Focus FS453, FS456, FS454, FS455 Datasheet

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

FS453/4 and FS455/6

PC-to-TV Video Scan

Converter

FS453/4 and FS455/6

Data Sheet Guides

To make specialized information easier to find, the FS453/4 and FS455/6 Data Sheet is
organized into separate reference guides. Each guide addresses a different purpose or
user.

 The FS453/4 and FS455/6 Product Brief provides general information for all

users.

; The FS453/4 and FS455/6 Hardware Reference is for

system designers. It provides information on developing
FS453/4 and FS455/6 applications. (This section now includes
PCB Layout Guide)

 The FS453/4 and FS455/6 Software/Firmware Reference is for programmers.

It provides information on programming the FS453/4 and FS455/6.

If you need additional reference guides, contact your Focus Enhancements
representative.

Throughout this document "FS453" is used as a general term to reference the FS453,
FS454, FS455, and FS456. The FS453 and FS454 are the PQFP versions of the chip,
and the FS455 and FS456 are the BGA versions of the chip. The FS454 and FS456
support Macrovision anti-copy protection, while the FS453 and FS455 do not.

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Table of Contents, Figures & Tables

Document Overview 3

1. Introduction 4

1.1 General Description..............................4

1.2 How does it work?.................................4

1.2.1 SDTV Output...............................4

1.2.2 HDTV Output...............................4

1.2.3 VGA (RGB) Output......................4

1.3 General Physical Requirements ...........4

2. Architectural Overview 5

2.1 Inputs ....................................................5

2.1.1 Input to Output Conversion Matrix6

2.2 Color Space Converter .........................6

2.3 Patented 2D Scaler...............................6

2.4 Patented 2D Flicker Filter .....................7

2.5 FIFO 7

2.6 Post (Horizontal Up) Scaler ..................7

2.7 Encoder and Inverse Color Space........7

2.8 Bi and Tri-Level Sync Insertion (HDTV)7

2.9 Configurable 10 bit DACs .....................7

2.10 Clock Management...............................7

2.11 Oscillators and PLL...............................7

2.12 Serial Control Interface .........................8

2.13 Sync Timing Generator.........................8

2.14 Input Synchronization ...........................8

3. Technical Highlights 9

3.1 Scaling ..................................................9

3.1.1 Video Scaler Challenges.............9

3.1.2 FS453 Solution............................9

3.2 Flicker Reduction ................................10

3.2.1 Flicker Filter Challenges............10

3.2.2 FS453 Solution..........................10

3.3 Video Encoding...................................11

3.3.1 Encoding Challenges................11

3.3.2 FS453 Solution..........................11

4. Scaling and Positioning Notes 12

4.1 Vertical Scaling ...................................12

4.2 Horizontal Scaling...............................13

4.3 Vertical and Horizontal Position..........13

5. Pin Assignments 14

5.1 FS453 ⇔ GCC Pin Mapping...............16

5.2 Pin Descriptions..................................17

6. Control Register Function Map 21

6.1 Register Reference Table...................21

7. Specifications 24

7.1 Absolute Maximum and Recommended

Ratings................................................24

7.2 Electrical Characteristics.....................25

7.3 Switching Characteristics....................27

8. Mechanical Dimensions 28

8.1 80-Lead PQFP Package.....................28

8.2 88-Lead FBGA Package.....................29

9. Component Placement 30

9.1 Power/Ground.....................................30

9.1.1 Power........................................ 30

9.1.2 Ground......................................31

9.2 DIGITAL SIGNALS.............................31

9.2.1 Digital Signal Routing................31

9.2.2 Video Inputs..............................32

9.3 ANALOG SIGNALS............................32

9.3.1 Video Output Filters..................32

9.4 CLOCK/OSCILLATOR........................34

9.4.1 Reference Crystal Oscillator..... 34

9.4.2 FS453 Pixel Clock.....................34

9.4.3 Pixel Clock Mode ......................35

9.5 EMI Case Study..................................37

9.6 Solder Re-flow Profiles.......................38

10. Revision History 40

11. Order Information 41

Figure 1: FS453 Functional Block Diagram..............5

Figure 2: FS453 Scaler Luma Frequency

Response.........................................................9

Figure 3: FS453 Flicker Filter Diagonal

Response.......................................................10

Figure 4: Equations for VTOTAL and VSC.............12

Figure 5: VTOTAL and VACTIVE ratios must

match..............................................................12

Figure 6: HSC Equations........................................13

Figure 7: PQFP Pin Diagram..................................14

Figure 8 FBGA Pin Diagram...................................15

Figure 9: PQFP Package Outline & Dimensions....28

Figure 10 FBGA Package Outline & Dimensions...29
Figure 11: Recommended Power Filter

Networks ........................................................31

Figure 12: Recommended Output Filter.................33

Figure 13: Pixel Clock Pseudo-master Mode.........36

Figure 14: Pixel Clock Slave Mode.........................36

Figure 15 PQFP Package (Lead Solder)................38

Figure 16 FBGA Package (Lead Solder)................39

Figure 17 PQFP or FBGA Package (Lead-Free

Solder)............................................................39

Table 1: Input to Output Conversion Matrix..............6

Table 2: FS453 PQFP Pin Assignments ................14

Table 3: FS453 to GCC Pin Mapping.....................16

Table 4: FS453 Pin Descriptions............................20

Table 5: Register Reference Table.........................23

Table 6: Absolute Maximum and Recommended

Ratings...........................................................24

Table 7: Electrical Characteristics ..........................26

Table 8: Switching Characteristics .........................27

Table 9: Package Dimensions................................28

Table 10: Output Filter Component Values............34

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Document Overview

The Hardware Reference provides information needed to integrate the FS453 Video Processor into
system hardware. The reference is divided into eight sections:

1. Introduction – explains the purpose and general flow of the FS453. Begins on page 4.

2. Architectural Overview – defines the major sections of the FS453 and describes how they work
together. Begins on page 5.

