General Radio 1608 User Manual

INSTRUCTION

MANUAL

TYPE

1608-A

IMPEDANCE

BRIDGE

GENERAL

c

RADIO

COMPANY

-

o-

0

(X)

I

>

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

1608-A

IMPEDANCE

Form 1608-0100-C

Jan

uar , 1967

BRIDGE

GENERAL

WEST

Copyright

West

CONCORD,

1962

by

Concord,

General

Massachusetts,

Radio

R A D I 0

MASSACHUSETTS,

Company

USA

COMPANY

USA

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Section

1.

1.1

Purpose.

1.2

Description

1.3

Symbols,

1.4

Series

1.5

Accuracy

2. OPERATING

2.1

Installation

2.2

Interpretation

2.3

DC

2.4

AC

2. 5 AC

3.

3.1

Application

3.2

Measurements

3.3

Remote

3.4

Use

3.5

Measurements

3. 6

Limit

3. 7 Measuring Tuned

3.8

Measurement

INTRODUCTION

. . . . .

• . . .

Abbreviations,

and

Parallel

of

Measurements

PROCEDURE

• . . . . . . . .

of

"X"

Resistance Measurements Measurements

SPECIAL

Measurements

of

Type

Testing

Circuits

Measurements

MEASUREMENTS

of

DC

Bias

on

Shielded

1650-Pl

on

Grounded

. . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 27

Resonant

of

Rp.

and

Definitions

Parameters

in

Read-out

using with

Internal

External

to

Unknown

Three-'!

. . . . . . . . . . 26

Test

Jig

Frequency

. . . . . . • . . • . . . • . . . .

•

. . .

.

..

Generator.

Generator

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . 22

ermmal

• . . . . . . . . . • . .

Components

and

Resonant

•

Components

• • . • . . . . • .

Impedance

. . 19

• . .

of

. . .

1 1

. 4 . 4

9 9

9

. 9

. 12

• 22

26

27 27

27

.28

Section

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

Section

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

4.

PRINCIPLES

Bridge Bridge Bridge Centade Phase-Compensation

5.

General. Calibration Adjustments. Replacing Trouble-Shooting

Tables

Circuits

Sources Switching

Operation

SERVICE

. . . • .

Indicator

of

Test

OF

•.....

and

. . . . • . . .

AND

Checks.

. . . •

Voltages

OPERATION

Detectors

. . • . . . .

Techniques.

MAINTENANCE

. . .

.'

Lamps

Suggestions

•.

. •

•

•.

. . • 28

. 28 . 28

. 29

. 30

. .

31

.

31

.

31

• 32

. . . 33

. 33

• . 34

SPECIFICATIONSI

RANGES Capacitance:

Inductance: 0.05 l'h Resistance: (series) 0.05 milliohm Conductance: (parallel) 0.05

megohms

0: (of series

(of parallel

Q:

(of series (of parallel (of (of parallel

Frequency:

20 kc

ACCURACY C,

G,

At 1

ranges full scale.

Additional

C

Rand

Residual

pf.

DC

Resistance

that to

0.1%

supply

D

(or~)

Q

of

0.05 pf

to

0.9

ohm).

capacitance)-

capacitance)

inductance)-·

inductance)-1 to

series

resistance)-

conductance)-

1 kc with

with

external

R,

L

kc:

±

0.1% ± 0.005%

and

highest C and

% error terms for high

and

L:

(

±0.001fi,

G:

(±0.002Ji,

Terminal Impedance: H

and

accuracy b limited

and

R or

Conductance:

are

possible from 1

detector.

of

Cor

L:

G:

±0.0005fk, ±

1100

,..r

in seven ranges, series

1100 h in seven ranges, series

nanomhos

0.0005

- 0.02

0.5

0.0005

internal

oscillator.

of full scale

Granges,

± 0.11Jfkc

±O.OOOOOIJZ,

Same

by

sensitivity

ohm

±0.0005 ± 5%

±0.0005fkc

2%.

or

to

1.1 megohms,

to 1 at

to 2 at

to

50

at

2000

to

1.2

0.0005

to

oscillator

where

frequency

::'::

0.5/)2)'/n of

to

1.1 mhos,

1 kc.

at

inductive

1.2 module

ac

1 kc.

at

capacitive

supplied;

except

on lowest R

it

is

±0.2% ± 0.005%

and

large

measured

±0.1Q)%ofmeasuredquantity.

~

0.001

ohm,

L

~

0.15 l'h, C ~ 0.25

m; for I-ke

at

to 1 megohm

at

±

5%

above

the

ran~~:e

I kc

or

1 kc.

measurement,

extremes. Balances

with

lower.

or

parallel. parallel. or

ac

or

1 kc.

at

phase

de.

de (20,000

1 kc.

20 cps

and

angle:

quantity.

except

the

internal

GENERATOR AND Internal

other

for

Internal AC Detector:

of plug-in imately

Internal

power

External

from 1311-A Audio

~ull

to

DC

Bias: Provision

external

GENERAL

Accessories

L

indicator

of

Accessories

generator

Power

10

watts.

Cabinet: Dimensions:

(485 inches (485 by 315

Net Weight:

pounds

Shipping

pounds

48

For a complete

March

Oscillator:

frequencies

25

DC

limited

Oscillator

20 cps Detector

supplies,

lamps.

Requirements: 105

DETECTOR

module

(normally

db;

sensitivity

Supplies:

to

less

and

to

20 kc, TYPE 1210-C

Oscillator,

are

recommended.

and

Supplied:

Available:

and

detector,

Hack-bench

Bench

by

295

Bench

(22 kg).

model--

Bench

description,

by

320

(15.8 kg).

Weight:

1962.

1 kc ±

1%

available

Can

3.5 than

Detector:

is

made for biasing

TYPE

(see

mm),

model,

normally

on

request.

be

used

either

1 kc). Second-harmonic rejection

control

provided.

volts, 35 volts, 350 volts,

Ya

watt.

For

measurement

and

CAP-22

TYPE

if used, as listed above.

to

page

over-all; rack

depth

36%

model, 50

Unit

TYPE

for biasing

current

Power

1650-Pl

125 (or 210

210).

width

19,

behind

pounds

see General Radio Experimenter, 36, 3,

supplied. Plug-in modules

Level control provided.

flat

or

selective

at

frequency

adjustable,

at

othE>r

to

spare

(page

depth panel,

rack

kg);

frequencies

Amplifier

500 volts

fuses,

35);

to

11!/:1

19

model,

rack

l{-C Oscillator, che

1232-A

Tuned

capacitors

in

inductors.

Cord,

Test

Jig

to

250) volts, 50

height

12~~.

model-

panel

10 inches (255 rnm).

