Freescale MPC7448 User Guide

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Freescale Semiconductor

Technical Data

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications

This document is primarily concerned with the PowerPC™ MPC7448. The MPC7448 is an implementation of the PowerPC microprocessor family of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessors. This document describes pertinent electrical and physical characteristics of the MPC7448. For information regarding specific MPC7448 part numbers covered by this document and part numbers covered by other documents, refer to Section 11, “Part

Numbering and Marking.” For functional characteristics of

the processor, refer to the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual.

1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

2. Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

3. Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447,

4. General Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

5. Electrical and Thermal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

6. Pin Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

7. Pinout Listings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

8. Package Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

9. System Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

10. Document Revision History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

11. Part Numbering and Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

MPC7448EC

Rev. 1, 11/2005

Contents

MPC7445, and MPC7441 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

To locate any published updates for this document, refer to the website listed on the back cover of this document.

1 Overview

The MPC7448 is the sixth implementation of fourthgeneration (G4) microprocessors from Freescale. The MPC7448 implements the full PowerPC 32-bit architecture and is targeted at networking and computing systems applications. The MPC7448 consists of a processor core and a 1-Mbyte L2.

Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the MPC7448. The core

is a high-performance superscalar design supporting a double-precision floating-point unit and a SIMD multimedia unit. The memory storage subsystem supports the MPX bus protocol and a subset of the 60x bus protocol to main memory and other system resources.

Overview

128-Bit (4 Instructions)

Instruction MMU

Instruction Unit

I Cache

32-Kbyte

Stations (2)

D Cache

IBAT Array

32-Kbyte

Data MMU

Unit

Dispatch

Tags

ITLB

128-Entry

SRs

(Shadow)

(12-Word)

Instruction Queue

Fetcher

CTR

Reservation

FPR File

Vector Touch Engine

Reservation

(EA Calculation)

GPR File

Station

Stations (2)

VR File

16 Rename

L1 Castout

Finished

16 Rename

Load/Store Unit

Touch

Vec to r

Queue

+ x ÷

FPSCR

Unit 2

(3)

FPSCR

L1 Push

Completed

x ÷

64-Bit

Load Miss

Stores

32-Bit

Push

Queue (6)

Castout

Queue (5) /

Bus Store Queue

System Bus Interface

Load

Queue (11)

Snoop Push/

Interventions

Block 1 (32-Byte)

Status

L2 Store Queue (L2SQ)

(4)

L1 Castouts

Block 0 (32-Byte)

Status

128-Bit

1-Mbyte Unified L2 Cache Controller

Line

Ta gs

Bus Accumulator

64-Bit

36-Bit

Data Bus

Address Bus

Floating-

Point Unit

Buffers

Stores

Buffers

Integer

Unit 2

Integer

Unit 2 Unit 1

Integer

Buffers

Additional Features

Branch Processing Unit

BTIC (128-Entry)

BHT (2048-Entry)

• Time Base Counter/Decrementer

• Clock Multiplier

• JTAG/COP Interface

• Thermal/Power Management

• Performance Monitor

• Out-of-Order Issue of AltiVec Instr.

VR Issue FPR Issue

96-Bit (3 Instructions)

(16-Entry)

Completion Unit

Completion Queue

Station

Reservation

Station

Completes up

to three

per clock

instructions

Reservation

Station

Reservation

Station

Reservation

Vect or

Vector

Integer

Permute

FPU

Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit

128-Bit

Queues

L1 Service

L1 Store Queue

(LSQ)

Memory Subsystem

L1 Load Miss (5)

L2 Prefetch (3)

Instruction Fetch (2)

Cacheable Store Miss (2)

The Castout Queue itself is limited to 5 entries, ensuring 1 entr y will be available for a push.

The Castout Queue and Push Queue share resources such for a combined total of 6 entries.

L1 Load Queue (LLQ)

Notes:

Figure 1. MPC7448 Block Diagram

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

2 Freescale Semiconductor

2Features

This section summarizes features of the MPC7448 implementation of the PowerPC architecture. Major features of the MPC7448 are as follows:

• High-performance, superscalar microprocessor — Up to four instructions can be fetched from the instruction cache at a time. — Up to three instructions plus a branch instruction can be dispatched to the issue queues at a

time. — Up to 12 instructions can be in the instruction queue (IQ). — Up to 16 instructions can be at some stage of execution simultaneously. — Single-cycle execution for most instructions — One instruction per clock cycle throughput for most instructions — Seven-stage pipeline control

• Eleven independent execution units and three register files — Branch processing unit (BPU) features static and dynamic branch prediction

– 128-entry (32-set, four-way set-associative) branch target instruction cache (BTIC), a cache

of branch instructions that have been encountered in branch/loop code sequences. If a target instruction is in the BTIC, it is fetched into the instruction queue a cycle sooner than it can be made available from the instruction cache. T ypically, a fetch that hits the BTIC provides the first four instructions in the target stream.

– 2048-entry branch history table (BHT) with 2 bits per entry for four levels of

prediction—not taken, strongly not taken, taken, and strongly taken – Up to three outstanding speculative branches – Branch instructions that do not update the count register (CTR) or link register (LR) are

often removed from the instruction stream. – Eight-entry link register stack to predict the target address of Branch Conditional to Link

Features

— Four integer units (IUs) that share 32 GPRs for integer operands

– Three identical IUs (IU1a, IU1b, and IU1c) can execute all integer instructions except

multiply, divide, and move to/from special-purpose register instructions. – IU2 executes miscellaneous instructions, including the CR logical operations, integer

multiplication and division instructions, and move to/from special-purpose register

instructions.

— Five-stage FPU and 32-entry FPR file

– Fully IEEE 754-1985–compliant FPU for both single- and double-precision operations – Supports non-IEEE mode for time-critical operations – Hardware support for denormalized numbers – Thirty-two 64-bit FPRs for single- or double-precision operands

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 3

Features

— Four vector units and 32-entry vector register file (VRs)

– Vector permute unit (VPU) – Vecto r integer unit 1 (VIU1) handles short-latency AltiVec™ integer instructions, such as vector add

instructions (for example, vaddsbs, vaddshs, and vaddsws). – Vector integer unit 2 (VIU2) handles longer-latency AltiVec integer instructions, such as vector

multiply add instructions (for example, vmhaddshs, vmhraddshs, and vmladduhm). – Vector floating-point unit (VFPU)

— Three-stage load/store unit (LSU)

– Supports integer, floating-point, and vector instruction load/store traffic – Four-entry vector touch queue (VTQ) supports all four architected AltiVec data stream

operations – Three-cycle GPR and AltiVec load latency (byte, half word, word, vector) with one-cycle

throughput – Four-cycle FPR load latency (single, double) with one-cycle throughput – No additional delay for misaligned access within double-word boundary – A dedicated adder calculates effective addresses (EAs). – Supports store gathering – Performs alignment, normalization, and precision conversion for floating-point data – Executes cache control and TLB instructions – Performs alignment, zero padding, and sign extension for integer data – Supports hits under misses (multiple outstanding misses) – Supports both big- and little-endian modes, including misaligned little-endian accesses

• Three issue queues, FIQ, VIQ, and GIQ, can accept as many as one, two, and three instructions, respectively, in a cycle. Instruction dispatch requires the following:

— Instructions can only be dispatched from the three lowest IQ entries—IQ0, IQ1, and IQ2. — A maximum of three instructions can be dispatched to the issue queues per clock cycle. — Space must be available in the CQ for an instruction to dispatch (this includes instructions that

are assigned a space in the CQ but not in an issue queue).

• Rename buffers — 16 GPR rename buffers — 16 FPR rename buffers — 16 VR rename buffers

• Dispatch unit — Decode/dispatch stage fully decodes each instruction

• Completion unit — Retires an instruction from the 16-entry completion queue (CQ) when all instructions ahead of

it have been completed, the instruction has finished executing, and no exceptions are pending — Guarantees sequential programming model (precise exception model) — Monitors all dispatched instructions and retires them in order

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

4 Freescale Semiconductor

— Tracks unresolved branches and flushes instructions after a mispredicted branch — Retires as many as three instructions per clock cycle

• Separate on-chip L1 instruction and data caches (Harvard architecture) — 32-Kbyte, eight-way set-associative instruction and data caches — Pseudo least-recently-used (PLRU) replacement algorithm — 32-byte (eight-word) L1 cache block — Physically indexed/physical tags — Cache write-back or write-through operation programmable on a per-page or per-block basis — Instruction cache can provide four instructions per clock cycle; data cache can provide four

words per clock cycle — Caches can be disabled in software. — Caches can be locked in software. — MESI data cache coherency maintained in hardware — Separate copy of data cache tags for efficient snooping — Parity support on cache — No snooping of instruction cache except for icbi instruction

Features

— Data cache supports AltiVec LRU and transient instructions — Critical double- and/or quad-word forwarding is performed as needed. Critical quad-word

forwarding is used for AltiVec loads and instruction fetches. Other accesses use critical

double-word forwarding.

• Level 2 (L2) cache interface — On-chip, 1-Mbyte, eight-way set-associative unified instruction and data cache — Cache write-back or write-through operation programmable on a per-page or per-block basis — Parity support on cache tags — ECC or parity support on data — Error injection allows testing of error recovery software

• Separate memory management units (MMUs) for instructions and data — 52-bit virtual address, 32- or 36-bit physical address — Address translation for 4-Kbyte pages, variable-sized blocks, and 256-Mbyte segments — Memory programmable as write-back/write-through, caching-inhibited/caching-allowed, and

memory coherency enforced/memory coherency not enforced on a page or block basis — Separate IBATs and DBATs (eight each) also defined as SPRs — Separate instruction and data translation lookaside buffers (TLBs)

– Both TLBs are 128-entry, two-way set-associative and use an LRU replacement algorithm.

– TLBs are hardware- or software-reloadable (that is, a page table search is performed in

hardware or by system software on a TLB miss).

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 5

Features

• Efficient data flow — Although the VR/LSU interface is 128 bits, the L1/L2 bus interface allows up to 256 bits. — The L1 data cache is fully pipelined to provide 128 bits/cycle to or from the VRs. — The L2 cache is fully pipelined to provide 32 bytes per clock every other cycle to the L1 caches. — As many as 16 out-of-order transactions can be present on the MPX bus. — Store merging for multiple store misses to the same line. Only coherency action taken

(address-only) for store misses merged to all 32 bytes of a cache block (no data tenure needed).

— Three-entry finished store queue and five-entry completed store queue between the LSU and

the L1 data cache

— Separate additional queues for efficient buffering of outbound data (such as castouts and

write-through stores) from the L1 data cache and L2 cache

• Multiprocessing support features include the following: — Hardware-enforced, MESI cache coherency protocols for data cache — Load/store with reservation instruction pair for atomic memory references, semaphores, and

other multiprocessor operations

• Power and thermal management — Dynamic frequency switching (DFS) feature allows processor core frequency to be halved or

quartered through software to reduce power consumption.

— The following three power-saving modes are available to the system:

– Nap—Instruction fetching is halted. Only the clocks for the time base, decrementer, and

JTAG logic remain running. The part goes into the doze state to snoop memory operations on the bus and then back to nap using a QREQ/QACK processor-system handshake protocol.

– Sleep—Power consumption is further reduced by disabling bus snooping, leaving only the

PLL in a locked and running state. All internal functional units are disabled.

– Deep sleep—When the part is in the sleep state, the system can disable the PLL. The system

can then disable the SYSCLK source for greater system power savings. Power-on reset procedures for restarting and relocking the PLL must be followed upon exiting the deep

sleep state. — Instruction cache throttling provides control of instruction fetching to limit device temperature. — A new temperature diode that can determine the temperature of the microprocessor — Support for core voltage derating to further reduce power consumption

• Performance monitor can be used to help debug system designs and improve software efficiency.

• In-system testability and debugging features through JTAG boundary-scan capability

• Testability — LSSD scan design — IEEE 1149.1 JTAG interface

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

6 Freescale Semiconductor

Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441

• Reliability and serviceability — Parity checking on system bus — Parity checking on the L1 caches and L2 data tags — ECC or parity checking on L2 data

3 Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445,

and MPC7441

Table 1 compares the key features of the MPC7448 with the key features of the earlier MPC7447A,

MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. All are based on the MPC7450 RISC microprocessor and are architecturally very similar. The MPC7448 is identical to the MPC7447A, but the MPC7448 supports 1 Mbyte of L2 cache with ECC and the use of dynamic frequency switching (DFS) with more bus-to-core ratios.