3. Technical Highlights – explains technical challenges faced by scan converters, and explains
how the FS453 accomplishes Scaling, Flicker Filtering, and Video Encoding. Begins on page 9.

4. Scaling and Positioning Notes– provides more detailed information on how the FS453
performs Scaling and Positioning. Begins on page 12.

5. Pin Assignments – lists the pin names and maps their correspondence to sample host graphics
controller chips. Describes pin functions. Begins on page 14.

6. Control Register Function Map – lists the Control Register functions and register numbers. If
you need more information about the Control Registers, please request a copy of the FS453/4

and FS455/6 Software / Firmware Reference from your Focus Enhancements representative.
The Control Register Function Map begins on page 21.

7. Specifications – provides information on the Absolute Maximum and Recommended Ratings,
the Electrical Characteristics, and the Switching Characteristics. Begins on page 24.

8. Mechanical Dimensions – describes the FS453's 80-lead PQFP and 88-lead FBGA packages.
Begins on page 28.

9. Component Placement – gives guidelines for the placement and layout of components
associated with the FS453. Begins on page 30.

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1. Introduction

1.1 General Description

The FS453 PC to TV Video Scan Converter provides broadcast-quality scan conversion for graphics
cards, motherboard chip sets, video game consoles, consumer electronics and other PC-to-TV
applications. Compatible with most graphics controller chips (GCC), the FS453 takes in high-resolution
computer graphics input (VGA through SXGA) and produces SDTV (Standard Definition Television) or
HDTV (High Definition Television) analog output. In SDTV mode the FS453 converts, scales, removes
flicker, interlaces and encodes the data into NTSC or PAL formats. In HDTV mode, it performs color
space conversions and then inserts the required syncs for output. The FS453's patented technology
enables it to scale the converted image to fill the TV screen and display flicker-free graphics with sharply
defined text.

1.2 How does it work?

The FS453 provides a glueless digital interface to most GCCs. It accepts computer-generated digital
graphics input in RGB or YCrCb format. The FS453 receives initialization and basic configuration
information through its I2C*-compatible SIO port with simple register Read/Write commands. How the
FS453 actually processes and converts the graphics information depends on the kind of video output
selected. (Refer to Figure 1: FS453 Functional Block Diagram on page 5.)

1.2.1 SDTV Output

For example, to create SDTV output the FS453 first changes RGB video to YCrCb. It uses patented
technology to scale (in other words, to proportionately increase or decrease) the number of video lines
and pixels per line to correspond to the specific SDTV standard. This allows the FS453 to precisely fill
the user's television screen without adding artifacts such as blank areas, or distorting the graphics image.
The FS453 uses more patented technology to adaptively remove the flicker effects common to SDTV
while keeping fine detail (such as text) clear and sharp. The FS453 then encodes the processed image
into broadcast quality, interlaced SDTV video and sends it out through the DACs. For European SCART
output, the FS453 converts the image into RGB video and sends the R, G and B signals through separate
DACs.

1.2.2 HDTV Output

To convert high-resolution computer graphics to high resolution HDTV output the FS453 converts the
digital video (whether RGB or YCrCb format) to YPrPb (analog component video). It adds Bi- and Tri­Level Syncs as required by the selected standard and routes the analog HDTV video through the DACs.

1.2.3 VGA (RGB) Output

The FS453 can also provide VGA output. In this mode, it allows the GCC's RGB images to pass
unchanged directly through to the DACs. The HSync and VSync signals must be driven by the GCC.

1.3 General Physical Requirements

Implementing the FS453 in your system will require very few components – just a 27 MHz clock and
passive parts. The FS453 uses an 80-lead Quad Flat Pack (PQFP) or an 88-lead Fine-pitch Ball Grid
Array (FBGA) package and requires power from +1.8V digital and +3.3V analog supplies.

*

Note: I2C is a registered trademark of Philips Corporation. The FS453 Serial I/O bus is similar but not identical to the Philips I2C

bus.

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x

r

A

r

r

2. Architectural Overview

The FS453 has the following major sections:

• Inputs P[23:0]

• Programmable Color Space Converter

• Patented 2D (Horizontal and Vertical)

Scaling

• Patented 2D Flicker Filter

• FIFO

• Post (Horizontal Up) Scaler

• Inverse Color Space

2D

Flicker

Filter

P[23:0]

SDATA

SCLK

ClkIn

Demu

Serial

Control

Interface

Color

Space

Conv.

2D

Scaler

Clock Management

Multiplexe

FIFO

Bi & Tri-Level

Post

Scaler

Sync

Insertion

to internal clocks

• Broadcast Quality Encoder

• HDTV Bi- & Tri-Level Sync Insertion

• Configurable 10 bit DACs

• Clock Management

• Oscillators and PLL

• Serial Control Interface

• Sync Timing Generator

Inverse

Color

Space

Encode

Multiplexe

Timing

Generator

10-bit

10-bit

10-bit

10-bit

Sync

DAC

DAC B
DAC C
DAC D

VSync
HSync

Blank

Field

XTAL

OSC

NCO

PLLCrystal

ClkOut

Figure 1: FS453 Functional Block Diagram

2.1 Inputs

The FS453 accepts computer graphics images in many different resolutions and pixel frequencies on
P[23:0]. The FS453 adaptively process this information for optimal display on SDTV and HDTV television
sets.

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2.1.1 Input to Output Conversion Matrix

Table 1 below lists some commonly used input modes and the correspondingly supported output modes.
SDTV input dimensions are completely configurable, subject only to pixel clock range limitations.

