Greyline PTFM 1.0 User guide

www.greyline.com

USER'S GUIDE

Installation & Operation

Instructions

Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

Model PTFM 1.0

Manual Series A.1.4

Note: This page has been left blank intentionally.

Page 2

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

INDEX

BATTERY ................................................................................................................. 4

CONNECTIONS ....................................................................................................... 4

QUICK BENCH TEST .............................................................................................. 5

SENSOR INSTALLATION ...................................................................................... 6

KEYPAD SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 7

CALIBRATION MENU ........................................................................................... 8

ICONS ....................................................................................................................... 9

MESSAGE ................................................................................................................. 10

STATUS .................................................................................................................... 10

PASSWORD .............................................................................................................. 11

UNITS/MODE ........................................................................................................... 12

SET UP ...................................................................................................................... 13

CALIBRATION ........................................................................................................ 15

DATA LOGGING ..................................................................................................... 16

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................ 17

SENSOR MOUNTING ............................................................................................. 19

FIELD TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................................ 24



COMMON QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ............................................................ 26

APPLICATIONS HOTLINE ..................................................................................... 28

PRODUCT RETURN PROCEDURE ....................................................................... 29

FLOW METER DATA SHEET ................................................................................ 30

APPENDIX A - CONVERSION TABLE ................................................................. 34

PIPE CHARTS .......................................................................................................... 35

APPENDIX B – Liquid Speed of Sound ................................................................... 39

IMPORTANT NOTE: This instrument is manufactured and calibrated to meet product specifications.
Please read this manual carefully before installation and operation. Any unauthorized repairs or
modifications may result in a suspension of the warranty.

If this product is not used as specified by the manufacturer, protection may be impaired.
Available in Adobe Acrobat pdf format.

Page 3

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

BATTERY

- A built-in rechargable NiMH battery supplies power for 18 hours continuous operation when fully
charged.

- Display brightness is adjustable to conserve power.

- State of charge is shown for normal use, sleep mode and charging.

- When switched OFF with the AC power module connected the flashing battery indicates charging,
solid battery shows fully charged.

- The PTFM 1.0 will switch off automatically when the battery is fully discharged.

- Full charge requires approximately 6 hours charging.

- Sleep mode extends battery life for long term data logging. Maximum log time is 18 days at 5 minute
sample rate.

CONNECTIONS

TRANSDUCER

15VDC

USB

4-20 mA

DOWN UP

SENSORS
Use type SE16B supplied with 12 ft (4 m) coaxial cables and BNC connectors. Set of optional PTXC1

50 ft (15 m) sensor cables available.

4-20mA

Active only when powered by AC charger, maximum load 500 ohm.

USB

Cable Part #USB-PD is supplied for connecting the PTFM 1.0 to a PC or laptop.

POWER

An AC powered 15 volt DC power module is supplied for battery charging and continuous use.

Page 4

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

QUICK BENCH TEST

In the PTFM Setup menu set parameters to perform a bench test:

- Set Fluid = Water

- Set Temperature = 20°C

- Set Pipe OD = 0.15 inch

- Set Pipe Wall = 0.06 inch

- Set Pipe material = ABS

- Set Lining = None

- Set Crossings = 4

- Press  to view Signal Strength at bottom of menu.

- Press  twice to exit Setup and return to main display.

From main display press  to view Status menu. Apply coupling compound to the face of sensors and
press together as indicated in the illustration below.

The Status menu should indicate Noise low and a high Signal Strength (75-100%).

COUPLING
COMPOUND

~0.8”
20 mm

Page 5

SENSOR INSTALLATION

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

*SEPARATION

DISTANCE

SENSOR

* Shown in display after pipe dimensions are entered.

‘’Setup

SENSOR

Page 6

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

KEYPAD SYSTEM

The following diagram shows the PTFM 1.0 menu system. Arrows show the four directions to leave a
menu box. Pressing a corresponding keypad arrow will move to the next item in the direction shown.
Move the cursor (highlighted) under numerals and increase or decrease numerals with the  and 
keys.

To store calibration values permanently, press the .

SLEEP

BACK
LIGHT

Page 7

ON

OFF

CALIBRATION MENU

--Message----------­Data log Logging
Log Used 0%
Battery 50%
Charger Off
Sensor Good

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

--Units/Mode-------­Mode Flow}

Linear in
Volume USG
Time min
Temperature C

-- -------Setup------

} Sensor Select SE16B

Fluid Water
Fluid Temp 21.6C
Pipe OD 4.5000in
Pipe Wall 0.2500in
Pipe PVC
Lining None
Crossings 2
Zero Tare No
Sens Space 2.59in
Velocity 0.00ft/s
Signal Strength 100%

--Calibration------­20mA at 2500.0 USG/m} 0

4mA at 0.000USG/m
Min Flow 0.000ft/m
Damping 20%

--24 hr log---------­Date /201} Jul 17 2

Total 135470.0USG
Average 1125.3USG/m
Maximum 2725.0USG/m
Max Time 08:57:00
Minimum 0.000USG/m
Min Time 07:35:00

Charging

USG/m

0.000

Tot 20130.8USG

--Status-----------­Velocity 0.00ft/s}

10Signal Strength 0%

--Password----------

Password 0000

--Menu Selections---­Units / Mode}

Set up
Calibration
Data Logging
Special Functions
Simulation
Configuration

--Data Logging------­Log Site ID 0}

Mode Flow
Set Date Feb 04/2013
Set Time 11:27:40
Interval 10sec
Wrapping NO

Log Logging

--Special Functions­Language English}

Reset Totalizer NO
Negative Totals NO
Cal Constant 1.000
Restore Defaults NO
New Password 0000

--Simulation--------

} Test Actual
Flow 0.00USG/m

Flow4-20mA 4.00

--Configuration----­Utility 1. .0} 25 0

Transit Time 031.

Relays 0
Analog Out 1

14Logger 1. S

Page 8

ICONS

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

1. 2.

Battery 0%. Battery 100%.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. 2.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Message waiting. Press .

Battery charging.

Charger connected.

Data logging off

Data logging on

USB file download.

File download completed.

.

.

1. 2. 3.

Download Error.

PTFM Echo OK.

PTFM – No Echo, Empty Pipe.

PTFM – No Sensors Attached / Wrong Settings.

Page 9

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

USG/m

0.000

Tot 20130.8USG

--Message----------­Data log Logging
Log Used 0%
Battery 50%
Charger Off
Sensor Good

--Status------------

Velocity 0.00ft/s}

10Signal Strength 0%

MAIN DISP LAY

The main display shows the units selected from the Units/Mode menu, Flow or
Velocity rate being measured and TOTALIZER. The PTFM 1.0 will start-up with
this display.

Message is waiting.

Battery

0%

Charger connected.

Data logging .off

Battery

25%

Battery

50%

Data logging .on

Battery

75%

Battery

100%

MESSAGE

Press  from the MAIN display to view error/warning messages provided by the
instrument. The Message icon will appear on the MAIN display if error messages
are being generated by the instrument. Press  to return to the main display.

STATUS

Press  from the MAIN display to view instrument status.

Velocity Displayed in ft/sec or m/sec.

Signal Strength Displays percentage of signal being received by the

ultrasonic sensor.

Page 10

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

--24 hr log---------­Date Jul 17/2012

}

Total 135470.0USG
Average 1125.3USG/m
Maximum 2725.0USG/m
Max Time 08:57:00
Minimum 0.000USG/m
Min Time 07:35:00

--Password----------

Password 0000

24 HR LOG

Press  from the MAIN display to view a formatted flow report from instruments
with a built-in data logger. Press  to scroll down one day or repeatedly to scroll
to a specific date. Up to 365 days can be stored. Newest date will overwrite the
oldest. Press  to return to the main display.

PASSWORD

The password (a number from 0000 to 9999) prevents unauthorized access to the
Calibration menu.

From the Main display press the  key to get to
password is 0000 and if it has not been changed press the  to proceed to the

Password. Factory default

Menu Selections screen.

If a password is required, press  to place the cursor under the first digit and  or
 to set the number, then  to the second digit, etc. Press  or  to proceed to
the

Menu Selections screen.

A new password can be stored by going to

Password

.

Special Functions/New

Page 11

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

--Units/Mode-------­Mode Flow

}

Linear in
Volume USG
Time min
Temperature C

UNITS/MODE

From 

Velocity. Flow mode displays the flow rate in engineering units (e.g. gpm,

Mode press the  and then the  or  to select Flow or

litres/sec, etc.) Press the  to store your selection then the  to the next menu
item and  to enter.

--Units/Mode--------

Mode Flow

Linear} in

ft

mm

m

From

Linear press the  key and then the  or  to select your units of

measurement. Press the  to store your selection.

Press the  key to move the  symbol to each subsequent menu item and the  to
save your selections.

Note: the volume selection "bbl" denotes U.S. oil barrel.

--Units/Mode--------

Mode
Linear

}Volume USG

ft3

bbl

IMG

USMG

m3

IG

L

Press  or  to return to the

Menu Selections screen.

