GE 745 TRANSFORMER MANAGEMENT RELAY Instruction Manual
g
GE Power Management
745
TRANSFORMER MANAGEMENT RELAY™
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Firmware Revision: 250.000
Manual P/N: 1601-0070-B2 (GE K-10 629 2)
Copyright © 2001 GE Power Management
g
GE Power Management
215 Anderson Avenue, Markham, Ontario
Canada L6E 1B3
Tel: (905) 294-6222 Fax: (905) 294-8512
Internet: http://www.GEindustrial.com/pm
745 STATUS SYSTEM STATUS CONDITIONS
IN SERVICE
SELF-TEST
ERROR
TEST MODE
DIFFERENTIAL
BLOCKED
LOCAL
RESET
NEXT
PROGRAM PORT
745 Transformer Management Relay ™
TRANSFORMER
DE-ENERGIZED
TRANSFORMER
OVERLOAD
LOAD-LIMIT
REDUCED
SETPOINT GROUP 1
SETPOINT GROUP 2
SETPOINT GROUP 3
SETPOINT GROUP 4
SETPOINT
ACTUAL
ESCAPE
ENTER
7 89
MESSAGE
4
12 3
VALUE
.
TRIP
ALARM
PICKUP
PHASE A
PHASE B
PHASE C
GROUNDMESSAGE
5
0
6
HELP
814768AF.CDR
Manufactured under an
ISO9001 Registered system.
These instruct ions do not purport to cover all details or variatio ns in equi pment no r provid
e
-
e
e
d
-
for every possible contingency to be met in connection with installation, operation, or main
tenance. Should furth er info rma tion be desi red or shoul d par ticu lar prob lems aris e whi ch ar
not covered sufficiently for the purchaser’s purpose, the matter should be referred to th
General Electric Company.
To the extent required the products described herein meet applicable ANSI, IEEE, an
NEMA standards; but no such assurance is given with respect to local codes and ordi
nances because they vary greatly.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. PRODUCT OVERVIEW
2. GETTING STARTED
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................... 1-1
1.1.2 SUMMARY OF PROTECTION FEATURES.............................................. 1-2
1.1.3 ORDER CODES........................................................................................ 1-4
1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
1.2.1 APPLICABILITY......................................................................................... 1-5
1.2.2 INPUTS...................................................................................................... 1-5
1.2.3 PROTECTION ELEMENTS..................................................................... ..1-6
1.2.4 OUTPUTS.................. ................................................ ................................ 1-9
2.1 USING THE FRONT PANEL DISPLAY
2.1.1 MANEUVERING........................................................................................2-1
2.2 CHANGING SETPOINTS
2.2.1 DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................... 2-3
2.2.2 INSTALLING THE SETPOINT ACCESS JUMPER ...................................2-3
2.2.3 NUMERICAL SETPOINTS........................................................................ 2-3
2.2.4 ENUMERATION SETPOINTS...................................................................2-4
2.2.5 TEXT SETPOINTS.................................................................................... 2-5
2.3 SECURITY
2.3.1 INSTALLATION......................................................................................... 2-6
2.3.2 PASSCODE SECURITY SETUP...............................................................2-6
a CHANGING THE PASSCODE .................................................................. 2-6
b DISABLING/ENABLING PASSCODE SECURITY....................................2-7
3. INSTALLATION
3.1 DRAWOUT CASE
3.1.1 CASE DESCRIPTION................................................................................ 3-1
3.1.2 PANEL CUTOUT.......................................................................................3-1
3.1.3 CASE MOUNTING..................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.4 UNIT WITHDRAWAL AND INSERTION.................................................... 3-2
a RELAY WITHDRAWAL..............................................................................3-2
b RELAY INSERTION................................................................................... 3-3
c DRAWOUT SEAL ................. ............. .. ............. .............. ............. ............. . 3-3
3.2 TYPICAL WIRING
3.2.1 DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................... 3-4
3.2.2 REAR TERMINAL LAYOUT...................................................................... 3-4
3.2.3 REAR TERMINAL ASSIGNMENTS........................................................... 3-5
3.2.4 TYPICAL WIRING DIAGRAMS.................................................................3-6
3.2.5 PHASE SEQUENCE AND TRANSFORMER POLARITY ......................... 3-8
3.2.6 AC CURRENT TRANSFORMER INPUTS ......................... .......................3-8
3.2.7 AC VOLTAGE INPUT................................................................................3-8
3.2.8 CONTROL POWER...................................................................................3-9
3.2.9 LOGIC INPUTS.......................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.10 ANALOG INPUT................ ......................................................................3-10
3.2.11 TAP POSITION IN PUT............................................................................3-10
3.2.12 RTD DRIVER/SENSOR.............................................................. ............. 3-10
3.2.13 OUTPUT RELAYS................................................................................... 3-11
3.2.14 SOLID STATE TRIP OUTPUT.................................................................3-11
3.2.15 ANALOG OUTPUTS................................................................................ 3-11
3.2.16 RS485 / RS422 COMMUNICATION PORTS ..........................................3-12
3.2.17 RS232 FRONT PANEL PROGRAM PORT ............................................. 3-13
3.2.18 IRIG-B...................................................................................................... 3-14
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
g
3.2.19 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TESTING ...................................................... 3-14
4. FRONT PANEL
OPERATION
4.1 FRONT PANEL
4.1.1 DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 DISPLAY, INDICATORS, AND FRONT PORT
4.2.1 DISPLAY.................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.2 LEDS..........................................................................................................4-2
4.2.3 STATUS INDICATORS............ ......................... .........................................4-2
a IN SERVICE............................................................................................... 4-2
b SELF-TEST ERROR.................................................................................. 4-2
c TEST MODE.............................................................................................. 4-2
d DIFFERENTIAL BLOCKED....................................................................... 4-3
e LOCAL....................................................................................................... 4-3
f MESSAGE...................................................................................... ........... 4-3
4.2.4 SYSTEM STATUS INDICATORS.............................................................. 4-3
a TRANSFORMER DE-ENERGIZED........................................................... 4-3
b TRANSFORMER OVERLOAD..................................................................4-3
c LOAD-LIMIT REDUCED............................................................................4-3
d SETPOINT GROUP 1................................................................................ 4-3
e SETPOINT GROUP 2................................................................................ 4-3
f SETPOINT GROUP 3................................................................................ 4-3
SETPOINT GROUP 4................................................................................ 4-3
4.2.5 CONDITION INDICATORS............................................................... ......... 4-4
a TRIP.................... ........................................................................ ...............4-4
b ALARM............................................................ ...........................................4-4
c PICKUP..................... ........................................................................ ......... 4-4
d PHASE A (B/C)................................................................................. ......... 4-4
e GROUND................................................................. .................................. 4-4
4.2.6 PROGRAM PORT .....................................................................................4-4
4.3 KEYPAD
4.3.1 SETPOINT KEY......................................................................................... 4-5
4.3.2 ACTUAL KEY............. ................................................................................ 4-5
4.3.3 ESCAPE KEY............................................................................................ 4-5
4.3.4 ENTER KEY...............................................................................................4-5
4.3.5 MESSAGE UP/DOWN KEY.......................................................................4-5
4.3.6 VALUE UP/DOWN KEY.............................................................................4-5
4.3.7 NUMBER KEYS.............................................. ...........................................4-6
4.3.8 HELP KEY ..................................... ............................................................4-6
4.3.9 RESET KEY............................................................................................... 4-6
4.3.10 NEXT KEY................................................................................................. 4-6
5. SETPOINTS
5.1 OVERVIEW
5.1.1 SETPOINT GROUPS................................................................................ 5-1
5.1.2 SETPOINT ENTRY....................................................................................5-2
5.1.3 SETPOINT WRITE ACCESS..................................................................... 5-2
5.2 AUTO-CONFIGURATION
5.2.1 DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 5-3
5.2.2 A TYPICAL POWER TRANSFORMER .....................................................5-3
5.2.3 DYNAMIC CT RATIO MISMATCH CORRECTION ...................................5-3
a PROBLEM 1:USE OF STANDARD CT RATIOS....................................... 5-3
b PROBLEM 2: ONLOAD TAP CHANGER.................................................. 5-4
5.2.4 PHASE SHIFTS ON THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS......................... 5-6
5.2.5 PHASE ANGLE CORRECTION ................................................................ 5-8
5.2.6 ZERO-SEQUENCE COMPONENT REMOVAL......................................... 5-9
ii
745 Transformer Management Relay
GE Power Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.2.7 TRANSFORMER TYPES TABLE............................................................5-10
5.2.8 TABLE OF PHASE SH IFTS..................................................................... 5-23
5.3 S1 745 SETUP
5.3.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 5-24
5.3.2 PASSCODE .............................................................................................5-24
5.3.3 PREFERENCES...................................................................................... 5-25
5.3.4 COMMUNICATIONS ............................................................................... 5-26
5.3.5 DNP COMMUNICATIONS.................................................................. ..... 5-27
