Graco 344837EN-A User Manual

Graco 4-Ball Pump
Technology

High Performance Industrial Pumps

4-BALL PISTON PUM P LOWERS

Graco’s positive displacement

piston pumps provide low cycle rates

and high flow as the pump displaces

fluid in both directions of the stroke.

This versatile technology is used in

a wide range of applications.

Graco’s new 4-ball piston pumps

produce low shear output for

shear-sensitive materials in low

pressure, high flow applications.

Typical applicaTions

• Paint circulation

• Fluid transfer and supply

Typical Fluids Handled

• Waterborne paints

• Solventborne paints

• Acid catalyzed varnishes, enamels and lacquers

THE LATEST IN LOW PRESSURE, HIG H FLOW TEC HNOLOGY

GRACO IS MAKING IT EASIER to install and maintain your 4-ball pump. Not only can all lowers be

used with pnuematic, hydraulic and electric platforms, many models have

COMMON COMPONENTS –

making cylinders and pistons easily interchangeable between pump sizes.

ADDITONAL FEATURES also now come standard on the 4-ball lowers, such as the new

enclosed wet cup, stainless steel seats and spring loaded packings.

New enclosed WeT cup

• Minimizes operator interaction for reduced
maintenance

• Maintains consistent lubrication for packings

improved coaTings

• Standard Chromex™ Rods
Produce durable pump performance

• Available Maxlife
Provide maximum abrasion and
wear resistance

sTainless sTeel or
carbide seaTs

npT or Tri-clamp
FiTTings

™

Cylinders

New spring loaded

packings

• Increases the life of throat packings

• Consistent torque - no operator
torque adjustment

lubricaTion boTTle

• See-through bottle for visual checks

• Screw-in design for easy access and refill

ACCURATE AND DE PENDA BLE MOTOR SOLUTIONS

pneumaTic

Pneumatic High-Flo® pumps with NXT® motor technology set the
standard for long-lasting durability. These pumps are built to handle the
toughest finishing applications.

• Modular design for easier maintenance

• Rugged body armor, won’t rust or dent

• Highest technology air motor on the market

• De-icing controls eliminate stalling

• Integrated air control

• DataTrak™ (Optional)

 Runaway protection

 Pump diagnostics

 Tracks material usage

Hydraulic

Field proven, energy efficient Viscount® pumps provide reliable, quiet,
ice-free performance and are up to three times more energy efficient
than comparable compressed air systems. With three hydraulic motor
types, Graco has the right size to meet your application needs.

• Low noise

• No icing

• Up to 3 times more efficient than pneumatics

• Lower operating costs

elecTric

Get the benefits of a piston pump with the energy efficiency of an E-Flo
electric drive unit. The dual lower minimizes pressure changes at the
outlet of the pump. Online maintenance simplifies repair and reduces
downtime. Accomplish remote monitoring of performance via computer
or PLC for a higher degree of control.

• Low noise

• No icing

• Up to 3 times more efficient than pneumatics

• Process control and feedback

• Slow smooth changeovers

®

HIGH-FLO

Model 1.7:1 2:1 2.3:1 3:1 3.3:1 3.5:1 4:1 4.4:1 4.5:1

Pump Ratio 1.7:1 2:1 2.3:1 3:1 3.3:1 3.5:1 4:1 4.4:1 4.5:1
Output per Cycle 4000 cc 2000 cc 3000 cc 1500 cc 4000 cc 2000 cc 1000 cc 3000 cc 1500 cc
Motor Size 3400 2200 3400 2200 6500 3400 2200 6500 3400
Maximum Working Pressure psi (bar) 170 (11.7) 200 (13.8) 230 (15.8) 290 (20) 325 (22.4) 340 (23.4) 400 (27.6) 440 (30.3) 450 (31)

PUMP

Maximum Air Input Pressure psi (bar) 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7)

SPECIFICATIONS

Output at 60 CPM gpm (lpm) 63 (238.6) 31.9 (119.3) 47.3 (179) 23.2 (87.9) 63 (238.6) 31.5 (119.3) 16.9 (64) 47.3 (179) 23.2 (87.9)
Pump Manual 3A0538 3A0538 3A0538 3A0538 3A0538 3A0538 3A0538 3A0538 3A0538
Lower Manual 3A0540 3A0539 3A0540 3A0539 3A0540 3A0539 3A0539 3A0540 3A0539

