GRAUPNER Twister Assembly Instructions Manual

GRAUPNER GmbH & Co. KG D-73230 KIRCHHEIM/TECK GERMANY

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1

Re: Order No.

9356

Assembly instructions

TWISTER

For two-stroke motors up to about 15 cm³ displacement

and

Electric motors

Requires a HoTT radio control system with 6 functions

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Specification

Wingspan about 1700 mm
Fuselage length without spinner about 1430 mm
Wing area about 44.5 dm²
All-up weight depending on equipment about 4100 g
EWD electric speed monitor about 0.5-1 °
Centre of gravity about 105 - 110 mm behind the leading edge to the right and left of
the fuselage

Yaw and pitch deflection of the propeller shaft is preset.
Note: This model is not a toy!

If you do not have experience with such motorised models, please ask experienced
model flyers for help. If the model is operated without the proper knowledge, injuries
can result. Think of your health and safety!

Important! Before you start the assembly!

Even if you have already built lots of RC models, read these instructions through
carefully. A lot of effort was made to keep things as simple as possible without
neglecting safety.
Check for correct functioning and range before every flight. At an appropriate
distance, make sure that all the control surfaces are working properly and deflecting
in the correct direction.
The first time you control a model aircraft, it is best to ask an experienced person to
help you with the pre-flight check and during the first few flights.
RC parts and rudder linkages are built in during assembly as per the corresponding
construction stages. Later installation is not possible – or only with great difficulty.
When buying a radio remote control unit, make sure that transmitter and receiver are
suited for aircraft models and are approved by the German postal and
telecommunications authority, and that they have an FTZ inspection serial number.
In the frequency ranges for radio remote controls, other radio systems and high­frequency equipment are operated. Therefore, no protection can be provided against
interference by such devices.
Additional information on this topic can be obtained from the local office of the
telecommunications authority or from a model shop.

Note on the covering sheet

As a result of intense weather changes (temperature, humidity, et cetera), small
creases can form in the covering sheet. In rare cases, the components can even be
warped. This lies in the nature of wood construction with covering sheet. This can be
corrected as follows using a hair dryer or foil iron like those available to model
builders.

Creases: Blow with hot air and rub with a soft cloth.
Warped wings: Gently twist the area against the direction of warping and smooth it

out again using an iron or hot air.

Caution! Never use more heat than is absolutely necessary. If the iron is too
hot, the covering sheet will melt and holes will form.

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The extensively pre-fabricated model can be built in a very short time.
However, the remaining steps are important and have to be carried out with
care. Doing this work properly determines whether the model will have the
prescribed rigidity and flight characteristics; so please work slowly and
precisely!
When putting screws into wood, apply a little casein glue to keep them from
loosening: Squirt casein glue into the drill hole and screw in the screw. All
metal bolts and nuts should be secured against loosening with thread lock
fluid, such as "UHU schraubensicher."

Other required accessories
Motor and accessories

Motor
Order No.

Drive battery
Order No.

Speed
controller
Order No.

Propeller
Order No.

OS MAX 95 AX including
silencer 2749

1314.13x8

OS Motor OMA-5025-375
6627

9733.5 or

9733.3 *

7236 1328.40.25

* 2 required

Radio control system
It must have at least 6 channels and 10 servos. Furthermore, the transmitter
must be capable of servo rotation reversal.

Particularly recommended: computer system starting with MX-16 to mc-24. For
rudder, landing flaps, and retractable undercarriage, servos with a width of 13 mm
and about 54 Ncm are called for, such as Order No. 7931.
Each of the two aileron servo cables, needs an extension cable, Order No. 3935.32
to extend them.
For rudder, elevators, and engine throttle, servos with standard dimensions, such as
Order No. 7950 are used.
As receiver battery, we recommend: LiPo 2/1600 Order No. 9717.2 in connection
with the ON/OFF switch PRX 3A Order No. 4135, which has to be carefully serviced
before and after all flight operations.
In this regard, see also the instructions for the RC system, batteries, et cetera.

To connect the servos for ailerons, airbrakes, and retractable undercarriage,
insert the 180 mm extension cable into the corresponding socket on the receiver. To
store the receiver and battery, for example cellular cauoutchouc (rubber), Order No.
1637 is needed.