Input Configuration

SDTV HDTV

Pixels Lines NTSC

640 - 720 480
640 - 720 576

800 600
1024 768
1280 720

@59.94Hz

∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗
∗ ∗
∗ ∗

(b)

∗

@50Hz

1920 1080

Table 1: Input to Output Conversion Matrix

Notes:

(a) No scaling supported
(b) Subject to the maximum 150 MHz pixel rate
(c) No scaling or interlacing supported, input data must be interlaced

Output Configuration

PAL

480p

@60Hz

(a)

(b)

∗

720p

@60Hz

1080i

@60Hz

(a)

∗

(c)

∗

2.2 Color Space Converter

The programmable Color Space Converter receives either RGB or YCrCb data from the input port. If the
data is RGB, it is converted to YCrCb using programmable coefficients. Each of the Y, Cr, and Cb
components can then be independently scaled in amplitude with programmable multipliers. This
programmability supports both SDTV and HDTV color space matrices.

2.3 Patented 2D Scaler

The Patented 2D Scaler receives data from the Color Space Converter. It performs vertical (up or down)
scaling based on the value programmed in the VSC (Vertical Scaling Coefficient) register, offset 06h. It
performs horizontal (down) scaling based on the downscale value programmed in the HSC (Horizontal
Scaling Coefficient) register, offset 08h.

Because different video standards call for different numbers of lines and different numbers of pixels per
line, scan converters add or subtract lines and areas to fit graphics images onto different sizes of TV
screens. Most scan converters use simple line-dropping algorithms and fixed aspect ratios.
Unfortunately, these techniques can introduce shape-distorting artifacts and surround the actual image
with blank areas.

The FS453, however, uses patented technology that can scale the graphics image without creating
artifacts. The patented 2D Scaler can independently upscale or downscale an image in both the
horizontal (pixels) and vertical (lines) directions. Its scaling functions provide equal weight to all pixels
and lines in the source material for all scaling factors. This allows users to perfectly fit the graphics image
to their TV screens without adding scaling artifacts or large blank borders.

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2.4 Patented 2D Flicker Filter

The Patented 2D Flicker Filter receives video lines from the 2D Scaler and performs vertical filtering to
reduce or eliminate perceived flicker that is an artifact of the interlaced television format.

The FS453's flicker filter is significantly more effective than a typical three-line-average flicker filter. The
FS453’s flicker filter consists of joint horizontal (Sharpness) and vertical (Flicker) controls. Three-line­average flicker filters do reduce the visual effect of interlaced image flicker, but they also introduce
blurring. The flicker dimension of the FS453's filter reduces image flicker, while the sharpness dimension
of the FS453's filter reduces image blurring. Both the sharpness and flicker registers can be programmed
over a wide range of values to allow the user to customer tailor the filter settings to different display
devices.

2.5 FIFO

The Flicker Filter stores video data in a FIFO memory. This memory allows the video data to be
transferred from the graphics clock domain to the TV clock domain.

2.6 Post (Horizontal Up) Scaler

The Post Scaler draws information from the FIFO as necessary and scales it horizontally based on the
up-scale value programmed in the Horizontal Scaling Coefficient (HSC) register. The scaled data is
provided at the television clock rate to the SDTV video encoder and the Inverse Color Space.

2.7 Encoder and Inverse Color Space

The FS453 contains a broadcast quality, 2X oversampled video encoder with an Inverse Color Space
matrix. The encoder combines the chrominance, luminance, and timing information into broadcast quality
NTSC or PAL composite and YC (S-Video) signals and sends them to the DACs.

The Inverse Color Space transforms YCrCb video data to the RGB color space required for SCART
output. If the Inverse Color Space is not used, then the Encoder converts YCrCb to YPrPb as required
for SDTV YPrPb output. The RGB or YPrPb signals are sent to the DACs synchronized with the
Encoder's composite signal.

The FS454 and FS456, which are otherwise identical to the FS453 and FS455, respectively, incorporate
Macrovision 7 anti-copy protection in the encoder. The FS454 and FS456 also include 480p protection.

2.8 Bi and Tri-Level Sync Insertion (HDTV)

The FS453 also offers HDTV Syncs output modes. The color matrix, output level, and sync type are fully
programmable allowing for compatibility with the multiple HDTV standards. The FS453 inserts bi-level or
tri-level sync signals as defined by the standards.

2.9 Configurable 10 bit DACs

The four output DACs (Digital/Analog Converters) can be configured for several output formats: RGB
component output (VGA); RGB with CVBS (SCART); CVBS (2 optional) and Y/C (S-Video); and YPrPb
component output (HDTV or SDTV). To conserve power the DACs can be run in low power mode or can
be completely powered down when not in use.

2.10 Clock Management

The FS453 synthesizes a 0.78125-150 MHz clock from the 27 MHz XTAL_IN and supplies this clock
(CLKOUT) to the GCC. The clock is buffered and returned to the FS453 (CLKIN_P) synchronous to the
pixel data and sync information. This clock has a 1.5 Hz resolution and can be adjusted so that the GCC
scaled input data rate exactly matches the ITU-R BT.656 output data rate.

2.11 Oscillators and PLL

The FS453 clock generation circuit operates in one of two modes, NCO (Numerically Controlled
Oscillator) mode or PLL (Phase Locked Loop) mode. In NCO mode, the numerically controlled oscillator

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is used to achieve the finest clock resolution, using a dithered clock. In PLL mode, the NCO is bypassed
and the clock is not dithered. The NCO can be used when HTOTAL and VTOTAL values have additional
constraints that prevent selection of values that are factors of the TV pixel rate.

2.12 Serial Control Interface

The FS453 registers are accessed through a serial input/output bus (SIO) which is I2C*-compatible and
SMBus-compatible. These registers can be read or written at any time the part is receiving a reference
clock at XTAL_IN and not being held in reset via the RESET_L pin.

2.13 Sync Timing Generator

The Sync Timing Generator provides/accepts HSync, VSync, Field and Blank signals to/from the graphics
controller.