--Units/Mode--------

Mode Flow
Linear in
Volume USG

Time} sec

day

hr

min

Page 12

PTFM 1.0 V1.25L

Set Up xxx

-- -------Setup------

} Sensor Select SE16B

Fluid Water
Fluid Temp 21.6C
Pipe OD 4.5000in
Pipe Wall 0.2500in
Pipe PVC
Lining None
Crossings 2
Zero Tare No
Sens Space 2.59in
Velocity 0.00ft/s
Signal Strength 100%

SET UP

Set Up 

Sensor Select

Fluid Vel

V/C(@25C)

Fluid

Fluid Temp

Pipe OD

Pipe Wall

Pipe Vel

Pipe

Lining Thick

Lining Vel

Lining

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

Go directly to Set up.

Choose SE16B.

When Fluid = Other – Enter the fluid velocity at 25C
from table or other reference in units of m/s

When Fluid = Other – Enter fluid velocity adjustment
factor over change in temperature in units of m/s per °C.

Select fluid type.

Other will require additional information:

Enter average fluid temperature.

Place the cursor under the digits and then  or  to
change the numbers and decimal point.
should be entered as the exact outside diameter of the pipe
where the sensor is mounted. Refer to the Pipe Charts
Appendix in this manual for outside diameter of common
pipe types and sizes.

Enter wall thickness.
Refer to the Pipe Charts Appendix in this manual for
thickness of common pipe materials and sizes.

When pipe = Other – Enter pipe material speed of
sound (consult factory).

Select pipe material.

When Lining – Enter lining thickness

When Lining = Other – Enter speed of sound of lining
material.

Select Lining material.

None represents no liner. Other will require additional

information.

Pipe OD

Page 13

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

Crossings

1 = Z mounting

Z

2 = V mounting

V

4 = W mounting

W

Zero Tare

To suppress readings or fluctuations at zero flow. Set

Calibration/Damping to 5% and under no flow

conditions and full pipe select

Yes to force readings to

zero.

Sens Space

Displays the calculated sensor spacing.

Velocity

Signal
Strength

Press  from the

Displays the measured velocity.
Displays magnitude of signal being received by the

ultrasonic sensor.

Units/Mode display to return to Menu Selections.

NOTE:

Sensor separation distance is automatically calculated by
the instrument and will be displayed in the

Setup menu.

Page 14

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

--Calibration-------

20mA at 2500.0 USG/m}

4mA at 0.000 USG/m
Min Flow 2.262 USG/m

5Damping %

CALIBRATION

Press the  to

Calibration and  to enter. Use  or  to position 

before each menu item and  to enter. When settings are completed press  to
store and return to the

Calibration menu.

*20mA at Press  then  or  to change the numbers and decimal point.

Use this menu to set the corresponding flow rate that will be
represented by 20mA analog output. If maximum flow is
unknown, enter an estimated flow rate and observe actual flow to
determine the correct maximum value. Any velocity or flow rate
up to +40 ft/sec (12.2 m/sec) may be selected.

*4mA at Press  or  to set the flow rate corresponding to 4mA analog

output. This setting may be left at zero flow (or velocity or can
be raised to any value less than the 20mA setting, or lowered to
any velocity or corresponding flow rate down to -40 ft/sec (-12.2
m/sec).

Min Flow Flow rates below this setting will be displayed as zero flow.

Damping Increase damping to stabilize readings under turbulent flow

conditions. Decrease for fast response to small changes in flow.
Damping is shown in percentage (maximum is 99%). Factory
default is 20%.

Press  from the

Units/Mode display to return to Menu Selections.

*Note

4-20mA circuitry is only powered by the AC power module.

To conserve power this output is not active in battery power mode.

Page 15

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

--Data Logging------­Log Site ID 0}

Mode Flow
Set Date /20Jul 17 12
Set Time 11:27:40
Interval 10sec
Log Logging

DATA LOGGING
Setup

Select

Data Logging from Menu Selections.

Log Site ID Enter a number from 00 to 99. The site ID will become part of

the downloaded file name to help distinguish downloads from
different instruments. Press  to store the setting.

Mode Select Velocity (e.g. ft/sec or m/sec). Flow (e.g. USGPM

or l/sec). Press  to store the setting.

Set Date Press  or  to scroll and select Month, Day and Year. Press

 to store the setting.

Set Time Press  or  to select the current time in Hours, Minutes and

Seconds. Press  to store the setting.

Interval Press  or  to select the logging interval.

Press  to store the setting.

Log Select Start then  to start logger. Select Stop then  to

stop logger. Select

Delete then  to clear all previous

logging sessions.

RETRIEVE LOG FILE

Install Greyline Logger on your PC or laptop. Refer to the Help menu in the
program for detailed instructions.

- Connect the PTFM 1.0 to the PC using the supplied USB cable.

- Install the USB driver program from the install CD.

- Start the Greyline Logger Software.

- Select "xxxx scan for USB instruments xxxx" in the drop down window at the
top of the main window. PTFM 1.0 will be indicated.

- Click the download icon to start transferring data.

- Downloaded data appears in a pop-up window.

Page 16

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

--Special Functions­Language English

}

Reset Totalizer NO
Negative Totals NO
Cal Constant 1.000
Restore Defaults NO
New Password 0000

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

Language Select English, French or Spanish

Reset Totalizer Press  and select Yes to erase and restart the

totalizer at zero.

Negative Totals Select Yes to have reverse flow readings deducted

from the totalizer. Select

NO to totalize forward

flow only and ignore reverse flow.

Cal Constant Factory set during calibration. (Refer to the calibration

certificate supplied with your instrument.)

Restore Defaults Select Yes and press  to erase all user settings

and return the instrument to factory default settings.

New Password Select any number from 0000 to 9999 and press .

Default setting of 0000 will allow direct access to the
calibration menus. Setting of any password greater
than 0000 will require the password to be entered to
access the calibration menus.

Press  to return to

Menu Selections.

Page 17

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

--Simulation-------­Test Actual

}

Flow 0.00USG/m

4-20mA Flow 4.00

SIMULATION

Exercises the 4-20mA.

Test Select Maximum and press  to simulate maximum Flow or Velocity

and to output 20mA to the analog channel.

Select

Minimum and press  to simulate minimum Flow or Velocity

and to output 4mA to the analog channel.

To simulate measurements between minimum and maximum set

to

Actual and then enter for the flow measurement. The analog output

will respond to the simulated value.

SLEEP MODE

Logging in sleep mode requires a minimum sample time of 30 seconds. Selecting
sleep mode for 10 second sampling rate results in instrument always being
‘awake’.

BACKLIGHT

Three levels of backlight are selectable to conserve power.

CHARGING

A flashing battery indicates charging.
A solid battery indicates fully charged.

Test

Page 18

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

SENSOR MOUNTING LOCATION
The position of the sensor is one of the most important considerations for accurate Transit Time flow

measurement. The same location guidelines apply to Transit Time as most other types of flow meters.
Before permanently mounting a Transit Time sensor onsite testing is recommended to determine

optimum mounting position. Use the sensor coupling compound (supplied with each Greyline flow
meter, or petroleum gel, acoustic compound or electrocardiograph gel). Take several readings around the
axis of the pipe and then at several points upstream and downstream from the selected position,
checking for consistent readings. Avoid high or low reading areas. Mount the sensors where consistent
(average) readings were obtained or continue testing on another pipe section.

VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL PIPE - Vertical pipe
runs generally provide evenly distributed flow. On
Horizontal pipes and liquids with high concentrations

1 TO 5 O'CLOCK POSITION
ON HORIZONTAL PIPES

of gas or solids, the sensors should be mounted on the
side (1 to 5 o’clock positions) to avoid concentrations
of gas at the top of the pipe, or solids at the bottom.

VERTICAL PIPE USUALLY

HAS EVENLY DISTRIBUTED FLOW

VELOCITY INCREASING DEVICES: Generally the sensors must be mounted away from flow
disturbances such as valves, pumps, orifice plates, venturis or pipe inlets and discharges which tend to
increase flow velocity. Velocity increasing devices often cause cavitation, or rapid release of gas
bubbles, and readings both up and downstream may be intermittent or inaccurate. As a guideline, mount
the sensor at least 20 diameters upstream or 30 diameters downstream from velocity increasing devices.

Required distance from a velocity increasing device will vary in applications depending on the flow
velocity and the characteristics of the liquid itself.

TURBULENCE INCREASING DEVICES: Elbows,

SENSORS MOUNT 6 DIAMETERS
UPSTREAM OR 10 DOWNSTREAM
FROM AN ELBOW

flanged connections and tees tend to introduce
desirable conditions of an evenly distributed flow
profile. Sensor mounting 6 pipe diameters upstream

FL

O

W

and 10 diameters downstream from these disturbances
is generally optimum.

The sensors are designed to mount longitudinally on a straight section of pipe. Do not attempt to mount
it on bends, elbows or fittings.

Page 19

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

SENSOR MOUNTING

Prepare an area 2" wide by 4" long (50mm x 100mm) for sensor bonding by removing loose paint, scale
and rust. The objective of site preparation is to eliminate any discontinuity between the sensor and the
pipe wall, which would prevent acoustical coupling.

A TMK1 Sensor Mounting Kit is supplied with each Greyline flow meter. It includes recommended
coupling compound in a plastic applicator and a stainless steel mounting bracket with adjustable pipe
straps. Use the Alignment Bar (included) to align sensor brackets for V and W mode mounting.