(17

kg);

(22. 7

approx-

and

TYPJo;

and

with

spare

external

60 cps,

inches

by

12~

34%

model,

3

15

4

Figll1'«'

J.J.

The

({or

T)pe

legend

1608-A

Sl'l'

pag"

Impedance

2).

6

llridge

7

t6

8

17

18

'IN

T R 0

DUCT

I 0 N

SECTION

1.1

PURPOSE.

The

1

Type is a self-contained includes tance, as 1-kc

six

conductance,

the

generators

ac

measurements.

bridges

cs

LOW

O\

(

0

SERIES

TO!)

CAPACITANCE

1608-A Impedance

impedance-measuring

for

the

measure'llent

resistance,

and

detectors

and

PARALLEL

Bridge

system,

inductance,

necessary

Cp

HIGH

(

.02-2

CAPACITANCE

INTRODUCTION

1 2 DESCRIPTION

(Figure

of

for

0\

J

1-1)

which capacias

well

de

and

1.2.1

Type

Provision with generator positions AC,

1.2.2

the of

1.3

this

GENERAL.

1608-A

internal

EXT

CONTROLS

contro

the

Type

SYMBOLS,

Table

manual,

are

shown

is

made

and

external

and

detector

of

the

function

DC)

are

shown

AND

Is

and

connectors

1608-A

Impedance

ABBREVIATIONS,

1-2

lists s mbols

together

The

six

bridges

schematically

for

ac

and

generator

connections

switch

schematically

CONNECTORS.

on

Bridge.

and

with

their

contained

de

measurements,

and

for

(INT

AC,

the

front

AND

abbreviations

definitions.

in

the

in

Figure

1-2.

both

detector.

the

INT

in

Figure

Table

and

four

DC,

rear

1-1

panels

The "on" EXT

1-3.

lists

DEFINITIONS.

used

in

ex

·~Cr

A

IIICXRX • IIICTRT

OX •

Gp

CAP())

(

0-1.2

CONOIICTANCE

SERIES

Rs

/NO

(

0-1.2)

RESISTANCE

C\

Figure

G

SERIES

Lx•

RN~CT

Ox"

IIILx •

Rx

1-2.

of

the

Ls

LOW

C\

0.$-

$g/

INOIICTANCE

t~~CrRr

The

Type

six

bridges

1608-A.

Lp

HIGH

(

1-

oo..J

PARALLEL

C\

INOIICTANCE

Lx •

RN~CT

ox.'!.!..:.:_:_

OJLx

.,crRr

~---T_Y_PE

__

16_08_-A

Fig.

1· 1 Ref

1

2 BRIDGE

::>

4

5 DQ

__

Function

t'ULL

CGRL

6

7

8

9

10

Q

GEN

DET

I_M_P_E_D_A_N_C_E

__

B_R_ID_G_E_

TABLEl-1

TABLE

OF

CONTROLS

Name

5-pos

rotary

SELECTOR

:::>1...1\Lt

LEV

SENS

Kl\l'H:rt

6-pos

rotary

i·pos

rotary

coaxial

Continuous

12-pos

rotary

ll·pos

rotary

Continuous Continuous

Continuous

1

__________________________

AND

CONNECTORS

Type

switch

rotary

controls

rotary

switch

rotary rotary

rotary

control

control control

control

Function

Tum

instrument selects ac

Selects circuit C

::Selects indicates of

Main

knob digits controls

DQ C

Q

and R measurements.

Controls generator,ac

Controls detector,

internal

or

de

appropriate

for

,

CP, GP, R

8

measurement

CGRL

balance controls

of

balance

and L measurements balance

on or off, or

operation.

measurement

,

L

8

full-scale

indicator.

control.

two

indicator,

three

left-hand

control,

controls,

output

level

and

de.

sensitivity

ac

and

de.

5

right-hand

external

bridge

of

,

and

range,

value

Small

large

digits.

used

of

internal

of

internal

___

LP.

knob

for

in G

2

Fig

1-1

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Ref

Name

EXT

GEN J

DET

OUT

UNKNOWN

EXT

DQ J

BIAS

Power

3RD WIRE

EXT NECTIONS

GROUND

METER

CON-

CONNECTORS

Type

ack·top

J

ack·top

Jack-top

. ack·top

Jack-top

Three-terminal male

Jack-top

Three

pair

connector

pair

jack-top

posts

binding-post

binding·

binding-post

recessed

binding-post

binding

post

Function

Connection erator,

ac

Output

connection

ternal

detector.

Connection component.

Connection sistance extend

Connection bias

Power

Connection of

Connection indicator.

or

DQ

supply.

input

three-wire

to

external

and

de.

ac

to

unknown

to

external

capacitance

ranges.

to

external

connector

to

ground

power

to

external

from only.

wire

line.

gen-

in-

re-

to

de

null

-

INTRODUCTION

c

R

G

GP

z

X

y

B

Q

SYMBOLS

capacitance series

capacitance

parallel inductance series parallel

resistance

senes

parallel

conductance

series

parallel

impedance,

reactance,

admittance,

the

qua

for

capacitance

(~)

inductance

(-'\JV\r) R

resistance

conductance

Z = R +jX

the

imaginary

. X B

!tty

factor

inductors

TABLE

AND

(

--1

t-)

(-w.,-)

imaginary

Y = G +

part

of

= R = G

or

inductive

1-2

ABBREVIATIONS

=-

G

RP

c;;

1

G = R

1

G

=

--

5

Rs

GP

part

of

an jB an

admittance

1

D

resistors

impedance

Q

EXT

AC

OFF

IN

OFF

POWER OFF EXT METER

ANO OC BUT TO

POSITION

GEN 0/SCONNECTEO

SHUNTEO

IN

BETWEEN

/NT

OC

BR/OGE

METER

REOUCE

/NT

AC

OFF

POSITIONS

OPERATIVE

SHUNTEO

SENSITIVITY

for

capacitive

d"

D

PF

. . f R G 1

Issipatton

for

capacitors

power

actor

factor

frequency

cu

angular

frequency 0 ohm, a kO MO mO

m 0

f.1

0 micromho 1

n 0

f.1

f nf pf

h

mh f.lh

unit

of

kilohm 1 megohm 1

kO

MO

milliohm 1 mO = 0.001 0 mho, a

unit

of

millimho

1 m 0 = .0010

f.1

nanomho

1 n 0 microfarad, a unit nanofarad 1 nf picofarad 1 pf henry, a unit millihenry microhenry

1 mh = 0.001 h

1 f.lh = 1 X

resistors

=x

D

R

~

= 2

nf

resistance,

= 1000 0

=

1,000,000

conductance,

0 1 x

of

capacitance

= 0.001

= 1 x

10-6

of

inductance

Q = cuCPRP

= B = Q

1

cuCp~

reactance

0

susceptance

10-6

0

j.lf

= 1 mj.lf

f.1

f = 1

lQ-6

h

or

impedance

f.lf.l

f

or

admittance

LOWEST THREE R

HIGHEST

RANG£$

FOUR G flANGES

Figure 1-3. Generator

connections.

