GarrettCom Magnum 4K24F, Magnum 4K24CR, Magnum 4K24C, Magnum 4K24FR Installation And User Manual

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Magnum 4K-Series

4K24 Switches

Installation and User Guide

Magnum 4K24 Switches Installation and User Guide (10/04)

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Magnum



4K-Series

4K24 Switches

Installation and User Guide

Part #: 84-000082 (Rev E )

Trademarks
Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation
NEBS is a trademark of Telcordia Technologies
UL is a registered trademark of Underwriters Laboratories
GarrettCom, Magnum and Personal Switch are trademarks and Personal Hub is a

registered trademark of GarrettCom, Inc.

Important: The Magnum 4K24 Switches contains no user serviceable parts.
Attempted service by unauthorized personnel shall render all warranties null
and void. If problems are experienced with the Magnum 4K24 Switches,
consult Section 6, Troubleshooting, of this User Guide.

Copyright  2003 GarrettCom, Inc. All rights reserved. No part
of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from
GarrettCom, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America.

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Contacting GarrettCom, Inc
Please use the mailing address, phone and fax numbers and email address listed below:

GarrettCom, Inc.

47823 Westinghouse Drive

Fremont, CA 94539

Phone [phone]

Fax [phone]

Website: http://www.GarrettCom.com

email [e-mail]

Federal Communications Commission

Radio Frequency Interference Statement

Warning: Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party
responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class

B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy
and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful
interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can
radiate frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the
instructions, may cause harmful interfernce to radio communications. However, there
is no guarantee that interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment
does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to
correct the interference by one or more of the following measures.

- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

- Connect the equipment into n outlet on a ccircuit different from that to
which the receiver is connected.

- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help.

Canadian Emission
This Class B digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian
Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.

Cet appareil respecte toutes les exigences du Réglement sur le matériel du
Canada. Cet appareil est Classe B.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