Table 1. Microarchitecture Comparison

Microarchitectural Specs MPC7448 MPC7447A MPC7447 MPC7445 MPC7441

Basic Pipeline Functions

Logic inversions per cycle 18

Pipeline stages up to execute 5

Total pipeline stages (minimum) 7

Pipeline maximum instruction throughput 3 + branch

Pipeline Resources

Instruction buffer size 12

Completion buffer size 16

Renames (integer, float, vector) 16, 16, 16

Maximum Execution Throughput

SFX 3

Vector 2 (any 2 of 4 units)

Scalar floating-point 1

Out-of-Order Window Size in Execution Queues

SFX integer units 1 entry × 3 queues

Vector units In order, 4 queues

Scalar floating-point unit In order

Branch Processing Resources

Prediction structures BTIC, BHT, link stack

BTIC size, associativity 128-entry, 4-way

BHT size 2K-entry

Link stack depth 8

Unresolved branches supported 3

Branch taken penalty (BTIC hit) 1

Minimum misprediction penalty 6

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 7

Comparison with the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441

Table 1. Microarchitecture Comparison (continued)

Microarchitectural Specs MPC7448 MPC7447A MPC7447 MPC7445 MPC7441

Execution Unit Timings (Latency-Throughput)

Aligned load (integer, float, vector) 3-1, 4-1, 3-1

Misaligned load (integer, float, vector) 4-2, 5-2, 4-2

L1 miss, L2 hit latency with ECC (data/instruction) 12/16 —

L1 miss, L2 hit latency without ECC (data/instruction) 11/15 9/13

SFX (add, sub, shift, rot, cmp, logicals) 1-1

Integer multiply (32 × 8, 32 × 16, 32 × 32) 4-1, 4-1, 5-2

Scalar float 5-1

VSFX (vector simple) 1-1

VCFX (vector complex) 4-1

VFPU (vector float) 4-1

VPER (vector permute) 2-1

MMUs

TLBs (instruction and data) 128-entry, 2-way

Tablewalk mechanism Hardware + software

Instruction BATs/data BATs 8/8 8/8 8/8 8/8 4/4

L1 I Cache/D Cache Features

Size 32K/32K

Associativity 8-way

Locking granularity Way

Parity on I cache Word

Parity on D cache Byte

Number of D cache misses (load/store) 5/2 5/1

Data stream touch engines 4 streams

On-Chip Cache Features

Cache level L2

Size/associativity 1-Mbyte/

512-Kbyte/8-way 256-Kbyte/8-way

8-way

Access width 256 bits

Number of 32-byte sectors/line 2 2

Parity tag Byte Byte

Parity data Byte Byte

Data ECC 64-bit —

Thermal Control

Dynamic frequency switching divide-by-two mode Yes Yes No No No

Dynamic frequency switching divide-by-four mode Yes No No No No

Thermal diode Yes Yes No No No

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

8 Freescale Semiconductor

General Parameters

4 General Parameters

The following list summarizes the general parameters of the MPC7448:

Technology 90 nm CMOS SOI, nine-layer metal

Die size 8.0 mm × 7.3 mm Transistor count 90 million

Logic design Mixed static and dynamic Packages Surface mount 360 ceramic ball grid array (HCTE)

Surface mount 360 ceramic land grid array (HCTE) Surface mount 360 ceramic ball grid array with lead-free spheres (HCTE)

Core power supply 1.30 V (1700 MHz device)

1.25 V (1600 MHz device)

1.20 V (1420 MHz device)

1.15 V (1000 MHz device)

I/O power supply 1.5 V, 1.8 V, or 2.5 V

5 Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

This section provides the AC and DC electrical specifications and thermal characteristics for the MPC7448.

5.1 DC Electrical Characteristics

The tables in this section describe the MPC7448 DC electrical characteristics. Table 2 provides the absolute maximum ratings. See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing” for power sequencing requirements.

Table 2. Absolute Maximum Ratings

Characteristic Symbol Maximum Value Unit Notes

Core supply voltage V

PLL supply voltage AV

Processor bus supply voltage I/O Voltage Mode = 1.5 V OV

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.8 V –0.3 to 2.2 3

I/O Voltage Mode = 2.5 V –0.3 to 3.0 3

Input voltage Processor bus V

JTAG signals V

Storage temperature range T

Notes:

1. Functional and tested operating conditions are given in Ta b le 4 . Absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only and functional operation at the maximums is not guaranteed. Stresses beyond those listed may affect device reliability or cause permanent damage to the device.

2. See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing” for power sequencing requirements.

3. Bus must be configured in the corresponding I/O voltage mode; see Ta b le 3 .

4. Caution: Vin must not exceed OV the overshoot specifications. V

by more than 0.3 V at any time including during power-on reset except as allowed by

may overshoot/undershoot to a voltage and for a maximum duration as shown in Figure 2.

stg

–0.3 to 1.4 V 2

–0.3 to 1.8 V 3

–0.3 to OVDD + 0.3 V 4

–0.3 to OVDD + 0.3 V

– 55 to 150 °C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 9

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 2 shows the undershoot and overshoot voltage on the MPC7448.

OVDD + 20%

OVDD + 5%

GND

GND – 0.3 V

GND – 0.7 V

Not to Exceed 10%

of t

SYSCLK

Figure 2. Overshoot/Undershoot Voltage

The MPC7448 provides several I/O voltages to support both compatibility with existing systems and migration to future systems. The MPC7448 core voltage must always be provided at the nominal voltage (see Table 4) or at the supported derated voltage (see Section 5.3, “Voltage and Frequency Derating”). The input voltage threshold for each bus is selected by sampling the state of the voltage select pins at the negation of the signal HRESET . The output voltage will swing from GND to the maximum voltage applied to the OVDD power pins. Table 3 provides the input threshold voltage settings. Because these settings may change in future products, it is recommended that BVSEL[0:1] be configured using resistor options, jumpers, or some other flexible means, with the capability to reconfigure the termination of this signal in the future, if necessary.

Table 3. Input Threshold Voltage Setting

BVSEL0 BVSEL1 I/O Voltage Mode

0 0 1.8 V 2, 3

0 1 2.5 V 2, 4

1 0 1.5 V 2

1 1 2.5 V 4

Notes:

1. Caution: The I/O voltage mode selected must agree with the OV supplied. See Ta bl e 4 .

2. If used, pull-down resistors should be less than 250 Ω.

3. The pin configuration used to select 1.8V mode on the MPC7448 is not compatible with the pin configuration used to select 1.8V mode on the MPC7447A and earlier devices.

4. The pin configuration used to select 2.5V mode on the MPC7448 is fully compatible with the pin configuration used to select 2.5V mode on the MPC7447A and earlier devices.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

10 Freescale Semiconductor

Notes

voltages

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 4 provides the recommended operating conditions for the MPC7448 part numbers described by this

document; see Section 11.1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document,” for more information. See Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing” for power sequencing requirements.

NOTE

Table 4 describes the nominal operating conditions of the device. For

information on the operation of the device at supported derated core voltage conditions, see Section 5.3, “Voltage and Frequency Derating.”

Table 4. Recommended Operating Conditions

Characteristic Symbol

Recommended Value

1000 MHz 1420 MHz 1600 MHz 1700 MHz

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Unit Notes

Core supply voltage V

1.15 V ± 50 mV 1.2 V ± 50 mV 1.25 V ± 50 mV 1.3 V +20/

V 3, 4, 5

–50mV

PLL supply voltage AV

1.15 V ± 50 mV 1.2 V ± 50 mV 1.25 V ± 50 mV 1.3 V +20/

V 2, 3, 4

–50mV

Processor bus supply voltage

Input voltage

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.5 V OV

I/O Voltage Mode = 1.8 V 1.8 V ± 5% 1.8 V ± 5% 1.8 V ± 5% 1.8 V ± 5% 4

I/O Voltage Mode = 2.5 V 2.5 V ± 5% 2.5 V ± 5% 2.5 V ± 5% 2.5 V ± 5% 4

Processor bus V

JTAG signals V

Die-junction temperature T

1.5 V ± 5% 1.5 V ± 5% 1.5 V ± 5% 1.5 V ± 5% V 4

GND OV

0 105 0 105 0 105 0 105 °C

Notes:

1. These are the recommended and tested operating conditions. Some speed grades in addition support voltage derating; see

Section 5.3, “Voltage and Frequency Derating.” Proper device operation outside of these conditions and those specified in Section 5.3 is not guaranteed.

2. This voltage is the input to the filter discussed in Section 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply Filtering,” and not necessarily the voltage at the AV

3. V

pin, which may be reduced from VDD by the filter.

and AVDD may be reduced for some speed grades in order to reduce power consumption if further maximum core

frequency constraints are observed. See Section 5.3, “Voltage and Frequency Derating,” for specific information.

4. Caution: Power sequencing requirements must be met; see Section 9.2, “Power Supply Design and Sequencing”.

5. Caution: See Section 9.2.3, “Transient Specifications” for information regarding transients on this power supply.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 11

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 5 provides the package thermal characteristics for the MPC7448. For more information regarding

thermal management, see Section 9.7, “Thermal Management Information.”

Table 5. Package Thermal Characteristics

Characteristic Symbol Value Unit Notes

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, natural convection, single-layer (1s) board R

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, natural convection, four-layer (2s2p) board R

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, 200 ft/min airflow, single-layer (1s) board R

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance, 200 ft/min airflow, four-layer (2s2p) board R

Junction-to-board thermal resistance R

Junction-to-case thermal resistance R

JMA

26 °C/W 2, 3

19 °C/W 2, 4

22 °C/W 2, 4

16 °C/W 2, 4

11 °C/W 5

< 0.1 °C/W 6

Notes:

1. Refer to Section 9.7, “Thermal Management Information,” for details about thermal management.

2. Junction temperature is a function of on-chip power dissipation, package thermal resistance, mounting site (board) temperature, ambient temperature, airflow, power dissipation of other components on the board, and board thermal resistance.

3. Per JEDEC JESD51-2 with the single-layer board horizontal

4. Per JEDEC JESD51-6 with the board horizontal

5. Thermal resistance between the die and the printed-circuit board per JEDEC JESD51-8. Board temperature is measured on the top surface of the board near the package.

6. This is the thermal resistance between die and case top surface as measured by the cold plate method (MIL SPEC-883 Method 1012.1) with the calculated case temperature. The actual value of R

for the part is less than 0.1°C/W.

θJC

Table 6 provides the DC electrical characteristics for the MPC7448.

Table 6. DC Electrical Specifications

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4 .

Characteristic

Input high voltage (all inputs)

Nominal Bus

Volt ag e

1.5 V

Symbol Min Max Unit Notes

OVDD × 0.65 OVDD + 0.3 V 2

1.8 OVDD × 0.65 OVDD + 0.3

2.5 1.7 OVDD + 0.3

Input low voltage (all inputs)

1.5 V

–0.3 OVDD × 0.35 V 2

1.8 –0.3 OVDD × 0.35

2.5 –0.3 0.7

Input leakage current, V

= GVDD/OVDD

= GND

High-impedance (off-state) leakage current,

= GVDD/OVDD

= GND

—I

TSI

—

µA 2, 3

– 50

µA 2, 3, 4

– 50

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

12 Freescale Semiconductor

Table 6. DC Electrical Specifications (continued)

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4 .

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Characteristic

Output high voltage @ IOH = –5 mA 1.5 V

Output low voltage @ I

Capacitance,

0 V, f = 1 MHz

Notes:

1. Nominal voltages; see Ta b le 4 for recommended operating conditions.

2. All I/O signals are referenced to OV

3. Excludes test signals and IEEE 1149.1 boundary scan (JTAG) signals

4. The leakage is measured for nominal OV example, both OVDD and VDD vary by either +5% or –5%).

5. Capacitance is periodically sampled rather than 100% tested.

5 mA 1.5 V

All inputs C

Nominal Bus

Volt ag e

1.8 OVDD – 0.45 —

2.5 1.8 —

1.8 — 0.45

2.5 — 0.6

and VDD, or both OVDD and VDD must vary in the same direction (for

Symbol Min Max Unit Notes

OVDD – 0.45 — V

—0.45V

—8.0pF5

Table 7 provides the power consumption for the MPC7448 part numbers described by this document; see Section 11.1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document,” for more information. The MPC7448

RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications presents guidelines on the use of these parameters for system design. For information on power consumption when dynamic frequency switching is enabled, see

Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS).” Several power specifications are provided for

Full-Power mode. The Nominal – T ypical value represents the sustained power consumption of the device when running a typical benchmark at temperatures in a typical system. The Nominal – Thermal value is intended to represent the sustained power consumption of the device when running a typical code sequence at high temperature and is recommended to be used as the basis for designing a thermal solution; see

Section 9.7, “Thermal Management Information” for more information on thermal solutions. The

Maximum value is recommended to be used for power supply design because this represents the maximum peak power draw of the device that a power supply must be capable of sourcing without voltage droop.