HIGHEST FOUR R RANGES

LOWEST

THREE GRANGES

and

detector

3

of

nor

fre-

re-

The

as

1

__________________________

Rs

~---T_YP_E_1_6_08_-A

1.4

SERIES

pure

a quency

sistance actance a

series

alent

series-parallel relationships follows:

AND

An

impedance

resistance

by

either a series

and

used

or

parallel

circuits

reactance.

in

the

are

conversion

between

I{

eststance

__

I_M_P_E_D_A_N_C_E

PARALLEL

that

is

can

be

represented

or a

The

equivalent

representation

shown

in

is

the

various

and

PARAMETERS.

neither a pure

at

any

parallel

values

circuit

Figure

given

Inductance

combination

of

resistance

depend

is

used.

1-4. A nomograph for

in

Figure

circuit

__

B_R_ID_G_E_

reactance

specific

andre-

on

whether

The

equiv-

1-7.

elements

are

D2 1 1

= 1

+D2

RP

= 1

+Q2

RP

(1

__

+Q2)GP

1 1

1

+D2

Resistance

LP

; L =

and

Capacitance

1c

Ls

Lp

Rp Gp

Rs

+Q2

--L

P

Q2

= (1 + D2

s s

)L

Figure 1-4.

1.5

ACCURACY

1.5. 1

CGRL accuracy the strument or beyond tion

arm the has fore, ance

half a digit in

resolution an

is

adjustment

is

better

the

check

The

is

the

most

slightly

the

range

The

the

adjustment

over-all

Equivalent

complex

OF

MEASUREMENTS.

ACCURACY

0.1%.

This

and

stability

initially

and

two-year

procedure

lowest-resistance

most

affected

poorer

accuracy

for fixed

on

of

the

accuracy

should

difficult

each

error

the

and

vernier

by stability

counter

calibrated

hold

warranty

is

switch

specification

bridge

of

for

at 1 kc

impedance.

AT

is a function

of

the

given

ratio

than

is

±0.005%

read-out

the

rheostat.

(on

5

Cp

Rs

circuits

1 KC.

the to

0.1%

period. A simple

in

Section

(1-ohm)

arm

and

the

0.

2%.

limitations

all

bridge

an

accuracy

to

lead

other

for

of

allows

This

but

for

The

basic

of

the

arms.

accuracy

5. 2.

resistance

set

ac.furately,

resistance,

arms.

the

lowest

full

scale

for

of

linearity

fixed

the

lowest

bridge

accuracy

The

of

±0.05%

for

calibra-

ratio

Thereimped-

or

backlash

error

gives

range)

Rp Gp

of

in-

well

is

and

one-

and

4

of

0.105% scale. as

many

at

full

Therefore,

digits

on

scale

the

and

final

counter

0.15%

balance

as

possible.

at

one-tenth

should

1.5.2 TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT.

temperature

30

ppm/ change (50

°F).

the

change perature rne

oriage

stabilized

1.5.3 ADDITIONAL

TORS,

The

OQ

C

and L bridges

(high 0 or

resolution

c

or L adjustment

0.

5%02 effect, extreme low

enough 0 or a high

ligible

10

coefficient

°C

This

in

reading

This

change

in

the

change.

ana

co

at a temperature

of

means

for a

is

usually unknown For

the

"

ERRORS

LOW Q INDUCTORS,

dial

is

but

care.

(see

adjustments

are

low

Q)

of

these

added

to

somewhat

Precision

Figure

components

used

wire-wound

adjustments

to

its

the

specifications

better

enough Q to

1-5).

the

instrument

that

there

temperature

negligible

component

most

accurate

<u

uc

near

23 ° C

FOR

AND

HIGH Q RESISTORS.

for

phase

rheostats.

are

measured,

prohibits

full

resolution.

accuracy

components

for a

(7

HIGH

to is

generally

make

be

made

The

over-all

is

less

may

be

a 0 03%

change

3 °

of

compared

similar

measurements,

~uvw"u

F).

D CAPACI-

balance

When

the

limited

balance

A

term

allow

for

possible

have

this

term

'lJ

/

of

with

than

10°C

tern-

on

lossy

of

this

with

neg-

full

with

"''-

the

of

a

The Q adjustment

sists

of

two capacitor capacitors tively

large,

fore

necessa~y

100

10

~I

TOTAL

tOTAL

0.1

0.01 100

decades

with

appear

and

ERROR

ER!OR

infinite

as

the

(see

0•1

0•

0

0002

Ike

for

the

of

mica

capacitors

resolution.

an R or G error

added

error

Figure

1-6).

~

(f.,)

I I

011%/

--

~

2

-i

~

v;

1/

I

lL

FREQUENCY

'INTRODUCTION

Rs

and

Gp

term

and a variable

Losses

when Q

of

0.1%Q

bridges

in

the

is

con-

mica

rela-

there-

1

ff

r;

I

v

J

jj

VII

-;!;

/

/~oo,(ffir

w

I

1/

IOke

100

O.OIL.--L---L--L---L----L_L-

100

Figure 1-5.

ance

_

Ike IOke

FREQUENCY

Capacitance

errors

vs

_,___....._

and

frequency.

__

induct-

.._______,

IOOke

Figure

1.5.4

FREQUENCY

tional

error

on

is

the

inductance

standard This the

amounts

kc, of

error

cies, of

the

Figure

is

phase-compensated

error

added

is

large

(see

For there

OQ

2-7.)

capacitor,

is

error

to

a 0.1%

enough

high D (low

is

rheostats.

1-6.

Resistance

ance

errors

vs

ERRORS.

the C and L bridges

of

the

bridge

effectively

proportional

term

Figure

an

added

The

0.001%

error

to

account

1-5).

Q)

This

series

to a large

to

(f/1

at

10

measurements

error

term

rheostat

and

conduct-

frequency.

The

main

at

wiring

increasing

f2,

and

is

kc)2.

kc

and

for

other

term

due

is

0.10

(Cs

degree,

cause

higher

in

series

accounted

This

a 0.4%

smaller

at

high

to

the

(f/

and

but

of

addi-

frequencies

with

its

value.

for

term,

which

error

at

sources

frequen-

inductance

1

kc).

(See

Lp

bridges)

neverthe-

the

in

20

s

~---T_YP_E_1_6_08_-A

__

IM_P

__

E_D_A_N_C_E_B_R_I_D_G_E_I

----------------------------

less

adds

inductance

tor.