2.14 Input Synchronization

The FS453 can operate in pseudo-master mode or slave mode. In pseudo-master mode, the GCC
derives the VGA pixel clock, horizontal sync, and vertical sync from CLKOUT supplied by the FS453. In
slave mode, the GCC generates the pixel clock, syncs and data, and the FS453 must be programmed to
generate the same pixel clock, using a common reference. Use the slave mode when the GCC does not
have a pixel clock input.

*

Note: I2C is a registered trademark of Philips Corporation. The FS453 Serial I/O bus is similar but not identical to the Philips I2C

bus.

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3. Technical Highlights

Creating clear, broadcast quality television video from high resolution computer graphics is a complex
process. PC-to-TV Video Scan Converters have to surmount many technical obstacles. The most
challenging of these are scaling, flicker reduction, and encoding.

3.1 Scaling

Converting high-resolution computer images into relatively low-resolution TV images (such as converting
VGA or XGA images into NTSC standard definition television) is an inherently lossy process that requires
a video scaler. For example, converting an image with 1000 pixels in a line into an image with only 500
pixels in a line, means that there must be 50% less data in each line of output. The video scaler has to
perform its tasks effectively without further degrading the image.

3.1.1 Video Scaler Challenges

Therefore, in addition to reducing pixel count and interpolating pixel values, the scaler must not alter the
digital video data by adding artifacts. Examples of artifacts are the introduction of repeated pixels; the
complete loss of pixel data; and the creation of new pixel colors that are not interpolations of original pixel
colors.

In effect, the video scaler should behave like a high quality filter. It should have a gradual frequency roll
off with a good step response and little overshoot or ringing (less than 5%). This is ideal for maintaining
video quality with detailed images (such as text). Detailed images produce rapid output step transitions
that need to be executed cleanly.

3.1.2 FS453 Solution

The following diagram (Figure 2) illustrates the response of the FS453's video scaler. It is a normalized
plot of the Luma frequency response of the FS453's video scaler. As we can see, the FS453's patented
video scaler behaves like a high quality filter with only a gradual frequency roll off.

5

0

5

10

Gain in Decibels

15

20

25

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Normalized Frequency

Scale 7/8
Scale 3/4
Scale 5/8
Scale 1/2

Figure 2: FS453 Scaler Luma Frequency Response

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3.2 Flicker Reduction

Computer images are displayed progressively. That is, for a given frame of video, each line of video is
scanned onto the monitor sequentially. SDTV images, however, are interlaced. Each SDTV frame of
video is broken into two fields (one composed of odd lines and the other of even lines). First the odd
lines are scanned onto the TV, and then the even lines are scanned onto the TV.

The energy decay rate of the phosphors on a TV screen is fast enough that the older field of video will
appear somewhat dimmer than the newer field of video. As the fields are constantly changing, this can
result in a visible flicker between the two fields of data on the TV screen. This flicker is especially visible
when one field contains a long dark line, while an adjacent line (in the other field) contains a long white
line. The higher energy line will decay in brightness much faster than the low energy line, and in turn will
appear to flicker heavily.

Most scan converters simply average the pixel data between lines. This removes the Black-or-White
relationships between lines that viewers recognize as video flicker. The problem with this solution is that
data becomes blurred. Single black or white lines are reduced to grays. Detailed areas of video (such as
the gap in the letter ‘e’) lose their distinction.

3.2.1 Flicker Filter Challenges

The goal is to completely remove flicker from the image without blurring detailed video. To preserve the
video details, the flicker filter should have a flat frequency response (+/- 1dB) between pixels in the
horizontal, and diagonal directions. It must also avoid introducing new artifacts into the digital video
stream. Artifacts include repeating pixels, losing pixels; and creating colors that are not interpolations of
original pixel colors.

3.2.2 FS453 Solution

The FS453 uses a patented flicker filter that calculates output pixel values as a function of both vertical
(line averaging) and horizontal (pixel averaging) pixel relationships. In effect the FS453 can decide
where and how to reduce flicker within the image.

Figure 3 (below) shows a normalized plot of the frequency response of pixels along diagonal after being
processed by the FS453's flicker filter. The response is flat for the majority of the frequency space. This
maintains pixel sharpness while providing excellent flicker suppression.

1

0.75

0.5

0.25

0

Gain in Decibels

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Normalized Frequency

Horizontal Direction
Diagonal at 27 degrees
Diagonal at 45 degrees

Figure 3: FS453 Flicker Filter Diagonal Response

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3.3 Video Encoding

Unlike component video formats (PC and HDTV) that process the color information separately to avoid
interference, broadcast SDTV combines all picture information into a single, composite signal. SDTV
standards have been strictly defined to protect video quality and to allow television manufacturers to
design and build large volumes of systems with confidence that their signal decoders will work—
regardless of variances in final product tolerances.

3.3.1 Encoding Challenges

If a video encoder does not adhere closely to these standards, it may produce video artifacts on many
consumer televisions. Unfortunately, most scan converters use signal encoders that don't strictly follow
NTSC and PAL guidelines. Their encoders can increase artifacts such as chroma crawl and color
bleeding/smearing.

To meet broadcast quality a video encoder must comply with the NTSC (EIA-170A, SMPTE-170M) and
PAL (ITU-R624-3) standards in all modes. Of key importance are the specifications related to accurate
timing and signal amplitudes, video subcarrier frequency good to +/- 5Hz, and horizontal lock with zero
SC-H phase. The encoder must use a low jitter crystal (50 ppm) to drive DAC output directly. The DACs
should have 10 bits of resolution, and exhibit good differential gain and differential phase characteristics.
The video encoder must be able to pre-filter composite video (CVBS) to prevent luma(Y)/chroma(C) cross
talk.