1.0 SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................... 1

1.1 Technical Specifications...................................................................... 1

1.2 Ordering Information........................................................................... 3

2.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 4

2.1 Inspecting the Package and Product .................................................... 4

2.2 Product Description - Magnum 4K24 Switches .................................. 4

2.2.1 Magnum 4K24F and 4K24C Switch chassis ...............................5

2.2.2: Magnum 4K24FR “Reverse” model, front LED's............................. 6

2.2.3 Up-link, port 1X for Cascading ................................................... 7

2.2.4 Fiber-port options for 4K24F Model, 100Mb fiber......................... 7

2.2.5 4K24C, 10/100 F/H dual-speed switched ports,.......................... 8

2.2.6 Frame Buffering and Latency...................................................... 8

2.3 Features and Benefits......................................................................... 10

2.4 Applications....................................................................................... 11

3.0 INSTALLATION................................................................................13

3.1 Locating Magnum 4K24 Switches..................................................... 13

3.2 Connecting Ethernet Media ............................................................... 13

3.2.1 Connecting Fiber Optic ST-type

, “twist-lock”.......................... 14

3.2.2 Connecting Fiber Optic SC-type and MTRJ

, "Snap-In"............ 14

3.2.3 Connecting Single-Mode

Fiber Optic........................................ 15

3.2.4 Connecting Twisted Pair (RJ-45,CAT3, CAT5)........................15

3.3 Rack-mounting ................................................................................... 16

3.4 Installing and Removing FKM Fiber Port Modules .......................... 17

3.4.1 Preparation for Changing FKM Fiber Port Modules................. 17

3.4.2 Installing FKM Modules in Magnum 4K24F Switches............. 19

3.4.3 Removing FKM Modules from Magnum 4K24F Switches....... 20

3.5 Manual settings for Fiber ports (HDX or FDX) ................................ 21

3.6 Powering the Magnum 4K24 Switch................................................. 22

4.0 OPERATION....................................................................................... 23

4.1 Switching Functionality..................................................................... 23

4.2 Status LEDs ....................................................................................... 24

4.3 Up-link Port, for RJ-45 Port #1X only............................................... 24

4.4 Auto-negotiation for RJ-45 (copper) ports ........................................ 24

4.5 Auto-negotiation, full-duplex mode................................................... 25

4.6 Flow-control, IEEE 802.3x standard ................................................. 26

4.7 Power Budget Calculations for 4K-Series with Fiber Media............. 26

5.0 INTRODUCTION - 4K24 FIBER-PORT MODULES (FKM’S).... 28

5.1 Inspecting the Package and Product (Optional)................................. 28

5.2 Product Description ........................................................................... 28

5.2.1 FKM-MST, 100Mbps multi-mode FX-ST-type, “twist-lock” 29

5.2.2 FKM-MSC 100Mbps multi-mode FX-SC-type, “snap-in” 29

5.2.3 FKM-SSC and –SSCL 100Mbps single-mode

FX-SC-type, 29

5.2.4 FKM-MTRJ, 100Mb multi-mode FX, MTRJ small-form-factor

29

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5.2.5 FKM-Blank................................................................................ 30

6.0 TROUBLESHOOTING...................................................................... 31

6.1 Before Calling for Assistance............................................................ 31

6.2 When Calling for Assistance ............................................................. 32

6.3 Return Material Authorization (RMA) Procedure............................. 32

6.4 Shipping and Packaging Information................................................. 33

APPENDIX A: WARRANTY INFORMATION

......................................... 33

APPENDIX B : INTERNAL DC POWER SUPPLY OPTIONS ................ 34

APPENDIX C: INTERNAL DC DUAL-SOURCE POWER OPTION......37

Revisions

10/04 : Edited minor update

04/03 : Edited minor update

Rev E 04/02 : Updated Rack-mounting and Appendix section B & C with
24VDC and 125VDC option.

Rev D 01/02 : Updated Operating Environment Spec.
Rev C 04/01: Change the company name to GarrettCom, Inc. (Formerly it was

Garrett Communications). There are no changes to the content of the material at
this time.

Rev B 12/00 : Addition of Warnings in the French Language.
Rev A 03/00 : This revision is the initial release of the 4K24 Switch user

manual.

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The Magnum Line

ETHERNET CONNECTIVITY PRODUCTS

"DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED IN THE USA"

OVERVIEW

GarrettCom, Inc.offers the premium-quality Magnum line of Ethernet LAN
connectivity products with industry-standard functionality and built-in fiber
configurability. Magnum products are designed for use in demanding Carrier Class,
Industrial Grade and OEM applications where reliability is a primary consideration.

6K25 Managed Fiber Switches, Gigabit, 100 and 10 Mbps, fiber and copper ports,
mix-and match. Features SFF fiber for up to 25 fiber ports in a 1U unit.
4K-Series Switches, 100 and 10 Mbps, copper ports with optional fiber port, with
auto-negotiating full switching performance.
Quad-Series Fiber Switches, 100 & 10Mbps, fiber and copper ports, mixed-speed
and mixed-media types, full switching performance.
“Outdoor” Ethernet Switch, for temperature uncontrolled locations

6 10/100 and 2 100Mb fiber ports, can be connected in strings

Mixed-Media Fiber Hub, 16-port Stackable,10/100 auto-sensing
Dual Speed 8-port and 16-port Stackables, 10/100 auto-sensing
Stackable Hubs, SNMP Optional

10Mb series and 100Mb series, both w/ optional port modules
Personal Switches, 10/100Mb

8 port dual speed, Auto-negotiable with fiber option
Personal Hubs, 100Mb or 10/100Mb

8-port, with two switched ports (1 fiber built in)
Personal Hubs, 10Mb series
8-port + AUI, stackable to 5 high, + optional BNC of fiber port

8 or 9-port and 4 or 5-Port Personal Hubs, w/ man. up-link sw.
Media Converters, 10Mb and 100Mb series, regular and Industrial Hardened

All media combinations, incl. BNC, fiber ST, SC, mm., single mode

The “X-line” of configurable MiXed Media products:
Stackable Concentrators, SNMP optional, 13-Ports
Mini-Concentrators, 7 Ports, Repeaters, 2-Ports
Repeater Port Modules (RPMs), 6 types for Ethernet media
Bridge Port Modules (BPMs), 4 types, for segment isolation
Transceivers, 10Mb series Mini-Transceivers and Coax Models