The

inductance bridges) tor, capacitance Ls more Figure

the network pensate The portional w £2

added (f/1 and

20

1.5.5

curacy

residual

tion tance final more

larly given

1

D

ments

is

placed

and

at

high

of

this

bridges

resistance

adds

kc

is

useful D and Q ranges

2-7).

A

frequency-dependent

built

into

for

stray

effective

kc)4.

(see

error

an

resistance

terms

The

extra

Figure

RESIDUAL TERMINAL IMPEDANCE.

specifications

terminal

is

considered.

can

be

easily

measured

complicated

at

the

range

in

Table

2-5 .

56

D

AND

Q

and Q accuracy

depends

in

series

of

the

parallel

in

parallel

enough D values

bridge

arm.

somewhat

and

capacitance

and

first

1-6).

impedance

value.

extremes,

less,

conductance

the

standard

of

ont:

prgpertieaal

±0.002

term

is

0.

2%

error

are

valid

The

residual

measured

At

corrections

high

and

ACCURACY.

specifications

upon

the

tracking

with

the rheostat

with

the

effectively

The

error

and

these

at

high

error

term

bridges

resistance

(refer

to

this

arm

has

te

(f/1

kc)2

more

important

at

10

kc

only

if

of

the

UNKNOWN

resistance

and

subtracted

frequencies

are

necessary,

correction

The 5 percent

for C

accuracy

standard

frequencies

is

paragraph

£4,

and

the

and L measure-

capaci-

(Cpand

capaci-

reduces

on

the

Cp

bridges

necessary because

arm

to

one

term

req11iring

±0.000001

up

to

0.8%

error

The

effect

connec-

and

capaci-

from

somewhat

particu-

formulae

term

of

the

45

of

in

Ls

the

and

have

(see

for

of

com-

4. 5). pro-

the

kc,

acthe

the

are

the

DQ

a

at

rheostats ±0.0005, the

quired This made

ing.

CGRL can error of

full

factor

achieve

cause

f.

Therefore,

1

kc.

be

improved

ard

bridges capacitance term since ever,

rk

tremely not of

resi~tors,

at

very

with

depends

bridge,

to

achieve

specification

down

Below

adjustment

add

additional

of

0.001

scale.

here.

better D and Q accuracy.

At

high

the

phase

At

frequencies

capacitor.

The

percent

is

±0.0005

the

same

for

the

at

higher

good Q accuracy

help

10

high

the

dial

upon

and

many

this

of

to

1/20

of

this

reading,

(R4),

DQ

at

1/100

The

detector

Lower

frequencies

angles

this

fixed

because

term

±2%,

which

decades

at 1 kc,

phase

Rs

and

at

the

measurement

which

is

frequencies).

calibration.

the

phase

compensating

accuracy

±0.0005

the

full-scale the

phase

even

error.

of

full

scale

sensitivity

CGRL

below 1 kc,

it

used

angle

lower

ranges

the

of

the

bridge

error

term

is

limited

in

the Q accuracy

is

limited

for Q adjustment.

just

as

considerations

Gp

bridges,

frequencies.

at

low

of

independent

The

fixed

angle

of

each

components

(refer

to

paragraph

holds

for

measurements

CGRL

counter

angle

of

the though This

compensated

could

amount

and

0.005

is

also a Hmiting

should

DQ

error

arms

is

the D accuracy

by

the D of

by

the

in

the L and C bridges,

this

frequencies,

the

time

of

be

increases

increase

0.0005 1

for

accuracy

apply.

term

is

This

constant

frequency

Rs

terrrt,

arm

are

4.5).

read-

vernier

to

at

1/1000

used

~c

above

cannot

the

stand-

and

of

The

fixed

How-

±0.0005

gives

but

does

(Q/

(except

of

re-

for,

an

to

be-

with

Gp

the

ex-

CtJ)

7i

IINTRODUCTION

2 0.5

0.6

0.7

I

Cp Ls Rs

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 2

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Cs Lp

Gp

Rp

10 9 8

7

6

5

4

3

0

0.8

0.9

2

5

00

D

a

Figure

1-7. Nomograph for

C,

L,

R,

D,

conversion

and Q at 1 kc.

of

7

~--T_Y_P_E_1_60_8-_A_I_M_P_E_D_A_N_C_E

__

B_R_ID_G_E~I

__________________________

___

8

(ANY

-10>-_._-

XL

FREQ)

mfi

kfi

(I

kc

Q

mfi~-----------------------~

fi fi Ph

kn

Figure

1-8. Nomograph for

Rs

to

Ls

and

vice

conversion

versa.

of

Ls

ONLY)

nh

mh

OPERATING

PROCEDURE

SECTION

2.1

INSTALLATION.

2.1.1

suitable the

power

or

230v,

plied.

2.1.2

GROUNDING.

erated cific

cases

supply should

3.5).

The

wire

power

the

rear

nected

bridge

is

not

2.1.3

MOUNT

the

Type

for

relay-rack equipped 1608-AR stallation. brackets, to

convert

Type General pulled

can

be

2

POWER

power

receptacle

50-60

with

the

where

be

ground

cord

of

the

to

the

must

be

used,

this

lNG.

1608-AM, for

with

includes

Instructions

which

from

ZSU-6-7

Radio

out

on

slides

removed

CONNECTIONS.

source

cps). A three-wire

bridge

the

grounded

connection

to

the

instrument.

adjacent

ungrounded.

connection

The

mounting.

aluminum

mounting

may

be

bench

design

for

from

the

2.2 INTERPRETATION

The

main

CGRL

digits

displayed

hand

digits

centric controlled

an

overlapping

(99)

to

the extends two

digits

the

number simply mediately 10303;

99X2

The

CGRL

beyond

substitute

are

by

the

10.

to

the

=10002.

letter

in

an

controlled

controls;

smaller

transition

higher

99,

up

same

To

interpret a reading

0 for

left

X

is

OPERATING

Connect

as

indicated

on

the

rear

of

The

bridge

should

chassis

unknown

3RD

instrument

bench

ordered

to

rack

mounting

which

service.

rack

indication in-line

coarse

to

counter,

the X and add 1 to

of

also

grounded

component

(refer

to

is

made

WIRE GROUND

This

terminal

CHASSIS

If

the

should

mounting,

The

bench-mounting

end

frames,

brackets

for

assembly

separately

use.

brackets

permits

Either

independently

OF

•x•

IN

consists

read-out.

by

the

larger

the

two

(vernier)

from

full-scale

step,

106.

To

avoid

an X

the

X.