SENSOR

ALIGNMENT BAR

SENSOR
MOUNTING
BRACKET

PIPE

ADJUSTABLE
STAINLESS STEEL
PIPE CLAMP

Mount the PC16 Mounting Bracket as illustrated on pipes 0.6" / 15 mm OD or larger. Stainless

steel bands are included for mounting on pipes up to 30" / 750 mm OD.

Additional stainless steel bands (by customer) may be combined to mount on larger pipes.

SENSOR

MOUNTING

BRACKET

END VIEW

PIPE

PIPE

Page 20

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

SEPARATION DISTANCE

Measure separation distance with a ruler or tape measure. Separation distance is automatically calculated
by the PTFM 1.0 based on parameters entered in the Set-up menu. Sens Space is displayed on
the Setup menu.

SEPARATION

DISTANCE

SENSOR

SENSOR

SENSOR

SEPARATION
DISTANCE

SENSOR

Page 21

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

SENSOR COUPLING

For permanent or temporary bonding, the following are recommended:
a) Dow Corning silicon compound #4 (supplied)

Additional supply: order Greyline Option CC
b) Water-based sonic compound: Order Greyline Option CC30
c) Electrocardiograph gel
d) Petroleum gel (Vaseline)

The above are arranged in their order of preferred application.
d & e are only good for temporary bonding at room temperature.
DO NOT USE: Silicon RTV caulking compound (silicon rubber).

COMPOUND

Use the pipe clamp and rail (supplied) as illustrated on previous page or use
a loop of electrical tape for temporary mounting. Apply silicon coupling

SENSOR

compound #4 to the colored face of the sensor. A bead, similar to toothpaste
on a toothbrush, is ideal. Do not overtighten (crush the sensor).

COMPOUND

The sensor must be fixed securely to the pipe with coupling material
between the sensor face and the pipe. Sensor installation with
excessive coupling compound can result in gaps or voids in the

SENSOR

PI EP

coupling and cause errors or loss of signal. Insufficient coupling
compound will create similar conditions.

CLAMP

Over time temporary coupling compounds (e.g. Petroleum Gel) may gradually sag away from the sensor
resulting in reduced signal strength and finally complete loss of signal. Warm temperatures, moisture
and vibration will accelerate this process. Dow Corning Silicone Compound #4 as supplied with the
PTFM 1.0 (and available from Greyline Instruments) is recommended for semi-permanent installations.

Page 22

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

SENSOR MOUNTING/COUPLING RECOMMENDATIONS

BAD

GOOD

Page 23



















FIELD TROUBLESHOOTING

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

Possible Causes:

METER READING WHEN THERE IS NO FLOW?

Erratic measurement (set damping to 0% to check) due
to electrical noise or poor signal quality.

Variable Speed Drive interference

Sensor cable connections incorrect or loose

METER READING LOWER THAN EXPECTED?

Corrective Action:

Set Calibration / Damping to 5% with

zero flow use

 Try adjusting sensor spacing (+/- 10%) and

contact Greyline for further assistance.

 Adjust

setting.

Follow Drive manufacturers wiring and

Grounding instructions

 Relocate Flowmeter, Sensors and wiring away

from VSD

Disconnect and reconnect sensor cables

ensuring that cable plugs are properly inserted
into terminals and tightened.

Setup / Tare function.

Calibration / Min Flow

Calibration Error

Lower flow rate than expected

Erratic measurement (set damping to 0% to check) due
to electrical noise or poor signal quality.

NO ECHO INDICATION (Icon: No Echo)?

Sensor Connections

Sensors not mounted to Pipe or mounted improperly

Empty pipe or partially filled

Review calibration menu. Pipe dimensions and

fluid selection/fluid velocity.

Investigate pump/valves. Compare velocity

with alternate instrument.

Try adjusting sensor spacing (+/- 10%) and

contact Greyline for further assistance.

Check sensor connections at PTFM

Apply coupling compound and mount sensors

to pipe with proper sensor spacing.

Pipe must be fluid filled and acoustically

transparent in order to obtain echoes.

Page 24













PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

Possible Causes:

Coupling compound washed out, or sensor loose on
pipe.

METER READING HIGHER THAN EXPECTED?

Calibration Error

Higher flow rate than expected

Erratic measurement (set damping to 0% to check) due
to electrical noise or poor signal quality.

Pipe not Full

Corrective Action:

Remount sensor

 Use Dow Corning Silicone #4

Review calibration menu. Pipe dimensions and

fluid selection/fluid velocity.

Investigate pump/valves. Compare velocity

with alternate instrument.

Try adjusting sensor spacing (+/- 10%) and

contact Greyline for further assistance.

Verify pipe is full by mounting sensors at top

of pipe and check echo icon. No echo if pipe is
not full.

High viscosity fluid



Laminar flow profile due to high viscosity fluid

requires an adjustment to Cal Const.

Page 25

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

COMMON QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

The pipe vibrates. Will it affect the flow meter?

Common vibration frequencies are far lower than the sonic frequencies used by the Greyline flow meter,
and will not normally affect accuracy or performance. However, applications where very weak Transit
Time signal is present (when sensitivity is adjusted to maximum and signal strength is low), accuracy
may be affected by pipe vibration, or the flow meter may show readings under no-flow conditions.
Attempt to relocate the sensor on a pipe section where vibration is reduced, or arrange pipe mounting
brackets to reduce vibration at the sensor mounting location.

The flow meter must be installed in a high noise environment. Will this affect operation?

Greyline flow meters are designed to discriminate between environmental noise and the Transit Time
signal. High noise environments may affect the flow meter’s performance where low signal strength
and/or low flow velocities are being measured. Relocate the sensor in a quieter environment if possible.

Will pipe corrosion affect accuracy of the flow meter?

Yes. Rust, loose paint etc. must be removed from the outside of the pipe to provide a clean mounting
position when installing a Transit Time sensor. Severe corrosion/oxidation on the inside of the pipe may
prevent the Transit Time signal from penetrating into the flow. If the pipe cannot be cleaned, a spool
piece (PVC recommended) should be installed for sensor mounting.

What effect do pipe liners have on the flow meter?

The air gap between loose insertion liners and the pipe wall prevent the Transit Time signal from
entering the flow. Better results can be expected with bonded liners such as cement, epoxy or tar,
however an on site test is recommended to determine if the application is suitable for a Transit Time
flow meter.

Why is Transit Time recommended for clean liquids?

The Transit Time sensor transmits sound across the flow stream in order to measure sound velocity and
therefore requires a fluid medium that is relatively transparent to the acoustic signal. The Transit Time
system will not function when there is high volume of solids or aeration. As a guideline, Greyline
Transit Time flow meters are recommended for clean liquids with solids or bubbles content less than
2%. Most applications such as water, chemicals and oils will meet this minimum requirement.

Can the sensor be submerged in water?

Yes, for short periods of time or by accident, but it is not recommended for continuous operation. The
sensor is constructed to withstand submersion to 10 psi (0.7 Bar) without damage. Plastic seal jackets on
the sensor cables can be filled with coupling compound to provide additional moisture protection for the
BNC connectors.

Page 26

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

What is the purpose of the Signal Strength Display?

The primary function of the signal strength display is to assist as a feedback when mounting sensors.
Signal Strength can also be a useful diagnostics tool when troubleshooting problems with an installation.
A low signal strength (< 10%) will cause the PTFM to be more susceptible to environmental noise and
may indicate a problem with the installation or other qualitative issues.

Does the PTFM 1.0 require periodic recalibration?

PTFM 1.0 calibration does not normally drift over time. Greyline offers a calibration service to verify
instrument accuracy.

Can the internal batteries be replaced?

The built-in rechargeable NiMH battery pack is not user-serviceable. The meter should be returned to
Greyline for battery service.

Page 27

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

APPLICATIONS HOTLINE

For applications assistance, advice or information on any Greyline Instrument contact your Sales
Representative, write to Greyline or phone the Applications Hotline below:

United States: Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Canada: Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Toll Free: 888-473-9546
Email: [e-mail]
Web Site: www.greyline.com

Greyline Instruments Inc.

Canada USA:
16456 Sixsmith Drive 105 Water Street
Long Sault, Ont. K0C 1P0 Massena, NY 13662

Page 28

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

PRODUCT RETURN PROCEDURE

Instruments may be returned to Greyline for service or warranty repair.

1 Obtain an RMA Number from Greyline -

Before shipping a product to the factory please contact Greyline by telephone, fax or email to obtain an
RMA number (Returned Merchandise Authorization). This ensures fast service and correct billing or
credit.

When you contact Greyline please have the following information available:

1. Model number / Software Version

2. Serial number

3. Date of Purchase

4. Reason for return (description of fault or modification required)

5. Your name, company name, address and phone number

2 Clean the Sensor/Product -

Important: unclean products will not be serviced and will be returned to the sender at their expense.

1. Rinse sensor and cable to remove debris.

2. If the sensor has been exposed to sewage, immerse both sensor and cable in a solution of 1 part
household bleach (Javex, Clorox etc.) to 20 parts water for 5 minutes. Important: do not immerse plug
end of sensor cable.