3.3.2 FS453 Solution

The FS453 features a broadcast quality encoder. It uses tunable Y-notch and C-bandpass filters to
prevent the creation of video artifacts and to meet all specifications. The FS453's encoder subcarrier is
programmable in frequency and phase. Because of the encoder's independence of color format, vertical
sync, and number of lines, the FS453 is able to support many SDTV video standards, including all of the
South American variations. The FS453 can output NTSC M, J and PAL B, D, G, H, I, M, N, Combination
N, and PAL-60 formats with 10 bits of resolution. Both Composite and S-Video outputs are available
simultaneously. In addition to encoded PAL or NTSC, the user may select analog SCART RGB outputs.
Each channel of RGB has 10 bits of resolution. Note that the 10-bit DACs exceed the bit depth supported
by the 8-bits available at the FS453 input.

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4. Scaling and Positioning Notes

The FS453 graphics converter does not use a frame memory. Therefore, the FS453 input video frame
rate must be synchronous to and match the output video field or frame rate. In SDTV modes, the FS453
uses internal line memories in order to perform horizontal and vertical scaling. This imposes certain
requirements on the scale and position settings.

4.1 Vertical Scaling

Because the frame/field rates are synchronous, and no frame memory is available, the ratios of input to
output VTOTAL and input to output VACTIVE must match. (See Figure 4 below.) In this sense, the
output VACTIVE is not necessarily the total active lines of the selected TV standard, but is the number of
TV lines that will contain active video information from the input source material. If the output VACTIVE
value is smaller than the value specified by the TV standard, then the FS453 will place borders and below
the image. TV_VTOTAL and GCC_VACTIVE in the VTOTAL equation are determined by the selected
TV standard and graphics mode. TV_VACTIVE is selected to set the desired number of TV lines
containing video information. The Vertical Scaling Coefficient is programmed in register 06h. The ratio of
input to output VTOTAL also determines the vertical scaling factor used. Note that calculations are done
using the output frame size, even though the output is interlaced, because interlacing is done after
vertical scaling.

GCC_VACTIVE / GCC_VTOTAL = TV_VACTIVE/TV_VTOTAL

For downscaling, VSC = (TV_VTOTAL / GCC_VTOTAL) * 65,536
For upscaling, VSC = (TV_VTOTAL / GCC_VTOTAL – 1) * 65,536

Figure 4: Equations for VTOTAL and VSC

Notes:

GCC_VACTIVE: The number of active lines of computer graphics in a frame.
GCC_VTOTAL: The total number of lines in a computer graphics frame, including active and blanking.
TV_VACTIVE: The number of lines in a TV video frame that will contain scaled graphics data.
TV_VTOTAL: The total number of lines in a TV video frame. PAL has 625 lines. NTSC has 525 lines.

For example, consider a case where the input graphics active area contains 600 lines and the selected
TV standard is NTSC. In NTSC, TV_VTOTAL is 525 lines per frame and the full-size active area is 487
lines per frame. To program the FS453 to scale the GRAPHICS image to fit on 400 lines of TV video (for
example, to fit the image within the TV bezel), set TV_VACTIVE to 400. This sets three of the four
parameters in the equation, and solving for VGA_VTOTAL results in a value of 787.5. Because values
must be integers, set VGA_VTOTAL to 788. The scaled image will still occupy approximately 400 lines.
Given these VTOTAL values, the vertical scaling factor is 0.6662, and the VSC register will be set to
43,663 (0xAA8F).

VGA_VACTIVE

VGA_VTOTAL

TV_VACTIVE

TV_VTOTAL

Figure 5: VTOTAL and VACTIVE ratios must match

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 12 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

4.2 Horizontal Scaling

While vertical scaling is linked to the VTOTAL ratio, horizontal scaling is arbitrary and not linked to
HTOTAL at all. The horizontal scaler is simply programmed with the ratio desired between TV_HACTIVE
and GCC_HACTIVE. (See Figure 6 below.) Like vertical scaling, TV_HACTIVE is the desired number of
pixels the image should occupy, not necessarily the number of active pixels for the selected TV standard.
A significant benefit of this architecture is that HTOTAL can be any arbitrary number that satisfies
graphics controller timing requirements and PLL programming requirements.

For downscaling, HDSC = (TV_HACTIVE / GCC_HACTIVE) * 256 and HUSC = 0

For upscaling, HUSC = ((TV_HACTIVE / GCC_HACTIVE - 1) * 256) and HDSC = 0

Figure 6: HSC Equations

Notes:

GCC_HACTIVE: The number of active pixels in a line of computer graphics.
GCC_HTOTAL: The total number of pixels in a computer graphics line, including active and blanking.
TV_HACTIVE: The number of pixels in a line of TV video that will contain scaled graphics data.
TV_HTOTAL: The total number of pixels in a TV line. PAL uses 864 pixels. NTSC uses 858 pixels.

HUSC and HDSC are programmed in register 08h (HSC).
For example, consider a case where the input graphics width is 800 pixels and the desired number of

pixels to show is 650. The image must be scaled down horizontally, so HDSC is 208 (D0h) and HSC =
00D0h. For a case where input VGA width is 640 and the desired TV pixel count is 720, the image must
be scaled up. HUSC is 32 (20h) and HSC = 2000h.

4.3 Vertical and Horizontal Position

The position of the graphics image on the television screen is controlled in two ways. The FS453
determines where input video data appears in time using the vertical and horizontal sync signals from the
GCC. This means that adjusting the sync timing in the GCC will change the position of the active video
area on the television. The FS453 also contains registers that control the offset from the sync transition.
These registers allow the active video position on the television to be adjusted independent of the GCC
sync timing.

The IHO (00h) register specifies the number of graphics pixels to skip before starting active video on the
television. To position the actual video area at the left edge of the theoretical active area in TV space,
program the IHO to the distance from the rising edge of HSYNC to the end of the line (HTOTAL). A
larger number will shift video to the left, and a smaller number will shift video to the right.