NOTE

The power consumption information in this table applies when the device operates at the nominal core voltage indicated in Table 4. For power consumption at derated core voltage conditions, see Section 5.3, “Voltage

and Frequency Derating.”

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 13

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 7. Power Consumption for MPC7448

Die Junction Temperature

(Tj)

Typical – Nominal 65 °C 15.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 W 1, 2

Typical – Thermal 105 °C 18.6 23.3 24.4 25.6 W 1, 5

Maximum 105 °C 21.6 27.1 28.4 29.8 W 1, 3

Typical 105 °C 11.1 11.8 13.0 13.0 W 1, 6

Typical 105 °C 10.8 11.4 12.5 12.5 W 1, 6

Typical 105 °C 10.4 11.0 12.0 12.0 W 1, 6

Notes:

1. These values specify the power consumption for the core power supply (V processor bus frequencies and configurations. The values do not include I/O supply power (OVDD) or PLL supply power

). OVDD power is system dependent but is typically < 5% of VDD power. Worst case power consumption for

(AV

AVDD<13mW.

2. Typical nominal power consumption is an average value measured at the nominal recommended V while running the Dhrystone 2.1 benchmark and achieving 2.3 Dhrystone MIPs/MHz. This parameter is not 100% tested but periodically sampled.

3. Maximum power consumption is the average measured at nominal V

Ta bl e 4 ) while running an entirely cache-resident, contrived sequence of instructions to keep all the execution units maximally

busy.

4. Doze mode is not a user-definable state; it is an intermediate state between full-power and either nap or sleep mode. As a result, power consumption for this mode is not tested.

5. Typical thermal power consumption is an average value measured at the nominal recommended V 105 °C while running the Dhrystone 2.1 benchmark and achieving 2.3 Dhrystone MIPs/MHz. This parameter is not 100% tested but periodically sampled.

6. Typical power consumption for these modes is measured at the nominal recommended V mode described. This parameter is not 100% tested but is periodically sampled.

1000 MHz 1420 MHz 1600 MHz 1700 MHz

Deep Sleep Mode (PLL Disabled)

Processor (CPU) Frequency

Full-Power Mode

Nap Mode

Sleep Mode

and maximum operating junction temperature (see

Unit Notes

) at nominal voltage and apply to all valid

(see Ta bl e 4 ) and 65°C

(see Ta b le 4 ) and

(see Ta bl e 4 ) and 105 °C in the

5.2 AC Electrical Characteristics

This section provides the AC electrical characteristics for the MPC7448. After fabrication, functional parts are sorted by maximum processor core frequency as shown in Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC Specifications,” and tested for conformance to the AC specifications for that frequency. The processor core frequency, determined by the bus (SYSCLK) frequency and the settings of the PLL_CFG[0:5] signals, can be dynamically modified using dynamic frequency switching (DFS). Parts are sold by maximum processor core frequency; see Section 11, “Part Numbering and Marking,” for information on ordering parts. DFS is described in Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS).”

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

14 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

5.2.1 Clock AC Specifications

Table 8 provides the clock AC timing specifications as defined in Figure 3 and represents the tested

operating frequencies of the devices. The maximum system bus frequency, f

SYSCLK

considered a practical maximum in a typical single-processor system. This does not exclude multi-processor systems, but these typically require considerably more design effort to achieve the maximum rated bus frequency. The actual maximum SYSCLK frequency for any application of the MPC7448 will be a function of the AC timings of the microprocessor(s), the AC timings for the system controller, bus loading, printed-circuit board topology , trace lengths, and so forth, and may be less than the value given in Table 8.

NOTE

The core frequency information in this table applies when the device operates at the nominal core voltage indicated in

Table 4. For core frequency specifications at derated core voltage conditions, see Section 5.3, “Voltage

and Frequency Derating.”

Table 8. Clock AC Timing Specifications

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4 .

Maximum Processor Core Frequency

, given in Table 8, is

Characteristic Symbol

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Processor core frequency

VCO frequency f

SYSCLK frequency f

SYSCLK cycle time t

SYSCLK rise and fall time tKR, t

SYSCLK duty cycle measured at OV

SYSCLK cycle-to-cycle jitter — 150 — 150 — 150 — 150 ps 5, 6

DFS mode disabled f

DFS mode enabled f

core

core_DF

VCO

SYSCLK

KHKL

SYSCLK

600 1000 600 1420 600 1600 600 1700 MHz 1, 8, 9

300 500 300 710 300 800 300 850 10

600 1000 600 1420 600 800 600 1700 MHz 1, 9, 11

33 200 33 200 33 200 33 200 MHz 1, 2, 8

5.0305.0305.0305.030ns 2

—0.5—0.5—0.5—0.5ns 3

40 60 40 60 40 60 40 60 % 4

Unit Notes1000 MHz 1420 MHz 1600 MHz 1700 MHz

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 15

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 8. Clock AC Timing Specifications (continued)

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4 .

Maximum Processor Core Frequency

Characteristic Symbol

Unit Notes1000 MHz 1420 MHz 1600 MHz 1700 MHz

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Internal PLL relock time — 100 — 100 — 100 — 100 µs7

Notes:

1. Caution: The SYSCLK frequency and PLL_CFG[0:5] settings must be chosen such that the resulting SYSCLK (bus) frequency, processor core frequency, and PLL (VCO) frequency do not exceed their respective maximum or minimum operating frequencies. Refer to the PLL_CFG[0:5] signal description in Section 9.1.1, “PLL Configuration,” for valid PLL_CFG[0:5] settings.

2. Actual maximum system bus frequency is system-dependent. See Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC Specifications.”

3. Rise and fall times for the SYSCLK input measured from 0.4 to 1.4 V

4. Timing is guaranteed by design and characterization.

5. Guaranteed by design

6. The SYSCLK driver’s closed loop jitter bandwidth should be less than 1.5 MHz at –3 dB.

7. Relock timing is guaranteed by design and characterization. PLL-relock time is the maximum amount of time required for PLL lock after a stable V

and SYSCLK are reached during the power-on reset sequence. This specification also applies when

the PLL has been disabled and subsequently re-enabled during sleep mode. Also note that HRESET must be held asserted for a minimum of 255 bus clocks after the PLL-relock time during the power-on reset sequence.

8. This reflects the maximum and minimum core frequencies when the dynamic frequency switching feature (DFS) is disabled. f

core_DFS

provides the maximum and minimum core frequencies when operating in a DFS mode.

9. Caution: These values specify the maximum processor core and VCO frequencies when the device is operated at the nominal core voltage. If operating the device at the derated core voltage, the processor core and VCO frequencies must be reduced. See Section 5.3, “Voltage and Frequency Derating,” for more information.

10.This specification supports the Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS) feature and is applicable only when one of the DFS modes (divide-by-2 or divide-by-4) is enabled. When DFS is disabled, the core frequency must conform to the maximum and minimum frequencies stated for f

core

11.Use of the DFS feature does not affect VCO frequency.

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16 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 3 provides the SYSCLK input timing diagram.

SYSCLK

KHKL

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

Figure 3. SYSCLK Input Timing Diagram

5.2.2 Processor Bus AC Specifications

Table 9 provides the processor bus AC timing specifications for the MPC7448 as defined in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Table 9. Processor Bus AC Timing Specifications

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4 .

Parameter Symbol

All Speed Grades

Min Max

Unit Notes

Input setup times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4] D[0:63], DP[0:7]

, ARTRY, BG, CKSTP_IN, DBG, DTI[0:3], GBL, TT[0:3],

AACK

, TA, TBEN, TEA, TS, EXT_QUAL, PMON_IN,

QACK SHD[0:1]

BMODE[0:1], BVSEL[0:1]

Input hold times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4] D[0:63], DP[0:7]

, ARTRY, BG, CKSTP_IN, DBG, DTI[0:3], GBL, TT[0:3],

AACK

, TA, TBEN, TEA, TS, EXT_QUAL, PMON_IN,

QACK SHD[0:1]

BMODE[0:1], BVSEL[0:1]

Output valid times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4] D[0:63], DP[0:7]

, BR, CI, CKSTP_IN, DRDY, DTI[0:3], GBL, HIT,

AACK

PMON_OUT, QREQ, TBST, TSIZ[0:2], TT[0:3], WT TS ARTRY, SHD[0:1]

Output hold times:

A[0:35], AP[0:4] D[0:63], DP[0:7]

, BR, CI, CKSTP_IN, DRDY, DTI[0:3], GBL, HIT,

AACK

PMON_OUT, QREQ, TBST, TSIZ[0:2], TT[0:3], WT TS ARTRY, SHD[0:1]

SYSCLK to output enable t

AVKH

DVKH

IVKH

MVKH

AXKH

DXKH

IXKH

MXKH

KHAV

KHDV

KHOV

KHTSV

KHARV

KHAX

KHDX

KHOX

KHTSX

KHARX

KHOE

1.5

— — —

—

ns 0 0 0

— — —

—

— — —

— —

1.8

0.5

— — —

— —

0.5 — ns 5

— — —

— — — —

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 17

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Table 9. Processor Bus AC Timing Specifications1 (continued)

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4 .

Parameter Symbol

All Speed Grades

Min Max

Unit Notes

SYSCLK to output high impedance (all except TS, ARTRY, SHD0,

)

SHD1

SYSCLK to TS

high impedance after precharge t

Maximum delay to ARTRY/SHD0/SHD1 precharge t

SYSCLK to ARTRY/SHD0/SHD1 high impedance after

KHOZ

KHTSPZ

KHARP

KHARPZ

—1.8ns5

—1t

—2t

SYSCLK

3, 4, 5

3, 5, 6, 7

precharge

Notes:

1. All input specifications are measured from the midpoint of the signal in question to the midpoint of the rising edge of the input SYSCLK. All output specifications are measured from the midpoint of the rising edge of SYSCLK to the midpoint of the signal in question. All output timings assume a purely resistive 50-Ω load (see Figure 4). Input and output timings are measured at the pin; time-of-flight delays must be added for trace lengths, vias, and connectors in the system.

2. The symbology used for timing specifications herein follows the pattern of t t

(reference)(state)(signal)(state)

for outputs. For example, t

symbolizes the time input signals (I) reach the valid state (V) relative

IVKH

to the SYSCLK reference (K) going to the high (H) state or input setup time. And t

(signal)(state)(reference)(state)

symbolizes the time from SYSCLK(K)

KHOV

for inputs and

going high (H) until outputs (O) are valid (V) or output valid time. Input hold time can be read as the time that the input signal (I) went invalid (X) with respect to the rising clock edge (KH) (note the position of the reference and its state for inputs) and output hold time can be read as the time from the rising edge (KH) until the output went invalid (OX).

3. t

is the period of the external clock (SYSCLK) in ns. The numbers given in the table must be multiplied by the period of

sysclk

SYSCLK to compute the actual time duration (in ns) of the parameter in question.

4. According to the bus protocol, TS before returning to high impedance, as shown in Figure 6. The nominal precharge width for TS is t

is driven only by the currently active bus master. It is asserted low and precharged high

, that is, one clock

SYSCLK

period. Since no master can assert TS on the following clock edge, there is no concern regarding contention with the precharge. Output valid and output hold timing is tested for the signal asserted. Output valid time is tested for precharge.The high-impedance behavior is guaranteed by design.

5. Guaranteed by design and not tested

6. According to the bus protocol, ARTRY

. Bus contention is not an issue because any master asserting ARTRY will be driving it low. Any master asserting it low

AACK

can be driven by multiple bus masters through the clock period immediately following

in the first clock following AACK will then go to high impedance for a fraction of a cycle, then negated for up to an entire cycle (crossing a bus cycle boundary) before being three-stated again. The nominal precharge width for ARTRY is 1.0 t that is, it should be high impedance as shown in Figure 6 before the first opportunity for another master to assert ARTRY

SYSCLK

; .

Output valid and output hold timing is tested for the signal asserted.The high-impedance behavior is guaranteed by design.

7. According to the MPX bus protocol, SHD0

and SHD1 can be driven by multiple bus masters beginning two cycles after TS. Timing is the same as ARTRY, that is, the signal is high impedance for a fraction of a cycle, then negated for up to an entire cycle (crossing a bus cycle boundary) before being three-stated again. The nominal precharge width for SHD0 and SHD1 is

1.0 t

8. BMODE BVSEL[0:1] are sampled before HRESET

. The edges of the precharge vary depending on the programmed ratio of core to bus (PLL configurations).

SYSCLK

[0:1] and BVSEL[0:1] are mode select inputs. BMODE[0:1] are sampled before and after HRESET negation.

negation. These parameters represent the input setup and hold times for each sample. These values are guaranteed by design and not tested. BMODE[0:1] must remain stable after the second sample; BVSEL[0:1] must remain stable after the first (and only) sample. See Figure 5 for sample timing.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

18 Freescale Semiconductor

Figure 4 provides the AC test load for the MPC7448.