3. Dry with paper towels and pack sensor and cable in a sealed plastic bag.

4. Wipe the outside of the enclosure to remove dirt or deposits.

5. Return to Greyline for service.

3 Ship to Greyline -

After obtaining an RMA number please ship the product to the appropriate address below:

Canadian and International USA
Customers: Customers:

Greyline Instruments Inc. Greyline Instruments Inc.
16456 Sixsmith Drive 204 150th Avenue
Long Sault, Ont. K0C 1P0 Madeira Beach, FL 33708

RMA# RMA#

Page 29

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

FLOW METER DATA SHEET

[] 16456SixsmithDrive,LongSault,ONK0C1P0
 Tel:613‐ 938‐8956/Fax:613‐938‐4857


[] 105WaterStreet,Massena,NY13662

 Tel:315‐ 788‐9500/Fax:315‐764‐0419

Contact 

ContactInformation

Title/Dept 
Company 
Address 
Address 
Tel 
Fax 
Email 
Mobile 
PipeRun []Vertical []Horizontal
PipeFull []Yes []No
FluidType 
%ofSolids 
NominalPipeSizeandSchedule
PipeOutsideDiameter 

ServiceConditions

WallThickness 
PipeMaterial 
LinerMaterial 
LinerThickness
NormalFlow 
MaximumFlow 
MinimumFlow 
MaximumTemperature 
MaximumPressure 
Vibration []Yes []No
HazardousRating



Notes/AdditionalComments/PipeRunDiagram:

PleasecompleteandreturnthisformtoGreyline.Itisimportant.We
usethisinformationtocheckourdatabaseforperformanceofGreyline
flowmetersinsimilarapplications,andtoprovideadviceand
recommendationstoyou.Thankyouforyourcooperation.



Page 30

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

LIMITED WARRANTY

_____________________________________

Greyline Instruments warrants, to the original purchaser, its
products to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a
period of one year from date of invoice. Greyline will replace or
repair, free of charge, any Greyline product if it has been proven to
be defective within the warranty period. This warranty does not
cover any expenses incurred in the removal and re-installation of
the product.

If a product manufactured by Greyline should prove defective
within the first year, return it freight prepaid to Greyline
Instruments along with a copy of your invoice.

This warranty does not cover damages due to improper installation
or handling, acts of nature, or unauthorized service. Modifications
to or tampering with any part shall void this warranty. This
warranty does not cover any equipment used in connection with the
product or consequential damages due to a defect in the product.

All implied warranties are limited to the duration of this warranty.
This is the complete warranty by Greyline and no other warranty is
valid against Greyline. Some states do not allow limitations on how
long an implied warranty lasts or limitation of incidental or
consequential damages, so the above limitations or exclusions may
not apply to you.

This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also
have other rights which vary from state to state.

Greyline Instruments Inc.

Page 31

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

SPECIFICATIONS

Flow Rate Range: ± 0.07 to 39 ft/sec (± 0.02 to 12

4.33”

110 mm

m/sec) in most applications

Pipe Size: Ultrasonic Sensor mounts on any

pipe from 1/2" to 48" ID (12 mm to
1200 mm)

Display: White, backlit matrix - displays

flow rate, totalizer, operating mode
and calibration menu

Power Input: Built-in NiMH battery for up to 18

hours continuous operation

External charger with 100-

204 mm

240VAC 50/60Hz input

Outputs: 4-20mA (500 ohm) when AC

powered

USB for Data Log transfer by

direct PC connection

Data Logger: Programmable 300,000 data point

capacity, time and date stamped
or formatted flow reports including

ENCLOSURE

total, average, minimum, maximum and times of occurrence

PC Software: 'Greyline Logger' for Windows 98 or higher. Retrieves, displays and

saves data log files

Electronics Operating
Temperature: -5° to 140°F (-20° to 60°C)
Electronics Enclosure: Portable, ABS enclosure
Carry Case: Rated IP67 with protective molded foam insert
Accuracy: ±1% of reading or 0.1 ft/sec (0.03 m/sec), whichever is greater.

Repeatability: ±0.25%, Linearity: ±0.5%

Calibration: Built-in 5-key programming with user-friendly calibration menu.

Password protected.

Language Selection: English, French, Spanish
Sensitivity: Adjustable signal cut-off, signal strength and damping
Approvals: Charger is CE and UL approved. The PTFM 1.0 is not certified for use

in hazardous rated locations.

1.6”

41 mm

8”

Page 32

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

SE16B Transit Time Sensor

Pipe Diameter: ½” to 48” (12 mm to 1200 mm)
Operating Temperature: -40° to 300°F (-40° to 150°C)
Operating Frequency: 1.28 MHz
Sensor Cable: PTC12 12 ft (4 m) with BNC connectors and seal jackets

Optional PTC50 50 ft (15 m) with BNC connectors and seal jackets

Submersion Rating: Withstands accidental submersion pressure up to 10 psi (0.7 Bar)

56 mm

.22"

32 mm

1.25"

SIDE VIEW

54 mm / 2.1"

SE16B

SENSOR

DIMENSIONS

END

VIEW

30 mm / 1.2"

Page 33

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

APPENDIX A - CONVERSION TABLE

CONVERSION GUIDE

FROM TO MULTIPLY BY

US GALLONS CUBIC FEET 0.1337

US GALLONS IMPERIAL GALS 0.8327

US GALLONS LITRES 3.785

US GALLONS CUBIC METERS 0.003785

LITRES/SEC GPM 15.85

LITRES CUBIC METERS 0.001

BARRELS US GALLONS 42

BARRELS IMPERIAL GALS 34.9726

BARRELS LITRES 158.9886

INCHES MM 25.4

DEGREES F DEGREES C (°F-32) x 0.556

POUNDS KILOGRAMS 0.453

PSI BAR 0.0676

FOOT² METER² 0.0929

Note: BARRELS are U.S. oil barrels.

Page 34

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

PIPE CHARTS

Carbon Steel & PVC Pipe

Pipe Pipe Standard Extra Heav y Dbl. Extra Heavy Schedul e 10 Schedule 20 Schedule 30 Schedule 40
Size O.D. I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL

½ .840 .622 .109 .546 .147 .252 .294 .622 .109

¾ 1.050 .824 .113 .742 .154 .434 .308 .824 .113

1 1.315 1.049 .133 .957 .179 .599 .358 1.049 .133

1¼ 1.660 1.380 .140 1.278 .191 .896 .382 1.380 .140

1½ 1.900 1.610 .145 1.500 .200 1.100 .400 1.610 .145

2 2.375 2.067 .154 1.939 .218 1.503 .436 2.067 .154

2½ 2.875 2.469 .203 2.323 .276 1.771 .552 2.469 .203

3 3.500 3.068 .216 2.900 .300 2.300 .600 3.068 .216

3½ 4.000 3.548 .226 3.364 .318 2.728 .636 3.548 .226

4 4.500 4.026 .237 3.826 .337 3.152 .674 4.026 .237

5 5.563 5.047 .258 4.813 .375 4.063 .750 5.047 .258

6 6.625 6.065 .280 5.761 .432 4.897 .864 6.065 .280

8 8.625 7.981 .322 7.625 .500 6.875 .875 8.125 .250 8.071 .277 7.981 .322

10 10.750 10.020 .365 9.750 .500 8.750 1.000 10.250 .250 10.136 .307 10.020 .365

12 12.750 12.000 .375 11.750 .500 10.750 1.000 12.250 .250 12.090 .330 11.938 .406

14 14.000 13.250 .375 13.000 .500 13.500 .250 13.376 .312 13.250 .375 13.124 .438

16 16.000 15.250 .375 15.000 .500 15.500 .250 15.376 .312 15.250 .375 15.000 .500

18 18.000 17.250 .375 17.000 .500 17.500 .250 17.376 .312 17.124 .438 16.876 .562

20 20.000 19.250 .375 19.000 .500 19.500 .250 19.250 .375 19.000 .500 18.814 .593

22 22.000 21.250 .375 21.000 .500 21.500 .250 21.250 .375 21.000 .500

24 24.000 23.250 .375 23.000 .500 23.500 .250 23.250 .375 22.876 .562 22.626 .687

26 26.000 25.250 .375 25.000 .500 25.376 .312 25.000 .500

28 28.000 27.250 .375 27.000 .500 27.376 .312 27.000 .500 26.750 .625

30 30.000 29.250 .375 29.000 .500 29.376 .312 29.000 .500 28.750 .625

32 32.000 31.250 .375 31.000 .500 31.376 .312 31.000 .500 30.750 .625

34 34.000 33.250 .375 33.000 .500 33.376 .312 33.000 .500 32.750 .625

36 36.000 35.250 .375 35.000 .500 35.376 .312 35.000 .500 34.750 .625

42 42.000 41.250 .375 41.000 .500 41.000 .500 40.750 .625

Ductile Iron Pipe - Stand ard C lasses

Size OUTSIDE Clas s Cl ass Class Class C lass C l ass Class CEMEN T LININ G

INCH DIA. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 **STD **DOUBLE

INCH WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WA LL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. T HICKNES S THIC KNESS

3 3. 9 6 0 .2 5 3 .4 6 0 .2 8 3 .4 0 0 .3 1 3 .3 4 0 .3 4 3 .2 8 0 .3 7 3 .2 2 0 .4 1 3 .1 4