5.3.6 RESETTING............ ................................................................................ 5-28
5.3.7 CLOCK.................................................................................. ...................5-28
5.3.8 DEFAULT MESSAGES........................................................................... 5-29
a ADDING DEFAULT MESSAGES ............................................................5-29
b REMOVING DEFAULT MESSAGES.......................................................5-29
5.3.9 SCRATCHPAD........................................................................................5-30
5.3.10 INSTALLATION.......................................................................................5-30
5.3.11 745 OPTIONS ..........................................................................................5-31
5.3.12 UPGRADE OPTIONS.............................................................................. 5-32
5.4 S2 SYSTEM SETUP
5.4.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 5-33
5.4.2 TRANSFORMER..................................................................................... 5-33
5.4.3 WINDING 1 (2/3)...................................................................................... 5-35
5.4.4 ONLOAD TAP CHANGER....................................................................... 5-36
5.4.5 HARMONICS........................................................................................... 5-37
5.4.6 FLEXCURVES......................................................................................... 5-37
5.4.7 VOLTAGE INPUT.................................................................................... 5-38
5.4.8 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE..................................................................... 5-39
5.4.9 ANALOG INPUT............................................ ..........................................5-40
5.4.10 DEMAND METERING ..................................... ........................................ 5-41
5.4.11 ANALOG OUTPUTS................................................................................ 5-42
5.5 SETPOINTS S3 LOGIC INPUTS
5.5.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 5-43
5.5.2 LOGIC INPUTS........................................................................................ 5-43
5.5.3 VIRTUAL INPUTS.................................................................................... 5-44
5.6 S4 ELEMENTS
5.6.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 5-45
5.6.2 INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTS........................................ ...................5-45
5.6.3 SETPOINT GROUP.................................................................................5-46
5.6.4 DIFFERENTIAL....................................................................................... 5-46
a PERCENT DIFFERENTIAL..................................................................... 5-46
b HARMONIC INHIBIT...... ................................................ ..........................5-49
c ENERGIZATION INHIBIT..................................................................... ...5-49
d ENERGIZATION SENSING.......................................................... ........... 5-50
e 5TH HARMONIC INHIBIT........................................................................ 5-51
5.6.5 INSTANTANEOUS DIFFERENTIA L........................................................ 5-52
5.6.6 PHASE OVERCURRENT................. .................................................. ..... 5-52
a WINDING 1 (2/3) PHASE TIME OVERCURREN T..................................5-52
b WINDING 1 (2/3) PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 1......... 5-54
c WINDING 1 (2/3) PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 2 ........ 5-54
5.6.7 NEUTRAL OVERCURRENT ...................................................................5-55
a WINDING 1 (2/3) NEUTRAL TIME OVERCURRENT ............................. 5-55
b WINDING 1 (2/3) NEUTRAL INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 1 .... 5-56
c WINDING 1 (2/3) NEUTRAL INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 2 .... 5-56
5.6.8 GROUND OVERCURRENT ............... .....................................................5-57
a WINDING 1 (2/3) GROUND TIME OVERCURRENT.............................. 5-57
b WINDING 1 (2/3) GROUND INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 1 ..... 5-58
c WINDING 1 (2/3) GROUND INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 2..... 5-58
5.6.9 RESTRICTED GROUND (DIFFERENTIAL GROUND).................... ....... 5-59
a WINDING 1 (2/3) RESTRICTED GROUND FAULT............. ................... 5-59
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
b RESTRICTED GROUND FAULT SETTINGS EXAMPLE............... ......... 5-61
c SETPOINTS............................................................................................. 5-62
5.6.10 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OVERCURRENT............... ............................. .5-63
a WINDING 1 (2/3) NEGATIVE SEQUENCE TIME OVERCURRENT....... 5-63
b WINDING 1 (2/3) NEG. SEQ. INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURREN T......5-64
5.6.11 FREQUENCY .......................................................................................... 5-65
a UNDERFREQUENCY 1 (2).....................................................................5-65
b FREQUENCY DECAY.............................................................................5-66
c OVERFREQUENCY ................................................................................5-67
5.6.12 OVEREXCITATION.................................................................................5-68
a 5TH HARMONIC LEVEL.........................................................................5-68
b VOLTS-PER-HERTZ 1 (2)....................................................................... 5-69
5.6.13 HARMONICS........................................................................................... 5-70
a WINDING 1 (2/3) THD LEVEL................................................................. 5-70
b WINDING 1 (2/3) HARMONIC DERATING ............................................. 5-71
5.6.14 INSULATION AGING / LOSS OF LIFE FEATURE.................................. 5-72
a DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 5-72
b HOTTEST-SPOT LIMIT ...........................................................................5-72
c INSULATION AGING SETPOINTS.........................................................5-73
5.6.15 AGING FACTOR LIMIT...........................................................................5-74
5.6.16 LOSS OF LIFE LIMIT........... ....................................................................5-75
5.6.17 ANALOG INPUT.................... ..................................................................5-76
a ANALOG LEVEL 1 (2) .............................................................................5-76
5.6.18 CURRENT DEMAND............................................... ................................ 5-77
5.6.19 TRANSFORMER OVERLOAD................................................................5-78
5.6.20 T AP C H ANGER FAILURE..................... .............. ............. .. .. ............. ...... 5-79
5.7 S5 OUTPUTS
5.7.1 DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 5-80
5.7.2 INTRODUCTION TO FLEXLOGIC™.............................................. ......... 5-80
5.7.3 FLEXLOGIC™ RULES............................................................................ 5-82
5.7.4 OUTPUT RELAYS...................................................................................5-84
5.7.5 TRACE MEMORY....................................................................................5-85
5.7.6 VIRTUAL OUTPUTS................................................................................5-85
5.7.7 TIMERS ...................................................................................................5-86
5.8 S6 TESTING
5.8.1 DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 5-87
5.8.2 OUTPUT RELAYS...................................................................................5-87
5.8.3 ANALOG OUTPUTS................................................................................ 5-87
5.8.4 SIMULATION...................................... ..................................................... 5-88
5.8.5 PREFAULT VALUES...............................................................................5-89
5.8.6 FAULT VALUES ...................................................................................... 5-90
5.8.7 FACTORY SERVICE...............................................................................5-90
5.9 TIME OVERCURRENT CURVES
5.9.1 NOTE.......................................................................................................5-91
5.9.2 ANSI CURVES.........................................................................................5-91
5.9.3 DEFINITE TIME CURVE ......................................................................... 5-93
5.9.4 IEC CURVES................. ....................................................................... ... 5-93
5.9.5 IAC CURVES................. ....................................................................... ... 5-95
5.10 INVERSE VOLTS-PER-HERTZ CURVES
5.10.1 INVERSE CURVE 1.................................................................................5-97
5.10.2 INVERSE CURVE 2.................................................................................5-98
5.10.3 INVERSE CURVE 3.................................................................................5-99
6. ACTUAL VALUES
iv
6.1 OVERVIEW
6.1.1 DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 6-1
745 Transformer Management Relay
GE Power Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS
g
6.1.2 ACTUAL VALUES ORGANIZA TION .........................................................6-1
6.2 A1 STATUS
6.2.1 DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.2 DATE AND TIME ....................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.3 LOGIC INPUTS.......................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.4 VIRTUAL INPUTS...................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.5 OUTPUT RELAYS..................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.6 VIRTUAL OUTPUTS..................................................................................6-3
6.2.7 SELF-TEST ERRORS............................................................................... 6-3
6.3 A2 METERING
6.3.1 DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................... 6-4
6.3.2 CURRENT .................................................................................................6-4
a WINDING 1/2/3 CURRENTS............ ......................... ......................... ....... 6-4
b POSITIVE SEQUENCE CUR RENTS ........................................................ 6-5
c NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRENTS..................... .................................. 6-5
d ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENTS....................... ......................... ............... 6-5
e DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT....................................... ................................ 6-6
f RESTRAINT CURRENT............................................................................ 6-6
GROUND DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT......................................................6-6
6.3.3 HARMONIC CONTENT..................................... ........................................ 6-7
a HARMONIC SUB-COMPONENTS...................... ...................................... 6-7
b TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD)................................................. 6-7
c HARMONIC DERATING FACTOR............................................................6-8
6.3.4 FREQUENCY ............................................................................................ 6-8
6.3.5 TAP CHANGER......................................................................................... 6-8
6.3.6 VOLTAGE..................................................................................................6-9
6.3.7 DEMAND ................................................................................................... 6-9
a DEMAND DATA CLEAR............... ............................................................. 6-9
b CURRENT DEMAND...............................................................................6-10
6.3.8 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE..................................................................... 6-10
6.3.9 LOSS OF LIFE.........................................................................................6-10
6.3.10 ANALOG INPUT................ ......................................................................6-11
6.3.11 POWER...................................................................................................6-11
6.3.12 ENERGY................ .................................................................................. 6-12
a ENERGY DATA CLEAR.......................................................................... 6-12
b W1/W2/W3 ENERGY............................................................................... 6-12
6.4 A3 EVENT RECORDER
6.4.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 6-13
6.4.2 EVENT DATA RESET.............................................................................6-13
6.4.3 EVENT RECORDS..................................................................................6-13
6.5 A4 PRODUCT INFO
6.5.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 6-17
6.5.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT..........................................................................6-17
6.5.3 REVISION CODES .................................................................................. 6-17
6.5.4 CALIBRATION .........................................................................................6-18
6.6 TARGET MESSAGES
6.6.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 6-19
6.7 SELF-TEST ERRORS
6.7.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 6-21
6.7.2 MAJOR SELF-TEST ERRORS................................................................ 6-21
6.7.3 MINOR SELF-TEST ERRORS ................................................................ 6-21
6.8 FLASH MESSAGES
6.8.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 6-23
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7. SCHEME LOGIC
8. COMMUNICATIONS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.1.1 DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 7-1
7.1.2 SETPOINTS...............................................................................................7-1
7.1.3 MEASUREMENT UNITS........................................................................... 7-1
7.1.4 TIME DELAYS...........................................................................................7-1
7.1.5 LED INDICATORS.....................................................................................7-1
7.1.6 LOGIC........................................................................................................7-1
7.2 BLOCK DIAGRAMS
7.2.1 DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME LOGIC............................................................. 7-2
7.2.2 OVERCURRENT SCHEME LOGIC...........................................................7-8
7.2.3 FREQUENCY LOGIC.............................................................................. 7-20
8.1 OVERVIEW
8.1.1 PROTOCOLS ............................................................................................ 8-1
8.1.2 PHYSICAL LAYER.................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 MODBUS PROTOCOL
8.2.1 DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 8-2
8.2.2 GE POWER MANAGEMENT MODB U S PROTOCOL ....... ............. .. .. ...... 8-2
8.2.3 ELECTRICAL INTERFACE .............................................................. ......... 8-2
8.2.4 DATA FRAME FORMAT AND RATE ........................................................ 8-2
8.2.5 DATA PACKET FORMAT............................................................... ........... 8-3
8.2.6 CRC-16 ALGORITHM................................................................................ 8-4
8.2.7 MESSAGE TIMING.................................................................................... 8-4
8.2.8 SUPPORTED FUNCTION CODES...........................................................8-5
8.2.9 FUNCTION CODE 03H/04H: READ ACTUAL VALUES/SETPOINTS...... 8-6
8.2.10 FUNCTION CODE 05H: EXECUTE OPERATION.................................... 8-7
8.2.11 FUNCTION CODE 06H: STORE SINGLE SETPOINT........................ ...... 8-8
8.2.12 FUNCTION CODE 10H: STORE MULTIPLE SETPOINTS....................... 8-9
8.2.13 EXCEPTION RESPONSES..................................................................... 8-10
8.2.14 READING THE EVENT R ECORDER...................................................... 8-11
8.2.15 READING TRACE MEMORY.................................................................. 8-11
8.2.16 ACCESSING DATA VIA THE USER MAP .............................................. 8-12
8.2.17 FUNCTION CODE SUBSTITUTIONS..................................................... 8-15
a FUNCTION CODE 03H AND 04 SUBSTITUTIONS................................ 8-15
b FUNCTION CODE 05H SUBSTITUTION ................................................8-15
c FUNCTION CODE 06H SUBSTITUTION................................................ 8-16
8.2.18 MEMORY MAP ORGANIZATION.................................. .......................... 8-16
8.3 MODBUS MEMORY MAP
8.3.1 745 MEMORY MAP .................................................................................8-17
8.3.2 MEMORY MAP DATA FORMATS.................. ....................... ..................8-74
8.4 DNP COMMUNICATIONS
8.4.1 DEVICE PROFILE DOCUMENT ............................................................. 8-92
8.4.2 IMPLEMENATION TABLE.............. .................................... ..................... 8- 9 4
8.5 POINT LISTS
8.5.1 POINT LIST TABLES............................................................................... 8-96
9. 745 PC SOFTWARE
vi
9.1 OVERVIEW
9.1.1 DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 9-1
9.1.2 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS .......................................9-2
9.1.3 MENU SUMMARY.....................................................................................9-2
745 Transformer Management Relay
GE Power Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS
g
9.1.4 TOOLBAR.................................................................................................. 9-3
9.1.5 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION...............................................................9-3
9.2 INSTALLATION & CONFIGURATION
9.2.1 745PC INSTALLATION ............................................................................. 9-5
9.2.2 STARTUP & COMMUNICATIONS CONFIGURATION.............................9-6
9.3 USING 745PC
9.3.1 SAVING SETPOINTS TO A FILE......................................... .....................9-7
9.3.2 745 FIRMWARE UPGRADES ................................................................... 9-8
9.3.3 LOADING SETPOINTS FROM A FILE...................................................... 9-9
9.3.4 ENTERING SETPOINTS........................................................................... 9-9
9.3.5 VIEWING ACTUAL VALUES................................................................... 9-11
10. COMMISSIONING
10.1 GENERAL
10.1.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................10-1
10.1.2 TESTING PHILOSOPHY.................... ..................................................... 10-1
10.1.3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS........................................................................ 10-2
10.1.4 CONVENTIONS....................................................................................... 10-2
10.2 TEST EQUIPMENT
10.2.1 TEST SETUP........................................................................................... 10-3
10.3 GENERAL PRELIMINARY WORK
10.3.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 10-4
10.3.2 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TESTING ...................................................... 10-5
10.4 LOGIC INPUTS & OUTPUT RELAYS
10.4.1 LOGIC INPUTS........................................................................................ 10-6
a PROCEDURE..........................................................................................10-6
10.4.2 OUTPUT RELAYS................................................................................... 10-7
a PROCUDURE:............................................ .............................................10-7
10.5 DISPLAY, METERING, COMMUNICATIONS, ANALOG
OUTPUTS
10.5.1 DESCRIPTION........................................................................................ 10-8
10.5.2 CURRENT INPUTS......... ........................................................................10-8
10.5.3 VOLTAGE INPUT.................................................................................... 10-9
10.5.4 TRANSFORMER-TYPE SELECTION ..................................................... 10-9
a AUTOMATIC TRANSFORM ATION PERFORMED IN THE 745............. 10-9
b EFFECTS OF ZERO-SEQUENCE COMPONENT REMOVAL ............. 10-10
10.5.5 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE INPUT.......................................................10-11
a BASIC CALIBRATION OF RTD INPUT................................................. 10-11
b DETAILED CALIBRATION OF RTD INPUT .......................................... 10-11
c AMBIENT TEMPERATURE BY MONTHLY AVERAGES...................... 10-12
10.5.6 ANALOG OUTPUTS.............................................................................. 10-13
10.5.7 TAP POSITION...................................................................................... 10-13
10.6 PROTECTION SCHEMES
10.6.1 WARNING.............................................................................................. 10-14
10.6.2 HARMONIC RESTRAINED PERCENT DIFFERENTIAL ......................10-14
a MINIMUM PICKUP.......... ......................................................................10-14
b VERIFICATION OF LOCAL RESET MODE .......................................... 10-15
c VER IFICATION OF R E MOTE RESET M O D E........ .. ............. .............. .. 10-15
d VERIFICATION OF SOLID STATE OUTPUT........................................ 10-15
e BASIC OPERATING TIME....................................................................10-16
f SLOPE MEASU REMENTS ....................................................................10-16
SLOPE KNEEPO I N T .. .. .. ............. .. .............. . ........................... .. ............ 10-17
h 2nd HARMONIC RESTRAINT............................................................... 10-18
i 5th HARMONIC RESTRAINT................................................................10-18
j ENERGIZATION DETECTION SCHEME.............................................. 10-19
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
k TARGET, OUTPUT CONTACT, & DISPLAY OPERATION .................. 10-20
l BLOCKING FROM LOGIC INPUTS ...................................................... 10-20