For

used

on

paragraphs

three•wire

is

right-hand

the

bridge

on

the

plate

the

instrument

power

cord

generally

except

or a de

through

terminal

should

terminal

be

available

the

unless power

made

externally.

or

Type

while

for

relay-rack

accompany

(Type

are

of

instrument

chassis

of

READ-OUT.

of

The

of

;he

control.

the

is

two

vernier

the

ambiguity

used

containing

the

example,

of

the

To

in

to

above

(115

is

sup-

be

op-

in

spebias

3.1. 5 and

the

three-

be

con-

the

cord

as

either 1608-AR, model the

Type

in-

these

ZSU-6-7)

a uniquE

to

or

cabinet

the

other.

up

to

five

three

left-

two

con-

digits

provide

reading

read-out

place

an

digit

102X3 =

three

PROCEDURE

dials

used

stitute

0

left

a

on

is

be

are

of of

X,

im-

Q

of

Users

data

exactly

cludmg

error

in

2.3

DC

2.3.1

PROCEDURE.

a.

check

the

if

necessary,

adjustment

b.

counterclockwise.

.

c.

resistance

sistance

measurements

d.

KNOWN

e.

f.

the

concentric (center) LEV

controls

A

meter

known For

greatest

four

digits

g.

the

counter

the

unit

tor

is

explained

with

the

in

place

of

the

X.

For

may

find

as

it

any

X' s

that

the

interpretation

RESISTANCE

With

the

NULL

center

on

the

meter.

Turn

the

Set

the

BRIDGE

measurements

mea

snrements

from 0

Connect

terminals.

Turn

As INT tion

meter

liminary in control

Adjust

reading,

deflection

is

larger

The

illuminated

the

function

DC,

where

sensitivity

this

position turned

the

CGRL

for

than

accuracy

showing.

value

with

the

in

the

function

balance

and

Rs

and

Gp

bridges.

the X and add 1 to

example,

it

appears

appear.

.1X4

helpful

on

of

the X can

In

to

the

that

MEASUREMENTS.

function

meter

to

resistor

it

passes

the

FULL

increased

to

If

of

decimal

above.

paragraph

mechanical

the

pointer

DET

SELECTOR

from 0

above

1.1 mho.

switch

NOTE

switch

circuit

is

may

instead

down.

balancing

adjust

the

right

the

indicated

the

reading

not,

turn

the

UNKNOWN

The

switch

SENS

to

1

MD

to

be

is

through

greatly

be

SCALE

the sensitivity

to

point

meaning

2.2.

Here

=.204;

record bridge

way,

be

(1,

zero

with

the

control

switch

1.1

MD

and

measured

to

lNT

rotated

an

undetented

is

operative

reduced.

made

of

with

RANGE

controls

DET

indicates

CGRL

should

the

correctly

again,

the

digit

.2XX measurement

read-out, any

possible

rechecked.

Figure

position,

screw-driver

almost

to

and

Gp

for

conductance

to

DC.

from

with

the

DET

switch

for a

SENS

and

as

necessary. that dial

have

lower

read

directly

located

of

an X indica-

sub-

to

=.310.

1-1)

and,

fully

Rs

for

the

UN-

OFF

posi-

but

A

pre-

switch

SENS

and

zero

GEN

the

setting.

at

least

range.

the

in-

off,

for re-

to

the

un-

on

and

9

~---T_YP_E_l_6_08_-A

__

IM_P_E_D_A_N_C

__

E_B_R_I_D_G_E

__________________________

___

2.3. 2 ACCURACY.

conductance sea

e lowest R and ficient the

accuracy

±1

m.O,

For leads component. and

terminals subtract known screw

inserted

2.3.3

KNOWN.

ing a limiting 1/2

watt

en~s

or

GEN

LEV

proximating tally"

350-volt SCALE each

range

Because vouage than

the

tual

voltage

ured

on

resistors 2-1

shows

from

the

tance

range. LEV

control

use

of a high-impedance

w

the

urements, ratio

between

across and

therefore bridge the

GEN

given

in

2.3.4 EXTERNAL

supplies from 1 ohm DET

SENS urements sary

to

measurements

h.

h I f h d. · )

(

to

EIA

is

W

lC

highest G ranges

sensitivity.

is

low-resistance

should

the

UNKNOWN

the

input

be

Measure

by

this

amount

1n

place.

binding

in

the

hole.

INTERNAL

There

resistor

or

less

to

the

unknown.

panel

3. 5

the

bridge

supplies

RANGE

as

given

app1iea

open-circuit

applied

the R bridge

specifications

are

summarized

that

these

internal

For

can

where

the

whole

the

(LOW UNKNOWN

LEV

control

Tables

and

the

to

1 megohm

controls

beyond

make

measurements

±1

are

to

control. volts

switch

of ro

power

2-2

this

The

accuracy

is

2 0 t e

On

the

lowest R and

limited

used

connecting

are

low-resistance

be

terminals.

the

voltage

bridge

internal

by

measurements,

as

connections

the

zero

from

the

For

best

post

hard

VOLTAGE

three

internal

to

limit

avoid

damage

They

The

open

circuit,

(see

Figure

applied

selects

in

Table

limiting

the

rne

unKnown

value.

to

any

unknown

(with a 115-volt

for

in

standard

supplies

set

for

de

voltmeter

voltage

across

is

fixed

voltmeter

set

to

and

2-3.

DC

DETECTOR.

detector

to

0.1%

are

at

maximum.

range

are

at

of

de

±0.1%, ±0.005%

ast

lglt

as

long

the

sensitivity

resistance

the

free

ends

bridge

reading

connection

enough

lowest

"vertically".

2-1.

Figure

testing

Tables

voltages

the

For

is

can

terminals

give

to

APPLIED

de

supplies,

the

available

to

the

are

all

controlled

voltage

is

applic:d

1-3)

and

the

optimum

resistor,

is

usuauy

2-1

resistor

line

different

2-2

over

most

measurements

desired

connected

high-resistance

applied

the

unknown

over

each

be

placed

the

permit

when

the

If

desired lower

voltages,

resistance

on

a

as

there

highest G range

short,

to

the of

together,

with

to

the

notch

TO THE

bridge

supply,

the

35-volt

The

the or

shows

when

voltage).

and

2-3.

can

be

of

test

vertically,

range

to

chassis)

"bridge

The

internal

measurements

GEN

accurate

or

if

it

of

ll

b h

ut

is

to

±1/2%

heavy

unknown

the

lead!;

the

bridge,

the

each

power

compon-

by

"horizon-

FULL

supply

maximum

mucn

the

meas-

types

Figure

supplied

the

resis-

the

voltage

directly

meas-

and

at

across

voltage"

LEV

meas-

is

neces-

an

exter-

and

full

t e

suf-

wire

UN-

hav-

and

re:s:s

GEN

that

null

and

un-

to

the

ap-

for

ac-

of

by

the

de

000

If

100

I

r

'Y

10

,

li

I

[;

't

o.1

I

Jy

0.01 0

Figure 2-1.