Adhesives

Casein glue, for example UHU coll, Order No. 958.60
UHU hart, for example Order No. 534.35
Fast setting glue, for example Order No. 5822
Thread lock fluid, for example Order No. 952

Accessories for operation with internal combustion engine (not included)

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Fuel with synthetic oil, depending on the motor used
Fuel filter, for example Order No. 1650.1
Fuel hose, for example Order No. 1643
Manual fuel pump, for example Order No. 1610
Spark plug battery with spark plug clip, for example Order No. 3253
Electric starter, for example Order No. 1628
Starter battery for example Order No. 2592

Accessories for operation with electric motor (see table)
Chargers, see main catalogue FS
Required tools (not included)

Various (Philips) screwdrivers, flat-nose pliers, wire cutter, balsa knife or razor blade,
various drills, universal spark plug wrench, soldering iron, various Allen wrenches.

Do not begin the assembly until you have familiarised yourself well with the
components and the individual construction stages. If you are not satisfied with any
component, report it to your retailer before you start the construction process.

Assembling the TWISTER
The wing halves

The servo lever, Order No. 3544, as shown in the photo, needs to be shortened on
one side and, with the servo in the centre position, mounted on the drive shaft of the
servo, or 7907.1 can be used.

Place the servos in the centre position using the receiver system. Fasten the servo to
the attachment blocks using the screws included with the servos. To do so, insert the
rubber grommets with the brass hollow rivets, collar downward, into the servo flange.
For drilling Ø 1.5 mm holes for the screws, the hollow rivets can be used as a drilling
template. To make it easier to push them in, the hollow rivets can be placed onto a
screwdriver of the proper size.

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Now the servo cables are pulled into the wing halves using a thin string. Just behind
the connector, tie the string to the cable and pull it into the wing half so that it comes
out the wing root.
The servo mounts are again fastened in the wing halves with the screws included.

Using sandpaper or sanding block, sand the control horns on the surfaces to be
glued in order to achieve an adequate connection when gluing.

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As seen in the photos, unstick the slots for the GRP control horns, put a dab of glue
into the slot, and push the control horn in until it stops.

Wipe off any excess glue.
Fasten the landing gear to the wings using the hinges.

When doing so, observe the marks on the wings. Make sure that the hinges are
screwed on at a right angle to the trailing edge.

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Now the rudder linkages are prepared. Adjust the length of the linkages so that the
rudders are in neutral position when the servo is in the centre position; for ailerons
and landing flaps a threaded part M2x23m.

Installation of the landing gear

Install the landing gear in the wings using four sheet metal screws as shown in the
photo.

The servos for the retractable undercarriage are installed in the wing halves using the
wooden parts shown.

The servo lever must be in neutral position when in the centre position. To achieve
this, briefly turn on the RC system.

The steering linkages must be adjusted so that the retractable undercarriage can be
locked in the extended and retracted positions.

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Now the wheels can be attached using the wheel axles.

To do so, push the wheels and adjustment rings onto the axle. Secure the grub
screws using UHU schraubensicher thread-lock fluid.

Adjust the transparent covers of the wing tip lights and use transparent adhesive film
to attach them to the wings.

The fuselage and control surfaces
Depending on the type of propulsion system installed, the corresponding drill holes
are transferred from the template to the bulkhead. To do so, tape the template to the
fuselage.

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Screw the internal combustion engine to the two support arms so that the distance
between the spinner base plate and the back of the motor support, or the bulkhead,
is about 150 mm. Mark the position for the drill hole for the throttle linkage on the
bulkhead and drill the guide hole accordingly. Insert the throttle linkage into the drill
hole of the carburettor level and run it to the servo location.

Assembling and installing the fuel tank

Slip a piece of silicon tubing onto the fuel tank clunk pick-up. The tube should be cut off
so that the fuel tank clunk pick-up can move freely when the tube is pushed onto the
throat of the fuel tank without getting stuck on the inside of the tank. Slip a piece of fuel
hose onto each of the free tubes for fill-up and overflow, so that one is on the top side
and one on the underside of the tank. This ensures that the tank can be filled or
emptied completely. Now push the tank stopper with the fuel tank clunk pick-up and
the already installed tubes into the throat of the tank as illustrated. Make sure that one
tube runs downward and one upward (to fill the tank). The tube pointing upward serves
as the overflow during fueling and is later closed via a nipple on the pressure tap of the
silencer. Now the three tubes should be marked with felt marker or tape. (carburettor
hose, tank hose, pressure tap hose). Push the tank stopper over the throat of the fuel
tank, and tighten the Philips-head screw to fasten the stopper in place. It is important to
tighten the screw so that the tank is completely sealed.

The assembled tank is pushed into the fuselage in such a way that the fuel lines run
through the drill hole in the bulkhead. To prevent slippage, the tank mount is screwed
into the fuselage using two Allen screws.

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Connecting the fuel lines

Connect the silicone tube from the fuel tank clunk pick-up to the nipple of the
carburettor; the hose from the overflow to the nipple / pressure tap of the silencer.
For fueling, the hose marked as the fuel line is run out through the engine bonnet,
fastened, and then closed again after fueling. (Sealing Nipple Order No. 140).
When the tank is full, be careful that the silencer is not filled with fuel via the overflow,
which simultaneously serves as pressure connector.

For silencer, cylinder head, et cetera, cut or file appropriate openings in the engine
bonnet.

The engine bonnet is fastened to the fuselage by screwing in two pan-head self­tapping screws on the left and right. Make sure that the engine bonnet is screwed on
so that it fits the spinner perfectly.

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When installing the electric motor, it is screwed to the motor mount as shown in the
photo. Run the connecting cables into the motor mount from underneath and connect
the speed controller. To check the turning direction of the electric motor, it must be
started up briefly. See also the instructions for the motor and speed controller.

The front motor mount plate must be glued into the side parts of the motor mount so
that it is oriented parallel to the rear wall of the mount. For electric motors, no
openings are cut or filed into the engine bonnet.
Here, too, to attach the engine bonnet, attach the propeller driver together with
spinner and propeller to the motor shaft. Align the engine bonnet to the spinner and,
as in the internal combustion engine version, fasten it with four pan-head self-tapping
screws.

In order to glue the tailplane and vertical stabiliser precisely to the fuselage, place
them onto the fuselage, align them (centred and at a right angle to the longitudinal
axis of the fuselage) and transfer the fuselage contour using a felt pen.

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Run a hot soldering iron along a steel ruler, somewhat smaller than drawn, to melt
through the cover sheet and separate it from the part.
Glue the tailplane and vertical stabiliser to the fuselage using UHU coll. As described
before, align the parts precisely, meaning that the tailplane is perfectly centred and at
a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the fuselage and that the vertical stabiliser is
glued at a right angle to the tailplane.
Secure the horizontal stabiliser against slippage until the glue hardens.
From the tail group, push the linkages for rudder, elevators, and tailwheel into the
guide holes and insert the clevises into the drill holes.
After the glue has set, screw on the tailwheel mount.

Fit the fuselage cover and fasten it to the
fuselage using transparent adhesive film.

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Stick the tailwheel wire into the brass mount as shown in the photo and fasten it with
the M3 grub screws. Secure the grub screws using UHU schraubensicher thread-lock
fluid. Make sure that the tailwheel is fixed in place so that the model rolls straight
ahead when you start the model later on.
As already described at the start of the assembly instructions, stick the rubber
grommets and hollow rivets into the flange of the elevators/rudder (and the throttle
servo when an internal combustion engine is being installed) and screw them into the
little servo boards in the fuselage. For the attachment screws, pre-drill a pilot hole.

Elevator, rudder servo throttle servo
In the electric version, the drive battery is inserted using the little battery board.

Fasten the drive battery to the board as shown in the photo.

The board is then pushed into the
fuselage so that its nose extends into the opening in the bulkhead.

Now it is fastened to the floor of the fuselage using two M4 Allen screws.

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Glue the pilot figure into place as shown in the photo. Experience has shown that the
pilot figure can be secured using double-sided tape, Order No. 2904.
The cockpit canopy is attached to the fuselage using transparent adhesive film.

Installing the receiver

As shown in the photo, the receiver is fastened to the RC board using foam and
hook-and-loop cable strips. When running the aerials for the receiver, make sure that
they are oriented at a 90 ° angle to one another. To do so, also observe the
instructions for the receiver / RC system.

Installing the switch in the fuselage

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The ON/OFF switch for the RC system (PRX 3A) can be installed on the right
fuselage side wall. Use a hot soldering iron to melt through the openings for the slide
switches and the diode. Use the screws that come with the switch to install them in
the side of the fuselage.