10.6.3 INSTANTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION ............................. 10-20
a MINIMUM PICKUP .............. ..................................................................10-20
b OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-20
c TARGET, OUTPUT CONTACT, & DISPLAY OPERATION .................. 10-21
d BLOCKING FROM LOGIC INPUTS ...................................................... 10-21
10.6.4 PHASE TIME OVERCURRENT ............................................................ 10-21
a WINDING #1 ELEMENTS.......... ............................................................ 10-21
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-22
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-22
d RESET TIME......................................................................................... 10-22
e PHASE B AND C ELEMENTS...............................................................10-22
f WINDING #2 AND #3 ELEMENTS........................................................10-23
10.6.5 PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 1 ................................... 10-23
a WINDING #1 ELEMENTS.......... ............................................................ 10-23
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-23
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-23
d PHASE B AND C ELEMENTS...............................................................10-23
e WINDING #2 AND #3 ELEMENTS ........................................................10-24
10.6.6 PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 2 ................................... 10-24
10.6.7 NEUTRAL TIME OVERCURRENT........................................................10-24
a WINDING #1 ELEMENT........................................................................ 10-24
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-24
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-25
d RESET TIME......................................................................................... 10-25
e WINDING #2 OR WINDING #3 ELEMENTS .........................................10-25
10.6.8 NEUTRAL INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 1............. ..................10-26
a WINDING #1 ELEMENT........................................................................ 10-26
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-26
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-26
d WINDING 2 AND 3 ELEMENTS ............................................................10-26
10.6.9 NEUTRAL INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 2............. ..................10-27
10.6.10 GROUND TIME OVERCURRENT................ ........................... .............. 10-27
a WINDING 1 ELEMENT............................................................... ........... 10-27
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-27
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-28
d RESET TIME......................................................................................... 10-28
e WINDING 2 OR 3 ELEM ENTS ..............................................................10-28
10.6.11 GROUND INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 1....................... ......... 10-28
a WINDING 1 ELEMENT............................................................... ........... 10-28
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-29
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-29
d WINDING 2 OR ELEMENT....................................................................10-29
10.6.12 GROUND INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT 2....................... ......... 10-29
10.6.13 RESTRICTED GROUND FAULT....................................... ....................10-30
a WINDING #1 ELEMENT........................................................................ 10-30
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-30
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-31
d SLOPE...................................................................................................10-31
e WINDING 2 OR 3 ELEM ENTS ..............................................................10-31
10.6.14 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE TIME OVERCURRENT ................................. 10-31
a WINDING #1 ELEMENT........................................................................ 10-31
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-32
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-32
d RESET TIME......................................................................................... 10-33
e WINDINGS 2 AND 3 ELEMENTS..........................................................10-33
10.6.15 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT ...........10-33
a WINDING 1 ELEMENT............................................................... ........... 10-33
b PICKUP LEVEL ..................................................................................... 10-33
c OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-34
d WINDING 2 AND 3 ELEMENTS ............................................................10-34
10.6.16 FREQUENCY ELEMENTS.................................................................... 10-34
viii
745 Transformer Management Relay
GE Power Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.6.17 UNDERFREQUENCY 1......................................................................... 10-35
a PRELIMINARIES ................................................................................... 10-35
b VOLTAGE INPUT FUNCTION (VOLTAGE INPUT ENABLED).............10-35
c CURRENT INPUT FUNCTION (VOLTAGE INPUT DISABLED)...........10-36
10.6.18 UNDERFREQUENCY 2......................................................................... 10-37
10.6.19 OVERFREQUENCY .............................................................................. 10-37
a PRELIMINARIES ................................................................................... 10-37
b VOLTAGE INPUT FUNCTION (VOLTAGE INPUT ENABLED).............10-37
c CURRENT INPUT FUNCTION (VOLTAGE INPUT DISABLED)...........10-38
10.6.20 FREQUENCY DECAY RA T E 1 ....... .. .. ............. .............. .. ............. ........ 10-39
a PRELIMIN A R I ES .............. ......................... ............. ......................... ...... 10 - 3 9
b VOLTAGE INPUT FUNCTION (VOLTAGE INPUT ENABLED).............10-39
c CURRENT INPUT FUNCTION (VOLTAGE INPUT DISABLED)...........10-40
d FREQUENCY DECAY RATE 2, 3, & 4.................................................. 10-40
10.6.21 VOLTS-PER-HZ 1(2) ............................................................................. 10-41
10.6.22 5TH HARMONIC SCHEME...................................................................10-41
10.6.23 INSULATION AGING............................................................................. 10-42
a PRELIMINARIES ................................................................................... 10-42
b HOTTEST SPOT LIMIT......................................................................... 10-42
c AGING FACTOR LIMIT ......................................................................... 10-42
d LOSS-OF-LIFE LIMIT ............................................................................ 10-42
10.6.24 TAP MONITOR FAILURE...................................................................... 10-42
10.7 AUXILIARY PROTECTION/MONITORING FUNCTIONS
10.7.1 THD LEVEL SCHEME............................................................ ............... 10-43
a MINIMUM PICKUP.......... ......................................................................10-43
b OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-43
c MINIMUM OPERATING CURRENT...................... ................................ 10-43
d OTHER THD ELEMENTS......................................................................10-43
10.7.2 HARMONIC DERATING FUNCTION.................................................... 10-44
a OPERATING LEVEL.............................................................................. 10-44
b OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-44
10.7.3 T R AN SFORMER OVERLOAD .................. ............. .. ............. .............. .. 10-45
a OPERATING LEVEL.............................................................................. 10-45
b OPERATING TIME................................................................................10-45
10.8 PLACING RELAY INTO SERVICE
10.8.1 DESCRIPTION...................................................................................... 10-46
11. SETPOINT TABLES
A. FIGURES AND TABLES
B. EU DECLARATION OF
11.1 COMMISSIONING SUMMARY
11.1.1 S1 745 SETUP.........................................................................................11-1
11.1.2 S2 SYSTEM SETUP................................................................................ 11-2
11.1.3 FLEXCURVES .........................................................................................11-4
11.1.4 S3 LOGIC INPUTS..................................................................................11-5
11.1.5 S4 ELEMENTS........................................................................................ 11-6
11.1.6 S5 OUTPUTS........................................................................................ 11-18
A.1 FIGURES AND TABLES
A.1.1 LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................A-1
A.1.2 LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................A-2
B.1 EU DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
CONFORMITY
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C. WARRANTY
C.1 WARRANTY INFORMATION
C.1.1 WARRANTY..............................................................................................C-1
x
745 Transformer Management Relay
GE Power Management
1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION
1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 DESCRIPTION
The 745 is a high speed , multi-processor based, 3-phase, two or three wi nding, Tran sformer Management
Relay™ intended for the primary protection and management of small, medium and large power transformers.
The 745 combines Percent Differentia l, Overcur rent , Frequency and Overe xcitatio n protecti on eleme nts along
with monitoring of individual harmonics, and THD in one economical package.
The relay provides a variety of adaptive relaying features:
• Adaptive Harmonic Restraint which addresses the problem of false tripping during inrush
• Adaptive Time Overcurrent Elements which will adjus t their pick up setti ngs based on the calcula ted tran sformer capability when supplying load currents with high harmonic content
• Multiple Setpoint Groups which allow the user to enter and d ynamically select from up to four groups of
relay settings to address the protection requirements of different power system configurations
• Dynamic CT Ratio Mismatch Correction which monitors the on-load tap position and automatically corrects
for CT ratio mismatch
• FlexLogic™ which allows PLC style equations based on logic inputs & protection elements to be assigned
to any of the 745 outputs.
The 745 also include s a powe r ful t es tin g and si mu lat ion feat ur e. T his a ll ows the protec ti on e ngi nee r th e ab il ity
to test the relay operation based on captured or computer generated waveform data which can be converted to
a digitized format and downloaded into the 745’s simulation buffer for “playback”.
The 745 also provides its own Waveform Capture func tion which will rec ord waveform data for fault, inrush or
alarm conditions.
1
The Auto-Configuration fu nction eliminates the need for any spec ial CT connections by having all CTs connected in wye.