I

TO

IM

...,.,.,.

TO

lOOk

IOk

IOOv

~

10

~;-k

"""

I

v

1/f

i"""""""

elk

IOk

I

v

~

-

d 100.0.

TO

lk

~~~

I

~

...,,-

~~o~,o~

/

//

,oo~

b

/

Va

)~

I

I I

I 2 3 4 5 6

/

V"

De

voltage

resistor

applied

(115-v

30

v

.0.

2.5

I I I

o:oL~

1.0.

TO

~

0.1

TO

7

to

line).

TO

3 v

I

10.0.

~

-

1.0.

8

unknown

-

,.,.,...

--

10

OPERATING

PROCEDURE

FULL

SCALE

Rs

Bridge

GP

Bridge

RESISTANCE BRIDGE

2.7-9.9 10-99

100-999

1000-9999

10-

100kD-1MD

1

VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL

FULL

SCALE RANGE

VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL

D

99k

D

MD-up

HVS HIGH-VOLTAGE MVS

LVS

DC

SOURCE

RANGE

MEDIUM-VOLTAGE LOW-VOLTAGE

Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs GP

1100

1100nU

EIA

STANDARD

Fixed

Composition

RANGE EIA

llD

llOD

llOOD

llkD

llOkD

llOOkD

1 n U

mD j 11 D 11100

SUPPLY

TABLE

AND

DETECTOR

METER

LVS

In

flu

HVS

METER

SUPPLY

TABLE

TEST

2-1

!no

- 35G"

2-2

VOLTAGES

Resistors

TEST

0. 5 - 1 v

0.5

2.5 - 3 v 8-

24 8080-

CONNECTIONS

1100 D j

1100

flu

gp€:n-Giwdt

35v

open-circuit

3.5v

oyen-circuit

(RS172)

VOLTAGE BRIDGE VOLTAGE*

MVS

fLU

MVS

11

In

kD

METER

mU

METER

110 kD

110 mU

f 1100 kD

HVS

j1100

LVS

••

- 1 v

10 v 30 100v

100 v

v

••

19.2-

23v

13.4-16.7v

25.6-

32 v 81 - 101 v 81 - 101 v

mU

RESISTANCE

less

tha"n

10

10-

99

D

100-

999

10oo-

9999

10-

99kD

100kD-

*

* *

This also

This

1MD

1MD-

is

the

voltage

D

up

the

voltage

Low-Power

BRIDGE RANGE

Rs

Rs Rs

Rs

Rs Rs

Gp

from

the

LOW

at

the

EXT

GEN

varies

with

the

resistance

EIA

STANDARD

Fixed

Film

Wire-Wound

11.1"2

1100

D

llkD

llOkD

1100kD

1

nU

UNKNOWN terminals.

of

TABLE

Resistors

terminal

the

unknown

2-3

TEST VOLT

(RS-196)

(REC-117

EIA

MAX

0.3

h

3v 10v 30v

100v

to

chassis.

(see

AGES

up

to

VOLTAGE

v

In

paragraph

9999

the

4. 3).

D)

EXT

MAX

BRIDGE VOLTS*

••

23v

16.7

32v 101 v 100v

DC

position,

v

this

is

11

~---TY_P_E_l_60_8_-A

EXT

__

IM_P_E_D_A_N_C_E

METER

__

B_R_I_D_G_E

__________________________

EXT

METER

___

(a)

nal

detector external internal the

meter CONNECTIONS in

Figure

with

detector

meter,

by

appropriate

2-2.

increased

in

on

2.3.5 .EXTERNAL

required may directly DC

across Be given components.

measurement ternal

be

used. across

position

the

careful

in

Table

When an

supply

on

the

of

horizontal

not

to

procedure

and

The the the

exceed

2-4

external

can

be

parallel

the

rear

DC

unknown

EXT

vertical

function

diagonal

in

order

supply

is

detector

sensitivity

connected

with

the

connection

of

the

SUPPLY.

resistor,

GEN

terminals

bridge

switch

on

the

maximum

to

avoid

or

the

same

except

Figure

can

in

series

meter,

to

the

instrument

If

higher

an

external

diagonal

and

the

top

voltage

damage

detector

as

that

the

2-2.

be

or

in

EXT

are

in

detector

four

to

is

with

used.

voltage

the

GEN

TO

BRIDGE

(b)

External

The

with

the

place

of

METER

as

shown

supply

connected

the

EXT

ranges.

or

current

bridge

used,

the

in-

LEV

is

meter

control ply sitivity

2.4

TOR.

2.4.1

2.4.

Cs than

Cp tween

Gp Cp

connections.

does

not

and

the

OET

SENS

of

an

external

AC

MEASUREMENTS

1-KC

CAPACITANCE

1.1

Procedure.

a.

Set

the

GEN

b.

Set

the

BRIDGE

-

if

the

series

1.

-

if

the

parallel

0.02

and

2.

(Note:

-

if D is

=

Q~e_).

Cs = Cp

greater

~·

(c)

control

the

control

detector.

USING

MEASUREMENT.

LEV

control

SELECTOR

capacitance

within

than 2 (measure

level

does

INTERNAL

fully

is

desired

is

0.1%

of

an

external

not

control

the

GENERA-

clockwise.

to:

and

D

is

desired

if

and

D

0(

0.03.)

as a conductance,

is

sup-

sen-

less

be-

12

MAXIMUM

BRIDGE

Rs Rs Rs Rs

Rs Rs Rs GP

EXTERNAL

RANGE

llOOm.O

11.12

110.12

1100.0 llkD

llOkD llOOkD lOOOnU

DC

E

14.2v 22v

71v 223v 400v 400v

TABLE

BRIDGE

MAX

1.4v

4.5

v

2-4

VOLTAGE

I

MAX

710ma

223ma

71ma

17.2ma

AND

CURRENT

TERMINALS

EXT EXT

EXT

EXT EXT

BIAS BIAS BIAS

GEN GEN

GEN

OPERATING

PROCEDURE

c.

Set

the

function

d.

Connect

1/2

means

terminals.

e.

If

the

is

not

reading

control

SCALE

f.

Adjust

control

for minimum

eeatrel

as

g.

The

on

the

and

unit

directly

meaning

2.2.

Accuracy.

the

of

the

last

where

of

full

to

subtract

bridge

terminals,

to

determine

If

this

zero

from

between

of a three-terminal

(refer

The

residual

have

for a

=

0.006

are

used

may

in

Table

When

capacitors

error

(refer

to

Dis

less

1-KC

INDUCTANCE

a.

Set

the

KNOWN

RANGE

for a SENS FULL

flection.

DQ

SENS

sensitivity

directly point dicated The

graph

2.4.1.2

±0.1% ·of

±

range,

±0.005%

essary the

reading capacitor. known,

subtracted itance by

urement

bridge except error leads capacitors, a correction ductance

given

additional tion when

2.4.2

2.4.2. 1 Procedure.

the

proper

known,

somewhere

for

an

RANGE

the

may

have

balance

capacitance

counter

illuminated.

on

the

of

an X indicator

reading

digit)

the

accuracy

scale.

the

external

capacitance

the

reading.

the

terminals

to

paragraph

negligible

slight D error

when

be

necessary.

2-5.

of

±(0.5%)

paragraph

than

GEN

switch

unknown

range