Oct., 04

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1.0 SPECIFICATIONS

1.1 Technical Specifications

Performance

Aggregate Filtering Rate: 4.8Gb/sec for 24 100Mbps ports
(all ports are wire speed)
Aggregate Forwarding Rate: (for Magnum 4K-Series Fast Ethernet ports)
(all ports are wire speed) 14.4M frames per second, 24-port units
Data Rate: 10 Mbps and 100Mbps

Address Table Capacity: 2K node addresses, self-learning with

address aging
Packet buffer size : 1 MB dynamic
Latency: 5 s + packet time (100 to 100Mbps)
15 s + packet time (10 to 10 Mbps, and 10 to 100Mbps)
Network Standards
Ethernet V1.0/V2.0 IEEE 802.3: 10BASE-T,
IEEE 802.3u: 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX

Maximum 10 Mbps Ethernet Segment Lengths
Unshielded twisted pair - 100 m (328 ft)
Shielded twisted pair - 150 m (492 ft)
10BASE-FL multi-mode fiber optic - 2 km (6,562 ft)
10BASE-FL single-mode fiber optic - 10 km (32,810 ft)

Maximum Standard 100Mb Fast Ethernet Segment Lengths:
10BASE-T (CAT 3, 4, 5 UTP) - 100 m (328 ft)

100BASE-TX (CAT 5 UTP) - 100 m (328 ft)
Shielded twisted pair - 150 m (492 ft)

100BASE-FX, half-duplex, multi-mode - 412 m (1350 ft)
100BASE-FX, full-duplex, multi-mode - 2.0 km (6,562 ft)
100BASE-SX, short wavelength HDX m.m. - 300 m ( 935 ft)

100BASE-FX, half-duplex, single-mode - 412 m (1350 ft)

100BASE-FX, full-duplex, single-mode - 20.0 km (49,215 ft)
100BASE-FX, full-duplex, s.m. (Long Reach)- 40.0 km (132,215 ft)

Connectors for copper wiring
Twisted Pair at 10/100Mb: RJ-45 shielded, female, front mounted

(for Magnum 4K-Series Fast Ethernet copper ports, use Cat 5 cable)

Fiber Multi-mode connector types:

Fiber Port, SC-type (snap-in): Fiber optic multi-mode, 100BASE-FX

Fiber Port, ST-type (twist-lock): Fiber optic multi-mode, 100BASE-FX

Fiber Port, MTRJ-type (plug-in): Fiber optic multi-mode, 100BASE-FX

Fiber Single-mode connector types:

Fiber Port, SC-type: Fiber optic single-mode, 100BASE-FX

Fiber Port, SC-type: Fiber optic "long-reach” single-mode, 100BASE-FX

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Manual switch-selections and jumpers

Fiber default: Full-duplex (Manual DIP switch settings inside of the chassis

can select each of fiber ports to HDX mode. DIP switch SW4 controls fiber
port # 2, whereas DIP switch SW6 controls fiber port #4. Down position will
sets half-duplex, up position (default) sets full-duplex).

Copper default: Auto-negotiation

LEDs: Per Port
LK/Act: Steady ON for Link with no traffic, blinking indicates port

is transmitting and receiving
FDX/Col: ON = Full-Duplex Mode
BLINKING = Half-Duplex Collision
100/10: ON = 100Mbps speed
OFF = 10 Mbps

Operating Environment

Ambient Temperature: 25 to 140 F (-5 to 60C)
Storage Temperature: -40to 185F (-40to 85C)
Ambient Relative Humidity: 5% to 95% (non-condensing)
Altitude: -200 to 13,000 ft. (-60 to 4000m)

Packaging

Enclosure: Rugged High strength metal. Suitable for stand-alone or
rack-mounting
Dimensions: 1.75 in H x 17.0 in W x 9.0 in D

4.45cm H x 43.2cm W x 22.9cm D
Weight: 7.1 lb. (3.2 Kg) rack-mount models
Cooling method: Fan cooled, @ 7 cfm

Power Supply (Internal)

AC Power Connector: IEC-type, male recessed at rear of chassis,

with adjacent manual ON-OFF switch (on AC models only)
Input Voltage: 110 to 240 VAC (auto-ranging)
Input Frequency: 47 to 63 Hz (auto-ranging)
Power Consumption: 20 watts typical, 35 watts max