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Rel ay 1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW
1.1.2 SUMMARY OF PROTECTION FEATURES
1
SYMBOL COMMON PROTECTION ELEMENT SYMBOL WINDING 2 PROTECTION ELEMENT
59/81-1 Volts-Per-Hertz 1 250/46 Negative Sequence Instantaneous O/C
59/81-2 Volts-Per-Hertz 2 251/46 Negative Sequence Time O/C
81U-1 Underfrequency 1 250P1 Phase Instantaneous O/C 1
81U-2 Underfrequency 2 250P2 Phase Instantaneous O/C 2
81U-R1 Frequency Decay Rate 1 250N1 Neutral (3I
81U-R2 Frequency Decay Rate 2 250N2 Neutral (3I
) Instantaneous O/C 1
0
) Instantaneous O/C 2
0
81U-R3 Frequency Decay Rate 3 250G1 Ground Instantaneous O/C 1
81U-R4 Frequency Decay Rate 4 250G2 Ground Instantaneous O/C 2
81-H5 5th Harmonic Level 251P Phase Time O/C
81O Overfrequency 251N Neutral (3I
) Time O/C
0
87 Differential (Percent) 251G Ground Time O/C
50/87 Instantaneous Differential 287TG Ground Differential (
Restricted Ground Fault
AN-1 Analog Input Level 1 2THD Total Harmonic Distortion Level
AN-2 Analog Input Level 2 2AD Current Demand
Insulation Aging
– Aging Factor
– Hottest Spot Limit
– Total Accumulated Life
)
Tap Changer Monitor
SYMBOL WINDING 1 PROTECTION ELEMENT SYMBOL WINDING 3 PROTECTION ELEMENT
150/46 Negative Sequence Instantaneous O/C 350/46 Negative Sequence Instantaneous O/C
151/46 Negative Sequence Time O/c 351/46 Negative Sequence Time O/c
150P1 Phase Instantaneous O/C 1 350P1 Phase Instantaneous O/C 1
150P2 Phase Instantaneous O/C 2 350P2 Phase Instantaneous O/C 2
150N1 Neutral (3I
150N2 Neutral (3I
) Instantaneous O/C 1 350N1 Neutral (3I0) Instantaneous O/C 1
0
) Instantaneous O/C 2 350N2 Neutral (3I0) Instantaneous O/C 2
0
150G1 Ground Instantaneous O/C 1 351P Phase Time O/C
150G2 Ground Instantaneous O/C 2 351N Neutral (3I
) Time O/C
0
151P Phase Time O/C 351G Ground Time O/C
151N Neutral (3I
) Time O/C 387TG Ground Differential (
0
Restricted Ground Fault
151G Ground Time O/C 3THD Total Harmonic Distortion Level
187TG Ground Differential (
Restricted Ground Fault
) 3AD Current Demand
1THD Total Harmonic Distortion Level
1AD Current Demand
)
1-2 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION
745
1
Figure 1–1: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Rel ay 1-3
1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW
1.1.3 ORDER CODES
745
W2 P5
745
TRANSFORMER
MANAGEMENT
®
RELAY
WINDINGS PER PHASE
W2=2WINDING
W3=3WINDING
PHASE CURRENT INPUT RATINGS
WINDING
P1
P5
P15
P51
P115
P151
P155
P511
P515
P551
1
=
1A
=
5A
=
1A
=
5A
=
1A
=
1A
=
1A
=
5A
=
5A
=
5A
1A
5A
5A
1A
1A
5A
5A
1A
1A
5A
3
(1 A)
(5 A)
—
—
5A
1A
5A
1A
5A
1A
G5
LO
L
AR
GROUND CURRENT INPUT RATINGS
WINDING
1/222/3
G1
=
1A
G5
G15
G51
=
=
=
5A
1A
5A
1A
5A
5A
1A
CONTROL POWER
LO = 24-60 Vdc
20-48 Vac @ 48-62 Hz
HI = 90-300 Vdc
70-265 Vac @ 48-62 Hz
OPTIONS
A = ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUTS
L = LOSS OF LIFE
R = RESTRICTED GROUND FAULT
Figure 1–2: 745 ORDER CODES
745ORDER.CDR
1-4 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW 1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 1.2.1 APPLICABILITY
Transformers: 2 Winding or 3 Winding
Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz nominal
(frequency tracking allows operation from 2 to 65 Hz)
CONTROL POWER (POWER SUPPLY)
Options: LO/HI (specified when ordering)
LO Range: DC = 20 to 60 V; AC = 20 to 48 V @ 48 to 62 Hz
HI Range: DC = 90 to 300 V; AC = 70 to 265 V @ 48 to 62 Hz
Power: 30 VA nominal, 40 VA maximum
Fuse (not accessible): Hi-Volt: Current rating: 3.15 A
Type: 5 × 20 mm Slow-Blow Littelfuse, High Breaking Capacity
Model #: 2153.15
Low-V olt: C urrent rating: 3.15 A
Type: 5 × 20 mm Slow-Blow Littelfuse, High Breaking Capacity
Model #: 2153.15
PHASE CURRENT INPUT
Source CT: 1 to 50000 A primary / 1 or 5 A secondary
Relay Input: 1 A or 5 A (specified when ordering)
Burden: Less than 0.2 VA at rated load per phase
Conversion Range: 0.02 to 46 × CT
Accuracy: at < 4 x CT: ± 0.25% of 4 × CT (± 0.01 × CT)
at ≥ 4 x CT: ± 0.5% of 46 × CT (± 0.2 × CT)
Overload Withstand: 1 second at 80 times rated current
2 seconds at 40 times rated current
continuous at 3 times rated current
1
1.2.2 INPUTS
GROUND CURRENT INPUT
Source CT: 1 to 50000 A primary / 1 or 5 A secondary
Relay Input: 1 A or 5 A (specified when ordering)
Burden: Less than 0.2 VA at rated load
Conversion Range: 0.02 to 46 × CT
Accuracy: at < 4 × CT: ± 0.25% of 4 x CT (± 0.01 × CT)
at ≥ 4 × CT: ± 0.5% of 46 x CT (± 0.2 × CT)
Overload Withstand: 1 second at 80 times rated current
2 seconds at 40 times rated current
continuous at 3 times rated current
VOLTAGE INPUTS
Source VT: 2 to 600 kV / 60 to 120 V
Source VT Ratio: 1 to 5000 in steps of 1
Relay Input: 60 V to 120 V phase-neutral
Burden: Less than 0.025 VA at 120 V
Max. Continuous: 273 V
Accuracy: ± 1% of 2 × VT (± 0.02 × VT)
LOGIC INPUTS (16)
Dry Contacts: 1000 Ω maximum ON resistance (32 V DC at 2 mA provided by 745)
Wet Contacts: Inputs 1 to 16: 30 to 300 V DC at 1.5 mA
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Rel ay 1-5
1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW
ANALOG INPUT
Type: DC mA
1
Ranges: 0-1 mA, 0-5 mA, 0-10 mA, 0-20 mA, or 4-20 mA (programmable)
Input Impedance: 375 Ω ± 10%
Conversion Range: 0 to 21 mA
Accuracy: ± 1% of full scale (based on input range)
TAP POSITION
Type: resistance (ohms)
Range: 0 to 500 Ω or 0.5 to 5.0 kΩ
Bias Current: 1 mA or 10 mA (based on input range)
Accuracy: ± 1% of full scale (based on input range)
RTD
Type: 3 wire
RTD Type 100 Ω Platinum (DIN.43760)
100 Ω Nickel
120 Ω Nickel
IRIG-B INPUT
Amplitude-Modulated: 1.0 to 10 V pk-pk
DC Shift: TTL
Input Impedance 70 to 100 kΩ
PERCENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Operating Current Pickup: 0.05 to 1.00 in steps of 0.01 x CT
Dropout Level: 97 to 98% of Pickup
SLOPE-1 Range: 15% to 100% in steps of 1
SLOPE-2 Range: 50% to 200% in steps of 1
KP (SLOPE-1 Kneepoint): 1.0 to 20.0 in steps of 0.1 x CT
Harmonic Restraint: 0.1% to 65.0% in steps of 0.1
Operate Time: Solid State Output: Pickup < 1 x CT: 42 to 52 ms
1 x CT < Pickup < 1.1 × kneepoint: 34 to 44 ms
Pickup > 1.1 × kneepoint: 26 to 36 ms
Relay Outputs 2-5: Pickup < 1 x CT: 46 to 56 ms
1 x CT < Pickup < 1.1 × kneepoint: 38 to 48 ms
Pickup > 1.1 × kneepoint: 30 to 40 ms
INSTANTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL OVERCURRENT
Pickup Level: 3.00 to 20.00 in steps of 0.01 x CT
Dropout Level: 97 to 98% of Pickup
Level Accuracy: Per current input
Operate Time: Solid State Output: at 1.2 x pickup: 22 to 30 ms
at 2.0 x pickup: 18 to 26 ms
at 4.0 x pickup:11 to 19 ms
Relay Outputs 2-5: at 1.2 x pickup: 28 to 36 ms
at 2.0 x pickup: 24 to 32 ms
at 4.0 x pickup: 17 to 25 ms
1.2.3 PROTECTION ELEMENTS
1-6 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW 1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
PHASE / NEUTRAL / GROUND / NEGATIVE SEQUENCE TIME OVERCURRENT
Pickup Level: 0.05 to 20.00 in steps of 0.01 x CT
Dropout Level: 97 to 98% of Pickup
Curve Shape: ANSI Extreme ly/Very/Moderately/Normally Inverse;
Definite Time (0.1 s base curve);
IEC Curve A/B/C and Short;
FlexCurve™ A/B/C (programmable curves);
IAC Extreme/Very /In ve rse /Short
Curve Multiplier Time Dial: 0.5 to 30 for ANSI, IAC & Flex Curves™ in steps of 0.1 s;
0.05 to 100.00 for IEC curves in steps of 0.01
Reset Type: Instantaneous or Linear
Level Accuracy: Per current input
Timing Accuracy: at ≥ 1.03 × pickup: ± 3% of trip time or ± 20 ms (whichever is greater)
PHASE / NEUTRAL / GROUND / NEGATIVE SEQUENCE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT
Pickup Level: 0.05 to 20.00 in steps of 0.01 × CT
Dropout Level: 97 to 98% of Pickup
Time Delay: 0 to 60000 in steps of 1 ms
Level Accuracy: Per current input
Operate Ti me: Solid State Output: at 1.2 × pickup: 22 to 30 ms
at 2.0 × pickup: 18 to 26 ms
at 4.0 × pickup: 11 to 19 ms
Relay Outputs 2-5: at 1.2 × pickup: 28 to 36 ms
at 2.0 × pickup: 24 to 32 ms
at 4.0 × pickup: 17 to 25 ms
1
UNDERFREQUENCY (2 ELEMENTS)
Operating Current Pickup: 0.05 to 1.00 in steps of 0.01 × CT
Operating Voltage Pickup 0.10 to 0.99 in steps of 0.01 × VT
Pickup Level: 45.00 to 59.99 in steps of 0.01 Hz
Dropout Level: Pickup + 0.03 Hz
Time Delay: 0.00 to 600.00 s in steps of 0.01 s
Signal Source: Winding 1 phase A current / voltage
Level Accuracy: ±0.02 Hz
Operate Time: Solid State Output: at 3% beyond pickup: 120 to 150 ms
Relay Outputs 2 to 5: at 3% beyond pickup: 125 to 155 ms (delay set at 0.0 sec.)