setting

set

the

concentric

near

upscale

concentric

is

The

meter

switch

meter

te

be

readjust€:d

approached.

of

the

readout

The D of

illuminated

accuracy

±0.005%

on

all

but

is

On

the

residual

approximately

the

correct

leads

are

is

The

and

shielded

3.2).

resistance

effect

on

Cx

= 1000

measurements

for

the

with

high

o2

1.5.3).

0.2.

MEASUREMENT.

LEV

control

to

INT

AC.

capacitor

of

the

FULL

CGRL

5000,

adjust

reading

for a minimum

CGRL

controls

deflection.

t9

unknown

with

the

correct

the

unknown

scale

on

the

is

explained

of

the C reading

of

full

scale

the

highest

±0.2%

of

lowest C range

("zero")

value

used

increased

error

and

on

the

pf).

lead

The

is

added

This

capacitance

0.

25 pf, from

of

the

to

connect

and

caused

leads

may

capacitance

inductance

the

C or D

highest C range

However,

are

made

resistance

correction

D's

are

measured,

to

the

error

fully

clockwise.

to

the

UN-

SCALE

controls

the

DET

and

set

the

meter

de-

and

the

The

DET

gi"€: gr€:at€:r

is

indicated

decimal

is

in-

DQ

dial.

in

para-

(which

capacitance

the

reading

it

is

nec-

of

the

unknown

the

un-

should

by

capac-

be

removed

meas-

of

the

accuracy

(D

if

long

on

large

and

in-

terms

are

specifica-

is

negligible

is is

be

an

Note:

tance

measured

(refer

to

b.

L s -

if

tween

0.5

Lp

-

if

than

1.

Rs

-

if Q is

Ls c.

d.

KNOWN

e.

RANGE

for a SENS

control

SCALE

f.

DQ

control

SENS

control

sensitivity

g. directly point

and dicated The

meaning

2.

2.4.2.2

±0.1%

±

1/2

of

where

the

full

scale.

of

0.5%

5 or

higher.

On

the

binding

reading

leads

are bridge, and

subtracted

inductance,

ance

on

careful residual tance tween

the

For

will

paragraph

Set

the

and

the

parallel

(Note:

=~

Set Connect

terminals.

If

is

reading

RANGE

Adjust

on

unit

directly

Accuracy.

of

the

accuracy

~2,

the

in

then

the

to

inductance

measurement,

2.4.5.4).

the

BRIDGE

series

50.

Ls = Lp

less

than

refer

liJ

the

function

the

proper

not

known,

somewhere

for

an

switch

the

for minimum

may

as

balance

The

inductance

the

counter

illuminated.

on

of

an X indicator

reading

last

When Q

which

lowest posts order

used

to

the

residual

from

short

Rs

bridge,

keep

the

leads

would

some

iron-cored

depend

SELECTOR

inductance

within

0. 5

(measure

to

paragraph

switch

inductor

range

set

the

near

upscale

for a minimum

concentric

meter

have

to

be

is

approached.

of

readout

the

illuminated

The

accuracy

±0.005%

digit)

on

is

±0.2%

is

low

is

negligible

range,

(0.14

fLh)

to

obtain

connect

inductance

the L reading.

the

leads

and

lead

configuration

measurement

since

an

increase

inductors

upon

the

is

desired

is

desired

1%

if Q )32)

Rs

2.4.3).

to

INT

to

be

setting

concentric

5000,

reading,

CGRL

deflection.

readjusted

the

unknown

with

The Q of

is

explained

of

all

but

of

the

there

is

when Q

the

residual

must

be

full

accuracy.

the

unknown

together,

calculate

increase

the

excitation

to~

and Q is

and

Q;

AC.

measured

of

the

FULL

CGRL

adjust

and

set

meter

controls

to

the

correct

the

unknown

scale

of

in

of

the L reading

full

scale

the

lowest

reading

an

additional

is

approximately

inductance

subtracted

inductor

should

To

measure

mea

sure

Ls

the

same

and

the

in

the

residual

the

induc-

level

Q is

greater

to

the

UN-

SCALE

controls

the

DET

the

FULL

deflection.

and

The

DET

give

greater

is

indicated

decimal

is

the

DQ

dial.

paragraph

(which

ranges,

±0.005%

error

from

If

external

to

be

measured

this

lead

the

imped-

=

Q:s.

for

total

induc-

area

inductance.

be-

the

in-

is

of

the

Be

the

be-

13

~---TY_P_E_1_60_8_-A

The

residual

mately is more capacitance very ligible tor.

0.9mD.

small.

important

large.

compared

Long

This

If

long

{see

of

0.25

However,

leads

resistance

can

leads

pf

with

to

the

__

IM_P_E_D_A_N_C_E

of

the cause a small Q error are

used,

Table

2-5).

can

cause

an L error

this

capacitance

the

capacitance

inductor

may

__

bridge

the

Q error

The

residual

when

is

usually

of a large

appreciably change

B_R_I_D_G_E

is

approxi-

when

Lx

becomes

bridge

Lx

is

neg-

induc-

____________________________

the

total

effects

ditional

cations ible

when Q is

capacitance.

are

given

When

error

(refer

in

inductors

term

to

paragraph

greater

Table

with

of

±0.

than

The

2-5.

low

5%

1. 5. 3).

5.

corrections

Q'

s

are

~

is

added

2

This

for

measured,

to

error

these

the

is

lead

an

ad-

specifi-

neglig-

_

CORRECTIONS

Measured

R0 =0.9mD

Cs

D

cp

D

GP

Q

Rs

Q

FOR

ERRORS

(Add or

Series

subtract

Resistance

+leads

NO

ERROR

-u.;CxRo

+2RoDxu.;Cx2

-wCxRo(l + Dx2)

+Gx2Ro(l

+QxGxRo(l-

+ Qx2)

-Ro

Ro

QxR

X

CAUSED

from

2

)

Qx

TABLE

BY

the

measured Series

L0=0.14

-w2LoCx2(1-

-w2LoCxDx(l

+u.;2L

+wL0Gx

2-5

TERMINAL

Inductance

,uh

-u:2LoCx2

-w2LoCxDx

2G

3(1-

o x u.;GxLo

{1 +

NO

ERROR

_ cvL

Rx

value

+leads

Q/)

0

AND

as

Dx2)

+ Dx2)

~)

LEAD

indicated.)

Parallel

C0 =

+ D - (1 + D

+u.;2 C 2R

IMPEDANCES

Capacitance

0.25

pf +

-CoO

-Dx2)

co

X

CX

-Co