Power Supply Rating: 3Amps at 5VDC

DC Power Supply (Options)

-48VDC Power Input Voltage : 36 to 72 VDC
24VDC Power Input Voltage : 20 to 36VDC
125VDC Power Input Voltage : 120 to 160VDC

Std. Terminal Block : “ -, GND, + ”
Power Consumption: same as for AC models, see above

For Dual Source and Redundant DC for –48VDC, 24VDC &
125VDC supply options (Optional), see Appendices

Agency Approvals

UL listed (UL1950), cUL, CE

Emissions meet FCC Part 15 Class B
Optional: ETSI and NEBS L3 Certified
Warranty Three years, return to factory Made in USA

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1.2 Ordering Information

Magnum 4K24 Switches

MODEL DESCRIPTION

Magnum 4K24F Ethernet Switch with 22 RJ-45 ports, each auto-sensing for

10Mbps/10Mbps FDX/HDX operation. Optional fiber port
may be configured from the family of modules below.
Each port is switched and provides a full-speed traffic
domain with non-blocking performance. Includes internal
auto-ranging power supply, cooling fan, and metal brackets
for rack-mounting. LEDs and user ports are in the front,
power input is in the rear. Units with -48V power supply
options available

Magnum 4K24FR “Reverse” model, Same as Model 4K24F Switch except

user ports and the power input connectors are in the rear.

LEDs are in the front.
Magnum 4K24C Same as Magnum 4K24F, but with all 24 RJ-45 ports

“Copper”.

Magnum 4K24CR “Reverse” model, Same as Model 4K24C Switch except

user ports and the power input connectors are in the rear.

LEDs are in the front.

Fiber port modules for Magnum 4K-Series (Models 4K24F and 4K16):
FKM-2SC Fiber module with two 100Mbps multi-mode FX SC

connectors

FKM-2ST Fiber module with two 100Mbps multi-mode FX ST

connectors

FKM-2MTRJ Fiber module with two 100Mbps multi-mode FX “MTRJ”

Small Form Factor connectors

FKM-2SSC Fiber module with two 100Mbps 20Km single-mode FX

SC connectors

FKM-2SSCL Fiber module with two 100Mbps 40 Km “long-reach”

single-mode FX SC connectors

FKM-1MTRJ Fiber module for 4K-Series Switches, with one 100Mbps

multi-mode FX “MTRJ” Small Form Factor connector

FKM-1SSC Fiber module with one 100Mbps 20Km single-mode FX

SC connectors

FKM-1SSCL Fiber module with one 100Mbps 40 Km “long-reach”

single-mode FX SC connectors

FKM-BLNK Blank face plate, included in 4K24 switch unit when no

fiber port option is selected

Special Package Models – request quote for specials, such as the “Air Flow

Modified” version with –48CDV power for Telco racks

GarrettCom, Inc. reserves the right to change specifications, performance
characteristics and/or model offerings without notice.

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2.0 Introduction

2.1 Inspecting the Package and Product

Examine the shipping container for obvious damage prior to installing this
product; notify the carrier of any damage that you believe occurred during shipment or
delivery. Inspect the contents of this package for any signs of damage and ensure that
the items listed below are included.

This package should contain:

1 Magnum 4K24 Switch
1 AC Power Cord (U.S. and other 115 VAC only)
1 Set of metal “Ears” for standard 19” rack mounting

1 Installation and User Guide (this manual)
1 Product Registration Card
Remove the items from the shipping container. Be sure to keep the shipping

container should you need to re-ship the unit at a later date. To validate the product
warranty, please complete and return the enclosed Product Registration Card to
GarrettCom, Inc. as soon as possible.

In the event there are items missing or damaged, contact the party from whom
you purchased the product. If the unit needs to be returned, please use the original
shipping container if possible. Refer to Section 6, Troubleshooting, for specific return
procedures.

2.2 Product Description - Magnum 4K24 Switches

Magnum 4K24 Switches boost the performance of large Ethernet LANs, with
the flexibility of both twisted-pair switched ports and fiber ports. Fiber ports may
number zero, one or two, and may be configured from a variety of user-selected popular
fiber connectors. The Magnum 4K24’s provide the switching speed and the reliability to
support multiple workgroups, each with its own switched 100Mbps or 10Mbps domain,
for increased network performance and with “future-proof” fiber up-link ports built in.