Assembling the TWISTER

To connect the control surface servos to the receiver it is recommended that an
extension cable Order No. 3935.18 be inserted into the corresponding receiver
socket. The receiver battery is placed upon foam material and attached to the
fuselage so that it can not slide. Use the connector tube to attach the wing halves to
the fuselage. Connect the connecting cables of the control surface servos using the
extension cables. Push the wing into the fuselage far enough that the two wing
halves can be pulled up against the fuselage using the latches, which are accessible
from the underside of the two wing halves.
The two wing latches are turned clockwise using a Philips screwdriver until the two
wing halves abut the fuselage.

Place the fuselage cover onto the fuselage opening so that the two pegs fit into the
holes in the bulkhead. The fuselage cover is fastened by snapping the two spring­loaded locking mechanisms into place.

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Balancing the TWISTER

Support the model to the right and left sides of the fuselage (at the root of the wing)
about 105 - 110 mm aft of the leading edge of the wing, ideally in inverted flight
position. If the centre of gravity is correct, the model should balance out horizontally
or with the nose pointing slightly downward.
If necessary, adjust the centre of gravity by shifting the position of the receiver
batteries or taping on trim weights.
Before flying the aircraft, set the transmitter trims to centre and ensure that all the
control surfaces are also exactly centred (in neutral position).

Rudder deflections

Ailerons 20 mm up and 10 mm down )
Elevators 15 mm up and down ) exponentially 30%
Rudder 40 mm left and right )
Landing flaps Take-off 15 mm down
Landing 70 mm down
These rudder deflections are only recommendations - the deflections must be
adapted to your individual needs.

Important:

When assembling the rods, always take care to ensure that they move freely and can
move through their entire controllable path - including trim travel - and are not
mechanically impeded.
When the joystick moves to the right, the rudder must turn to the right (left stick/left
rudder). When the elevator stick is moved back toward the belly, the elevators must
deflect upward. If the stick is moved forward, the elevators must deflect downward. If
the aileron stick is moved to the right, the right aileron should move upward; the left
aileron downward. When the throttle stick is pushed forward, the motor must run at
full power; if the throttle stick and trim are moved back to their end-points, the engine
must stop. If the trim travel is moved all the way back, the motor must stop. The
landing flaps are best activated via a three-position switch.

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Now, have fun flying your TWISTER!

Safety tips and warnings for motorized aircraft models with internal

combustion engines

Before you first attempt to fly the model, it is essential to carefully read all the
operating and assembly instructions.
These safety notes are part of these instructions and must be stored carefully
with the operating instructions and, if the model is passed on to others, they
must also be passed on to the next user.
Motorised models are very demanding and dangerous objects and require that
the user have great expertise, skill, and a sense of responsibility.

Motorised models are not suitable for persons under 18 years of age.

They may be operated only under the instruction and supervision of an adult
who is familiar with the attendant hazards.

The operator of the model must be in full possession of his or her bodily and
mental faculties. As with car driving, operating a model aircraft under the
influence of alcohol or drugs is not permissible under any circumstances.

Radio controlled aircraft models may be used only for the purpose intended by
the manufacturer; meaning not as a sporting device designed to carry people.
Any other use is forbidden.

A model can only work properly and fulfil your expectations if it is built or
assembled with the greatest of care and in accordance with the assembly
instructions. Independent changes in design or materials are not permitted. To
avoid injuring people and damaging property, it is essential to be careful and
thoughtful when operating your model. Nobody would climb into a full-size
sports aircraft and attempt to fly it without undergoing training beforehand.
Model flying is also something that has to be learned! We suggest that you ask
an experienced model flyer for help, or join a model club or model flight
training school. Your local model shop and the specialist magazines are
excellent sources of information.

Always observe the information on the centre of gravity and on control surface
deflection! The model must be adjusted accordingly.

• Radio control system: Make sure the frequency used is vacant. Do not

switch on until you are sure! Check the RC system frequently; it too is
subject to wear. Radio interference caused by unknown sources can occur
at any time without warning. Your model will then be uncontrollable and
completely unpredictable. Never leave your radio control system

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unattended, as another person might pick it up and try to use it. To ensure
proper operation of your RC system, make sure that the batteries are kept
fully charged.