+Co

Dx

Cx

NO

ERROR

-wC

0

Gx

3(1-

0 X

+

u.;

Co

Rx

( 1 +

leads

2

X

--)

u.;CORX

Qx

2)

)

2Qx

14

Ls

Q

LP

Q

NO

+Qx

+

ERROR

2

wL

2R

+-

Qu.;

Ro

--

wLx

Ro

0

(1

X

+ Q2)

-w2C

-Lo

-

Lo

Qx

LX

(1-

(Qx +

1

-) Qx2

1

Q}

-L o

Lo

-

LX

L

o x Qx2

+w2CoLx(Qx

-u;2

CoLx

+w2CoLxQx

2(1-

1

-)

1

+Qx)

2

2.4.3

1-KC RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE MEAS-

UREMENTS.

2.4.3.1

Rs of is Gp tance

unknown

measurement.)

terminals.

RANGE for a SENS FULL

flection.

three Q controls The greater

is

imal

is

pacitive

is the. which

of

in

Procedure.

a.

Set

b.

Set

-

if

series

the

unknown

inductive.

-

if

parallel

of

the

is

(Note: of

the

Rs

tive;

likewise,

quire

use

In

the

range

the

resistor quired either

bridge.

vice

versa,

c.

Set

d.

Connect

e.

If

is

reading

control

SCALE

f.

Adjust

DET

SENS

sensitivity

g.

The

indicated

point

read

directly

as

less

than

decimal

makes

0.00

1.

paragraph

the

unknown

capacitive.

Any

bridge

unless Q is

the

not

directly

and

indicated

0, in

point

The

2. 2.

GEN

LEV

control

BRIDGE

resistance

is

between 0 and 1 MD

conductance

resistor

of

the

between

will

Rs

from

function

the

proper known,

somewhere

for

an

RANGE

the

for

control

as

resistance

unit

on

which

major

meaning

SELECTOR

is

between 0 and

(Refer

small

because

any

resistor

Gp

bridge

1 D

determine

small

may

be

the

formula

switch

unknown

range

setting

set

the

near

upscale

switch

concentric

the

be£t

may

have

balance

or

conductance

on

the

counter

illuminated.

the Q readout

by

the

lights

case

in

the

first

divisions

of

fully

to:

desired,

is

of

and 1 MD

enough

calculated

resistor

concentric

meter

minimum

is

the

an X indicator

and

or

desired,

to

Section

enough

on

to

value

will

large

enough

will

be

the

which

bridge

to

permit

from

Rs

=

_.........,

(1

to

INT

A C.

to

of

the

5000,

adjust

reading

for a minimum

CGRL

controls

meter

to

be

readjusted

approached.

readou~

The Q of

and

is

(unless

opposite

(coarsest)

the

vernier

clockwise.

the

resistance

if

the

unknown

and

the

conduc-

1 mho or

3.8

for

require

capacitive.

t Q2)

the

CGRL

of

inductive

use

be

induc-

to

re-

phase

is

re-

use

Gp,

and

__

_

Gp

UNKNOWN

FULL

SCALE

controls

the

and

set

meter

and

deflection.

to

the

unknown

with

the

unknown

the Q balance

is

true).

adjustment,

dial

is

explained

if

of

DET

give

dec-

or

Note

steps

the

RP

the de-

the

ca-

from

the

measured

to

connect tance gether,

the Q of

given measured, the

specification

is

practically

2.4.4

TOR

AT

cillator-detector

usually same

fications an

external

Section

required

to

be

2.4.5

2.4.5. 1 Capacitance pedance ponents,

directly

for

measurements

graph

minal 2-3) enough, from

the

bridge

ficant 2-6

gives

each

quantity

citance

0.15

p.J,

the

unknown

of

these

leads

and

subtract

Residual

in

MEASUREMENTS USING

supplied

as

2. 5).

calculated

NOTES

3.5).

is

and

cause a reduction

and if

Note

causes a small

inductance

the

resistor.

Table

2-5. When

an

additional

(refer

negligible

FREQUENCIES

tuning

is

for 1-kc

and D and Q ranges

for

Bridge since

to

placed

other

the

it

measurements,

generator

The

the

various

(refer

ON

generally

neither

the

panel,

Capacitance

directly

does

not

UNKNOWN

therefore

stray

the

error

measured.

that

for

takes a stray

OPERATING

resistance.

by

this

value

Corrections

error

to

when Q

OTHER unit

used,

at

plug-in

bridges

to

paragraph

AC MEASUREMENTS.

to

Ground.

UNKNOWN

which

on

grounded

across

cause

causes

capacitance

caused

the

capacitance

Use

resistor,

connecting

from

and

capacitance

resistors

term

paragraph

is

THAN 1 KC.

other

the

operating

but

are

the

same

unit

gives so

measures

should

components

from

the

an

error,

in

sensitivity.

terminals

an

error

is

by a

short,

measure the

the

for

with

of

0.1%Q

1.

less

INTERNAL

thaa

the

same

frequency

that

2. 5.1).

The

"ungrounded"

terminal

be

LOW

detector

but

shunts

which

large

stray

bridges

error.

of

PROCEDURE

heavy

leads

resis-

free

ends

to-

measured

these

5. 3). than

the 1 kc

procedure

accuracy

the

DQ

it

does

Type

grounded

(refer

UNKNOWN

can,

enough.

capacitance

150 pf

value.

affect

only

effects

high

Q' s

is

added

This

0.2. GENERA-

If

an

is

speci-

as

those

(refer

multiplier

not

have

1608-A

com-

is

connected

except

to

para-

(see

Figure

if

large

Capacitance

an arm of

can

be

signi-

Table

stray

capa-

Since

Ct

to

cause

are

to

term

os-

uait

the

for

to

Im-

ter-

the

for

is

2.4.3.2

is

±

est G ranges

±0.005%

the

±0.1%

1/2

Accuracy.

of

the

of

On

bridge

of

the

The

the

reading

last

digit)

on

where

the

accuracy

full

scale.

lowest R range

(approximating

accuracy

±0.005%

all

but

the

0.9

mD)

of

the R or G reading

of

full

scale

the

lowest R and

is

±0.2%

of

the

residual

should

resistance

be

subtracted

(which

high-

reading

is

of

Figure 2-3.

Capacitance

bridge diagrams,

showing

to ground.

and

inductance

capacitances

15

General Radio 1608 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual