzer input (13). The frequency of this signal should be
between 2MHz and 250MHz. Set the center frequency to the
signal frequency.
A: A single spectral line (-27dBm) appears on the screen. The
spectral line maximum is now adjusted with the Y-POS. control
(12) and placed at the top graticule line of the screen. All input
attenuators switches have to be released.
The following adjustment is only necessary for service purposes
and if the check of this setting shows deviations of the correct
settings. The Y-ampl. control is located on the XY-PCB inside the
instrument. In case any adjustment of the vertical amplification is
necessary, please refer to the service manual.
B: Next, the generator signal must be switched back and forth
between -27dBm and -77dBm, and the Y-AMPL. control (12)
adjusted so that the spectral line peak changes by 5 divisions in
the vertical direction. If this results in a change of the Y-position,
the calibration outlined under A has to be repeated. The
calibrations A and B have to be repeated until an ideal adjustment
is achieved.
Finally, the operation of the input attenuators (14) can be tested
at a level of -27dBm. The spectral line visible on the screen can
be reduced in 4 steps of 10dB each by activating the attenuators
incorporated in the spectrum analyzer. Each 10dB step
corresponds to one graticule division on the screen. The tolerance
may not exceed ±1dB in all attenuation positions.
Horizontal Calibration
Prior to calibration ensure that all input attenuator switches (13)
are released. The HM5010/5011 must be operated for at least 60
minutes prior to calibration. The VIDEO FILTER push button (11)
must be in OFF position, the BANDWIDTH (10) must be set to
400kHz, and SCANWIDTH (15) set to 100MHz/div. After the center
Subject to change without notice
19
frequency is set to 500MHz, a generator signal must be applied to
the input. The output level should be between 40 and 50 dB above
the noise.
C: Set generator frequency to 500MHz. Adjust the peak of the
500MHz spectral line to the horizontal screen center using the X-
POS. control (16).
D: Set the generator frequency to 100MHz. If the 100MHz
spectral line is not on the 2nd. graticule line from left, it should
be aligned using the X-AMPL. control (17). Then the calibration
as described under C should be verified and corrected if
necessary. The calibrations C and D should be repeated until
optimum adjustment is achieved.
Introduction to Spectrum Analysis
The analysis of electrical signals is a fundamental problem for
many engineers and scientists. Even if the immediate problem
is not electrical, the basic parameters of interest are often changed
into electrical signals by means of transducers. The rewards for
transforming physical parameters to electrical signals are great,
as many instruments are available for the analysis of electrical
signals in the time and frequency domains.
The traditional way of observing electrical signals is to view them
in the time domain using an oscilloscope. The time domain is
used to recover relative timing and phase information which is
needed to characterize electric circuit behavior. However, not all
circuits can be uniquely characterized from just time domain
information. Circuit elements such as amplifiers, oscillators,
mixers, modulators, detectors and filters are best characterized
by their frequency response information. This frequency
information is best obtained by viewing electrical signals in the
frequency domain. To display the frequency domain requires a
device that can discriminate between frequencies while
measuring the power level at each. One instrument which
displays the frequency domain is the spectrum analyzer. It
graphically displays voltage or power as a function of frequency
on a CRT (cathode ray tube).
In the time domain, all frequency components of a signal are
seen summed together. In the frequency domain, complex signals
(i.e. signals composed of more than one frequency) are separated
into their frequency components, and the power level at each
frequency is displayed. The frequency domain is a graphical
20
Subject to change without notice
representation of signal amplitude as a function of frequency.
The frequency domain contains information not found in the time
domain and therefore, the spectrum analyzer has certain
advantages compared with an oscilloscope.
The analyzer is more sensitive to low level distortion than a scope.
Sine waves may look good in the time domain, but in the frequency domain, harmonic distortion can be seen. The sensitivity
and wide dynamic range of the spectrum analyzer is useful for
measuring low-level modulation. It can be used to measure AM,
FM and pulsed RF. The analyzer can be used to measure carrier
frequency, modulation frequency, modulation level, and modulation
distortion. Frequency conversion devices can be easily
characterized. Such parameters as conversion loss, isolation, and
distortion are readily determined from the display.