Do not ignore warnings! They refer to materials and situations, which, if
ignored, can - in extreme cases - result in fatal injury or permanent damage.

You alone are responsible for the safe operation of your model and motor.
Questions regarding the safe operation of model and motor can be answered
by your retailer.

• Propellers and all rotating parts that are powered by a motor pose a

constant risk of injury. Do not touch them with any part of your body! For
example, a propeller spinning at high speed can cut off a finger!

• Always keep well clear of the rotational plane of the propeller! You never

know when some part may come loose and fly off at high speed and with
great energy, hitting you or a third party. Make sure that no other object can
come into contact with the rotating propeller.

• Be careful with loose clothing, such as scarves, loose shirts, et cetera: They

can be sucked in by the propeller stream and get in the way of the propeller
itself.

• If there are passers-by or spectators at your flying site, make sure that they

are aware of the dangers inherent in your activity before you start the
motor, and insist that they keep a safe distance away (at least 5 m).

• Model aircraft may be flown only at "normal" outside temperatures,

meaning in a range of - 5º C to + 35º C; more extreme temperatures can lead
to changes, for example in battery capacity and material characteristics, et
cetera.

• Model fuel is poisonous! Do not let it come into contact with eyes or mouth!

Store only in clearly marked containers out of the reach of children.

• Never run the motor in closed rooms, such as basement, garage, et cetera.

Model motors also produce deadly carbon monoxide gas.

Operate only outdoors!

• Adhesives and paints contain materials which may be hazardous to health

under certain circumstances. You should therefore observe the notes and
warnings supplied by the manufacturers of these materials.

• Model fuel is highly flammable and combustible; keep away from open

flames, excessive heat, any sources of sparks or other things that could
lead to ignition. Do not smoke in the direct vicinity of fuel or fuel fumes.

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• During operation, a model motor develops a great deal of heat. Motor and

shock absorbers are therefore very hot during operations and for a while
afterwards. Touching them can result in serious burns. Careful when
making adjustments! Wear protective gloves! In extreme cases, even fires
can be caused.

• While operating the motor, not only poisonous and hot exhaust emanates

from the exhaust pipe but also very hot liquid combustion residue, which
can result in burns.

• After operation, remove residual fuel from the tank and motor.

• Every time you intend to operate your model, check carefully it and

everything attached to it (for example propellers, control surface linkages,
rudders, et cetera) for possible damage. If you find a fault, do not fly the
model until you have corrected it.

• The motor is started with an electric starter, which may be equipped with an

adapter that fits the model. For fixed-wing aircraft, startup aid can also be
provided, for example, by a wooden rod with a piece of water hose attached.

• During operation, model motors may develop noise far greater than 85 dB

(A); always wear protection for your ears. Never start motors without a
silencer. However, even with a silencer, model motors can disturb
neighbours. Don’t run motors when people expect peace and quiet.

• If the propeller is turning while the model is standing on sandy ground, for

instance, the propeller can suck up sand and dust and hurl it around, and it
could get in people's eyes. Wear protective goggles!

• Take care that neither the spark plug clip nor the lead attached to it can get

tangled in the turning propeller or other rotating parts. Check the throttle
linkage, too.

• Take particular care when carrying the model with the engine running. Hold

rotating parts well away from you!

• Always keep an adequate supply of fuel in the tank. Never continue to fly

the model until all the fuel is used up.

• Never fly directly over people.

• Never fly directly towards people.

• Make sure to keep a safe distance from residential areas: at least 1.5 km “as

the crow flies”. It is always best to join a club and fly at the approved model
flying site. Always keep well clear of high-tension overhead cables.

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• Whenever working on the engine, make sure that you have secure footing,

and always hold the model securely.

• When starting and landing, the take-off and landing strips should be kept

free of unauthorised people and movable obstacles.

• The model aircraft must be kept constantly in sight during the entire flight. It

must always give way to manned aircraft.

• Never operate your aircraft from public roads, squares, squares, school

playgrounds, parks, or sports grounds, et cetera, and ensure that you are
always in full control of the model.

• To ensure that you can stop your engine at any time, the throttle must be

adjusted so that the carburettor barrel closes completely when the throttle
stick and trim are moved to their end points. If this does not work, pinch the
fuel line between your fingers or pull off the connecting tube to the tank.
Never try to stop the engine by grasping the flywheel, propeller, or spinner!