The IVO (02h) register specifies the number of graphics lines to skip before starting active video on the
television, counting from the rising edge of VSYNC. Programming the register is similar to programming
IHO, but in the vertical direction.

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 13 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

5. Pin Assignments

Figure 7: PQFP Pin Diagram

Pin Name Pin Name Pin Name Pin Name

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

VDD_DAD

GPIO3
GPIO2

VSS_18

P0
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8

P9
P10
P11

P12/V656_0
P13/V656_1

VDD_33
VDD_18

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

VSS_18

VSS_33
P14/V656_2
P15/V656_3
P16/V656_4
P17/V656_5
P18/V656_6
P19/V656_7

P20
VDD_33
VSS_33

P21/V656_H
P22/V656_V
P23/V656_F

HSYNC
VSYNC

FIELD
BLANK
RSVD0

VDD_18

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

VSS_18
VSS_33
VSS_18

SDATA

SCLK
VDD_33
VDD_18

ALT_ADDR

PREF

GPIO0

CLKIN_N

GPIO1

RESET_L

CLKIN_P

VSS_O

CLKOUT

VDD_O

VSS_PA

VDD_PA

VDD_18

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

VDD_OSC

XTAL_OUT

XTAL_IN

VSS_OSC

VSS_DA

DAC_D

VDD_DA

DAC_A

VDD_DA

DAC_B

VDD_DA

DAC_C
VDD_DA
VSS_DA

COMP

RSVD1

VBIAS

FS_ADJ

VSS_DA

VSS_DAD

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 14 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

Table 2: FS453 PQFP Pin Assignments

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1

XTAL_OUT VSS_OSC DAC_D DAC_A DAC_B DAC_C VSS_DA VBIAS VSS_DA VSS_DAD

B13 B12 B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1

C13 C12 C2 C1

VDD_18 VDD_OSC XTAL_IN VSS_DA VDD_DA VDD_DA VDD_DA VDD_DA COMP FS_ADJ VDD_DAD

Bottom View

FS455/6 88 FBGA

VSS_PA VDD_PA GPIO2 GPIO3

D13 D12 D2 D1

CLKOUT VDD_O P0 VSS_18

CLKIN_P VSS_O P2 P1

G13 G12 G2 G1

GPIO0 CLKIN_N P6 P5

GPIO1 RESET_L P4 P3

F13 F12 F2 F1

E13 E12 E2 E1

Figure 8 FBGA Pin Diagram

VSS_18 BLANK VSYNC P23/V656_F P21/V656_H VDD_33 P19/V656_7 P17/V656_5 P15/V656_3 VSS_33 VDD_18

J13 J12 J2 J1

H13 H12 H2 H1

VDD_33 VDD_18 P10 P9

ALT_ADDR PREF P8 P7

L13 L12 L2 L1

K13 K12 K2 K1

SDATA SCLK P12/V656_0 P11

VSS_33 VSS_18 VDD_33 P13/V656_1

N13 N12 N11 N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1

M13 M12 M11 M10 M9 M8 M7 M6 M5 M4 M3 M2 M1

VDD_18 RSVD0 FIELD HSYNC P22/V656_V VSS_33 P20 P18/V656_6 P16/V656_4 P14/V656_2 VSS_18

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 15 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

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FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

5.1 FS453 ⇔ GCC Pin Mapping

Table 3 below maps the FS453 pins to the host GCC controller chip.

FBGA
Pin #

D13 56 CLKOUT GPIO EXTAL16M TVCLKIN TVCLK
E13 54 CLKIN_P LCD_PCLK LSCLK CLKOUT0 L_PCLK TVCLKR

G12 51 CLKIN_N CLKOUT1

N9 35 HSYNC
M10 36 VSYNC
M11 38 BLANK

D2 5 P0

E1 6 P1

E2 7 P2

F1 8 P3

F2 9 P4

G1 10 P5

G2 11 P6

H1 12 P7

H2 13 P8

J1 14 P9

J2 15 P10
K1 16 P11
K2 17 P12/ V656_0

L1 18 P13/ V656_1
N3 23 P14/ V656_2
M4 24 P15/ V656_3
N4 25 P16/ V656_4
M5 26 P17/ V656_5
N5 27 P18/ V656_6
M6 28 P19/ V656_7
N6 29 P20
M8 32 P21/V656_H
N8 33 P22/V656_V
M9 34 P23/V656_F

K12 45 SCLK
K13 44 SDATA

PQFP
Pin #

FS453
Pin Name

AMD
Alchemy
Pin Name

LCD_LCLK LP_HSYNC
LCD_FCLK FLM_VSYNC

LCD_BIAS
LCD_D16

LCD_D17
LCD_D18
LCD_D19
LCD_D20
LCD_D21
LCD_D22
LCD_D23
LCD_D8
LCD_D9
LCD_D10
LCD_D11

(a)

LCD_D12
LCD_D13
LCD_D14
LCD_D15
LCD_D0
LCD_D1
LCD_D2
LCD_D3
LCD_D4
LCD_D5
LCD_D6
LCD_D7
GPIO
GPIO

Freescale
Dragonball
Pin Name

LD12
LD13
LD14
LD15
LD16

LD6
LD7
LD8
LD9
LD10
LD11

LD0
LD1
LD2
LD3
LD4
SCL
SDA

Intel DVO
Pin Name

TVHSYNC L_LCLK TVHS
TVVSYNC
BLANK
LTVDATA0
LTVDATA1
LTVDATA2
LTVDATA3
LTVDATA4
LTVDATA5
LTVDATA6
LTVDATA7
LTVDATA8
LTVDATA9
LTVDATA10
LTVDATA11

LTVCL
LTVDA

Intel
XScale
Pin
Name

L_FCLK

TVDAT0
TVDAT1
TVDAT2
LDD_11 TVDAT3
LDD_12 TVDAT4
LDD_13 TVDAT5
LDD_14 TVDAT6
LDD_15 TVDAT7
TVDAT8
TVDAT9
LDD_5
LDD_6
LDD_7
LDD_8
LDD_9
LDD_10