MANUALS

Motor Manual 311238 311238 311238 311238 311238 311238 311238 311238 311238
Pump Inlet Size (NPT and Tri-Clamp) 2 1-1/2 2 1-1/2 2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2 1-1/2

SIZE

INLET/

OUTLET

Pump Outlet Size (NPT and Tri-Clamp) 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1

Lower Type

Cylinder

Fittings

Motor

Type

DataTrak

CS

Hard

Chrome

NPT

Low Noise

Low Noise

NPT

Remote

Hard Chrome

PUMP ONLY

SST

PUMP CONSTRUCTION

Maxlife

SST

PACKAGE

Hard Chrome

Low Noise

Remote

Tri-Clamp

Low Noise

NPT

Remote

Low Noise

Remote

Tri-Clamp

Low Noise • – – – – 703MSN* – 704MSN* – –

NPT

Remote • – – – – 703SSN* – 704SSN* – –

Low Noise • – – – – 703MST* – 704MST* – –

Tri-

Clamp

Remote • – – – – 703SST* – 704SST* – –

*Package includes pump, wall bracket, air controls and DataTrak

JC17L1 JC20L1 JC23L1 JC30L1 JC33L1 JC35L1 JC40L1 JC44L1 JC45L1

• JC17M1 JC20M1 JC23M1 JC30M1 JC33M1 JC35M1 JC40M1 JC44M1 JC45M1

JS17L1 JS20L1 JS23L1 JS30L1 JS33L1 JS35L1 JS40L1 JS44L1 JS45L1

• JS17M1 JS20M1 JS23M1 JS30M1 JS33M1 JS35M1 JS40M1 JS44M1 JS45M1

JS17R1 JS20R1 JS23R1 JS30R1 JS33R1 JS35R1 JS40R1 JS44R1 JS45R1

• JS17S1 JS20S1 JS23S1 JS30S1 JS33S1 JS35S1 JS40S1 JS44S1 JS45S1

– JS20L5 – JS30L5 – JS35L5 JS40L5 – JS45L5

• – JS20M5 – JS30M5 – JS35M5 JS40M5 – JS45M5

– JS20R5 – JS30R5 – JS35R5 JS40R5 – JS45R5

• – JS20S5 – JS30S5 – JS35S5 JS40S5 – JS45S5

JS17L2 JS20L2 JS23L2 JS30L2 JS33L2 JS35L2 JS40L2 JS44L2 JS45L2

• JS17M2 JS20M2 JS23M2 JS30M2 JS33M2 JS35M2 JS40M2 JS44M2 JS45M2

JS17R2 JS20R2 JS23R2 JS30R2 JS33R2 JS35R2 JS40R2 JS44R2 JS45R2

• JS17S2 JS20S2 JS23S2 JS30S2 JS33S2 JS35S2 JS40S2 JS44S2 JS45S2

– JS20L6 – JS30L6 – JS35L6 JS40L6 – JS45L6

• – JS20M6 – JS30M6 – JS35M6 JS40M6 – JS45M6

– JS20R6 – JS30R6 – JS35R6 JS40R6 – JS45R6

• – JS20S6 – JS30S6 – JS35S6 JS40S6 – JS45S6

ordering inFormaTion

VISCOUNT

Output per Cycle 2000 cc 1500 cc 4000 cc 1000 cc 3000 cc 750 cc 2000 cc
Motor Size Viscount I Viscount I Viscount II Viscount I Viscount II Viscount I Viscount II
Max Working Pressure psi (bar) 167 (12) 225 (16) 300 (21) 300 (21) 400 (28) 450 (31) 460 (32)

PUMP

Max Hydraulic Input Pressure psi (bar) 1500 (103) 1500 (103) 1200 (83) 1500 (103) 1200 (83) 1500 (103) 1200 (83)