FREQUENCY RATE OF CHANGE (4 ELEMENTS)
Operating Current Pickup: 0.05 to 1.00 in steps of 0.01 × CT
Operating Voltage Pickup 0.10 to 0.99 in steps of 0.01 × VT
Pickup Level: 45.00 to 59.99 in steps of 0.01 Hz
Dropout Level: Pickup + 0.03 Hz
Rate 1/2/3/4: 0.1 to 5.0 in steps of 0.1 Hz/sec.
Dropout Level: Pickup + 0.07 Hz/sec.
Signal Source: Winding 1 phase A current / voltage
Level Accuracy: ±0.02 Hz
Operate Time: The operate time of the fr equ ency trend elemen t is va riable a nd is de penden t on t he deca y
rate setting and the supervision frequency level.
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Rel ay 1-7
1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW
OVERFREQUENCY (1 ELEMENT)
Operating Current Pickup: 0.05 to 1.00 in steps of 0.01 × CT
1
Operating Voltage Pickup 0.10 to 0.99 in steps of 0.01 × VT
Pickup Level: 50.01 to 65.00 in steps of 0.01 Hz
Dropout Level: Pickup – 0.03 Hz
Time Delay: 0.00 to 600.00 s in steps of 0.01 s
Signal Source: Winding 1 phase A current / voltage
Level Accuracy: ±0.02 Hz
Operate Time: Solid State Output: at 3% beyond pickup: 120 to 150 ms
Relay Outputs 2-5: at 3% beyond pickup: 125 to 155 ms (delay set to 0.0 s)
OVEREXCITATION ON VOLTS/HERTZ (2 ELEMENTS)
Operating Voltage Pickup: 0.10 to 0.99 in steps of 0.01 × VT
Pickup Level: 1.00 to 4.00 in steps of 0.01 V/Hz
Curve Shape: Definite Time (0.1 sec. base curve);
IEC Curve A/B/C
Time Delay: 0.00 to 600.00 s in steps of 0.01 s
Reset Delay: 0.0 to 6000.0 s in steps of 0.1 s
Signal Source: Voltage
Range: 10 to 65 Hz
Level Accuracy: ±0.02 V/Hz
Operate Ti me: Solid State Output: at 1.10 × pickup: 165 to 195 ms
Relay Outputs 2-5: at 1.10 × pickup: 170 to 200 ms (delay set to 0.0 s)
OVEREXCITATION ON 5TH HARMONIC LEVEL
Operating Current Pickup: 0.03 to 1.00 in steps of 0.01 × CT
Pickup Level: 0.1 to 99.9 in steps of 0.1%
Dropout: 95% of pickup
Time Delay: 0 to 60000 s in steps of 1 s
Signal Source: All phase currents
Operate Ti me: Solid State Output: at 1.10 × pickup: 20 to 120 ms
Relay Outputs 2-5: at 1.10 × pickup: 25 to 125 ms (delay set at 0.0 s)
INSULATION AGING: HOTTEST-SPOT LIMIT
Pickup Level: 50 to 300 in steps of 1°C
Delay: 0 to 60000 in steps of 1 min.
INSULATION AGING: AGING FACTOR LIMIT
Pickup Level: 1.1 to 10.0 in steps of 0.1
Delay: 0 to 60000 in steps of 1 min.
INSULATION AGING: LOSS OF LIFE LIMIT
Pickup Level: 0 to 20000 in steps of 1 x 10 h
1-8 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW 1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
1.2.4 OUTPUTS
Analog Outputs (7)
Output Range: 0-1 mA, 0-5 mA, 0-10 mA, 0-20 mA, or 4-20 mA
Maximum Load: 0-1 mA: 10 kΩ
4-20 mA: 600 Ω
Isolation: Fully isolated
Accuracy: ± 1% of full scale
Solid State Output
Maximum Ratings: Make & Carry 15 A at 250 V DC for 500 ms
Output Relays
Configuration: 2-5 TRIP: Form A (breaker trip rated)
6-8 AUXILIARY : Form C
9 SELF-TEST: Form C
Contact Material: silver alloy
Max Ratings: 300 V AC, 250 V DC, 15 A, 1500 VA
RELAYS: 2-5 TRIP RELAYS: 6-8 AUXILIARY, 9 SELF-TEST
VOLTAGE MAKE/CARRY
DC
Resistive
DC
Inductive
L/R = 40 ms
AC
Resistive
AC Inductive
PF = 0.4
30 V DC 20 A 40 A 10 A 300 W DC
125 V DC 20 A 40 A 0.8 A 300 W 125 V DC 10 A 30 A 0.5 A 62.5 W
250 V DC 20 A 40 A 0.4 A 300 W 250 V DC 10 A 30 A 0.3 A 75 W
30 V DC 20 A 40 A 5 A 150 W DC
125 V DC 20 A 40 A 0.3 A 150 W 125 V DC 10 A 30 A 0.25 A 31.3 W
250 V DC 20 A 40 A 0.2 A 150 W 250 V DC 10 A 30 A 0.15 A 37.5 W
120 V AC 20 A 80 A 20 A 5000 VA AC
240 V AC 20 A 80 A 20 A 5000 VA 240 V AC 10 A 30 A 10 A 2770 VA
120 V AC 20 A 80 A 8 A 5000 VA AC Inductive
240 V AC 20 A 80 A 7 A 5000 VA 240 V AC 10 A 30 A 3 A 750 VA
CONTINUOUS
MAKE/
CARRY 0.2s
BREAK MAX
LOAD
VOLTAGE MAKE/CARRY
30 V DC 10 A 30 A 10 A 300 W
Resistive
30 V DC 10 A 30 A 5 A 150 W
Inductive
L/R = 40 ms
120 V AC 10 A 30 A 10 A 2770 VA
Resistive
120 V AC 10 A 30 A 4 A 480 VA
PF = 0.4
CONTINUOUS
MAKE/
CARRY 0.2s
BREAK MAX
LOAD
1
COMMUNICATIONS
All Ports: 300 to 19200 baud, programmable parity, Modbus RTU protocol, DNP
CLOCK
Resolution: 1 ms
Accuracy with IRIG-B: ±1 ms
without IRIG-B: ±1 minute/month
Backup Battery Life: 10 years continuous use
HARMONICS
Individual Range: 0.00 to 99.9%
Accuracy: ±1% of Full Scale @ 0.5 x CT
THD Range: 0.00 to 99.9%
Accuracy: ±1% of Full Scale @ 0.5 x CT
OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
Operating Temperature Range:–40°C to +60°C
Ambient Storage Temperature: –40
°
C to +80°C
Humidity: up to 90% non-condensing
Altitude: 2000 m
Pollution degree: II
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Rel ay 1-9
1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 1 PRODUCT OVERVIEW
CASE
Fully drawout unit (automatic CT shorts); Seal provision; Dust tight door; Panel or 19" rack mount
1
Weight (case & relay): 18 lbs., 6 oz.