4 4. 8 0 0 .2 6 4 .2 8 0 .2 9 4 .2 2 0 .3 2 4 .1 6 0 .3 5 4 .1 0 0 .3 8 4 .0 4 0 .4 4 3 .9 3

6 6. 9 0 0 .2 5 6 . 40 0 .2 8 6 .3 4 0 .3 1 6 .2 8 0 .3 4 6 .2 2 0 .3 7 6 .1 6 0 .4 0 6 .1 0 0 .4 3 6 .0 4 . 1 2 5 . 25 0

8 9. 0 5 0 .2 7 8 . 51 0 .3 0 8 .4 5 0 .3 3 8 .3 9 0 .3 6 8 .3 3 0 .3 9 8 .2 7 0 .4 2 8 .2 1 0 .4 5 8 .1 5
10 11 .1 0 0 .3 9 10.3 2 0 .32 10. 4 6 0 .3 5 10 .4 0 0 .3 8 10.3 4 0 .41 10. 28 0 .4 4 10.22 0 .47 10. 16

12 13 .2 0 0 .3 1 12.5 8 0 .34 12. 5 2 0 .3 7 12 .4 6 0 .4 0 12.4 0 0 .43 12. 34 0 .4 6 12.28 0 .49 12. 22

14 15 .3 0 0 .3 3 14.6 4 0 .36 14. 5 8 0 .3 9 14 .5 2 0 .4 2 14.4 6 0 .45 14. 40 0 .4 8 14.34 0 .51 14. 28

16 17 .4 0 0 .3 4 16.7 2 0 .37 16. 6 6 0 .4 0 16 .6 0 0 .4 3 16.5 4 0 .46 16. 48 0 .4 9 16.42 0 .52 16. 36
18 19 .5 0 0 .3 5 18.8 0 0 .38 18. 7 4 0 .4 1 18 .6 8 0 .4 4 18.6 2 0 .47 18. 56 0 .5 0 18.50 0 .53 18. 44 .1 875 . 375

20 21 .6 0 0 .3 6 20.8 8 0 .39 20. 8 2 0 .4 2 20 .7 6 0 .4 5 20.7 0 0 .48 20. 64 0 .5 1 20.58 0 .54 20. 52

24 25 .8 0 0 .3 8 25.0 4 0 .41 24. 9 8 0 .4 4 24 .9 2 0 .4 7 24.8 6 0 .50 24. 80 0 .5 3 24.74 0 .56 24. 68

30 32 .0 0 0 .3 9 31.2 2 0 .43 31. 1 4 0 .4 7 31 .0 6 0 .5 1 30.9 8 0 .55 30. 90 0 .5 9 30.82 0 .63 30. 74

36 38 .3 0 0 .4 3 37.4 4 0 .48 37. 3 4 0 .6 2 37 .0 6 0 .5 8 37.1 4 0 .63 37. 04 0 .6 8 36.94 0 .73 36. 84
42 44 .5 0 0 .4 7 43.5 6 0 .53 43. 4 4 0 .5 9 43 .3 2 0 .6 5 43.2 0 0 .71 43. 08 0 .7 7 42.96 0 .83 42. 84 . 250 .50 0

48 50 .8 0 0 .5 1 49.7 8 0 .58 49. 6 4 0 .6 5 49 .5 0 0 .7 2 49.3 6 0 .79 49. 22 0 .8 6 49.08 0 .93 48. 94

54 57 .1 0 0 .5 7 55.9 6 0 .65 55. 8 0 0 .7 3 55 .6 4 0 .8 1 55.4 8 0 .89 55. 32 0 .9 7 55.16 1 .05 55. 00

**REDUCE I.D. BY DIMENSION SHOWN

Page 35

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

Stainless Steel, Hastelloy "C" & Titanium Pipe

Pipe Pipe Scheule 5 S (a) Schedule 10 S (a) Schedule 40 S Schedule 80 S
Size O.D. I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL

½ .840 .710 .065 .674 .083 .622 .109 .546 .147
¾ 1.050 .920 .065 .884 .083 .824 .113 .742 .154

1 1.315 1.185 .065 1.097 .109 1.049 .133 .957 .179

1¼ 1.660 1.530 .065 1.442 .109 1.380 .140 1.278 .191
1½ 1.900 1.770 .065 1.682 .109 1.610 .145 1.500 .200

2 2.375 2.245 .065 2.157 .109 2.067 .154 1.939 .218

2½ 2.875 2.709 .083 2.635 .120 2.469 .203 2.323 .276

3 3.500 3.334 .083 3.260 .120 3.068 .216 2.900 .300

3½ 4.000 3.834 .083 3.760 .120 3.548 .226 3.364 .318

4 4.500 4.334 .083 4.260 .120 4.026 .237 3.826 .337
5 5.563 5.345 .109 5.295 .134 5.047 .258 4.813 .375
6 6.625 6.407 .109 6.357 .134 6.065 .280 5.761 .432

8 8.625 8.407 .109 8.329 .148 7.981 .322 7.625 .500
10 10.750 10.482 .134 10.420 .165 10.020 .365 9.750 .500
12 12.750 12.438 .156 12.390 .180 12.000 .375 11.750 .500

14 14.000 13.688 .156 13.624 .188
16 16.000 15.670 .165 15.624 .188
18 18.000 17.670 .165 17.624 .188

20 20.000 19.634 .188 19.564 .218
22 22.000 21.624 .188 21.564 .218
24 24.000 23.563 .218 23.500 .250

Pipe Pipe Schedule 60 Schedule 80 Schedule 100 Schedule 120 Schedule 140 Schedule 160
Size O.D. I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL

½ .840 .546 .147 .466 .187
¾ 1.050 .742 .154 .614 .218

1 1.315 .957 .179 .815 .250

1¼ 1.660 1.278 .191 1.160 .250
1½ 1.900 1.500 .200 1.338 .281

2 2.375 1.939 .218 1.689 .343

2½ 2.875 2.323 .276 2.125 .375

3 3.500 2.900 .300 2.624 .438

3½ 4.000 3.364 .318

4 4.500 3.826 .337 3.624 .438 3.438 .531

5 5.563 4.813 .375 4.563 .500 4.313 .625

6 6.625 5.761 .432 5.501 .562 5.189 .718

8 8.625 7.813 .406 7.625 .500 7.439 .593 7.189 .718 7.001 .812 6.813 .906
10 10.750 9.750 .500 9.564 .593 9.314 .718 9.064 .843 8.750 1.000 8.500 1.125
12 12.750 11.626 .562 11.376 .687 11.064 .843 10.750 1.000 10.500 1.125 10.126 1.312

14 14.000 12.814 .593 12.500 .750 12.126 .937 11.814 1.093 11.500 1.250 11.188 1.406
16 16.000 14.688 .656 14.314 .843 13.938 1.031 13.564 1.218 13.124 1.438 12.814 1.593
18 18.000 16.500 .750 16.126 .937 15.688 1.156 15.250 1.375 14.876 1.562 14.438 1.781

20 20.000 18.376 .812 17.938 1.031 17.438 1.281 17.000 1.500 16.500 1.750 16.064 1.968
22 22.000 20.250 .875 19.750 1.125 19.250 1.375 18.750 1.625 18.250 1.875 17.750 2.125
24 24.000 22.064 .968 21.564 1.218 20.938 1.531 20.376 1.812 19.876 2.062 19.314 2.343

Page 36

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

Cast Iron Pipe - ASA Standard

Pipe Pipe Class 50 Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 Class 250 Class 300 Class 350
Size O.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D.

3 3.96 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32

4 4.80 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10

6 6.90 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14

8 9.05 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23

10 11.10 0.44 10.22 0.44 10.22 0.44 10.22 0.44 10.22 0.44 10.22 0.48 10.14 0.52 10.06
12 13.20 0.48 12.24 0.48 12.24 0.48 12.24 0.48 12.24 0.52 12.16 0.52 12.16 0.56 12.08
14 15.30 0.48 14.34 0.51 14.28 0.51 14.28 0.55 14.20 0.59 14.12 0.59 14.12 0.64 14.02
16 17.40 0.54 16.32 0.54 16.32 0.54 16.32 0.58 16.24 0.63 16.14 0.68 16.04 0.68 16.04

18 19.50 0.54 18.42 0.58 18.34 0.58 18.34 0.63 18.24 0.68 18.14 0.73 18.04 0.79 17.92
20 21.60 0.57 20.46 0.62 20.36 0.62 20.36 0.67 20.26 0.72 20.16 0.78 20.04 0.84 19.92
24 25.80 0.63 24.54 0.68 24.44 0.73 24.34 0.79 24.22 0.79 24.22 0.85 24.10 0.92 23.96

Cast Iron Pipe - AWWA Standard

Class A Class B Class C Class D
Pipe
Size O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D.