SPECIFICATIONS

Oil Flow at 60 CPM gpm (lpm) 3.5 (13.2) 3.5 (13.2) 12 (45) 3.5 (13.2) 12 (45) 3 (11.3) 12 (45)
Output at 60 CPM gpm (lpm) 31.5 (119.3) 23.2 (87.9) 63 (238.6) 16.9 (64) 47.3 (179) 9.6 (36.4) 31.5 (119.3)
Pump Manual 3A0537 3A0537 3A0537 3A0537 3A0537 3A0537 3A0537
Lower Manual 3A0539 3A0539 3A0540 3A0539 3A0540 3A0539 3A0539

MANUALS

Motor Manual 308330 308330 308048 308330 308048 308330 308048
Hydraulic Fluid Inlet 3/4 in (37º flare) 3/4 in (37º flare) 3/4 npt(f) 3/4 in (37º flare) 3/4 npt(f) 3/4 in (37º flare) 3/4 npt(f)
Hydraulic Fluid Outlet 7/8 in (37º flare) 7/8 in (37º flare) 1 npt(f) 7/8 in (37º flare) 1 npt(f) 7/8 in (37º flare) 1 npt(f)

SIZE

Pump Inlet Size (NPT and Tri-Clamp) 1-1/2 1-1/2 2 1-1/2 2 1-1/2 2

INLET/OUTLET

Pump Outlet Size (NPT and Tri-Clamp) 1 1 2 1 2 1 2

Lower

Type Cylinder Fittings

Hard Chrome

CS

Nitride – – – – – 24E322 –

Hard Chrome

PUMP

CONSTRUCTION

SST

Maxlife

Hard Chrome

Maxlife

NPT

NPT

Tri-Clamp

NOTE: Graco recommends 20 cpm or less for intermittent pumping applications and 12 cpm or less for continuous pumping applications.

24E331 24E328 24E340 24E325 24E337 – 24E334

24E491 24E489 24E341 24E487 24E338 24E485 24E493
24E492 24E490 24E342 24E488 24E339 24E486 24E494
24E332 24E329 – 24E326 – 24E323 24E335
24E333 24E330 – 24E327 – 24E324 24E336

E-FLO

Model 1500 2000 3000 4000

Output per Cycle 1500 cc 2000 cc 3000 cc 4000 cc
Electric AC Motor Size 3 HP 5 HP 5 HP 5 HP

PUMP

Max Working Pressure psi (bar) 425 (29)* 460 (32) 330 (23) 250 (17)

SPECIFICATIONS

Output at 20 CPM gpm (lpm) 8.1 (31) 12 (45) 16.2 (61) 22.6 (85.5)
Pump Manual 311593 311593 311593 311593
Lower Manual 3A0539 3A0539 3A0539 3A0539

MANUALS

Motor Manual 311593 311593 311593 311593
Pump Inlet Size 2 in Tri-Clamp 2 in Tri-Clamp 2 in Tri-Clamp 2 in Tri-Clamp

SIZE

INLET/

Pump Outlet Size 2 in Tri-Clamp 2 in Tri-Clamp 2 in Tri-Clamp 2 in Tri-Clamp

OUTLET

Motor

PUMP

CONSTRUCTION

*5 HP motor on no-motor configuration allows for 460 psi (31 bar) maximum working pressure

NOTE: Graco recommends 20 cpm or less for intermittent pumping applications and 12 cpm or less for continuous pumping applications.