The Magnum 24-port 4K24F Switches offer application flexibility with a series
of optional fiber connector types. All applicable fiber port connector types (100Mbps
FX-ST, SC, MTRJ) along with multi-mode, single and “long-haul” capability are
configurable using a family of one- or two -port modules . Optional fiber ports are

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normally configured and tested with the Magnum 4K24F unit in the factory, but may be
configured in the field. The 22 copper RJ-45 ports are dual speed 10/100 Mb auto­negotiating. The model 4K24C has 24 twisted-pair ports and no fiber -built-in options.

Designed for use in departments with multiple workgroups, in remote offices
and in network traffic centers or multi-system power users, the Magnum 4K24F and
4k24C Switches are easy to install and use. Addresses of attached nodes are
automatically learned and maintained, adapting the switching services to network
changes and expansions. Front-mounted LEDs provide status information on each port.
The Magnum 4K-Series Switches provide high performance plug-and-play operation in
convenient rack-mount packages.

The Magnum 4K24F and 4K24C switches are non-blocking on all ports and
include 1MB packet buffers and a 2K-node address table for advanced performance as
well as to support large networks. The Magnum 4K-Series Switches, with store-and­forward switching, filter all faulty packets to minimize traffic congestion.

2.2.1 Magnum 4K24F and 4K24C Switch chassis

Magnum 4K24F and 4K24C Switches come in a 24-port rack-mountable

chassis. The optional fiber port is user configurable and can be selected from the offered
popular fiber port connector types. The fiber-port modules are normally factory installed.
(See Section 5)

The 4K24F 19” rack-mountable switches come with twenty two 10/100 RJ-45
ports and two optional 100Mbps fiber ports (ports #2 and #4) i.e., with a total capacity
of 24 switched ports. These rack-mount units are typically used in larger network wiring
centers.

Figure 2.2.1a: Front view, 24-port Magnum 4K24F and 4K24C Switches

The LED status indicators and the manual switches are located on the front

2X 4X 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

1 X 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

100M

Col/FDX
Link/Act

Power

100M

Col/FDX
Link/Act

2 4X 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

1X 1 3X 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

100M

Col/FDX
Link/Act

Power

100M

Col/FDX
Link/Act

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panel of Magnum 4K24F and 4K24C Switches. There are Full-duplex/Collision
(FDX/COL), Link/Activity (LINK/ACT) and (100/10) LED indicators for each 10Mbps
and 100Mbps domain, for visual indication of the operating status of each domain. The
IEC standard AC power connector (and a manual ON - OFF power switch) is located at
the rear. Fan-driven cooling air flows left to right.

Figure 2.2.1b: Rear view - Magnum

table-top & rack-mount 4K24C

and/or 4K24F Switch

2.2.2: Magnum 4K24FR “Reverse” model, front LEDs and connections in
rear

Front View, with –48V power option

Rear View

The Magnum 4K24FR is like the 4K24F except that the front panel has the
LEDs, and all the connecting ports and power feeds are in the back. This is convenient
for rack-mounting where cabling is accessed from the rear of the rack while the operating
status LEDs are monitored from the front. Typically such arrangements are found in
telco rack installations.

The Magnum 4K24FR is dual-speed 10/100Mbps switch and has two fiber
connector port options. The switching capability allow the Magnum 4K24F to support
multiple workgroups smoothly, each with its own switched 100Mbps or 10Mbps domain.

The 4K24FR may be equipped with an optional internal -48VDC power
supply (See Appendix A). There is an additional option of a dual-source -48V input (See
Appendix B). The DC power feed options and the high quality and versatility make the
Magnum 4K24FR a good high-availability choice for telcos, ISPs, broadcast equipment,
medical, brokerage firm and financial facilities.