LDD_0
LDD_1
LDD_2
LDD_3
LDD_4
SCL SPCLK1
SDA SPD1

VIA
Pin
Name

TVVS
BLANK

TVDAT10
TVDAT11

(a)

Used for ITU-R BT.656 Video output

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 16 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

Table 3: FS453 to GCC Pin Mapping

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

5.2 Pin Descriptions

Pin

Name

Clocks

CLKOUT D13 56 GTL/LVCMOS

CLKIN_P E13 54 Differential

CLKIN_N G12 51 Differential

XTAL_IN B10 63 LVTTL input

XTAL_OUT A11 62 LVTTL output

Global Controls

RESET_L F12 53 TTL input

RSVD0 N11 39 TTL input

GPIO3-GPIO0 C1,C2,F1

Digital RGB/YCrCb Input/Outputs

P23-P0/V656 M9,N8,M8

PREF H12 49 GTL/TTL REF Digital GTL/TTL Port Reference input.

HSYNC N9 35 GTL/TTL I/O Digital HSYNC VGA I/O. Connects to GCC

VSYNC M10 36 GTL/TTL I/O Digital VSYNC VGA I/O. Connects to GCC

FBGA

Pin

Number

3,G13

N6,M6,N5
M5,N4,M4

N3,L1,K2

K1,J2,J1

H2,H1,G2

G1,F2,F1

E2,E1,D2

PQFP

Pin

Number

2,3,52,

50

34,33,32,
29,28,27,
26,25,24,
23,18,17,
16,15,14,
13,12,11,

10,9,8,

7,6,5

Type/Value Pin Function Description

Pixel Clock Output. Clock to Graphics

output

Control Chip (GCC) clock input. Synthesized
from XTAL_IN. 0.78125 to 150 MHz range.
Supports 1.5 to 3.3 volt CMOS or GTL.
Pixel Clock Input Positive. Clock from

input

GCC’s buffered form of CLKOUT. Used to
latch input pixel data.
Pixel Clock Input Negative. Clock from

input

GCC’s buffered form of CLKOUT. Used to
latch input pixel data. For single-clocked use,
tie CLKIN_N to PREF.
Television reference Clock Input. 27 MHz
reference clock input for the video encoder for
use with either external oscillator or 27 MHz
crystal.
Television Clock XTAL Output. Buffered
version of XTAL_IN. For use with a 27 MHz
crystal.

Reset. Active Low. Resets internal state
(internal pull
down)

machines and initializes default register

values.

Reserved. Manufacturing Test Pin. Tie to
(internal pull

VSS.
down)
TTL

General Purpose Input/Output. GPIO port.
input/output

GTL/TTL
input/output

Digital GTL/TTL input port. Multiplexed
digital video input. Connects to GCC's digital
video out. In 12 bit input modes, P23-P12 are
available for ITU-R BT.656 Video Output. P18­P12 contain the video data with embedded
control codes while P21, P22, and P23 output
HSync, VSync, and Field respectively.

Voltage threshold reference for GTL/TTL
inputs. Set to the center of the input data logic
high and low levels, but not to exceed Voltage
Reference Range (see Electrical
Characteristics on page 25).

HSync.

VSync.

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 17 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

Pin

Name

FBGA

Pin

Number

PQFP

Pin

Number

Type/Value Pin Function Description

BLANK M11 38 GTL/TTL input Digital BLANK VGA input. True outside of

GCC active area. Connects to GCC blank pin
(or to ground if a GCC blank pin is not
available).

FIELD N10 37 GTL/TTL

output

Digital FIELD output. Delay and polarity
programmable.

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 18 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

Pin

Name

FBGA

Pin

PQFP Pin

Number

Type/Value Pin Function Description

Number

Video Outputs

DAC_A A8 68 analog video Video output. As programmed by the

DAC_CNTL (9Eh) register.

DAC_B A7 70 analog video Video output. As programmed by the

DAC_CNTL (9Eh) register.

DAC_C A6 72 analog video Video output. As programmed by the

DAC_CNTL (9Eh) register.

DAC_D A9 66 analog video Video output. As programmed by the

DAC_CNTL (9Eh) register.

Voltage Reference

RSVD1 76 Reserved. Not internally connected.

FS_ADJ B3 78 549Ω or

1.1kΩ

Full Scale Adjust. A resistor connected
between FS_ADJ and ground sets the current
range of the D/A converters. Use 549Ω for a

37.5Ω load (common) or 1.1kΩ for a 75Ω load.
Note that there is a 75 Ohm terminating
resistor in consumer televisions.

COMP B4 75 0.1 µF Compensation. A 0.1µF capacitor must be

connected between COMP and VDD_DA.

VBIAS A4 77 100Ω/0.1µF Voltage Bias Decoupling. An optional series

100Ω/0.1µF capacitor can be connected
between VBIAS and VDD_DA to reduce noise
at the D/A outputs. Otherwise, leave
disconnected.

Serial Port

ALT_ADDR H13 48 TTL input

(internal pull
down)

Serial data address select. Selects the 7-bit
serial bus address:
ALT_ADDR = H: 0x6A
ALT_ADDR = L: 0x4A

SDATA K13 44 TTL I/0

(open drain)

Serial data. Data line of the serial port.
Connect to GCC serial data pin.

SCLK K12 45 TTL Input Serial clock. Clock line of the serial port.

Connect to GCC serial clock pin.

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 19 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

Pin

Name

FBGA

Pin

PQFP Pin

Number

Type/Value Pin Function Description

Number

Power and Ground

VDD_PA C12 59 +3.3 V CLKOUT Phase-locked loop Power. Filtered

3.3 volt power for CLKOUT phase locked loop.