3 3.80 0.39 3.02 3.96 0.42 3.12 3.96 0.45 3.06 3.96 0.48 3.00
4 4.80 0.42 3.96 5.00 0.45 4.10 5.00 0.48 4.04 5.00 0.52 3.96
6 6.90 0.44 6.02 7.10 0.48 6.14 7.10 0.51 6.08 7.10 0.55 6.00
8 9.05 0.46 8.13 9.05 0.51 8.03 9.30 0.56 8.18 9.30 0.60 8.10

10 11.10 0.50 10.10 11.10 0.57 9.96 11.40 0.62 10.16 11.40 0.68 10.04
12 13.20 0.54 12.12 13.20 0.62 11.96 13.50 0.68 12.14 13.50 0.75 12.00
14 15.30 0.57 14.16 15.30 0.66 13.98 15.65 0.74 14.17 15.65 0.82 14.01
16 17.40 0.60 16.20 17.40 0.70 16.00 17.80 0.80 16.20 17.80 0.89 16.02

18 19.50 0.64 18.22 19.50 0.75 18.00 19.92 0.87 18.18 19.92 0.96 18.00
20 21.60 0.67 20.26 21.60 0.80 20.00 22.06 0.92 20.22 22.06 1.03 20.00
24 25.80 0.76 24.28 25.80 0.89 24.02 26.32 1.04 24.22 26.32 1.16 24.00
30 31.74 0.88 29.98 32.00 1.03 29.94 32.40 1.20 30.00 32.74 1.37 30.00

36 37.96 0.99 35.98 38.30 1.15 36.00 38.70 1.36 39.98 39.16 1.58 36.00
42 44.20 1.10 42.00 44.50 1.28 41.94 45.10 1.54 42.02 45.58 1.78 42.02
48 50.50 1.26 47.98 50.80 1.42 47.96 51.40 1.71 47.98 51.98 1.96 48.06
54 56.66 1.35 53.96 57.10 1.55 54.00 57.80 1.90 54.00 58.40 2.23 53.94

60 62.80 1.39 60.02 63.40 1.67 60.06 64.20 2.00 60.20 64.82 2.38 60.06
72 75.34 1.62 72.10 76.00 1.95 72.10 76.88 2.39 72.10
84 87.54 1.72 84.10 88.54 2.22 84.10

100 Ft. 43 PSIG 200 Ft. 86 PSIG 300 Ft. 130 PSIG 400 Ft. 173 PSIG

Class E Class F Class G Class H
Pipe
Size O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D.

6 7.22 0.58 6.06 7.22 0.61 6.00 7.38 0.65 6.08 7.38 0.69 6.00

8 9.42 0.66 8.10 9.42 0.71 8.00 9.60 0.75 8.10 9.60 0.80 8.00
10 11.60 0.74 10.12 11.60 0.80 10.00 11.84 0.86 10.12 11.84 0.92 10.00
12 13.78 0.82 12.14 13.78 0.89 12.00 14.08 0.97 12.14 14.08 1.04 12.00

14 15.98 0.90 14.18 15.98 0.99 14.00 16.32 1.07 14.18 16.32 1.16 14.00
16 18.16 0.98 16.20 18.16 1.08 16.00 18.54 1.18 16.18 18.54 1.27 16.00
18 20.34 1.07 18.20 20.34 1.17 18.00 20.78 1.28 18.22 20.78 1.39 18.00
20 22.54 1.15 20.24 22.54 1.27 20.00 23.02 1.39 20.24 23.02 1.51 20.00

24 26.90 1.31 24.28 26.90 1.45 24.00 27.76 1.75 24.26 27.76 1.88 24.00
30 33.10 1.55 30.00 33.46 1.73 30.00
36 39.60 1.80 36.00 40.04 2.02 36.00

500 Ft. 217 PSIG 600 Ft. 260 PSIG 700 Ft. 304 PSIG 800 Ft. 347 PSIG

Page 37

PTFM 1.0 Portable Transit Time Flow Meter

Copper Tubing

Pipe K L M Copper & Brass Pipe Aluminum
Size O.D. I.D. WALL O.D. I.D. WALL O.D. I.D. WALL O.D. I.D. WALL O.D. I.D. WALL

½" 0.625 0.527 0.049 0.625 0.545 0.040 0.625 0.569 0.028 0.840 0.625 0.108
⅝" 0.750 0.652 0.049 0.750 0.666 0.042 0.750 0.690 0.030
¾" 0.875 0.745 0.065 0.875 0.785 0.045 0.875 0.811 0.032 1.050 0.822 0.114
1" 1.125 0.995 0.065 1.125 1.025 0.050 1.125 1.055 0.035 1.315 1.062 0.127

1 ¼" 1.375 1.245 0.065 1.375 1.265 0.055 1.375 1.291 0.042 1.660 1.368 0.146
1 ½" 1.625 1.481 0.072 1.625 1.505 0.060 1.625 1.527 0.049 1.900 1.600 0.150

2" 2.125 1.959 0.083 2.125 1.985 0.070 2.125 2.009 0.058 2.375 2.062 0.157

2 ½ 2.625 2.435 0.095 2.625 2.465 0.080 2.625 2.495 0.065 2.875 2.500 0.188 2.500 2.400 0.050

3" 3.125 2.907 0.109 3.125 2.945 0.090 3.125 2.981 0.072 3.500 3.062 0.219 3.000 2.900 0.050

3 ½" 3.625 3.385 0.120 3.625 3.425 0.100 3.625 3.459 0.083 4.000 3.500 0.250

4" 4.125 3.857 0.134 4.125 3.905 0.110 4.125 3.935 0.095 4.500 3.935 0.095 4.000 4.000 0.250

4 ½" 5.000 4.500 0.250

5" 5.125 4.805 0.160 5.125 4.875 0.125 5.125 4.907 0.109 5.563 5.063 0.250 5.000 4.874 0.063
6" 6.125 5.741 0.192 6.125 5.845 0.140 6.125 5.881 0.122 6.625 6.125 0.250 6.000 5.874 0.063
7" 7.625 7.062 0.282 7.000 6.844 0.078
8" 8.125 7.583 0.271 8.125 7.725 0.200 8.125 7.785 0.170 8.625 8.000 0.313 8.000 7.812 0.094

10" 10.125 9.449 0.338 10.125 9.625 0.250 10.125 9.701 0.212 10.000 9.812 0.094
12" 12.125 11.315 0.405 12.125 11.565 0.280 12.125 11.617 0.254



Page 38

FluidSoundSpeedTable

APPENDIX B – Liquid Speed of Sound

Substance Form Index Specific Gravity Sound Speed

m/sec.

Acetic anhydride (22) (CH3CO)2O 1.082 (20ºC) 1180 2.5
Acetic acid, anhydride (22) (CH3CO)2O 1.082 (20ºC) 1180 2.5

Acetic acid, nitrile C2H3N 0.783 1290 4.1
Acetic acid, ethyl ester (33) C4H8O2 0.901 1085 4.4
Acetic acid, methyl ester C3H6O2 0.934 1211

Acetone C3H6O 0.791 1174 4.5
Acetonitrile C2H3N 0.783 1290 4.1
Acetonylacetone C6H10O2 0.729 1399 3.6
Acetylene dichloride C2H2Cl2 1.26 1015 3.8
Acetylene tetrabromide (47) C2H2Br4 2.966 1027

Acetylene tetrachloride (47) C2H2Cl4 1.595 1147
Alcohol C2H6O 0.789 1207 4.0

Alkazene-13 C15H24 0.86 1317 3.9
Alkazene-25 C10H12Cl2 1.20 1307 3.4
2-Amino-ethanol C2H7NO 1.018 1724 3.4
2-Aminotolidine (46) C7H9N 0.999 (20ºC) 1618

4-Aminotolidine (46) C7H9N 0.966 (45ºC) 1480
Ammonia (35) NH3 0.771 1729 6.68

Amorphous Polyolefin
t-Amyl alcohol C5H12O 0.81 1204
Aminobenzene (41) C6H5NO2 1.022 1639 4.0

Aniline (41) C6H5NO2 1.022 1639 4.0
Argon (45) Ar 1.400 (-188ºC) 853

Azine C6H5N 0.982 1415 4.1
Benzene (29,40,41) C6H6 0.879 1306 4.65
Benzol(29,40,41) C6H6 0.879 1306 4.65
Bromine (21) Br2 2.928 889 3.0
Bromo-benzene (46) C6H5Br 1.522 1170

1-Bromo-butane (46) C4H9Br 1.276 (20ºC) 1019
Bromo-ethane (46) C2H5Br 1.460 (20ºC) 900
Bromoform (46,47) CHBr3 2.89 (20ºC) 918 3.1

n-Butane (2) C4H10 0.601 (0ºC) 1085 5.8
2-Butanol C4H10O 0.81 1240 3.3
sec-Butylalcohol C4H10O 0.81 1240 3.3
n-Butyl bromide (46) C4H9Br 1.276 (20ºC) 1019

n-Butyl chloride (22,46) C4H9Cl 0.887 1140 4.57
tert Butyl chloride C4H9Cl 0.84 984 4.2
Butyl oleate C22H42O2

2,3 Butylene glycol C4H10O2 1.019 1484 1.51
Cadmium (7) Cd

Carbinol (40,41) CH4O 0.791 (20ºC) 1076 2.92
Carbitol C6H14O3 0.988 1458

Carbon dioxide (26) CO2 1.101 (-37ºC) 839 7.71
Carbon disulphide CS2 1.261 (22ºC) 1149

Carbon tetrachloride(33,35,47) CCl4 1.595 (20ºC) 926 2.48

0.98 962.6

1404 3.0

2237.7

v/°C - m/s/°C ∆

FluidSoundSpeedTable

Substance Form Index Specific Gravity Sound Speed

m/sec.