Type

No Motor

ATEX

FM

Sensor

Type

No Sensor

ATEX/FM

No Sensor

ATEX/FM

No Sensor

ATEX/FM

Lower

Type Stand

SST

MAXLIFE

SST

MAXLIFE

SST

MAXLIFE

SST

MAXLIFE

SST

MAXLIFE

SST

MAXLIFE

EP0070 EP0010 EP0020 EP0030

• EP0071 EP0011 EP0021 EP0031

EP0080 EP0040 EP0050 EP0060

• EP0081 EP0041 EP0051 EP0061

EP0170 EP0110 EP0120 EP0130

• EP0171 EP0111 EP0121 EP0131

EP0180 EP0140 EP0150 EP0160

• EP0181 EP0141 EP0151 EP0161

EP3070 EP1010 EP1020 EP1030

• EP3071 EP1011 EP1021 EP1031

EP3080 EP1040 EP1050 EP1060

• EP3081 EP1041 EP1051 EP1061

EP3170 EP1110 EP1120 EP1130

• EP3171 EP1111 EP1121 EP1131

EP3180 EP1140 EP1150 EP1160

• EP3181 EP1141 EP1151 EP1161

EP4070 EP2010 EP2020 EP2030

• EP4071 EP2011 EP2021 EP2031

EP4080 EP2040 EP2050 EP2060

• EP4081 EP2041 EP2051 EP2061

EP4170 EP2110 EP2120 EP2130

• EP4171 EP2111 EP2121 EP2131

EP4180 EP2140 EP2150 EP2160

• EP4181 EP2141 EP2151 EP2161

ordering inFormaTion

AGITATORS

231414 Heavy-duty agitator with elevator, drum cover and siphon kit
231413 Same as 231414 without siphon capability
238157 Heavy-duty back-geared agitator
240209 Same as 238157 with siphon kit

AIR SUPPLY CONTROLS

217074 Air filter (40 micron)
181521 High volume air regulator (200 cfm, 75 psi max)
206197 High volume air regulator (200 cfm, 125 psi max)
207755 High volume air regulator (380 cfm, 125 psi max)
214849 Air lubricator (3/4 npt(f), 16 oz bowl capacity
217072 Air Filter-Regulator-Lubricator (FRL) kit (2200/3400)
217073 Air Filter-Regulator-Lubricator (FRL) kit (6500)
222345 Air Filter-Regulator-Lubricator (FRL) kit (2200/3400/Glutton

with hose, bracket, gauge and swivel adapters)

NXT011 Integrated air control for NXT air motors

BACK PRESSURE REGULATORS (BPR)

208997 Mechanical (15 gpm, 180 psi max fluid pressure, 1-1/4 npt)
236770 Mechanical (4.3 gpm, 180 psi max fluid pressure, 3/8 npt)
916154 Carbide mechanical (15 gpm, 180 psi max fluid pressure, 1-1/4 npt)
288117 Pnuematic (20 gpm, 300 psi max fluid pressure, 1-1/4 npt)
288311 Pnuematic (20 gpm, 300 psi max fluid pressure, 1-1/2 npt)
288262 Pnuematic (20 gpm, 300 psi max fluid pressure, 2 in tri-clamp)
224486 Low shear mechanical (20 gpm, 300 psi max fluid pressure,

1-1/2 npt)

223824 Low shear mechanical (20 gpm, 300 psi max fluid pressure,

2 in sanitary)
15J498 Pnuematic BPR conversion kit
24E709 BPR kit for 750 cc lowers
24E722 BPR kit for 1000 cc to 4000 cc lowers

FITTINGS

16F044 Inlet/outlet fitting for 1 npt to 1 bspp
16F045 Inlet/outlet fitting for 1-1/2 npt to 1-1/2 bspp
16F046 Inlet/outlet fitting for 2 npt to 2 bspp
15J423 Inlet/outlet fitting for 2 in tri-clamp to 2 npt
15J639 Inlet/outlet fitting for 1-1/2 in tri-clamp to 2 in tri-clamp

FLUID FILTER

244053 Low pressure PTFE encapsulated fluoroelastomer SST (Mesh 60)
247479 Kit for 3/4 npt(f) SST fluid filter kit
247480 Kit for 1 npt(f) SST fluid filter kit
247474 Aluminum fluid filter kit
915515 Low pressure bag filter (15 gpm, 300 psi, CS)
915516 Low pressure bag filter (15 gpm, 300 psi, SST)
915517 Low pressure bag filter (30 gpm, 300 psi, CS)
915518 Low pressure bag filter (30 gpm, 300 psi, SST)
213057 Red alert low pressure filter (6 gpm, 30 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213058 Red alert low pressure filter (6 gpm, 60 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213059 Red alert low pressure filter (6 gpm, 100 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213060 Red alert low pressure filter (6 gpm, 150 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213061 Red alert low pressure filter (6 gpm, 200 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213062 Red alert low pressure filter (20 gpm, 30 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213063 Red alert low pressure filter (20 gpm, 60 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213064 Red alert low pressure filter (20 gpm, 100 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213065 Red alert low pressure filter (20 gpm, 150 Mesh, 3/4 npt)
213066 Red alert low pressure filter (20 gpm, 200 Mesh, 3/4 npt)