ON

OFF

110-220

VAC

47-63Hz

1.0-0.5A

2 4X 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

(-) GND (+)

48V DC

1 X 1 3X 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

ON

OFF

TX RX TX RX

+

GND

Magnum 4024F Switch

100M

Col/FDX
Link/Act

Power

100M

Col/FDX
Link/Act

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2.2.3 Up-link, port 1X for Cascading

The unit has an Up-link Port 1X, located on the left-front side of the
hub. It enables the first port’s RJ-45 cable to either connect to a user station ( port 1) or
to be cascaded to another hub (port 1X) with cross-over. (See Section 4.4 for more
details about Up-link). Like all 4K24C ports, Port # 1X is a dual-speed switched port
which will sense the speed of the connected device. Use port 1X on one 4K24 and port 1
(or any port) on the second, i.e., use only one crossover port for a cascaded connection.

When the Up-link port is used to cascade two 4K24C together, the auto-

sensing feature will cause the connecting up-link to operate at 100Mb FDX speed.

2.2.4 Fiber-port options for 4K24F Model, 100Mb fiber

Figure 2.2.5 Fiber-Ports, FKM-1ST, FKM-1SC, FKM-1MTRJ

Two fiber ports are optional for Magnum 4K24F Switch. In a two-fiber port
module, all of the fiber ports are of the same speed, the same multi- or single-mode type,
and the same connector type. Multi-mode 100Mbps models are available with ST, SC,
and MT-RJ connectors. Single-mode 100Mbps models are available with SC connectors.

The 100Mb fiber port modules on the Magnum 4K24F normally are set
(factory default) to operate in full-duplex mode for best fiber distance and performance.
On the Magnum 4K24F, the user may select full- or half-duplex mode per-port with an
internal jumper setting (See Section 3.4) for the flexibility to adapt to any type of Fast
Ethernet devices.

On Magnum fiber FKMs, there are two LED’s per fiber port mounted on the
front of the chassis. The Link (LK) LED indicates “ready for operation” when lit, and an
LED indicates Receiving Activity (ACT) on the port. A fiber cable must be connected to
each 100Mb port and a proper Link (LK lit) must be made with the device at the other
end of the cable in order for the LK LEDs to provide valid indications of operating
conditions.

FH

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2.2.5 4K24C, 10/100 F/H dual-speed switched ports, RJ-45 (copper only)

The Magnum 4K24C copper has 24 ports that are dual speed 10/100Mb
switched RJ-45 ports Auto-negotiating. The 10/100Mb switched ports are independently

N-way auto-negotiating for operation at 10 or 100Mb speed in full- or half-duplex mode
(as a default setting). They independently move to half-duplex mode at 10 Mb or at
100Mb speed if the device at the other end of the twisted pair cable is half-duplex or is
not an auto-negotiating device.

There are three LED’s for each port. The LK/Act (Link/Activity) steady ON
indicates Link with no traffic, and blinking indicates the port is receiving and
transmitting. The Speed LED indicates operation at 100Mb speed when ON and at 10
Mb speed when OFF (when auto-negotiation is enabled). The Fdx/Col LED is ON to
indicate full-duplex operation and OFF to indicate half-duplex mode and collisions. A
twisted pair cable must be connected into each RJ-45 10/100Mb port and a proper Link
(LK lit) must be made with the device at the other end of the cable in order for the LEDs
to provide valid indications of operating conditions.

2.2.6 Frame Buffering and Latency

The Magnum 4K24F or 4K24C are store-and-forward switches. Each frame

(or packet) is loaded into the Switch’s memory and inspected before forwarding can
occur. This technique ensures that all forwarded frames are of a valid length and have
the correct CRC, i.e., are good packets. This eliminates the propagation of bad packets,
enabling all of the available bandwidth to be used for valid information.

While other switching technologies such as "cut-through" or "express" impose
minimal frame latency, they will also permit bad frames to propagate out to the Ethernet
segments connected. The "cut-through" technique permits collision fragment frames,
which are a result of late collisions, to be forwarded to add to the network traffic. Since
there is no way to filter frames with a bad CRC (the entire frame must be present in order
for CRC to be calculated), the result of indiscriminate cut-through forwarding is greater
traffic congestion, especially at peak activity. Since collisions and bad packets are more

2 4X 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

1X 1 3X 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Magnum 4016C Switch

100M

Col/FDX
Link/Act

Power

100M

Col/FDX
Link/Act