Carbon tetrafluoride (14) CF4 1.75 (-150ºC) 875.2 6.61
Cetane (23) C16H34 0.773 (20ºC) 1338 3.71

Chloro-benezene C6H5Cl 1.106 1273 3.6
1-Chloro-butane (22,46) C4H9Cl 0.887 1140 4.57
Chloro-diFluoromethane (3) (Freon 22) CHClF2 1.491 (-69ºC) 893.9 4.79
Chloroform (47) CHCl3 1.489 979 3.4
1-Chloro-propane (47) C3H7Cl 0.892 1058

Chlorotrifluoromethane (5) CClF3
Cinnamaldehyde C9H8O 1.112 1554 3.2

Cinnamic aldehyde C9H8O 1.112 1554 3.2
Colamine C2H7NO 1.018 1724 3.4
o-Cresol (46) C7H8O 1.047 (20ºC) 1541

m-Cresol (46) C7H8O 1.034 (20ºC) 1500
Cyanomethane C2H3N 0.783 1290 4.1

Cyclohexane (15) C6H12 0.779 (20ºC) 1248 5.41
Cyclohexanol C6H12O 0.962 1454 3.6
Cyclohexanone C6H10O 0.948 1423 4.0
Decane (46) C10H22 0.730 1252

1-Decene (27) C10H20 0.746 1235 4.0
n-Decylene (27) C10 H20 0.746 1235 4.0
Diacetyl C4H6O2 0.99 1236 4.6
Diamylamine C10H23N

1,2 Dibromo-ethane (47) C2H4Br2 2.18 995
trans-1,2-Dibromoethene(47) C2H2Br2 2.231 935
Dibutyl phthalate C8H22O4
Dichloro-t-butyl alcohol C4H8Cl2O
2,3 Dichlorodioxane C2H6Cl2O2
Dichlorodifluoromethane (3) (Freon 12) CCl2F2 1.516 (-40ºC) 774.1 4.24

1,2 Dichloro ethane (47) C2H4Cl2 1.253 1193
cis 1,2-Dichloro-Ethene(3,47) C2H2Cl2 1.284 1061
trans 1,2-Dichloro-ethene(3,47) C2H2Cl2 1.257 1010
Dichloro-fluoromethane (3) (Freon 21) CHCl2F 1.426 (0ºC) 891 3.97

1-2-Dichlorohexafluoro cyclobutane (47) C4Cl2F6 1.654 669
1-3-Dichloro-isobutane C4H8Cl2 1.14 1220 3.4

Dichloro methane (3) CH2Cl2 1.327 1070 3.94
1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2 tetra fluoroethane CClF2-CClF2 1.455 665.3 3.73
Diethyl ether C4H10O 0.713 985 4.87
Diethylene glycol, monoethyl ether C6H14O3 0.988 1458

Diethylenimide oxide C4H9NO 1.00 1442 3.8
1,2-bis(DiFluoramino) butane (43) C4H8(NF2)2 1.216 1000

1,2bis(DiFluoramino)- 2-methylpropane
(43)

1,2bis(DiFluoramino) propane (43) C3H6(NF2)2 1.265 960
2,2bis(DiFluoramino) propane (43) C3H6(NF2)2 1.254 890
2,2-Dihydroxydiethyl ether C4H10O3 1.116 1586 2.4

C4H9(NF2)2 1.213 900

724 5.26

1256 3.9

1408

1304 3.8

1391 3.7

v/°C - m/s/°C ∆

Page 40

FluidSoundSpeedTable

Substance Form Index Specific Gravity Sound Speed

m/sec.

Dihydroxyethane C2H6O2 1.113 1658 2.1
1,3-Dimethyl-benzene (46) C8H10 0.868 (15ºC) 1343

1,2-1.0Dimethyl-benzene(29,46) C8H10 0.897 (20ºC) 1331.5 4.1
1,4-Dimethyl-benzene (46) C8H10

2,2-Dimethyl-butane (29,33) C6H14 0.649 (20ºC) 1079
Dimethyl ketone C3H6O 0.791 1174 4.5

Dimethyl pentane (47) C7H16 0.674 1063
Dimethyl phthalate C8H10O4 1.2 1463
Diiodo-methane CH2I2 3.235 980
Dioxane C4H8O2 1.033 1376
Dodecane (23) C12H26 0.749 1279 3.85

1,2-Ethanediol C2H6O2 1.113 1658 2.1
Ethanenitrile C2H3N 0.783 1290

Ethanoic anhydride (22) (CH3CO)2O 1.082 1180
Ethanol C2H6O 0.789 1207 4.0

Ethanol amide C2H7NO 1.018 1724 3.4
Ethoxyethane C4H10O 0.713 985 4.87
Ethyl acetate (33) C4H8O2 0.901 1085 4.4
Ethyl alcohol C2H6O 0.789 1207 4.0
Ethyl benzene (46) C8H10 0.867(20ºC) 1338

Ethyl bromide (46) C2H5Br 1.461 (20ºC) 900
Ethyliodide (46) C2H5I 1.950 (20ºC) 876
Ether C4H10O 0.713 985 4.87

Ethyl ether C4H10O 0.713 985 4.87
Ethylene bromide (47) C2H4Br2 2.18 995

Ethylene chloride (47) C2H4Cl2 1.253 1193
Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 1.113 1658 2.1

50% Glycol/ 50% H2O
d-Fenochone C10H16O 0.947 1320
d-2-Fenechanone C10H16O 0.947 1320
Fluorine F 0.545 (-143ºC) 403 11.31

Fluoro-benzene (46) C6H5F 1.024 (20ºC) 1189
Formaldehyde, methyl ester C2H4O2 0.974 1127 4.02

Formamide CH3NO 1.134 (20ºC) 1622 2.2
Formic acid, amide CH3NO 1.134 (20ºC) 1622

Freon R12
Furfural C5H4O2 1.157 1444
Furfuryl alcohol C5H6O2 1.135 1450 3.4

Fural C5H4O2 1.157 1444 3.7
2-Furaldehyde C5H4O2 1.157 1444 3.7
2-Furancarboxaldehyde C5H4O2 1.157 1444 3.7
2-Furyl-Methanol C5H6O2 1.135 1450 3.4
Gallium Ga 6.095 2870 (@30ºC)

Glycerin C3H8O3 1.26 1904 2.2

1334

1578

774

v/°C - m/s/°C ∆

Page 41

FluidSoundSpeedTable

Substance Form Index Specific Gravity Sound Speed

m/sec.

Glycerol C3H8O3 1.26 1904 2.2
Glycol C2H6O2 1.113 1658 2.1
Helium (45) He4 0.125(-268.8ºC) 183

Heptane (22,23) C7H16 0.684 (20ºC) 1131 4.25
n-Heptane (29,33) C7H16 0.684 (20ºC) 1180 4.0
Hexachloro-Cyclopentadiene(47) C5Cl6 1.7180 1150

Hexadecane (23) C16H34 0.773 (20ºC) 1338 3.71
Hexalin C6H12O 0.962 1454 3.6
Hexane (16,22,23) C6H14 0.659 1112 2.71
n-Hexane (29,33) C6H14 0.649 (20ºC) 1079 4.53
2,5-Hexanedione C6H10O2 0.729 1399 3.6
n-Hexanol C6H14O 0.819 1300 3.8
Hexahydrobenzene (15) C6H12 0.779 1248 5.41
Hexahydrophenol C6H12O 0.962 1454 3.6
Hexamethylene (15) C6H12 0.779 1248 5.41
Hydrogen (45) H2 0.071 (-256ºC) 1187

2-Hydroxy-toluene (46) C7H8O 1.047 (20ºC) 1541
3-Hydroxy-tolune (46) C7H8O 1.034 (20ºC) 1500
Iodo-benzene (46) C6H5I 1.823 1114
Iodo-ethane (46) C2H5I 1.950 (20ºC) 876
Iodo-methane CH3I 2.28 (20ºC) 978
Isobutyl acetate (22) C6H12O
Isobutanol C4H10O 0.81 (20ºC) 1212
Iso-Butane
Isopentane (36) C5H12 0.62 (20ºC) 980 4.8

Isopropanol (46) C3H8O 0.785 (20ºC) 1170
Isopropyl alcohol (46) C3H8O 0.785 (20ºC) 1170
Kerosene
Ketohexamethylene C6H10O 0.948 1423 4.0

Lithium fluoride (42) LiF
Mercury (45) Hg 13.594 1449
Mesityloxide C6H16O 0.85 1310
Methane (25,28,38,39) CH4 0.162 405(-89.15ºC) 17.5

Methanol (40,41) CH4O 0.791 (20ºC) 1076 2.92
Methyl acetate C3H6O2 0.934 1211

o-Methylaniline (46) C7H9N 0.999 (20ºC) 1618
4-Methylaniline (46) C7H9N 0.966 (45ºC) 1480
Methyl alcohol (40,44) CH4O 0.791 (20ºC) 1076 2.92

Methyl benzene (16,52) C7H8 0.867 1328 4.27
2-Methyl-butane (36) C5H12 0.62 (20ºC) 980

Methyl carbinol C2H6O 0.789 1207 4.0
Methyl-chloroform (47) C2H3Cl3 1.33 985

Methyl-cyanide C2H3N 0.783 1290
3-Methyl cyclohexanol C7H14O 0.92 1400

0.81 1324 3.6

1180 4.85

1219.8

2485 1.29

v/°C - m/s/°C ∆

Page 42

FluidSoundSpeedTable

Substance Form Index Specific Gravity Sound Speed

m/sec.