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Output

Z0 = 50 Ω

= 50 Ω

OVDD/2

Figure 4. AC Test Load

Figure 5 provides the BMODE[0:1] input timing diagram for the MPC7448. These mode select inputs are

sampled once before and once after HRESET negation.

SYSCLK

HRESET

BMODE[0:1]

1st Sample

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

2nd Sample

Figure 5. BMODE[0:1] Input Sample Timing Diagram

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 19

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 6 provides the input/output timing diagram for the MPC7448.

SYSCLK

All Inputs

All Outputs

(Except TS,

ARTRY, SHD0, SHD1)

All Outputs

(Except TS

ARTRY, SHD0, SHD1)

AXKH

IXKH

MXKH

KHAX

KHDX

KHOX

KHOZ

KHOE

AVKH

IVKH

MVKH

KHAV

KHDV

KHOV

KHTSPZ

KHTSV

KHTSX

ARTRY,

SHD0,

SHD1

KHARV

KHARP

KHARX

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

Figure 6. Input/Output Timing Diagram

KHARPZ

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

20 Freescale Semiconductor

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

5.2.3 IEEE 1149.1 AC Timing Specifications

Table 10 provides the IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) AC timing specifications as defined in Figure 8 through Figure 11.

Table 10. JTAG AC Timing Specifications (Independent of SYSCLK)

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4 .

Parameter Symbol Min Max Unit Notes

TCK frequency of operation f

TCK cycle time t

TCK clock pulse width measured at 1.4 V t

TCLK

JHJL

TCK rise and fall times tJR and t

TRST assert time t

TRST

Input setup times:

Boundary-scan data TMS, TDI

DVJ H

IVJH

Input hold times:

Boundary-scan data TMS, TDI

DXJH

IXJH

Valid times:

Boundary-scan data TDO

JLDV

JLOV

Output hold times:

Boundary-scan data TDO

JLDX

JLOX

TCK to output high impedance:

Boundary-scan data TDO

JLDZ

JLOZ

033.3MHz

30 — ns

15 — ns

—2ns

25 — ns 2

ns 3 4 0

— —

ns 3

20 25

— —

ns 4 4 4

20 25

ns 4

30 30

— —

ns 4, 5 3 3

Notes:

1. All outputs are measured from the midpoint voltage of the falling/rising edge of TCLK to the midpoint of the signal in question. The output timings are measured at the pins. All output timings assume a purely resistive 50-Ω load (see Figure 7). Time-of-flight delays must be added for trace lengths, vias, and connectors in the system.

2. TRST

is an asynchronous level sensitive signal. The time is for test purposes only.

3. Non-JTAG signal input timing with respect to TCK.

4. Non-JTAG signal output timing with respect to TCK.

5. Guaranteed by design and characterization.

Figure 7 provides the AC test load for TDO and the boundary-scan outputs of the MPC7448.

Output

Z0 = 50 Ω

= 50 Ω

Figure 7. Alternate AC Test Load for the JTAG Interface

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 21

OVDD/2

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

Figure 8 provides the JTAG clock input timing diagram.

TCLK

JHJL

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

Figure 8. JTAG Clock Input Timing Diagram

Figure 9 provides the TRST timing diagram.

TRST

VM = Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

Figure 9. TRST Timing Diagram

Figure 10 provides the boundary-scan timing diagram.

TCK

Boundary

Data Inputs

Boundary

Data Outputs

JLDV

JLDX

DVJ H

Data Valid

Output Data Valid

Input

DXJH

JLDZ

Boundary

Data Outputs

Output Data Valid

= Midpoint Voltage (OVDD/2)

Figure 10. Boundary-Scan Timing Diagram

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

22 Freescale Semiconductor

Figure 11 provides the test access port timing diagram.

Electrical and Thermal Characteristics

TCK

TDI, TMS

TDO

TDO Output Data Valid

JLOV

JLOX

JLOZ

= Midpoint Voltage (OV

IVJH

Data Valid

Output Data Valid

/2)

Input

IXJH

Figure 11. Test Access Port Timing Diagram

5.3 Voltage and Frequency Derating

To reduce power consumption, some speed grades support voltage and frequency derating in which the core voltage (VDD) may be reduced if the reduced maximum processor core frequency requirements are observed. The supported derated core voltage, resulting maximum processor core frequency (f power consumption are provided in Table 11. Only those parameters in Table 11 are affected; all other parameter specifications are unaffected.

core

), and

Table 11. Supported Voltage, Core Frequency, and Power Consumption Derating

Maximum Rated

Core Frequency

(Device Marking)

1700 1.0 V ± 50 mV 1250 MHz 8.4 W 10.3 W 12.0 W

1600 N/A

1420 N/A

1000 N/A

Supported Derated Core Volt a g e (V

Maximum Derated

Core Frequency

)

core

)

Typical – Nominal Typical – Thermal Maximum

Full-Power Mode Power Consumption

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 23

Pin Assignments

6 Pin Assignments

Figure 12 (in Part A) shows the pinout of the MPC7448, 360 high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic

ball grid array (HCTE) package as viewed from the top surface. Part B shows the side profile of the HCTE package to indicate the direction of the top surface view.

Part A

Part B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Not to Scale

Substrate Assembly

Encapsulant

View

Die

17 18 19

Figure 12. Pinout of the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package as Viewed from the Top Surface

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

24 Freescale Semiconductor

Pinout Listings

7 Pinout Listings

Table 12 provides the pinout listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE package. The pinouts of the MPC7448

and MPC7447A are compatible, but the requirements regarding the use of the additional power and ground pins have changed. The MPC7448 requires these pins be connected to the appropriate power or ground plane to achieve high core frequencies; see Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for additional information. As a result, these pins should be connected in all new designs.

Additionally, the MPC7448 may be populated on a board designed for a MPC7447 (or MPC7445 or MPC7441), provided the core voltage can be made to match the requirements in Table 4 and all pins defined as ‘no connect’ for the MPC7447 are unterminated, as required by the MPC7457 RISC Micropr ocessor Hardwar e Specifications. The MPC7448 uses pins previously marked ‘no connect’ for the temperature diode pins and for additional power and ground connections. The additional power and ground pins are required to achieve high core frequencies and core frequency will be limited if they are not connected; see Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for additional information. Because these ‘no connect’ pins in the MPC7447 360 pin package are not driven in functional mode, an MPC7447 can be populated in an MPC7448 board.

NOTE

Caution must be exercised when performing boundary scan test operations on a board designed for an MPC7448, but populated with an MPC7447 or earlier device. This is because in the MPC7447 it is possible to drive the latches associated with the former ‘no connect’ pins in the MPC7447, potentially causing contention on those pins. To prevent this, ensure that these pins are not connected on the board or, if they are connected, ensure that the states of internal MPC7447 latches do not cause these pins to be driven during board testing.

For the MPC7448, pins that were defined as the TEST[0:4] factory test signal group on the MPC7447A and earlier devices have been assigned new functions. For most of these, the termination recommendations for the TEST[0:4] pins of the MPC7447A are compatible with the MPC7448 and will allow correct operation with no performance loss. The exception is BVSEL1 (TEST3 on the MPC7447A and earlier devices), which may require a different termination depending which I/O voltage mode is desired; see

Table 3 for more information.

NOTE

This pinout is not compatible with the MPC750, MPC7400, or MPC7410 360 BGA package.

Table 12. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package

Signal Name Pin Number Active I/O Notes

A[0:35] E11, H1, C11, G3, F10, L2, D11, D1, C10, G2, D12, L3, G4, T2, F4, V1,

J4, R2, K5, W2, J2, K4, N4, J3, M5, P5, N3, T1, V2, U1, N5, W1, B12, C4, G10, B11

AACK R1 Low Input

AP[0:4] C1, E3, H6, F5, G7 High I/O 2

ARTRY

N2 Low I/O 3

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

High I/O 2

Freescale Semiconductor 25

Pinout Listings

Table 12. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package (continued)

Signal Name Pin Number Active I/O Notes

A8 — Input

BG M1 Low Input

BMODE0 G9 Low Input 4

BMODE1 F8 Low Input 5

D2 Low Output

BVSEL0 B7 High Input 1, 6

BVSEL1 E10 High Input 1, 20

J1 Low Output

CKSTP_IN A3 Low Input

CKSTP_OUT B1 Low Output

CLK_OUT H2 High Output

D[0:63] R15, W15, T14, V16, W16, T15, U15, P14, V13, W13, T13, P13, U14,

High I/O W14, R12, T12, W12, V12, N11, N10, R11, U11, W11, T11, R10, N9, P10, U10, R9, W10, U9, V9, W5, U6, T5, U5, W7, R6, P7, V6, P17, R19, V18, R18, V19, T19, U19, W19, U18, W17, W18, T16, T18, T17, W3, V17, U4, U8, U7, R7, P6, R8, W8, T8

DBG M2 Low Input

DFS2 A12 Low Input 20, 21

DFS4

B6 Low Input 12, 20, 21

DP[0:7] T3, W4, T4, W9, M6, V3, N8, W6 High I/O

DRDY R3 Low Output 7

DTI[0:3] G1, K1, P1, N1 High Input 8

EXT_QUAL A11 High Input 9

GBL

GND B5, C3, D6, D13, E17, F3, G17, H4, H7, H9, H11, H13, J6, J8, J10, J12,

E2 Low I/O

—— K7, K3, K9, K11, K13, L6, L8, L10, L12, M4, M7, M9, M11, M13, N7, P3, P9, P12, R5, R14, R17, T7, T10, U3, U13, U17, V5, V8, V11, V15

GND A17, A19, B13, B16, B18, E12, E19, F13, F16, F18, G19, H18, J14, L14,

—— 15 M15, M17, M19, N14, N16, P15, P19

GND_SENSE G12, N13 — — 19

HIT

B2 Low Output 7

HRESET D8 Low Input

INT D4 Low Input

L1_TSTCLK G8 High Input 9

L2_TSTCLK B3 High Input 10

LV RA M

NC (no connect) A6, A14, A15, B14, B15, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, D14, D15, D16,

B10 — — 12, 20, 22

—— 11 D17, D18, D19, E14, E15, F14, F15, G14, G15, H15, H16, J15, J16, J17, J18, J19, K15, K16, K17, K18, K19, L15, L16, L17, L18, L19

LSSD_MODE

E8 Low Input 6, 12

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

26 Freescale Semiconductor

Pinout Listings

Table 12. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package (continued)

Signal Name Pin Number Active I/O Notes

MCP C9 Low Input

OVDD_SENSE E18, G18 — — 16

PLL_CFG[0:4] B8, C8, C7, D7, A7 High Input

PLL_CFG[5] D10 High Input 9, 20

PMON_IN

PMON_OUT A9 Low Output

QACK G5 Low Input

QREQ

SHD[0:1] E4, H5 Low I/O 3

SMI F9 Low Input

SRESET

SYSCLK A10 — Input

TA K6 Low Input

TBEN E1 High Input

TBST

TCK C6 High Input

TDI B9 High Input 6

TDO A4 High Output

TEA

TEMP_ANODE N18 — — 17

TEMP_CATHODE N19 — — 17

TMS F1 High Input 6

TRST

TSIZ[0:2] G6, F7, E7 High Output

TT[0:4] E5, E6, F6, E9, C5 High I/O

B4, C2, C12, D5, F2, H3, J5, K2, L5, M3, N6, P2, P8, P11, R4, R13, R16,

—— T6, T9, U2, U12, U16, V4, V7, V10, V14

D9 Low Input 13

P4 Low Output

A2 Low Input

F11 Low Output

L1 Low Input

A5 Low Input 6, 14

L4 Low I/O 3

D3 Low Output

H8, H10, H12, J7, J9, J11, J13, K8, K10, K12, K14, L7, L9, L11, L13, M8,

—— M10, M12

A13, A16, A18, B17, B19, C13, E13, E16, F12, F17, F19, G11, G16,

—— 15 H14, H17, H19, M14, M16, M18, N15, N17, P16, P18

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 27

Pinout Listings

Table 12. Pinout Listing for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE Package (continued)

Signal Name Pin Number Active I/O Notes

VDD_SENSE G13, N12 — — 18

Notes:

1. OV

2. Unused address pins must be pulled down to GND and corresponding address parity pins pulled up to OV

3. These pins require weak pull-up resistors (for example, 4.7 KΩ) to maintain the control signals in the negated state after they

4. This signal selects between MPX bus mode (asserted) and 60x bus mode (negated) and will be sampled at HRESET

5. This signal must be negated during reset, by pull-up resistor to OV

6. Internal pull up on die.

7. Ignored in 60x bus mode.

8. These signals must be pulled down to GND if unused, or if the MPC7448 is in 60x bus mode.

9. These input signals are for factory use only and must be pulled down to GND for normal machine operation.

10.This test signal is recommended to be tied to HRESET

11.These signals are for factory use only and must be left unconnected for normal machine operation. Some pins that were NCs

12.These input signals are for factory use only and must be pulled up to OV

13.This pin can externally cause a performance monitor event. Counting of the event is enabled through software.