GAUGE

187875 Gauge (30 psi max, SST)
187874 Gauge (100 psi max, SST)
187873 Gauge (200 psi max, SST)
187876 Gauge (300 psi max, SST)

TORQUEABLE WET CUP KITS

24F144 Kit for 750-2000 cc lowers
187874 Kit for 3000-4000 cc lowers

ELECTRIC MOTOR ACCESSORIES

120373 Local I/O box
15J755 Sensor circuit kit
288414 Gear box lubricant, 12 pack carton

HYDRAULIC MOTOR ACCESSORIES

189305 Assembly tool for servicing yoke and trip rod (Viscount I)
239805 Intake valve seat with relief valve, carbide seat (Viscount I)
239865 Intake valve seat without relief valve, carbide seat (Viscount I)
237744 Intake valve seat, with internal pressure relief valve (Viscount II)
180529 Intake valve seat, without relief valve (Viscount II)
515258 Hydraulic pressure control valve 3/4 npt inlet, 3/4 npt outlet,

1/4 npt drain, 1/4 npt gauge
512150 Hydraulic shutoff valve (2000 psi max, 1/2 npt (fbe)
102644 Hydraulic shutoff valve (3000 psi max, 3/4 npt (fbe)
102646 Hydraulic shutoff valve (3000 psi max, 1 npt (fbe)
169236 Hydraulic oil 5 gal (18.9 l) size

PNEUMATIC MOTOR ACCESSORIES

NXT206 DataTrak upgrade kit for the NXT 2200
NXT306 DataTrak upgrade kit for the NXT 3400
NXT606 DataTrak upgrade kit for the NXT 6500

MOUNTING HARDWARE

255143 Wall Bracket for all NXT and Viscount Motors
253692 Stand for NXT and Viscount Motors (750-2000 cc)
218742 Stand for NXT and Viscount Motors (3000-4000 cc)
247312 Wall mount and floor stand adapter for NXT 2200 motor
16E086 Wall mount and floor stand adapter for Viscount I, I+ motor
287884* Heavy duty cart
287919* Light duty cart
222011 Grounding Clamps
15H884 Stand for E-Flo

SUCTION KITS

247475 For 1-/2 npt(f) 5 gallon (18 l) SST suction kit
247476 For 1-1/2 npt(f) 55 gallon (208 l) SST suction kit
247477 For 2 npt(f) 5 gallon SST (18 l) suction kit
247478 For 2 npt(f) 55 gallon (208 l) SST suction kit
24E709 Circulation kit (4.3 gpm, 180 psi max)
24E722 Circulation kit (15 gpm, 180 psi max)

SURGE TANKS

239858 Medium volume (15 gpm, 600 psi, SST)
238987 High volume (20 gpm, 300 psi, SST, 2 npt)
238988 High volume (20 gpm, 300 psi, SST, 1-1/2 npt)
218509 High volume (20 gpm, 300 psi, SST, 2 npt, carbide)
218742 Floor stand

HEATER

239850 Vis-con HP (120 VAC)
239851 Vis-con HP (240 VAC)
239852 Vis-con HP (220/240 VAC)

RETROFIT CONNECTION KITS

24F308 High-Flo to Bulldog/Senator
24F065 High-Flo to Viscount/President/President Stubby