Methylene chloride (3) CH2Cl2 1.327 1070 3.94
Methylene iodide CH2I2 3.235 980

Methyl formate (22) C2H4O2 0.974 (20ºC) 1127 4.02
Methyl iodide CH3I 2.28 (20ºC) 978

2-Methylphenol (46) C7H8O 1.047 (20ºC) 1541
3-Methylphenol (46) C7H8O 1.034 (20ºC) 1500
Milk, homogenized
Morpholine C4H9NO 1.00 1442 3.8

Naphtha
Natural Gas (37)
Neon (45) Ne 1.207 (-246ºC) 595
Nitrobenzene (46) C6H5NO2 1.204 (20ºC) 1415
Nitrogen (45) N2 0.808 (-199ºC) 962
Nitromethane (43) CH3NO2 1.135 1300 4.0

Nonane (23) C9H2O 0.718 (20ºC) 1207 4.04
1-Nonene (27) C9H18 0.736 (20ºC) 1207 4.0
Octane (23) C8H18 0.703 1172 4.14
n-Octane (29) C8H18 0.704 (20ºC) 1212.5 3.50
1-Octene (27) C8H16 0.723 (20ºC) 1175.5 4.10
Oil of Camphor Sassafrassy

Oil, Car (SAE 20a.30) 1.74
Oil, Castor C11H10O10 0.969 1477 3.6

Oil, Diesel
Oil, Fuel AA gravity
Oil (Lubricating X200)
Oil (Olive)
Oil (Peanut)
Oil (Sperm)
Oil, 6
2,2-Oxydiethanol C4H10O3 1.116 1586 2.4

Oxygen (45) O2 1.155 (-186ºC) 952
Pentachloro-ethane (47) C2HCl5 1.687 1082
Pentalin (47) C2HCl5 1.687 1082
Pentane (36) C5H12 0.626 (20ºC) 1020
n-Pentane (47) C5H12 0.557 1006
Perchlorocyclopentadiene(47) C5Cl6 1.718 1150
Perchloro-ethylene (47) C2Cl4 1.632 1036
Perfluoro-1-Hepten (47) C7F14 1.67 583
Perfluoro-n-Hexane (47) C6F14 1.672 508
Phene (29,40,41) C6H6 0.879 1306 4.65

ß-Phenyl acrolein C9H8O 1.112 1554 3.2
Phenylamine (41) C6H5NO2 1.022 1639 4.0
Phenyl bromide (46) C6H5Br 1.522 1170

0.76 1225

0.316 (-103ºC) 753

0.80 1250

0.99 1485 3.7

0.912 1431 2.75

0.936 1458

0.88 1440

1548

1390 3.8

870

1530 5019.9

1509

v/°C - m/s/°C ∆

Page 43

FluidSoundSpeedTable

Substance Form Index Specific Gravity Sound Speed

m/sec.

Phenyl chloride C6H5Cl 1.106 1273 3.6
Phenyl iodide (46) C6H5I 1.823 1114

Phenyl methane (16,52) C7H8 0.867 (20ºC) 1328 4.27
3-Phenyl propenal C9H8O 1.112 1554 3.2
Phthalardione C8H4O3

Phthalic acid, anhydride C8H4O3
Phthalic anhydride C8H4O3
Pimelic ketone C6H10O 0.948 1423 4.0

Plexiglas, Lucite, Acrylic
Polyterpene Resin
Potassium bromide (42) Kbr
Potassium fluoride (42) KF
Potassium iodide (42) KI
Potassium nitrate (48) KNO3 1.859 (352ºC) 1740.1 1.1

Propane (2,13)(-45 to -130ºC) C3H8 0.585 (-45ºC) 1003 5.7
1,2,3-Propanetriol C3H8O3 1.26 1904 2.2
1-Propanol (46) C3H8O 0.78 (20ºC) 1222

2-Propanol (46) C3H8O 0.785 (20ºC) 1170
2-Propanone C3H6O 0.791 1174 4.5

Propene (17,18,35) C3H6 0.563 (-13ºC) 963 6.32
n-Propyl acetate (22) C5H10O2 1280 (2ºC) 4.63

n-Propyl alcohol C3H8O 0.78 (20ºC) 1222
Propylchloride (47) C3H7Cl 0.892 1058
Propylene (17,18,35) C3H6 0.563 (-13ºC) 963 6.32

Pyridine C6H5N 0.982 1415 4.1
Refrigerant 11 (3,4) CCl3F 1.49 828.3 3.56
Refrigerant 12 (3) CCl2F2 1.516 (-40ºC) 774.1 4.24
Refrigerant 14 (14) CF4 1.75 (-150ºC) 875.24 6.61
Refrigerant 21 (3) CHCl2F 1.426 (0ºC) 891 3.97
Refrigerant 22 (3) CHClF2 1.491 (-69ºC) 893.9 4.79
Refrigerant 113 (3) CCl2F-CClF2 1.563 783.7 3.44
Refrigerant 114 (3) CClF2-CClF2 1.455 665.3 3.73
Refrigerant 115 (3) C2ClF5

Refrigerant C318 (3) C4F8 1.62 (-20ºC) 574 3.88
Selenium (8) Se

Silicone (30 cp)
Sodium fluoride (42) NaF 0.877 2082 1.32

Sodium nitrate (48) NaNO3 1.884 (336ºC) 1763.3 0.74
Sodium nitrite (48) NaNO2 1.805 (292ºC) 1876.8

Solvesso 3
Spirit of wine C2H6O 0.789 1207 4.0

Sulphur (7,8,10) S
Sulphuric acid (1) H2SO4 1.841 1257.6 1.43

Tellurium (7) Te

0.77 1099.8

0.993 990

0.877 1370 3.7

1125

1125

1125

2651

1169 0.71

1792 1.03

985 0.64

656.4 4.42

1072 0.68

1177 -1.13

991 0.73

v/°C - m/s/°C ∆

Page 44

FluidSoundSpeedTable

Substance Form Index Specific Gravity Sound Speed

m/sec.

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromo-ethane(47) C2H2Br4 2.966120 1027
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-ethane(67) C2H2Cl4 1.595 1147
Tetrachloroethane (46) C2H2Cl4 1.553 (20ºC) 1170
Tetrachloro-ethene (47) C2Cl4 1.632 1036
Tetrachloro-methane (33,47) CCl4 1.595 (20ºC) 926
Tetradecane (46) C14H3O 0.763 (20ºC) 1331

Tetraethylene glycol C8H18O5 1.123 1586/5203.4 3.0
Tetrafluoro-methane (14) (Freon 14) CF4 1.75 (-150ºC) 875.24 6.61
Tetrahydro-1,4-isoxazine C4H9NO

Toluene (16,52) C7H8 0.867 (20ºC) 1328 4.27
o-Toluidine (46) C7H9N 0.999 (20ºC) 1618

p-Toluidine (46) C7H9N 0.966 (45ºC) 1480
Toluol C7H8 0.866 1308 4.2

Tribromo-methane (46,47) CHBr3 2.89 (20ºC) 918
1,1,1-Trichloro-ethane (47) C2H3Cl3 1.33 985
Trichloro-ethene (47) C2HCl3 1.464 1028
Trichloro-fluoromethane (3) (Freon 11) CCl3F 1.49 828.3 3.56

Trichloro-methane (47) CHCl3 1.489 979 3.4
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoro-Ethane CCl2F-CClF2 1.563 783.7

Triethyl-amine (33) C6H15N 0.726 1123 4.47
Triethylene glycol C6H14O4 1.123 1608 3.8
1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-Chloro-2-Bromo-Ethane C2HClBrF3 1.869 693

1,2,2-Trifluorotrichloro- ethane (Freon 113) CCl2F-CClF2 1.563 783.7 3.44
d-1,3,3-Trimethylnor- camphor C10H16O 0.947 1320

Trinitrotoluene (43) C7H5(NO2)3 1.64 1610
Turpentine
Unisis 800
Water, distilled (49,50) H2O 0.996 1498 -2.4

Water, heavy D²O
Water, sea
Wood Alcohol (40,41) CH4O 0.791 (20ºC) 1076 2.92

Xenon (45) Xe
m-Xylene (46) C8H10 0.868 (15ºC) 1343
o-Xylene (29,46) C8H10 0.897 (20ºC) 1331.5 4.1

p-Xylene (46) C8H10
Xylene hexafluoride C8H4F6 1.37 879
Zinc (7) Zn

0.88 1255

0.87 1346

1.025 1531 -2.4

1442 3.8

1400

630

1334

3298

v/°C - m/s/°C ∆

Page 45