14.This signal must be asserted during reset, by pull down to GND or assertion by HRESET

15.These pins were NCs on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. See Section 9.3, “Connection Recommendations,” for

16.These pins were OV

17.These pins provide connectivity to the on-chip temperature diode that can be used to determine the die junction temperature

18.These pins are internally connected to V

19.These pins are internally connected to GND and are intended to allow an external device to detect the processor ground

20.These pins were in the TEST[0:4] factory test pin group on the MPC7447A, MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. They have

21.These pins can be used to enable the supported dynamic frequency switching (DFS) modes via hardware. If both are pulled

22.This pin is provided to allow operation of the L2 cache at low core voltages and is for factory use only. See the MPC7450

supplies power to the processor bus, JTAG, and all control signals; VDD supplies power to the processor core and the

PLL (after filtering to become AVDD). To program the I/O voltage, see Ta b le 3 . If used, the pull-down resistor should be less than 250 Ω. Because these settings may change in future products, it is recommended BVSEL[0:1] be configured using resistor options, jumpers, or some other flexible means, with the capability to reconfigure the termination of this signal in the future if necessary. For actual recommended value of V

or supply voltages see Ta bl e 4 .

have been actively negated and released by the MPC7448 and other bus masters.

going

high.

or negation by ¬HRESET (inverse of HRESET), to

ensure proper operation.

; however, other configurations will not adversely affect performance.

on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441 have now been defined for other purposes.

for normal machine operation.

, to ensure proper operation.

more information.

pins on the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MPC7441. These pins are internally connected to OVDD and

are intended to allow an external device to detect the I/O voltage level present inside the device package. If unused, they must be connected directly to OV

or left unconnected.

of the processor. These pins may be left unterminated if unused.

and are intended to allow an external device to detect the processor core voltage

level present inside the device package. If unused, they must be connected directly to V

or left unconnected.

voltage level present inside the device package. If unused, they must be connected directly to GND or left unconnected.

been assigned new functions on the MPC7448.

down, DFS mode is disabled completely and cannot be enabled via software. If unused, they should be pulled up to OV

to allow software control of DFS. See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual for more information.

RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual for more information.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

28 Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8 Package Description

The following sections provide the package parameters and mechanical dimensions for the HCTE package.

8.1 Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE BGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360-lead high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic ball grid array (HCTE).

Package outline 25 × 25 mm Interconnects 360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1) Pitch 1.27 mm (50 mil) Minimum module height 2.32 mm Maximum module height 2.80 mm Ball diameter 0.89 mm (35 mil) Coefficient of thermal expansion 12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 29

Package Description

8.2 Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE BGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE BGA package.

A1 CORNER

0.2

Capacitor Region

0.15 A

NOTES:

1. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters.

3. Top side A1 corner index is a metalized feature with various shapes. Bottom side A1 corner is designated with a ball missing from the array.

Millimeters

Dim Min Max

A 2.32 2.80

A1 0.80 1.00

12345678910111213141516

1718 19

V U

T R P N M

L K

J H G

F E D C B A

0.35 A

A2 0.70 0.90

A3 — 0.6

b 0.82 0.93

D 25.00 BSC

D1 — 11.3

D2 8.0 —

D3 — 6.5

D4 7.2 7.4

e 1.27 BSC

E 25.00 BSC

E1 — 11.3

E2 8.0 —

360X

0.15

E3 — 6.5

B0.3

E4 7.9 8.1

Figure 13. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE BGA Package

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

30 Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8.3 Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE LGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360 pin high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic land grid array (HCTE).

Package outline 25 × 25 mm Interconnects 360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1) Pitch 1.27 mm (50 mil) Minimum module height 1.52 mm Maximum module height 1.80 mm Pad diameter 0.89 mm (35 mil) Coefficient of thermal expansion 12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 31

Package Description

8.4 Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE LGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE LGA package.

A1 CORNER

0.2

Capacitor Region

0.15 A

NOTES:

1. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters

3. Top side A1 corner index is a metalized feature with various shapes. Bottom side A1 corner is designated with a pad missing from the array.

Millimeters

Dim Min Max

A 1.52 1.80

A1 0.70 0.90

12345678910111213141516

1718 19

V U

T R P N M

L K

J H G

F E D C B A

0.35 A

A2 — 0.6

b 0.82 0.93

D 25.00 BSC

D1 — 11.3

D2 8.0 —

D3 — 6.5

D4 7.2 7.4

e 1.27 BSC

E 25.00 BSC

E1 — 11.3

E2 8.0 —

E3 — 6.5

360X

0.15

E4 7.9 8.1

B0.3

Figure 14. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE LGA Package

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

32 Freescale Semiconductor

Package Description

8.5 Package Parameters for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE RoHS-Compliant BGA

The package parameters are as provided in the following list. The package type is 25 × 25 mm, 360-lead high coefficient of thermal expansion ceramic ball grid array (HCTE) with RoHS-compliant lead-free spheres.

Package outline 25 × 25 mm Interconnects 360 (19 × 19 ball array – 1) Pitch 1.27 mm (50 mil) Minimum module height 1.92 mm Maximum module height 2.40 mm Ball diameter 0.75 mm (30 mil) Coefficient of thermal expansion 12.3 ppm/°C

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 33

Package Description

8.6 Mechanical Dimensions for the MPC7448, 360 HCTE RoHS-Compliant BGA

Figure 13 provides the mechanical dimensions and bottom surface nomenclature for the MPC7448, 360

HCTE BGA package with RoHS-compliant lead-free spheres.

A1 CORNER

0.2

Capacitor Region

0.15 A

NOTES:

1. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M, 1994

2. Dimensions in millimeters.

3. Top side A1 corner index is a metalized feature with various shapes. Bottom side A1 corner is designated with a ball missing from the array.

4. Dimension A1 represents the collapsed sphere diameter.

Millimeters

Dim Min Max

A 1.92 2.40

0.40 0.60

b 0.60 0.90

e 1.27 BSC

12345678910111213141516

1718 19

A2 0.70 0.90

A3 — 0.6

V U

T R P N M

L K

J H G

F E D C B A

0.35 A

D 25.00 BSC

D1 — 11.3

D2 8.0 —

D3 — 6.5

D4 7.2 7.4

E 25.00 BSC

E1 — 11.3

E2 8.0 —

360X

0.15

E3 — 6.5

B0.3

E4 7.9 8.1

Figure 15. Mechanical Dimensions and Bottom Surface Nomenclature for the MPC7448,

360 HCTE RoHS-Compliant BGA Package

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

34 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9 System Design Information

This section provides system and thermal design requirements and recommendations for successful application of the MPC7448.

9.1 Clocks

The following sections provide more detailed information regarding the clocking of the MPC7448.

9.1.1 PLL Configuration

The MPC7448 PLL is configured by the PLL_CFG[0:5] signals. For a given SYSCLK (bus) frequency, the PLL configuration signals set the internal CPU and VCO frequency of operation. The PLL configuration for the MPC7448 is shown in Table 13. In this example, shaded cells represent settings that, for a given SYSCLK frequency, result in core and/or VCO frequencies that do not comply with Table 8. When enabled, dynamic frequency switching (DFS) also affects the core frequency by halving or quartering the bus-to-core multiplier; see Section 9.7.5, “Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS),” for more information. Note that when DFS is enabled the resulting core frequency must meet the adjusted minimum core frequency requirements (f

core_DFS

for factory test only and should be tied low, and that the MPC7448 PLL configuration settings are compatible with the MPC7447A PLL configuration settings when PLL_CFG[5] = 0.

) described in Table 8. Note that the PLL_CFG[5] is currently used

Table 13. MPC7448 Microprocessor PLL Configuration Example

PLL_CFG[0:5]

010000 2x

100000 3x

101000 4x

101100 5x 1x

100100 5.5x 1x

110100 6x 1x

010100 6.5x 1x

001000 7x 1x

000100 7.5x 1x

110000 8x 1x

011000 8.5x 1x

011110 9x 1x

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier

Example Core and VCO Frequency in MHz

Bus (SYSCLK) Frequency

Core-to-VCO

Multiplier

33.3 MHz50MHz

1x 600

1x 667 800

66.6 MHz75MHz83MHz

623 750 1000 1253 1500

600 664 800 1064 1336 1600

638 706 850 1131 1417 1700

600 675 747 900 1197 1500

100

MHz

600 800 1002 1200

650 866 1086 1300

700 931 1169 1400

133

MHz

667 835 1000

733 919 1100

MHz

167

200

MHz

011100 9.5x 1x 633 712 789 950 1264 1583

101010 10x 1x 667 750 830 1000 1333 1667

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

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System Design Information

Table 13. MPC7448 Microprocessor PLL Configuration Example (continued)

Example Core and VCO Frequency in MHz

PLL_CFG[0:5]

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier

Core-to-VCO

Multiplier

33.3 MHz50MHz

Bus (SYSCLK) Frequency

66.6 MHz75MHz83MHz

100

MHz

100010 10.5x 1x 700 938 872 1050 1397

100110 11x 1x 733 825 913 1100 1467

000000 11.5x 1x 766 863 955 1150 1533

101110 12x 1x 600 800 900 996 1200 1600

111110 12.5x 1x 625 833 938 1038 1250 1667

010110 13x 1x 650 865 975 1079 1300

111000 13.5x 1x 675 900 1013 1121 1350

110010 14x 1x 700 933 1050 1162 1400

000110 15x 1x 750 1000 1125 1245 1500

110110 16x 1x 800 1066 1200 1328 1600

000010 17x 1x 850 1132 1275 1417 1700

001010 18x 1x 600 900 1200 1350 1500

001110 20x 1x 667 1000 1332 1500 1666

010010 21x 1x 700 1050 1399 1575

011010 24x 1x 800 1200 1600

111010 28x 1x 933 1400

001100 PLL bypass PLL off, SYSCLK clocks core circuitry directly

133

MHz

167

MHz

200

MHz

111100 PLL off PLL off, no core clocking occurs

Notes:

1. PLL_CFG[0:5] settings not listed are reserved.

2. The sample bus-to-core frequencies shown are for reference only. Some PLL configurations may select bus, core, or VCO frequencies which are not useful, not supported, or not tested for by the MPC7448; see Section 5.2.1, “Clock AC

Specifications,” for valid SYSCLK, core, and VCO frequencies.

3. In PLL-bypass mode, the SYSCLK input signal clocks the internal processor directly and the PLL is disabled. However, the bus interface unit requires a 2x clock to function. Therefore, an additional signal, EXT_QUAL, must be driven at half the frequency of SYSCLK and offset in phase to meet the required input setup t

and hold time t

IVKH

(see Ta b le 9 ). The result

IXKH

will be that the processor bus frequency will be one-half SYSCLK, while the internal processor is clocked at SYSCLK frequency. This mode is intended for factory use and emulator tool use only. Note: The AC timing specifications given in this document do not apply in PLL-bypass mode.

4. In PLL-off mode, no clocking occurs inside the MPC7448 regardless of the SYSCLK input.

5. Applicable when DFS modes are disabled. These multipliers change when operating in a DFS mode. See Section 9.7.5,

“Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS)” for more information.

6. Bus-to-core multipliers less than 5x require that assertion of AACK be delayed by one or two bus cycles to allow the

processor to generate a response to a snooped transaction. See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for more information.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

36 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9.1.2 System Bus Clock (SYSCLK) and Spread Spectrum Sources

Spread spectrum clock sources are an increasingly popular way to control electromagnetic interference emissions (EMI) by spreading the emitted noise to a wider spectrum and reducing the peak noise magnitude in order to meet industry and government requirements. These clock sources intentionally add long-term jitter in order to diffuse the EMI spectral content. The jitter specification given in Table 8 considers short-term (cycle-to-cycle) jitter only and the clock generator’s cycle-to-cycle output jitter should meet the MPC7448 input cycle-to-cycle jitter requirement. Frequency modulation and spread are separate concerns, and the MPC7448 is compatible with spread spectrum sources if the recommendations listed in Table 14 are observed.

Table 14. Spread Spectrum Clock Source Recommendations

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4 .

Parameter Min Max Unit Notes

Frequency modulation — 50 kHz 1

Frequency spread — 1.0 % 1, 2

Notes:

1. Guaranteed by design

2. SYSCLK frequencies resulting from frequency spreading, and the resulting core and VCO frequencies, must meet the minimum and maximum specifications given in Ta b le 8 .

It is imperative to note that the processor’s minimum and maximum SYSCLK, core, and VCO frequencies must not be exceeded regardless of the type of clock source. Therefore, systems in which the processor is operated at its maximum rated core or bus frequency should avoid violating the stated limits by using down-spreading only.

9.2 Power Supply Design and Sequencing

The following sections provide detailed information regarding power supply design for the MPC7448.

9.2.1 Power Supply Sequencing

The MPC7448 requires its power rails and clock to be applied in a specific sequence to ensure proper device operation and to prevent device damage. The power sequencing requirements are as follows:

•AV

•OV

Additionally, the following requirements exist regarding the application of SYSCLK:

• The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed V

• The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed OVDD by more 20% during transients (see

must be delayed with respect to VDD by the RC time constant of the PLL filter circuit

described in Section 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply Filtering”. This time constant is nominally 100 µs.

may ramp anytime before or after V

and AVDD.

until VDD has ramped to 0.9 V.

overshoot/undershoot specifications in Figure 2) or 0.3 V DC (see Table 2) at any time.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 37

System Design Information

These requirements are shown graphically in Figure 16.

no restrictions between

0.9 V

100 µs (nominal) delay from VDD to AV

limit imposed by OVDD if VDD ramps up first

limit imposed by VDD if OVDD ramps up first

0.9 V

SYSCLK

and V

V AV

Figure 16. MPC7448 Power Up Sequencing Requirements

Certain stipulations also apply to the manner in which the power rails of the MPC7448 power down, as follows:

•OVDD may ramp down any time before or after VDD.

• The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed V

once VDD has ramped down below 0.9 V.

• The voltage at the SYSCLK input must not exceed OVDD by more 20% during transients (see overshoot/undershoot specifications in Figure 2) or 0.3 V DC (see Table 2) at any time.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

38 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

OV V

SYSCLK

limit imposed by OV

note also restrictions between SYSCLK and OV

if OVDD ramps down first

no restrictions between V

0.9 V

no restrictions between V

limit imposed by V

0.9 V

and OV

if VDD ramps down first

and AV

Figure 17. MPC7448 Power Down Sequencing Requirements

There is no requirement regarding AVDD during power down, but it is recommended that AVDD track VDD within the RC time constant of the PLL filter circuit described in Section 9.2.2, “PLL Power Supply

Filtering” (nominally 100 µs).

9.2.2 PLL Power Supply Filtering

The AVDD power signal is provided on the MPC7448 to provide power to the clock generation PLL. To ensure stability of the internal clock, the power supplied to the AVDD input signal should be filtered of any noise in the 500-KHz to 10-MHz resonant frequency range of the PLL. The circuit shown in Figure 18 using surface mount capacitors with minimum effective series inductance (ESL) is strongly recommended. In addition to filtering noise from the AV AVDD as described in Section 9.2.1, “Power Supply Sequencing.”

The circuit should be placed as close as possible to the AVDD pin to minimize noise coupled from nearby circuits. It is often possible to route directly from the capacitors to the AVDD pin, which is on the periphery of the device footprint.

10 Ω

Figure 18. PLL Power Supply Filter Circuit

input, it also provides the required delay between VDD and

2.2 µF 2.2 µF

Low ESL Surface Mount Capacitors

GND

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 39

System Design Information

9.2.3 Transient Specifications

The ensure the long-term reliability of the device, the MPC7448 requires that transients on the core power rail (VDD) be constrained. The recommended operating voltage specifications provided in Table 4 are DC specifications. That is, the device may be operated continuously with V without adversely affecting the device’s reliability. Excursions above the stated recommended operation range, including overshoot during power-up, can impact the long-term reliability of the device. Excursions are described by their amplitude and duration. Duration is defined as the time period during which the V power plane, as measured at the VDD_SENSE pins, will be within a specific voltage range, expressed as percentage of the total time the device will be powered up over the device lifetime. In practice, the period over which transients are measured can be any arbitrary period of time that accurately represents the expected range of processor and system activity. The voltage ranges and durations for normal operation and transients are described in Table 15.

Table 15. VDD Power Supply Transient Specifications

At recommended operating temperatures. See Ta bl e 4 .

within the specified range

Voltage Range (V)

Voltage Region

Min Max

Normal V

Low Transient VDD maximum 1.35 V 10% 2, 3

High Transient 1.35 V 1.40 V 0.2% 4

Notes:

1. Permitted duration is defined as the percentage of the total time the device is powered on that the VDD power supply voltage may exist within the specified voltage range.

2. See Ta bl e 4 for nominal V

3. To simplify measurement, excursions into the High Transient region are included in this duration.

4. Excursions above the absolute maximum rating of 1.4 V are not permitted; see Ta bl e 2 .

minimum VDD maximum 100% 2

specifications.

Permitted

Duration

Notes

Note that, to simplify transient measurements, the duration of the excursion into the High Transient region is also included in the Low Transient duration, so that only the time the voltage is above each threshold must be considered. Figure 19 shows an example of measuring voltage transients.

1.40 V

1.35 V

DD (maximum)

High Transient

Low Transient

DD (nominal)

DD (minimum)

A + B < T • 10%

C < T • 0.2%

Normal

Figure 19. Voltage Transient Example

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

40 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

9.2.4 Decoupling Recommendations

Due to the MPC7448 dynamic power management feature, large address and data buses, and high operating frequencies, the MPC7448 can generate transient power surges and high frequency noise in its power supply , especially while driving large capacitive loads. This noise must be prevented from reaching other components in the MPC7448 system, and the MPC7448 itself requires a clean, tightly regulated source of power. Therefore, it is recommended that the system designer use sufficient decoupling capacitors, typically one capacitor for every VDD pin, and a similar amount for the OVDD pins, placed as close as possible to the power pins of the MPC7448. It is also recommended that these decoupling capacitors receive their power from separate VDD, OVDD, and GND power planes in the PCB, using short traces to minimize inductance.

These capacitors should have a value of 0.01 or 0.1 µF. Only ceramic surface mount technology (SMT) capacitors should be used to minimize lead inductance. Orientations where connections are made along the length of the part, such as 0204, are preferable but not mandatory. Consistent with the recommendations of Dr. Howard Johnson in High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic (Prentice Hall, 1993) and contrary to previous recommendations for decoupling Freescale microprocessors, multiple small capacitors of equal value are recommended over using multiple values of capacitance.

In addition, it is recommended that there be several bulk storage capacitors distributed around the PCB, feeding the VDD and OVDD planes, to enable quick recharging of the smaller chip capacitors. These bulk capacitors should have a low equivalent series resistance (ESR) rating to ensure the quick response time necessary. They should also be connected to the power and ground planes through two vias to minimize inductance. Suggested bulk capacitors are 100–330 µF (AVX TPS tantalum or Sanyo OSCON).

9.3 Connection Recommendations

To ensure reliable operation, it is highly recommended to connect unused inputs to an appropriate signal level. Unless otherwise noted, unused active low inputs should be tied to OVDD and unused active high inputs should be connected to GND. All NC (no connect) signals must remain unconnected.

Power and ground connections must be made to all external VDD, OVDD, and GND pins in the MPC7448. For backward compatibility with the MPC7447, MPC7445, and MP7441, or for migrating a system originally designed for one of these devices to the MPC7448, the new power and ground signals (formerly NC, see Table 12) may be left unconnected if the core frequency is 1 GHz or less. Operation above 1 GHz requires that these additional power and ground signals be connected, and it is strongly recommended that all new designs include the additional connections. See also Section 7, “Pinout Listings,” for additional information.

9.4 Output Buffer DC Impedance

The MPC7448 processor bus drivers are characterized over process, voltage, and temperature. T o measure

, an external resistor is connected from the chip pad to OVDD or GND. The value of each resistor is

varied until the pad voltage is OVDD/2. Figure 20 shows the driver impedance measurement.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 41

System Design Information

SW2

Data

Figure 20. Driver Impedance Measurement

Pad

SW1

OGND

The output impedance is the average of two components—the resistances of the pull-up and pull-down devices. When data is held low, SW2 is closed (SW1 is open), and RN is trimmed until the voltage at the pad equals OVDD/2. RN then becomes the resistance of the pull-down devices. When data is held high, SW1 is closed (SW2 is open), and RP is trimmed until the voltage at the pad equals OVDD/2. RP then becomes the resistance of the pull-up devices. RP and RN are designed to be close to each other in value. Then, Z0 = (RP + RN)/2.

Table 16 summarizes the signal impedance results. The impedance increases with junction temperature

and is relatively unaffected by bus voltage.

Table 16. Impedance Characteristics

At recommended operating conditions. See Ta bl e 4

Impedance Processor Bus Unit

Typical 33–42 Ω

Maximum 31–51 Ω

9.5 Pull-Up/Pull-Down Resistor Requirements

The MPC7448 requires high-resistive (weak: 4.7-KΩ) pull-up resistors on several control pins of the bus interface to maintain the control signals in the negated state after they have been actively negated and released by the MPC7448 or other bus masters. These pins are: TS, ARTRY, SHDO, and SHD1.

Some pins designated as being factory test pins must be pulled up to OVDD or down to GND to ensure proper device operation. The pins that must be pulled up to OV pins that must be pulled down to GND are L1_TSTCLK and TEST[4]. The CKSTP_IN likewise be pulled up through a pull-up resistor (weak or stronger: 4.7–1 KΩ) to prevent erroneous assertions of this signal.

In addition, the MPC7448 has one open-drain style output that requires a pull-up resistor (weak or stronger: 4.7–1 KΩ) if it is used by the system. This pin is CKSTP_OUT.

are LSSD_MODE and TEST[0:3]; the

signal should

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

42 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

BVSEL0 and BVSEL1 should not be allowed to float, and should be configured either via pull-up or pull-down resistors or actively driven by external logic. If pull-down resistors are used to configure BVSEL0 or BVSEL1, the resistors should be less than 250 Ω (see Table 12). Because PLL_CFG[0:5] must remain stable during normal operation, strong pull-up and pull-down resistors (1 KΩ or less) are recommended to configure these signals in order to protect against erroneous switching due to ground bounce, power supply noise, or noise coupling.

During inactive periods on the bus, the address and transfer attributes may not be driven by any master and may , therefore, float in the high-impedance state for relatively long periods of time. Because the MPC7448 must continually monitor these signals for snooping, this float condition may cause excessive power draw by the input receivers on the MPC7448 or by other receivers in the system. These signals can be pulled up through weak (10-KΩ) pull-up resistors by the system, address bus driven mode enabled (see the MPC7450 RISC Micropr ocessor Family Users’ Manual for more information on this mode), or they may be otherwise driven by the system during inactive periods of the bus to avoid this additional power draw. Preliminary studies have shown the additional power draw by the MPC7448 input receivers to be negligible and, in any event, none of these measures are necessary for proper device operation. The snooped address and transfer attribute inputs are: A[0:35], AP[0:4], TT[0:4], CI, WT, and GBL.

If address or data parity is not used by the system, and respective parity checking is disabled through HID1, the input receivers for those pins are disabled and do not require pull-up resistors, therefore they may be left unconnected by the system. If extended addressing is not used (HID0[XAEN] = 0), A[0:3] are unused and must be pulled low to GND through weak pull-down resistors; additionally , if address parity checking is enabled (HID1[EBA] = 1) and extended addressing is not used, AP[0] must be pulled up to OVDD through a weak pull-up resistor . If the MPC7448 is in 60x bus mode, DTI[0:3] must be pulled low to GND through weak pull-down resistors.

The data bus input receivers are normally turned off when no read operation is in progress and, therefore, do not require pull-up resistors on the bus. Other data bus receivers in the system, however, may require pull-ups or require that those signals be otherwise driven by the system during inactive periods. The data bus signals are D[0:63] and DP[0:7].

9.6 JTAG Configuration Signals

Boundary-scan testing is enabled through the JTAG interface signals. The TRST signal is optional in the IEEE 1149.1 specification, but is provided on all processors that implement the PowerPC architecture. While it is possible to force the T AP controller to th e reset state using only the TCK and TMS signals, more reliable power-on reset performance will be obtained if the TRST Because the JTAG interface is also used for accessing the common on-chip processor (COP) function, simply tying TRST to HRESET is not practical.

The COP function of these processors allows a remote computer system (typically a PC with dedicated hardware and debugging software) to access and control the internal operations of the processor. The COP interface connects primarily through the JTAG port of the processor, with some additional status monitoring signals. The COP port requires the ability to independently assert HRESET to fully control the processor . If the target system has independent reset sources, such as voltage monitors, watchdog timers, power supply failures, or push-button switches, then the COP reset signals must be merged into these signals with logic.

signal is asserted during power-on reset.

or TRST in order

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

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System Design Information

The arrangement shown in Figure 21 allows the COP port to independently assert HRESET or TRST, while ensuring that the target can drive HRESET as well. If the JTAG interface and COP header will not be used, TRST should be tied to HRESET through a 0-Ω isolation resistor so that it is asserted when the system reset signal (HRESET) is asserted, ensuring that the JTAG scan chain is initialized during power-on. Although Freescale recommends that the COP header be designed into the system as shown in

Figure 21, if this is not possible, the isolation resistor will allow future access to TRST in the case where

a JTAG interface may need to be wired onto the system in debug situations. The COP header shown in Figure 21 adds many benefits—breakpoints, watchpoints, register and memory

examination/modification, and other standard debugger features are possible through this interface—and can be as inexpensive as an unpopulated footprint for a header to be added when needed.

The COP interface has a standard header for connection to the target system, based on the 0.025" square-post, 0.100" centered header assembly (often called a Berg header). The connector typically has pin 14 removed as a connector key.

There is no standardized way to number the COP header shown in Figure 21; consequently , many different pin numbers have been observed from emulator vendors. Some are numbered top-to-bottom then left-to-right, while others use left-to-right then top-to-bottom, while still others number the pins counter clockwise from pin 1 (as with an IC). Regardless of the numbering, the signal placement recommended in

Figure 21 is common to all known emulators.

The QACK signal shown in Figure 21 is usually connected to the PCI bridge chip in a system and is an input to the MPC7448 informing it that it can go into the quiescent state. Under normal operation this occurs during a low-power mode selection. In order for COP to work, the MPC7448 must see this signal asserted (pulled down). While shown on the COP header, not all emulator products drive this signal. If the product does not, a pull-down resistor can be populated to assert this signal. Additionally , some emulator products implement open-drain type outputs and can only drive QACK asserted; for these tools, a pull-up resistor can be implemented to ensure this signal is negated when it is not being driven by the tool. Note that the pull-up and pull-down resistors on the QACK signal are mutually exclusive and it is never necessary to populate both in a system. To preserve correct power-down operation, QACK should be merged through logic so that it also can be driven by the PCI bridge.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

44 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

From Target

Board Sources

516

KEY

No Pin

COP Connector

Physical Pin Out

(if any)

SRESET

HRESET

Key

COP Header

QACK

HRESET

SRESET

TRST

VDD_SENSE

CHKSTP_OUT

CHKSTP_IN

TMS

TDO

TDI

TCK

QACK

2 KΩ

0 Ω

2 KΩ

10 KΩ

SRESET

HRESET

TRST

CHKSTP_OUT

CHKSTP_IN

TMS

TDO

TDI

TCK

QACK

Notes:

1. RUN/STOP

, normally found on pin 5 of the COP header, is not implemented on the MPC7448. Connect

pin 5 of the COP header to OVDD with a 10-KΩ pull-up resistor.

2. Key location; pin 14 is not physically present on the COP header.

3. Component not populated. Populate only if debug tool does not drive QACK

4. Populate only if debug tool uses an open-drain type output and does not actively negate QACK

5. If the JTAG interface is implemented, connect HRESET header though an AND gate to TRST

of the part. If the JTAG interface is not implemented, connect

from the target source to TRST from the COP

HRESET from the target source to TRST of the part through a 0-Ω isolation resistor.

6. The COP port and target board should be able to independently assert HRESET

and TRST to the

processor in order to fully control the processor as shown above.

Figure 21. JTAG Interface Connection

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 45

System Design Information

9.7 Thermal Management Information

This section provides thermal management information for the high coefficient of thermal expansion (HCTE) package for air-cooled applications. Proper thermal control design is primarily dependent on the system-level design—the heat sink, airflow, and thermal interface material. The MPC7448 implements several features designed to assist with thermal management, including DFS and the temperature diode. DFS reduces the power consumption of the device by reducing the core frequency; see Section 9.7.5.1,

“Power Consumption with DFS Enabled,” for specific information regarding power reduction and DFS.

The temperature diode allows an external device to monitor the die temperature in order to detect excessive temperature conditions and alert the system; see Section 9.7.4, “Temperature Diode,” for more information.

To reduce the die-junction temperature, heat sinks may be attached to the package by several methods—spring clip to holes in the printed-circuit board or package, and mounting clip and screw assembly (see Figure 22); however, due to the potential lar ge mass of the heat sink, attachment through the printed-circuit board is suggested. In any implementation of a heat sink solution, the force on the die should not exceed ten pounds (45 Newtons).

Heat Sink

Clip

Thermal

Interface Material

Figure 22. BGA Package Exploded Cross-Sectional View with Several Heat Sink Options

HCTE BGA Package

Printed-Circuit Board

NOTE

A clip on heat sink is not recommended for LGA because there may not be adequate clearance between the device and the circuit board. A through-hole solution is recommended, as shown in Figure 23.

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46 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

Heat Sink

Clip

Thermal

Interface Material

Figure 23. LGA Package Exploded Cross-Sectional View with Several Heat Sink Options

HCTE LGA Package

Printed-Circuit Board

There are several commercially-available heat sinks for the MPC7448 provided by the following vendors:

Aavid Thermalloy 603-224-9988 80 Commercial St. Concord, NH 03301 Internet: www.aavidthermalloy.com

Alpha Novatech 408-567-8082 473 Sapena Ct. #12 Santa Clara, CA 95054 Internet: www.alphanovatech.com

Calgreg Thermal Solutions 401-732-8100 60 Alhambra Road, Suite 1 Warwic k, RI 02886 Internet: www.calgregthermalsolutions.com

International Electronic Research Corporation (IERC) 818-842-7277 413 North Moss St. Burbank, CA 91502 Internet: www.ctscorp.com

Tyco Electronics 717-564-0100 Chip Coolers™ P.O. Box 3668 Harrisburg, PA 17105-3668 Internet: www.chipcoolers.com

Wakefield Engineering 603-635-2800 33 Bridge St. Pelham, NH 03076 Internet: www.wakefield.com

Ultimately, the final selection of an appropriate heat sink depends on many factors, such as thermal performance at a given air velocity, spatial volume, mass, attachment method, assembly, and cost.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 47

System Design Information

9.7.1 Internal Package Conduction Resistance

For the exposed-die packaging technology described in Table 5, the intrinsic conduction thermal resistance paths are as follows:

• The die junction-to-case thermal resistance (the case is actually the top of the exposed silicon die)

• The die junction-to-board thermal resistance

Figure 24 depicts the primary heat transfer path for a package with an attached heat sink mounted to a

printed-circuit board.

External Resistance

Heat Sink

Internal Resistance

Printed-Circuit Board

External Resistance

(Note the internal versus external package resistance.)

Figure 24. C4 Package with Heat Sink Mounted to a Printed-Circuit Board

Radiation Convection

Thermal Interface Material

Die/Package Die Junction Package/Leads

Radiation Convection

Heat generated on the active side of the chip is conducted through the silicon, through the heat sink attach material (or thermal interface material), and, finally, to the heat sink, where it is removed by forced-air convection.

Because the silicon thermal resistance is quite small, the temperature drop in the silicon may be neglected for a first-order analysis. Thus, the thermal interface material and the heat sink conduction/convective thermal resistances are the dominant terms.

9.7.2 Thermal Interface Materials

A thermal interface material is recommended at the package lid-to-heat sink interface to minimize the thermal contact resistance. For those applications where the heat sink is attached by spring clip mechanism, Figure 25 shows the thermal performance of three thin-sheet thermal-interface materials (silicone, graphite/oil, fluoroether oil), a bare joint, and a joint with thermal grease as a function of contact pressure. As shown, the performance of these thermal interface materials improves with increasing contact pressure. The use of thermal grease significantly reduces the interface thermal resistance. That is, the bare joint results in a thermal resistance approximately seven times greater than the thermal grease joint.

Often, heat sinks are attached to the package by means of a spring clip to holes in the printed-circuit board (see Figure 22). Therefore, synthetic grease offers the best thermal performance due to the low interface pressure and is recommended due to the high power dissipation of the MPC7448. Of course, the selection

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

48 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

of any thermal interface material depends on many factors—thermal performance requirements, manufacturability, service temperature, dielectric properties, cost, and so on.

1.5

/W)

0.5

Specific Thermal Resistance (K-in.

0 1020304050607080

Contact Pressure (psi)

Silicone Sheet (0.006 in.) Bare Joint Fluoroether Oil Sheet (0.007 in.) Graphite/Oil Sheet (0.005 in.) Synthetic Grease

Figure 25. Thermal Performance of Select Thermal Interface Material

The board designer can choose between several types of thermal interfaces. Heat sink adhesive materials should be selected based on high conductivity and mechanical strength to meet equipment shock/vibration requirements. There are several commercially available thermal interfaces and adhesive materials provided by the following vendors:

The Bergquist Company 800-347-4572 18930 W est 78 Chanhassen, MN 55317 Internet: www.bergquistcompany.com

Chomerics, Inc. 781-935-4850 77 Dragon Ct. Woburn, MA 01 801 Internet: www.chomerics.com

Dow-Corning Corporation 800-248-2481 Corporate Center P.O. Box 994. Midland, MI 48686-0994 Internet: www.dowcorning.com

St.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

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System Design Information

Shin-Etsu MicroSi, Inc. 888-642-7674 10028 S. 51st St. Phoenix, AZ 85044 Internet: www.microsi.com

Thermagon Inc. 888-246-9050 4707 Detroit Ave. Cleveland, OH 44102 Internet: www.thermagon.com

The following section provides a heat sink selection example using one of the commercially available heat sinks.

9.7.3 Heat Sink Selection Example

For preliminary heat sink sizing, the die-junction temperature can be expressed as follows:

Tj = Ti + Tr + (R

θJC

+ R

θint

+ R

θsa

) × Pd

where:

Tj is the die-junction temperature Ti is the inlet cabinet ambient temperature Tr is the air temperature rise within the computer cabinet R

is the junction-to-case thermal resistance

θJC

is the adhesive or interface material thermal resistance

θint

is the heat sink base-to-ambient thermal resistance

θsa

Pd is the power dissipated by the device

During operation, the die-junction temperatures (Tj) should be maintained less than the value specified in

Table 4. The temperature of air cooling the component greatly depends on the ambient inlet air temperature

and the air temperature rise within the electronic cabinet. An electronic cabinet inlet-air temperature (Ti) may range from 30° to 40°C. The air temperature rise within a cabinet (Tr) may be in the range of 5° to 10°C. The thermal resistance of the thermal interface material (R example, assuming a T of 25.6 W, the following expression for T

of 30°C, a Tr of 5°C, an HCTE package R

is obtained:

) is typically about 1.1 °C/W. For

θint

= 0.1, and a power consumption (Pd)

θJC

Die-junction temperature: Tj = 30°C + 5°C + (0.1°C/W + 1.1°C/W + θsa) × 25.6 For this example, a R

value of 1.53 °C/W or less is required to maintain the die junction temperature

θsa

below the maximum value of Table 4. Though the die junction-to-ambient and the heat sink-to-ambient thermal resistances are a common

figure-of-merit used for comparing the thermal performance of various microelectronic packaging technologies, one should exercise caution when only using this metric in determining thermal management because no single parameter can adequately describe three-dimensional heat flow. The final die-junction operating temperature is not only a function of the component-level thermal resistance, but the system-level design and its operating conditions. In addition to the component's power consumption, a number of factors affect the final operating die-junction temperature—airflow, board population (local

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

50 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

heat flux of adjacent components), heat sink efficiency, heat sink attach, heat sink placement, next-level interconnect technology, system air temperature rise, altitude, and so on.

Due to the complexity and variety of system-level boundary conditions for today's microelectronic equipment, the combined effects of the heat transfer mechanisms (radiation, convection, and conduction) may vary widely . For these reasons, we recommend using conjugate heat trans fer models for the board as well as system-level designs.

For system thermal modeling, the MPC7448 thermal model is shown in Figure 26. Four volumes represent this device. Two of the volumes, solder ball-air and substrate, are modeled using the package outline size of the package. The other two, die and bump-underfill, have the same size as the die. The silicon die should be modeled 8.0 × 7.3 × 0.86 mm3 with the heat source applied as a uniform source at the bottom of the volume. The bump and underfill layer is modeled as 8.0 × 7.3 × 0.07 mm3collapsed in the z-direction with a thermal conductivity of 5.0 W/(m • K) in the z-direction. The substrate volume is 25 × 25 × 1.14 mm3 and has 9.9 W/(m • K) isotropic conductivity in the xy-plane and 2.95 W/(m • K) in the direction of the z-axis. The solder ball and air layer are modeled with the same horizontal dimensions as the substrate and is 0.8 mm thick. For the LGA package the solder and air layer is 0.1 mm thick, but the material properties are the same. It can also be modeled as a collapsed volume using orthotropic material properties:

0.034 W/(m • K) in the xy-plane direction and 11.2 W/(m • K) in the direction of the z-axis.

Conductivity Value Unit

Die (8.0 × 7.3 × 0.86 mm

Silicon

Bump and Underfill (8.0 × 7.3 × 0.07 mm

Substrate (25 × 25 × 1.14 mm

Solder Ball and Air (25 × 25 × 0.8 mm

Temperature-

dependent

5.0 W/(m • K)

9.9 W/(m • K)

9.9

2.95

0.034 W/(m • K)

0.034

11.2

)

W/(m • K)

)

Die

Bump and Underfill

Substrate

Solder and Air

Side View of Model (Not to Scale)

Substrate

Die

Top View of Model (Not to Scale)

Figure 26. Recommended Thermal Model of MPC7448

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 51

System Design Information

9.7.4 Temperature Diode

The MPC7448 has a temperature diode on the microprocessor that can be used in conjunction with other system temperature monitoring devices (such as Analog Devices, ADT7461™). These devices use the negative temperature coefficient of a diode operated at a constant current to determine the tempe rature of the microprocessor and its environment. For proper operation, the monitoring device used should auto-calibrate the device by canceling out the VBE variation of each MPC7448’s internal diode.

The following are the specifications of the MPC7448 on-board temperature diode:

Vf > 0.40 V Vf < 0.90 V Operating range 2–300 µA Diode leakage < 10 nA @ 125°C Ideality factor over 5–150 µA at 60°C: n = 1.0275 ± 0.9%

Ideality factor is defined as the deviation from the ideal diode equation:

f___

= Is e – 1

nKT

Another useful equation is:

VH – VL = n ln – 1

H__

Where:

Ifw = Forward current I

= Saturation current

= Voltage at diode

= Voltage forward biased

= Diode voltage while IH is flowing

= Diode voltage while IL is flowing

= Larger diode bias current

= Smaller diode bias current

q = Charge of electron (1.6 x 10 n = Ideality factor (normally 1.0) K = Boltzman’s constant (1.38 x 10 T = Temperature (Kelvins )

–19

–23

Joules/K)

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

52 Freescale Semiconductor

System Design Information

The ratio of IH to IL is usually selected to be 10:1. The previous equation simplifies to the following:

VH – VL = 1.986 × 10–4 × nT

Solving for T, the equation becomes:

– V

nT =

__________

1.986 × 10

–4

9.7.5 Dynamic Frequency Switching (DFS)

The DFS feature in the MPC7448 adds the ability to divide the processor-to-system bus ratio by two or four during normal functional operation. Divide-by-two mode is enabled by setting the HID1[DFS2] bit in software or by asserting the DFS2 pin via hardware. The MPC7448 can be returned for full speed by clearing HID1[DFS2] or negating DFS2. Similarly, divide-by-four mode is enabled by setting HID1[DFS4] in software or by asserting the DFS4 pin. In all cases, the frequency change occurs in 1 clock cycle and no idle waiting period is required to switch between modes. Note that asserting either DFS2 or DFS4 overrides software control of DFS, and that asserting both DFS2 and DFS4 disables DFS completely, including software control. Additional information regarding DFS can be found in the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Family Reference Manual. Note that minimum core frequency requirements must be observed when enabling DFS, and the resulting core frequency must meet the requirements for f

core_DFS

given in Table 8.

9.7.5.1 Power Consumption with DFS Enabled

Power consumption with DFS enabled can be approximated using the following formula:

DFS

___

= (P– PDS) + P

Where:

= Power consumption with DFS enabled

DFS

= Core frequency with DFS enabled

DFS

f = Core frequency prior to enabling DFS P = Power consumption prior to enabling DFS (see Table 7)

= Deep sleep mode power consumption (see Table 7)

The above is an approximation only. Power consumption with DFS enabled is not tested or guaranteed.

9.7.5.2 Bus-to-Core Multiplier Constraints with DFS

DFS is not available for all bus-to-core multipliers as configured by PLL_CFG[0:5] during hard reset. The complete listing is shown in Table 17. Shaded cells represent DFS modes that are not available for a particular PLL_CFG[0:5] setting. Should software or hardware attempt to transition to a multiplier that is not supported, the device will remain at its current multiplier. For example, if a transition from

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 53

System Design Information

DFS-disabled to an unsupported divide-by-2 or divide-by-4 setting is attempted, the bus-to-core multiplier will remain at the setting configured by the PLL_CFG[0:5] pins. In the case of an attempted transition from a supported divide-by-2 mode to an unsupported divide-by-4 mode, the device will remain in divide-by-2 mode. In all cases, the HID1[PC0-5] bits will correctly reflect the current bus-to-core frequency multiplier .

Table 17. Valid Divide Ratio Configurations

DFS mode disabled

Bus-to-Core Multiplier

Configured by

PLL_CFG[0:5] (see Table 13)

5x 101100 2.5x

5.5x 100100 2.75x

6x 110100 3x

6.5x 010100 3.25x

7x 001000 3.5x

7.5x 000100 3.75x

8x 110000 4x

8.5x 011000 4.25x

9x 011110 4.5x

9.5x 011100 4.75x

10x 101010 5x 101100 2.5x

10.5x 100010 5.25x 101100

11x 100110 5.5x 100100 2.75x

11.5x 000000 5.75x 100100

12x 101110 6x 110100 3x

12.5x 111110 6.25x 110100

13x 010110 6.5x 010100 3.25x

13.5x 111000 6.75 010100

14x 110010 7x 001000 3.5x

15x 000110 7.5x 000100 3.75x

16x 110110 8x 110000 4x

17x 000010 8.5x 011000 4.25x

18x 001010 9x 011110 4.5x

20x 001110 10x 101010 5x 101100

21x 010010 10.5x 100010 5.25x 101100

24x 011010 12x 101110 6x 110100

DFS divide-by-2 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS2] = 1 or DFS2

HID1[PC0-5]

Multiplier

HID1[PC0-5]

Bus-to-Core

010000 N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged

100000 N/A (unchanged) 1unchanged

101000 2x

110101

100000

110101

101000

011101

DFS divide-by-4 mode enabled

=0)

010000 N/A (unchanged)

010101 N/A (unchanged)

100000 N/A (unchanged)

110101 N/A (unchanged)

(HID1[DFS4] = 1 or DFS4 =0)

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier HID1[PC0-5]

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

unchanged 1

unchanged

010000

unchanged

011101 2.25x 4010000

N/A (unchanged)

unchanged

010101

unchanged

010101

unchanged

100000

unchanged

100000

unchanged

110101

101000

011101

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

54 Freescale Semiconductor

Table 17. Valid Divide Ratio Configurations (continued)

System Design Information

DFS mode disabled

Bus-to-Core Multiplier

Configured by

PLL_CFG[0:5] (see Table 13)

28x 111010 14x 110010 7x 001000

Notes:

1. DFS mode is not supported for this combination of DFS mode and PLL_CFG[0:5] setting. As a result, the processor will ignore these settings and remain at the previous multiplier, as reflected by the HID1[PC0-PC5] bits.

2. Though supported by the MPC7448 clock circuitry, multipliers of n.25x and n.75x cannot be expressed as valid PLL

configuration codes. As a result, the values displayed in HID1[PC0-PC5] are rounded down to the nearest valid PLL configuration code. However, the actual bus-to-core multiplier is as stated in this table.

3. Note that in the HID1 register of the MPC7448, the PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5 bits are bits 15, 16, 17, 18,

19, and 14 (respectively). See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for more information.

4. Special considerations regarding snooped transactions must be observed for bus-to-core multipliers less than 5x.

See the MPC7450 RISC Microprocessor Reference Manual for more information.

HID1[PC0-5]

DFS divide-by-2 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS2] = 1 or DFS2

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier

HID1[PC0-5]

=0)

DFS divide-by-4 mode enabled

(HID1[DFS4] = 1 or DFS4 =0)

Bus-to-Core

Multiplier HID1[PC0-5]

9.7.5.3 Minimum Core Frequency Requirements with DFS

In many systems, enabling DFS can result in very low processor core frequencies. However, care must be taken to ensure that the resulting processor core frequency is within the limits specified in Table 8. Proper operation of the device is not guaranteed at core frequencies below the specified minimum f

core

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 55

Document Revision History

10 Document Revision History

Table 18 provides a revision history for this hardware specification.

Table 18. Document Revision History

Revision Substantive Change(s)

1 Added 1600 MHz, 1420 MHz, and 1000 MHz devices

Section 4: corrected die size Table 2: Revised Note 4 to consider overshoot/undershoot and combined with Note 5. Table 4: Revised operating voltage for 1700 MHz device from ± 50 mV to +20 mV / –50 mV. Table 7: Updated and expanded table to include Typical – Nominal power consumption. Table 11: Added voltage derating information for 1700 MHz devices; this feature is not supported at this

time for other speed grades. Added transient specifications for VDD power supply in Section 9.2.3, added Table 15 and Figure 19

and renumbered subsequent tables and figures. Moved Decoupling Recommendations from Section 9.4 to Section 9.2.4 and renumbered subsequent

sections. Section 9.2.1: Revised power sequencing requirements. Section 9.7.4: Added thermal diode ideality factor information (previously TBD). Table 17: Expanded table to show HID1 register values when DFS modes are enabled. Section 11.2: updated to include additional N-spec device speed grades Tables 18 and 19: corrected PVR values and added “MC” product code prefix

0 Initial public release.

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

56 Freescale Semiconductor

Part Numbering and Marking

11 Part Numbering and Marking

Ordering information for the part numbers fully covered by this specification document is provided in

Section 11.1, “Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document.” Note that the individual part numbers

correspond to a maximum processor core frequency. For available frequencies, contact a local Freescale sales office. In addition to the processor frequency , the part numbering scheme also includes an application modifier that may specify special application conditions. Each part number also contains a revision level code that refers to the die mask revision number. Section 11.2, “Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This

Document,” lists the part numbers that do not fully conform to the specifications of this document. These

special part numbers require an additional document called a hardware specification addendum.

11.1 Part Numbers Fully Addressed by This Document

Table 19 provides the Freescale part numbering nomenclature for the MPC7448.

Table 19. Part Numbering Nomenclature

xx 7448 xx nnnn L x

Product

Code

PPC

Notes:

1. The P prefix in a Freescale part number designates a “Pilot Production Prototype” as defined by Freescale SOP 3-13. These parts have only preliminary reliability and characterization data. Before pilot production prototypes may be shipped, written authorization from the customer must be on file in the applicable sales office acknowledging the qualification status and the fact that product changes may still occur as pilot production prototypes are shipped.

Part

Identifier

7448 HX = HCTE BGA

Package

VS = RoHS LGA

VU = RoHS BGA

Processor

Frequency

1700 L: 1.3 V +20/–50 mV

1600 L: 1.25 V ± 50 mV

1420 L: 1.2 V ± 50 mV

1000 L: 1.15 V ± 50 mV

Application

Modifier

0 to 105°C

Revision Level

C: 2.1; PVR = 8004 0201

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

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Part Numbering and Marking

11.2 Part Numbers Not Fully Addressed by This Document

Parts with application modifiers or revision levels not fully addressed in this specification document are described in separate hardware specification addenda which supplement and supersede this document. As such parts are released, these specifications will be listed in this section.

Table 20. Part Numbers Addressed by MC7448xxnnnnNx Series Hardware Specification Addendum

(Document Order No. MPC7448ECS01AD)

xx 7448 xx nnnn N x

Product

Code

PPC

Part

Identifier

7448 HX = HCTE BGA

Package

VS = RoHS LGA

VU = RoHS BGA

Processor Frequency

1400 1250

1000

867 667

11.3 Part Marking

Parts are marked as the example shown in Figure 27.

xx7448 xxnnnnLx

AWLYYW W MMMMMM

YWWLAZ

BGA / LGA

Notes:

AWLYYWW is the test code. MMMMMM is the M00 (mask) number. YWWLAZ is the assembly traceability code.

Figure 27. Part Marking for BGA and LGA Device

Application Modifier Revision Level

N: 1.1 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105°C

N: 1.0 V ± 50 mV

0 to 105°C

7448

C: 2.1; PVR = 8004 0201

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

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Part Numbering and Marking

MPC7448 RISC Microprocessor Hardware Specifications, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor 59

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Document Number: MPC7448EC Rev. 1 11/2005

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