The spectrum analyzer can be used to measure long and short
term stability. Parameters such as noise sidebands on an oscillator,
residual FM of a source and frequency drift during warm-up can
be measured using the spectrum analyzer’s calibrated scans. The
swept frequency responses of a filter or amplifier are examples of
swept frequency measurements possible with a spectrum analyzer.
These measurements are simplified by using a tracking generator.
Types of Spectrum Analyzers
There are two basic types of spectrum analyzers, swept-tuned
and real-time analyzers. The swept-tuned analyzers are tuned by
electrically sweeping them over their frequency range. Therefore,
the frequency components of a spectrum are sampled sequentially
in time. This enables periodic and random signals to be displayed,
but makes it impossible to display transient responses. Real-time
analyzers, on the other hand, simultaneously display the amplitude
of all signals in the frequency range of the analyzer; hence the
name real-time. This preserves the time dependency between
signals which permits phase information to be displayed. Realtime analyzers are capable of displaying transient responses as
well as periodic and random signals.
The swept-tuned analyzers are usually of the trf (tuned radio
frequency) or superheterodyne type. A trf analyzer consists of a
bandpass filter whose center frequency is tunable over a desired
frequency range, a detector to produce vertical deflection on a
CRT, and a horizontal scan generator used to synchronize the tuned
frequency to the CRT horizontal deflection. It is a simple,
inexpensive analyzer with wide frequency coverage, but lacks
resolution and sensitivity. Because trf analyzers have a swept filter
Subject to change without notice
21
they are limited in sweep width depending on the frequency range
(usually one decade or less). The resolution is determined by the
filter bandwidth, and since tunable filters dont usually have constant
bandwith, is dependent on frequency.
The most common type of spectrum analyzer differs from the trf
spectrum analyzers in that the spectrum is swept through a fixed
bandpass filter instead of sweeping the filter through the spectrum.
The analyzer is basically a narrowband receiver which is
electronically tuned in frequency by applying a saw-tooth voltage
to the frequency control element of a voltage tuned local oscillator.
This same saw-tooth voltage is simultaneously applied to the
horizontal deflection plates of the CRT. The output from the
receiver is synchronously applied to the vertical deflection plates
of the CRT and a plot of amplitude versus frequency is displayed.
The analyzer is tuned through its frequency range by varying the
voltage on the LO (local oscillator). The LO frequency is mixed
with the input signal to produce an IF (intermediate frequency)
which can be detected and displayed. When the frequency
difference between the input signal and the LO frequency is equal
to the IF frequency, then there is a response on the analyzer. The
advantages of the superheterodyne technique are considerable.
It obtains high sensitivity through the use of IF amplifiers, and
many decades in frequency can be tuned.
Also, the resolution can be varied by changing the bandwidth of
the IF filters. However, the superheterodyne analyzer is not realtime and sweep rates must be consistent with the IF filter time
constant. A peak at the left edge of the CRT is sometimes called
the “zero frequency indicator” or “local oscillator feedthrough”.
It occurs when the analyzer is tuned to zero frequency, and the
local oscillator passes directly through IF creating a peak on the
CRT even when no input signal is present. (For zero frequency
tuning, FLO=FIF). This effectively limits the lower tuning limit.
Spectrum Analyzer Requirements
To accurately display the frequency and amplitude of a signal on
a spectrum analyzer, the analyzer itself must be properly
calibrated. A spectrum analyzer properly designed for accurate
frequency and amplitude measurements has to satisfy many
requirements:
1. Wide tuning range
2. Wide frequency display range
3. Stability
22
Subject to change without notice
4. Resolution
5. Flat frequency response
6. High sensitivity
7. Low internal distortion
Frequency Measurements
The frequency scale can be scanned in three different modes
full, per division, and zero scan. The full scan mode is used to
locate signals because the widest frequency ranges are displayed
in this mode. (Not all spectrum analyzers offer this mode).
The per division mode is used to zoom-in on a particular signal.
In per division, the center frequency of the display is set by the
Tuning control and the scale factor is set by the Frequency Span
or Scan Width control. In the zero scan mode, the analyzer acts
as a fixed-tuned receiver with selectable bandwidths.