UPGRADE KITS

FOR PREVIOUSLY RELEASED PUMP LOWERS

24E664 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, SST, High-Flo 1000 cc lowers
24H346 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, SST, High-Flo 1500 cc lowers
24H348 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, SST, High-Flo 2000 cc lowers
24F062 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, CS, High-Flo 1000 cc lowers
24H347 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, CS, High-Flo 1500 cc lowers
24H349 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, CS, High-Flo 2000 cc lowers
24F063 Upgrade kit for open wet cup, SST, High-Flo 1000-2000 cc lowers
24F064 Upgrade kit for open wet cup, CS, High-Flo 1000-2000 cc lowers
24H350 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, SST, High-Flo Plus 2000 cc lowers
24F285 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, SST, High-Flo Plus 3000 cc lowers
24H354 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, SST, High-Flo Plus 4000 cc lowers
24H351 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, CS, High-Flo Plus 2000 cc lowers
24F286 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, CS, High-Flo Plus 3000 cc lowers
24H355 Upgrade kit for enclosed wet cup, CS, High-Flo Plus 4000 cc lowers
24H352 Upgrade kit for open wet cup, SST, High-Flo Plus 2000 cc lowers
24F287 Upgrade kit for open wet cup, SST, High-Flo Plus 3000 cc lowers
24H356 Upgrade kit for open wet cup, SST, High-Flo Plus 4000 cc lowers
24H353 Upgrade kit for open wet cup, CS, High-Flo Plus 2000 cc lowers
24F288 Upgrade kit for open wet cup, CS, High-Flo Plus 3000 cc lowers
24H357 Upgrade kit for open wet cup, CS, High-Flo Plus 4000 cc lowers
24F293 Upgrade kit, E-Flo ball cages

accessories

* Please contact customer service for questions or assistance choosing the correct cart adapter kit for your pump.

ABOUT GRACO

Founded in 1926, Graco is a world leader in fluid handling systems and components. Graco products
move, measure, control, dispense and apply a wide range of fluids and viscous materials used
in vehicle lubrication, commercial and industrial settings.

The company’s success is based on its unwavering commitment to technical excellence, world-class
manufacturing and unparalleled customer service. Working closely with qualified distributors, Graco
offers systems, products and technology that set the quality standard in a wide range of fluid handling
solutions. Graco provides equipment for spray finishing, protective coating, paint circulation, lubrication,
and dispensing sealants and adhesives, along with power application equipment for the contractor
industry. Graco’s ongoing investment in fluid management and control will continue to provide
innovative solutions to a diverse global market.

GRACO LOCATIONS

MAILING ADDRESS

P.O. Box 1441
Minneapolis, MN 55440-1441
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

AMERICAS

MINNESOTA

Worldwide Headquarters
Graco Inc.
88 -11th Avenue N.E.
Minneapolis, MN 55413

EUROPE

BELGIUM

European Headquarters
Graco N.V.
Industrieterrein- Oude Bunders
Slakweidestraat 31
3630 Maasmechelen,
Belgium
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

ASIA PACIFIC

AUSTRALIA

Graco Australia Pty Ltd.
Suite 17, 2 Enterprise Drive
Bundoora, Victoria 3083
Australia
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

CHINA

Graco Hong Kong Ltd.
Shanghai Representative Office
Room 118 1st Floor
No.2 Xin Yuan Building
No.509 Cao Bao Road
Shanghai, 200233
The People’s Republic of China
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

INDIA

Graco Hong Kong Ltd.
India Liaison Office
Room 432, Augusta Point
Regus Business Centre 53
Golf Course Road
Gurgaon, Haryana
India 122001
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

JAPAN

Graco K.K.
1-27-12 Hayabuchi
Tsuzuki-ku
Yokohama City, Japan 2240025
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

KOREA

Graco Korea Inc.
Shinhan Bank Building
4th Floor #1599
Gwanyang-Dong, Dongan-Ku,
Anyang-si, Korea 431-060
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

SALES/

DISTRIBUTION/

SERVICE

North America

Customer Service

800-328-0211

Fax [phone]

Call today for product information or to request a demonstration.

877-84GRACO (1-877-844-7226) or visit us at www.graco.com.

Graco Inc. is registered to I.S. EN ISO 9001

©2011 Graco Inc. E LECTRON IC ONL Y 08/11 All written and visual data contained in this document are based on the latest product information available at the
time of publication. Graco reserves the right to make changes at any time without notice. All other brand names or mar ks are used f or ide ntificati on pur poses
and are tr ademarks of their respe ctive ow ners.