IP class: X0
PRODUCTION TESTS
Thermal: Operational test at ambient then increasing to 60 °C
Dielectric Strength: Per IEC 255-5 and ANSI/IEEE C37.90
On CT inputs, VT inputs, Control Power inputs, Switch inputs, and Relay outputs
(2 kV for 1 second)
TYPE WITHSTAND TESTS
Fast Transient: per ANSI/IEEE C37.90.1 (5 kV)
per IEC 255-22-4 (4 kV)
Insulation Resistance: per IEC 255-5 (500 V DC, 2000 MΩ)
Dielectric Strength: per IEC 255-5 and ANSI/IEEE C37.90 (2 kV at 60 Hz for 1 minute)
Surge Immunity: per EN 61000-4-5 (common mode 4 kV, differential modes 2 kV)
per ANSI/IEEE C37.90.1, IEC 255-22-1, and Ontario Hydro A-28M-82
Voltage Dips: per IEC 1000-4-1 (0%, 40%)
Electrostatic Discharge: per IEC 255-22-2 (8/15 kV)
Power Freq uency/
Magnetic Field Immunity: per EN 61000-4-8
Damp Heat (Cyclic Humidity) per IEC 68-2-30 (6 days)
Temperature Cycle: –40°C, +60°C
Mechanical Stress 2 g
Make and Carry Rating 30 A
Current Withstand: per ANSI/IEEE C37.90 (40 × rated A for 2 seconds, 80 × rated A for 1 second)
RFI Radiated Immunity: per IEC 255-22-3 (160 MHz, 460 MHz)
per EN 61000-4-3 (10 V/m)
RFI Conducted Immunity: per EN 61000-4-6 (10 V)
RFI Conducted/Radiated
Emission: per EN 55011 / CISPR 11 FCC Part 15
APPROVALS
CSA: CSA approved
CE: Conforms to IEC 1010-1 / EN 50082-2
UL: UL approved
ISO: Manufactured under ISO9001 registered program
It is recommended that all 745 re lays be powered up at least once per year to avoid deterioration of electrolytic capacitors in the power supply.
NOTE
Specifications subject to change without notice.
1-10 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
2 GETTING STARTED 2.1 USING THE FRONT PANEL DISPLAY
2 GETTING ST ARTED 2.1 USING THE FRONT PANEL DISPLAY 2.1.1 MANEUVERING
The following procedure describes how to maneuver through the 745 setpoints and actual values.
yy SETPOINTS HAVE NOT
yy BEEN PROGRAMMED!
yy ACTUAL VALUES
yy A1 STATUS
yy SETPOINTS
yy S1 745 SETUP
yy SETPOINTS
yy S2 SYSTEM SETUP
y PASSCODE
y[ENTER] for more
y END OF PAGE S1
y
When powered on successfully, the SELF-TEST ERROR and MESSAGE
indicators will be on with thi s mess age on th e display. It indicates that the 745
is in the
Not Programmed
state and safeguards against the installation of a relay
whose setpoints hav e not been entered. This message wil l remain until the
relay is explicitly put in the
Programmed
state.
Press any front panel k ey onc e an d the hea der for th e firs t ac tua l val ues pag e
appears. This page con tains syst em and relay status inf ormation. Repe atedly
press the key to display the 2
headers. Press the key once more to return to the 1
ACTUAL
ACTUAL
nd
, 3rd, and 4th actual values page
st
actual values
page header. There are 4 actual values pa ges in all, numbered from A1 (the
'A' prefix indicating that it is an actual va lues page) to A4. Actual va lues page
headers, as with setpoint page headers, h ave double scroll bars on the left
side of the message.
Press the key an d the header for the first page of s etpoints appears.
SETPOINT
This page contains setpoints to configure the 745 relay.
Press the ke y to move to the next setpoi nts page. This p age contains
setpoints for entering the characteristics of the power transformer being
protected. Repeated ly press the key to display the 3
SETPOINT
SETPOINT
rd
, 4th, 5th and 6
page headers and then back to the fir st setpoints page he ader. As you have
discovered, there are 6 setp oint pag es in all, nu mbe red from S1 ( the 'S' prefix
indicating that it is a setpoint page) to S6.
From the page one header of setpoints, press the key once to
MESSAGE
display the first sub-header. Setpoints under this sub-header are related to
passcode security. Note that the lower line of every sub-header message
[ENTER] for more
reads
Press the key repeatedly and display the remaining sub-header
MESSA GE
and that there is a single scroll bar on the left side.
messages in this page. The last message appears as shown.
2
th
y PREFERENCES
y[ENTER] for more
By pressing the key repeatedly, move to the second sub-header
message. Setpoints unde r this sub-header me ssage allow the user to sp ecify
MESSAGE
keypad and display operati on pre fer en ces.
BEEPER:
Enabled
Press to display the first setpoint under the preferences sub-header. All
setpoint and actual value messages have two parts. The first part (
ESCAPE
BEEPER:
), is
displayed in uppercase and followed by a colon. This is the name or
description of the data. The second part (
Enabled
), either starts with an
uppercase character followed by lowercase characters or is a number followed
by units. This second part is the present value of the data.
DEFAULT MESSAGE
INTENSITY:25%
To view the rem aining setpoints a ssociated with the pre ferences sub-heade r,
repeatedly press the key. The last message appears as shown.
MESSA GE
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay 2-1
2.1 USING THE FRONT PANEL DISPLAY 2 GETTING STARTED
ESCAPE
Let us review how we got to this last message.
1. First, we started at the setpoints page header
S1 745 SETUP
2. We then moved to the second sub-header message under page S1, which is
pressed the key .
ENTER
.
PREFERENCES
3. We then moved to the last message in this group.
A path can be used as a means of spec ifying wher e a mess age is loca ted in the 745 re lay. For this last mes-
2
sage, the path would be
S1 745 SETUP / PREFERENCES / DEFAULT MESSAGE INTENSITY
. For the purposes of this
manual, we will refer to messages in this manner. Press the key to return to the preferences sub-header
message. Pressing the key from any of the messages under a sub-header will return the display to that
sub-header message. From a sub-header message, the repeated pressing of moves the display
ESCAPE
MESSAGE
through the list of sub-header messages to the page header. As an alternative, you could press the key
and move directly to the next page.
, and we
SETPOINT
2-2 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
2 GETTING STARTED 2.2 CHANGING SETPOINTS
2.2 CHANGING SETPOINTS 2.2.1 DESCRIPTION
There are several different classes of setpoints, distinguished by the way their values are displayed and edited.
This section describes how to edit the values used by all setpoint classes.
2.2.2 INSTALLING THE SETPOINT ACCESS JUMPER
Hardware and passco de security features are design ed to provide protection against unauthorized setpoint
changes. Since we wi ll be pr og ra mmi ng new se tpoi nts u si ng t he f ro nt p ane l k eys , a h ar dwa re ju mpe r mus t b e
installed across the se tpoint access termin als (D9 and D10) on the back of the relay case. A keys witch may
also be used acr oss these termina ls to enabl e setpoi nt acce ss. Attemp ts to enter a new setpoin t via th e front
panel without this connection will be unsuccessful.
2.2.3 NUMERICAL SETPOINTS
Each numerical setpoint has its own minimum, maximum, and increment value associated with it. These
parameters define what values are acceptable for a setpoint.
NOMINAL VT SECONDARY
VOLTAGE: 120.0 V
y MINIMUM: 60.0
y MAXIMUM: 120.0
Select the
setpoint message
Press . The following context sensitiv e flash mes sages will sequent ially
appear for several seconds each. For the case of a numerical setpoint
message, the key displays the minimum, maximum, and step value.
S2 SYSTEM SETUP / VOLTAGE INPUT / NOMINAL VT SECONDARY VOLTAGE
HELP
HELP
y IN STEPS OF:
y 0.1
y PRESS (0)-(9) OR
y VALUE
2
yy PRESS [ENTER] TO
yy STORE NEW VALUE
y END OF PAGE S1
y
Two methods of editing and storing a numerical setpoint value are available.
0
1.
to 9 and the decimal key:
The relay numeric keypad works the same as that of any electronic calculator.
A number is entered one digit at a time. The leftmost digit is entered first and the rightmost digit is entered
last. Pressing the key, before the key, returns the original value to the display.
VALUE VALUE VALUE
2.
and :
ESCA PE
The k ey increments the displayed value, by the step value, up to the
maximum value all owe d. W hi le at the maximum val ue, pres si ng the key ag ain will allow setpoin t
selection to co ntinue from th e minimum v alue. The key decrement s the disp layed value, by the
step value, down to the minimum value. Again, continuing to press the key while at the minimum
ENTER
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
value will continue setpoint selection from the maximum value.
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay 2-3
2.2 CHANGING SETPOINTS 2 GETTING STARTED
VALUE
NOMINAL VT SECONDARY
VOLTAGE
yy NEW SETPOINT
yy HAS BEEN STORED
2
As an example, let’s set the nomin al VT seco ndary voltag e setpoint to 69.3 V.
Press the appropriate numeric keys in the sequence ‘
6 9 . 3
message will change as the digits are being entered.