Absolute frequency measurements are usually made from the
spectrum analyzer tuning dial. Relative frequency measurements
require a linear frequency scan. By measuring the relative
separation of two signals on the display, the frequency difference
can be determined.
It is important that the spectrum analyzer be more stable than
the signals being measured. The stability of the analyzer depends
on the frequency stability of its local oscillators. Stability is usually
characterized as either short term or long term. Residual FM is a
measure of the short term stability which is usually specified in
Hz peak-to-peak. Short term stability is also characterized by noise
sidebands which are a measure of the analyzers spectral purity.
Noise sidebands are specified in terms of dB down and Hz away
from a carrier in a specific bandwidth. Long term stability is
characterized by the frequency drift of the analyzers LOs.
Frequency drift is a measure of how much the frequency changes
during a specified time (i.e., Hz/min. or Hz/hr).
Resolution
Before the frequency of a signal can be measured on a spectrum
analyzer it must first be resolved. Resolving a signal means
distinguishing it from its nearest neighbours. The resolution of a
spectrum analyzer is determined by its IF bandwidth. The IF
bandwidth is usually the 3dB bandwidth of the IF filter. The ratio
of the 60dB bandwidth (in Hz) to the 3dB bandwidth (in Hz) is
known as the shape factor of the filter. The smaller the shape
factor, the greater is the analyzer’s capability to resolve closely
Subject to change without notice
23
spaced signals of unequal amplitude. If the shape factor of a filter
is 15:1, then two signals whose amplitudes differ by 60dB must
differ in frequency by 7.5 times the IF bandwidth before they can
be distinguished separately. Otherwise, they will appear as one
signal on the spectrum analyzer display.
The ability of a spectrum analyzer to resolve closely spaced signals
of unequal amplitude is not a function of the IF filter shape factor
only. Noise sidebands can also reduce the resolution. They appear
above the skirt of the IF filter and reduce the offband rejection of
the filter. This limits the resolution when measuring signals of
unequal amplitude.
The resolution of the spectrum analyzer is limited by its narrowest
IF bandwidth. For example, if the narrowest bandwidth is 10kHz
then the nearest any two signals can be and still be resolved is
10kHz. This is because the analyzer traces out its own IF bandpass shape as it sweeps through a CW signal. Since the resolution
of the analyzer is limited by bandwidth, it seems that by reducing
the IF bandwdith infinitely, infinite resolution will be achieved.
The fallacy here is that the usable IF bandwidth is limited by the
stability (residual FM) of the analyzer. If the internal frequency
deviation of the analyzer is 10kHz, then the narrowest bandwidth
that can be used to distinguish a single input signal is 10kHz. Any
narrower IF-filter will result in more than one response or an
intermittent response for a single input frequency. A practical
limitation exists on the IF bandwidth as well, since narrow filters
have long time constants and would require excessive scan time.
Sensitivity
24
Sensitivity is a measure of the analyzer’s ability to detect small
signals. The maximum sensitivity of an analyzer is limited by its
internally generated noise. This noise is basically of two types:
thermal (or Johnson) and nonthermal noise. Thermal noise power
can be expressed as:
PN = k ⋅ T ⋅ B
where:
PN = Noise power in watts
k = Boltzmanns Constant
(1.38 ⋅ 10
-23
Joule/K)
T = absolute temperature, K
B = bandwidth of system in Hertz
As seen from this equation, the noise level is directly proportional to bandwidth. Therefore, a decade decrease in bandwidth
Subject to change without notice
Video Filtering
results in a 10dB decrease in noise level and consequently 10dB
better sensitivity. Nonthermal noise accounts for all noise
produced within the analyzer that is not temperature dependent.
Spurious emissions due to nonlinearities of active elements,
impedance mismatch, etc. are sources of nonthermal noise. A
figure of merit, or noise figure, is usually assigned to this nonthermal noise which when added to the thermal noise gives the
total noise of the analyzer system. This system noise which is
measured on the CRT, determines the maximum sensitivity of
the spectrum analyzer. Because noise level changes with
bandwith it is important, when comparing the sensitivity of two
analyzers, to compare sensitivity specifications for equal
bandwidths. A spectrum analyzer sweeps over a wide frequency
range, but is really a narrow band instrument. All of the signals
that appear in the frequency range of the analyzer are converted
to a single IF frequency which must pass through an IF filter; the
detector sees only this noise at any time. Therefore, the noise
displayed on the analyzer is only that which is contained in the IF
passband. When measuring discrete signals, maximum sensitivity
is obtained by using the narrowest IF bandwidth.
Measuring small signals can be difficult when they are
approximately the same amplitude as the average internal noise
level of the analyzer. To facilitate the measurement, it is best to
use video filtering. A video filter is a post-detection low pass filter
which averages the internal noise of the analyzer. When the noise
is averaged, the input signal may be seen. If the resolution
bandwidth is very narrow for the span, the video filter should not
be selected, as this will not allow the amplitude of the analyzed
signals to reach full amplitude due to its video bandwidth limiting
property.
Spectrum Analyzer Sensitivity
Specifying sensitivity on a spectrum analyzer is somewhat arbitrary.
One way of specifying sensitivity is to define it as the signal level
when signal power = average noise power.
The analyzer always measures signal plus noise. Therefore, when
the input signal is equal to the internal noise level, the signal will
appear 3dB above the noise. When the signal power is added to
the average noise power, the power level on the CRT is doubled
(increased by 3dB) because the signal power=average noise power.
Subject to change without notice
25
The maximum input level to the spectrum analyzer is the damage
level or burn-out level of the input circuit. This is (for the HM5010/
11) +10dBm for the input mixer and +20dBm for the input
attenuator. Before reaching the damage level of the analyzer, the
analyzer will begin to gain compress the input signal. This gain
compression is not considered serious until it reaches 1dB. The
maximum input signal level which will always result in less than
1dB gain compression is called the linear input level. Above 1dB
gain compression the analyzer is considered to be operating
nonlinearly because the signal amplitude displayed on the CRT is
not an accurate measure of the input signal level.
Whenever a signal is applied to the input of the analyzer, distortions
are produced within the analyzer itself. Most of these are caused
by the non-linear behavior of the input mixer. For the HM5010/
5011 these distortions are typically 70dB below the input signal
level for signal levels not exceeding -27dBm at the input of the
first mixer. To accommodate larger input signal levels, an
attenuator is placed in the input circuit before the first mixer. The
largest input signal that can be applied, at each setting of the
input attenuator, while maintaining the internally generated
distortions below a certain level, is called the optimum input level
of the analyzer. The signal is attenuated before the first mixer
because the input to the mixer must not exeed -27dBm, or the
analyzer distortion products may exceed the specified 70dB range.
This 70dB distortion-free range is called the spurious-free dynamic
range of the analyzer. The display dynamic range is defined as
the ratio of the largest signal to the smallest signal that can be
displayed simultaneously with no analyzer distortions present.
Dynamic range requires several things then. The display range
must be adequate, no spurious or unidentified response can occur,
and the sensitivity must be sufficient to eliminate noise from the
displayed amplitude range.
26
The maximum dynamic range for a spectrum analyzer can be
easily determined from its specifications. First check the distortion
spec. For example, this might be “all spurious products 70dB
down for -27dBm at the input mixer”. Then, determine that
adequate sensitivity exists. For example, 70dB down from 27dBm is -97dB. This is the level we must be able to detect, and
the bandwidth required for this sensitivity must not be too narrow
or it will be useless. Last, the display range must be adequate.
Notice that the spurious-free measurement range can be extended by reducing the level at the input mixer. The only limitation,
Subject to change without notice
then, is sensitivity. To ensure a maximum dynamic range on the
CRT display, check to see that the following requirements are
satisfied.
1.The largest input signal does not exceed the optimum input
level of the analyzer (typically -27dBm with 0dB input attenuation).
2.The peak of the largest input signal rests at the top of the CRT
display (reference level).
Frequency Response
The frequency response of an analyzer is the amplitude linearity
of the analyzer over its frequency range. If a spectrum analyzer is
to display equal amplitudes for input signals of equal amplitude,
independent of frequency, then the conversion (power) loss of
the input mixer must not depend on frequency. If the voltage
from the LO is too large compared to the input signal voltage
then the conversion loss of the input mixer is frequency dependent and the frequency response of the system is nonlinear. For
accurate amplitude measurements, a spectrum analyzer should
be as flat as possible over its frequency range. Flatness is usually
the limiting factor in amplitude accuracy since its extremely
difficult to calibrate out. And, since the primary function of the
spectrum analyzer is to compare signal levels at different
frequencies, a lack of flatness can seriously limit its usefulness.
Tracking Generators
The tracking generator (HM5011 only) is a special signal source
whose RF output frequency tracks (follows) some other signal
beyond the tracking generator itself. In conjunction with the
spectrum analyzer, the tracking generator produces a signal
whose frequency precisely tracks the spectrum analayzer tuning.
The tracking generator frequency precisely tracks the spectrum
analyzer tuning since both are effectively tuned by the same VTO.
This precision tracking exists in all analyzer scan modes. Thus, in
full scan, the tracking generator output is a start-stop sweep, in
zero scan the output is simply a CW signal.
The tracking generator signal is generated by synthesizing and
mixing two oscillators. One oscillator is part of the tracking
generator itself, the other oscillator is the spectrum analyzer’s
1st LO. The spectrum analyzer/tracking generator system is used
Subject to change without notice
27
in two configurations: open-loop and closed-loop. In the openloop configuration, unknown external signals are connected to
the spectrum analyzer input and the tracking generator output is
connected to a counter. This configuration is used for making
selective and sensitive precise measurement of frequency, by
tuning to the signal and switching to zero scan.
In the closed-loop configuration, the tracking generator signal is
fed into the device under test and the output of the device under
test is connected to the analyzer input.
In this configuration, the spectrum analyzer/tracking generator
becomes a self-contained, complete (source, detector, and
display) swept frequency measurement system. An internal
leveling loop in the tracking generator ensures a leveled output
over the entire frequency range. The specific swept
measurements that can be made with this system are frequency
response (amplitude vs. frequency), magnitude only reflection
coefficient, and return loss. From return loss or reflection
coefficient, the SWR can be calculated. Swept phase and group
delay measurements cannot be made with this system; however,
it does make some unique contributions not made by other swept
systems, such as a sweeper/network analyzer, a sweeper/
spectrum analyzer, or a sweeper/detector oscilloscope.
Precision tracking means at every instant of time the generator
fundamental frequency is in the center of the analyzer passband,
and all generator harmonics, whether they are generated in the
analyzer or are produced in the tracking generator itself, are
outside the analyzer passband. Thus only the tracking generator
fundamental frequency is displayed on the analyzer’s CRT. Second and third order harmonics and intermodulation products are
clearly out of the analyzer tuning and, therefore, they are not
seen. Thus, while these distortion products may exist in the
measurement set-up, they are completely eliminated from the
CRT display.
The 1dB gain compression level is a point of convenience, but it
is nonetheless considered the upper limit of the dynamic range.
The lower limit, on the other hand, is dictated by the analyzer
sensitivity which, as we know, is bandwidth dependent. The
narrowest usable bandwidth in turn is limited by the tracking
generator residual FM and any tracking drift between the analyzer
tuning and the tracking generator signal.
HM5010
Ω
HM5011
!
Ω
Ω
-
Block Diagram HM5010/11
Instruments
®
Germany
HAMEG Service
Kelsterbacher Str. 15-19
60528 FRANKFURT am Main
Tel. (069) 67805 - 24 -15
Telefax (069) 67805 - 31
E-mail:
service@hameg.de
Oscilloscopes
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94800-VILLEJUIF
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Telefax (1) 4726 3544
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Villarroel 172-174
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E-mail:
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HAMEG LTD
74-78 Collingdon Street
LUTON Bedfordshire LU1 1RX
Phone (01582) 413174
Telefax (01582) 456416
E-mail:
sales@hameg.de
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sales@hameg.co.uk
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United States of America
HAMEG, Inc.
266 East Meadow Avenue
EAST MEADOW, NY 11554
Phone (516) 794 4080
Toll-free (800) 247 1241
Telefax (516) 794 1855
E-mail:
42 - 5011 - 00E0
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