• All model fliers should take care to ensure that the public safety, especially

that of people and property, as well as orderly flying operations, are not
endangered or disturbed.

In legal terms, model aircraft are classed as aircraft and as such are subject to
legal regulations and restrictions that must be observed.

Our brochure “Modellflugrecht, Paragrafen und mehr” (Model Aviation Law,
Legal Requirements and more), Order No. 8034.02 contains a summary of all
these rules, and your local model shop should also have a copy which you can
read. For models with internal combustion engines, it is necessary, for
example, to have the landowner's permission for flights, and insurance is also
mandatory. There are also regulations concerning your radio control system
that must be observed.

These notes are intended only to make you aware of the many dangers and
hazards that can arise if you work carelessly or irresponsibly. If you take
reasonable care, model flying is a highly creative, instructive, and relaxing
pastime.

Important safety notes

You have acquired a kit that can be assembled into a fully working RC model
when fitted out with suitable accessories. However, GRAUPNER has no control
over whether you observe the instructions for the installation and operation of
the model or the use and maintenance of the associated components. For this
reason GRAUPNER assumes no liability for loss, damage, or costs, which are
incurred due to the incorrect use of our products or due to improper behaviour
on the part of the user, or which are connected with such operation in any way.

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Unless otherwise prescribed by binding law, the obligation of GRAUPNER to
pay compensation for any reason whatsoever (including personal injury, death,
damage to buildings, damage due to loss of business or turnover, interruption
of business, or other direct or indirect consequent damage) stemming from the
operation of the model is excluded.
The total liability in all cases and under all circumstances is limited to the
amount of money that you actually paid for this model.

This model is started up and operated at the sole and exclusive risk of the
operator. To avoid injuring people and damaging property, it is essential to be
careful and thoughtful when operating your model.

If necessary, purchase a special RC model liability insurance policy.
These safety notes must be retained and provided to the buyer if sold to
another person.

Guarantee requirements

The guarantee covers the exchange of parts that display demonstrated
manufacturing or material defects during the guarantee period of 24 months from the
date of purchase. Any further claims are excluded. Transport, packaging, freight, and
transportation costs are borne by the purchaser. No liability is assumed for transport
damage. When sending to GRAUPNER or to the service office responsible for the
respective country, a suitable description of the defect must be included along with
the invoice/receipt with purchase date. The guarantee is voided if the failure of the
part or the model is the result of an accident, improper handling, or incorrect use.

The following items must be observed:

• Before you fly the model, check that the radio control system is working
reliably, and that all connections are secure.

• The batteries must be charged, and the range of the radio control system must
have been checked. In particular, the transmitter and receiver batteries must
be charged before each take-off.

• Ensure that the channel you intend to use is not already in use. Never fly the
model if you are not certain that your channel is free.

• Observe the instructions and information regarding your radio control system
and accessories.

• Ensure that the servos are not mechanically obstructed in their travel.

• Dry cells and rechargeable batteries must never be short-circuited.

• Remove all batteries before transporting and storing the model.

• Do not subject the model to intense humidity, heat, cold, or to dirt.

GRAUPNER GmbH & Co. KG D-73230 KIRCHHEIM/TECK GERMANY

We reserve the right to introduce modifications. Not liable for printing errors! 12/2011

Made in

Vietnam

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• Protect the model and RC equipment against damage or slippage during
transport.

Care and maintenance

• Clean the model carefully after each use. Also remove any dirt from the
propeller. Clean the model and the RC components using suitable cleaning
agents only. Ask your model shop for information.

• If the model is not to be operated for a considerable time, all the moving parts
must be cleaned and re-lubricated.

Tips on building the model

• Before assembling the model, it is essential to study the construction diagram
and the instructions all the way through. When using tools, be aware of the
possible dangers.

• Use only suitable cables that are adequate for the electrical currents that occur
during operation.

• Clean residual grease from all connections that are to be glued. This can, for
example, be done through sanding and using a non-relubricating cleaning
solution. The same goes for the surfaces to be painted, in order to make sure
that the paint sticks. Before gluing parts, always roughen the corresponding
surfaces (especially for GFR fuselages) carefully with fine sandpaper and de­grease them thoroughly, for example with acetone. Otherwise, adequate
adhesion is not assured.