Editing changes are no t registered until the key is pressed. Pr ess the
ENTER
key to store the new value in memory. This flash message momentarily
ENTER
appears to confirmation the storing process. If 69.28 were entered, the value is
automatically rounded to 69.3, since the step value for this setpoint is 0.1.
2.2.4 ENUMERATION SETPOINTS
Enumeration setpoi nts have data values which are part of a se t, whose members are explicitl y defined by a
name. A set is comprised of two or more members.
PHASE SEQUENCE
Move to message
S2 SYSTEM SETUP / TRANSFORMER / PHASE SEQUENCE
ABC
yy PRESS [VALUE
MAKE SELECTION
yy
Ú
Ú
] TO
Press the key and the follow ing context sensitive fl ash messages will
sequentially appear for several seconds each. For the case of an enumeration
setpoint message, the key displays the number of selections in the
HELP
HELP
enumeration.
PRESS [ENTER]
yy
STORE NEW VALUE
yy
TO
‘. The display
.
FOR FURTHER HELP
yy
REFER TO MANUAL
yy
Enumeration type values are c hanged using the and keys. The key displa ys the
next selection while the key displays the previous selection.
INPUT 1 FUNCTION:
ENABLED
NEW SETPOINT
yy
HAS BEEN STORED
yy
VALUE
As an example we may need to set the phase sequence to ACB. Press
VALUE VALUE
or until the proper selection is displayed.
Editing changes are not registered until is pressed. Pressing
stores the new va lue in mem ory. This flash message mo mentarily appears to
VALUE
ENTER ENTER
VALUE
confirm the storing process.
2-4 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
2 GETTING STARTED 2.2 CHANGING SETPOINTS
ENTER
VALUE
2.2.5 TEXT SETPOINTS
Text setpoints have data values which are fixed i n length, but user defined in char acter. T hey may be comprised of upper case letters, lower case letters, numerals, and a selection of special characters.
OUTPUT 3 NAME:
Trip 2
Move to the
setpoints message. The name of the OUTPUT 3 relay is going to be changed in
S5 OUTPUTS \ OUTPUT RELAYS \ OUTPUT RELAY 3 \ OUTPUT 3 NAME
this section.
yy PRESS [ENTER]
TO
yy BEGIN TEXT EDIT
yy PRESS [VALUE
Ú
Ú
]
Press the key and th e following context sensitive flas h messages will
sequentially app ear for several secon ds each. For the case o f a text setpoint
message, the key displays how to edit and store a new value.
TO
HELP
HELP
yy CHANGE CHARACTER
yy PRESS [ENTER]
TO
yy STORE CHARACTER
yy AND ADVANCE
TO
yy NEXT POSITION
yy FOR FURTHER HELP
yy REFER TO MANUAL
The editing and stori ng of a text value is accomp lished with the use of the , , , and
ESCA PE
keys.
OUTPUT 2 NAME:
Trip 2
OUTPUT 3 NAME:
INST DIFF TRIP
The text entered he re should be mo re descriptive t o this output relay. For this
example let us rename output relay as
INST DIFF TRIP
solid cursor (z) will appear in the first character position.
Press or key until the character 'I' is di splayed in the first
VALUE VALUE
position. Now press the key to store the character and advance the
ENTER
VALUE VALUE
. Press the key and a
ENTER
cursor to the next position. Change the second character to a ‘N’ by again
pressing the or key. Store this change by pressing the
ENTER
key again. Continue entering characters in this way until all the
characters in
character. If a character is entered i ncorrectly, press the key repe atedly
VALUE
INST DIFF TRIP
are entered. Note that a space is selected like a
ENTER
until the cursor retu rns to the position of the error. Re-enter the ch aracter as
required. Once com plete, press the key to remove th e solid cursor an d
ESCAPE
view the result.
2
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay 2-5
2.3 SECURITY 2 GETTING STARTED
2.3 SECURITY 2.3.1 INSTALLATION
Note that the relay is defau lted to the
Setpoints Not Programmed
state before it le aves the factory. This safe-
guards against the instal la tio n of a r el ay whos e s etp oi nts hav e no t bee n ent er ed. In add iti on, a re lay i n the
2
Programmed
745 SETPOINTS:
Not Programmed
state blocks signaling of any output relay, and turns off the IN SERVICE indicator.
Move to the
relay in the
press . Enter
S1745SETUP\INSTALLATION\745SETPOINTS
Programmed
ENTER
state, press the or key once and
Yes
for the
VALUE VALUE
ARE YOU SURE?
message. The front pa nel IN
message. To put th e
SERVICE indicator will now turn on.
2.3.2 PASSCODE SECURITY SETUP
To guarantee that the relay se ttings cannot be tampered wit h, the user may se tup the passc ode security f eature.
a) CHANGING THE PASSCODE
SETPOINT ACCESS:
Read & Write
Move to the
S1 745 SETUP \ PASSCODE \ SETPOINT ACCESS
message cannot be edited directly. It simply indicates whether passcode
security is enabled (
disabled (
SETPOINT ACCESS:
SETPOINT ACCESS:
Read & Write
Read Only
), or passcode security is
). Each relay is shipped from the
message. This
factory with setpoint access allowed. The passcode is also defaulted to '0',
which disables the passcode security feature entirely.
CHANGE PASSCODE?
Press the key once.
MESSA GE
No
Not
CHANGE PASSCODE?
Yes
PLEASE ENTER CURRENT
PASSCODE:
PLEASE ENTER A NEW
PASSCODE:
PLEASE ENTER A NEW
PASSCODE:yyy
PLEASE RE-ENTER NEW
PASSCODE:
NEW PASSCODE
HAS BEEN STORED
CHANGE PASSCODE?
No
ALLOW ACCESS TO
SETPOINTS? No
Press the or
Press the key to begin the procedure of changi ng the passcode. The
VALUE VALUE
ENTER
key once.
displayed message will change as shown. The current passcode is '0', so
press the '0' numeric key. The relay will acknowledge the key press by
displaying 'z‘.
Press the
ENTER
key.
For this example change the passcode to '123'. Press the appropriate numeric
keys in the ‘
1 2 3
‘ sequence. The message will change as the digits are
entered, with the end result being as shown.
ENTER
Press the
key to store the new pass code and a con firmation mess age
appears. As a safety measure, the relay requires you to enter a new passcode
twice. This ensures the passcode has been entered correctly.
After pressing the appropriate numeric keys in the sequence ‘
ENTER
. This flash messa ge appears momen tarily on the displ ay and confirms
1 2 3
‘, press
the new passcode is stored in memory.
After a few seconds, the original display returns.
Press the key. As soon as a non-zero pass code is ente red, setp oint
MESSA GE
access will automatically become restricted.
2-6 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
2 GETTING STARTED 2.3 SECURITY
b) DISABLING/ENABLING PASSCODE SECURITY
Suppose at some time in the future you want to alter a setpoint. In order to do this, you must first disable passcode security, make the setpoint change, and then re-enable the passcode security.
ALLOW ACCESS TO
SETPOINTS? No
PLEASE ENTER CURRENT
PASSCODE:
yy SETPOINT ACCESS
yy IS NOW ALLOWED
RESTRICT ACCESS TO
SETPOINTS? No
PLEASE ENTER CURRENT
PASSCODE:
yy SETPOINT ACCESS
yy IS NOW RESTRICTED
ALLOW ACCESS TO
SETPOINTS? No
Move to message
S1 745 SETUP \ PASSCODE \ ALLOW ACCESS TO SETPOINTS?
. It
is from here that we will disable passcode security. Please note that this
message is hidden, when the passcode security feature is disabled by
entering a passcode of ‘0’.
Press the or key once to select
VALUE VALUE
Yes
and press
ENTER
.
The
displayed message will change as shown.
Enter the current passcode and press the key. This flash message
ENTER
indicates that the keyed in v alue was acce pted and that pass code securi ty is
now disabled.
This message will app ear after a few seconds. Now that s etpoint access is
enabled, the
RESTRICT ACCESS TO SETPOINTS
the
ALLOW ACCESS TO SETPOINTS?
message. The relay’s setpoints can now
message has been rep laced by
be altered and stored . If no front panel keys are pressed for longer than 3 0
minutes, setpoint access will automatically become restricted again.
To disable set point access, immediately after setpoint edi ting, move back to
message
Yes
. Key the current passcode into the shown message.
Press the key and this message will flash on the display. It indicates
S1 745 SETUP \ PASSCODE \ RESTRICT ACCESS TO SETPOINTS?
ENTER
and enter
that passcode security is now enabled.
After a few seconds, the original display returns.
2
GE Power Management 745 Transformer Management Relay 2-7
2
2.3 SECURITY 2 GETTING STARTED
2-8 745 Transformer Management Relay GE Power Management
Loading...