VDD_OSC B11 61 +3.3 V TV Crystal Oscillator Power. Filtered 3.3

volt power for XTAL oscillator.

VDD_33 J13,L2,M7 19,30,46 +3.3 V Digital Power 3.3V. 3.3 volt power for I/O

section of chip.

VDD_O D12 57 +1.5 to 3.3 V Digital Power Output. 1.5 to 3.3 volt power

for clock output.

VDD_18 B13,J12,

M1,N13

20,40,47,

60

+1.8 V Digital Power 1.8V. 1.8 volt power for digital

section of chip.

VDD_DAD B2 1 +3.3 V D/A Converter Digital Power.

VDD_DA B5,B6,B7,

B8

67,69,71,

73

+3.3 V D/A Converter Power. Filtered 3.3 volt power

for 10 bit video D/A converters.

VSS_PA C13 58 0 V CLKOUT phase-locked loop Ground.

VSS_OSC A10 64 0 V TV Crystal Oscillator Ground.

VSS_33 L13,M3,N7 22,31,42 0 V Digital Ground. 3.3 volt power return.

VSS_O E12 55 0 V Digital Ground. 1.5 to 3.3 volt output power

return.

VSS_18 D1,L12,M

12,N2

4,21,41,

43

0 V Digital Ground. 1.8 volt power return.

VSS_DAD A1 80 0 V D/A Converter Digital Ground.

VSS_DA A3,A5,B9 65,74,79 0 V D/A Converter Analog Ground.

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 20 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

Table 4: FS453 Pin Descriptions

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

6. Control Register Function Map

Table 5 below lists the Control Register functions and register numbers. For more information about the
Control Registers, please consult the FS453/4 and FS455/6 Software / Firmware Reference.

6.1 Register Reference Table

The General Function labels of the FS453 registers are intended to help design engineers determine
which registers will affect specific functions of the FS453.

SDTV Input: FS453 input settings for SDTV applications
SDTV Output: FS453 SDTV output settings
HDTV Output: FS453 HDTV output settings
Control: FS453 control parameters
Clock: FS453 clock settings
Color Matrix: FS453 input color conversion matrix settings
QPR: The Quick Program Register (for rapid programming of the entire FS453)

General

Function

SDTV Input IHO 00h 0000h
SDTV Input IVO 02h 0000h
SDTV Input IHW 04h 02D0h
SDTV Input VSC 06h 0000h
SDTV Input HSC 08h 0000h

Control BYPASS 0Ah 0000h
Control CR 0Ch 0003h
Control MISC 0Eh 8000h

Clock NCON 10h 00020000h
Clock NCOD 14h 00020000h
Clock PLL M and Pump Control 18h 0409h
Clock PLL N 1Ah 00AEh

Clock PLL Post-Divider 1Ch 0505h
SDTV Input SHP 24h 0000h
SDTV Input FLK 26h 0000h

Control GPIO 28h 0000h
Control ID 32h FE05h
Control Status Port 34h 0008h
Control FIFO_SP 36h 0000h

SDTV Input FIFO_LAT 38h 0512h

SDTV Output CHR_FREQ 40h 1F7CF021h
SDTV Output CHR_PHASE 44h 00h
SDTV Output MISC_45 45h 00h
SDTV Output MISC_46 46h 09h

Name Offset Default Value

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 21 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

General

Function

Name Offset Default Value

SDTV Output MISC_47 47h 00h
SDTV Output HSYNC_WID 48h 7Eh
SDTV Output BURST_WID 49h 44h
SDTV Output BPORCH 4Ah 76h
SDTV Output CB_BURST 4Bh 3Bh
SDTV Output CR_BURST 4Ch 00h
SDTV Output MISC_4D 4Dh 00h
SDTV Output BLACK_LVL 4Eh 0246h
SDTV Output BLANK_LVL 50h 003Ch
SDTV Output NUM_LINES 57h 0183h
SDTV Output WHITE_LVL 5Eh 00C8h
SDTV Output CB_GAIN 60h 89h
SDTV Output CR_GAIN 62h 89h
SDTV Output TINT 65h 00h
SDTV Output BR_WAY 69h 16h
SDTV Output FR_PORCH 6Ch 20h
SDTV Output NUM_PIXELS 71h 00B4h
SDTV Output 1ST_LINE 73h 15h
SDTV Output MISC_74 74h 02h
SDTV Output SYNC_LVL 75h 48h
SDTV Output VBI_BL_LVL 7Ch 004Ah
SDTV Output SOFT_RST 7Eh 00h
SDTV Output ENC_VER 7Fh 20h
SDTV Output WSS_CONFIG 80h 07h
SDTV Output WSS_CLK 81h 0072h
SDTV Output WSS_DATAF1 83h 000000h
SDTV Output WSS_DATAF0 86h 000000h
SDTV Output WSS_LNF1 89h 00h
SDTV Output WSS_LNF0 8Ah 00h
SDTV Output WSS_LVL 8Bh 03FFh
SDTV Output MISC_8D 8Dh 00h

Control VID_CNTL0 92h 0000h
HDTV Output HD_FP_SYNC 94h 0000h
HDTV Output HD_YOFF_BP 96h 0000h
HDTV Output SYNC_DL 98h 0000h

Control LD_DET 9Ch 0000h

Control DAC_CNTL 9Eh 0000h

Control PWR_MGNT A0h 000Fh

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 22 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

General

Function

Name Offset Default Value

Color Matrix RED_MTX A2h 0000h
Color Matrix GRN_MTX A4h 0000h
Color Matrix BLU_MTX A6h 0000h
Color Matrix RED_SCL A8h 0000h
Color Matrix GRN_SCL AAh 0000h

Color Matrix BLU_SCL ACh 0000h
SDTV Output CLOSED CAPTION FIELD 1 AEh 0000h
SDTV Output CLOSED CAPTION FIELD 2 B0h 0000h
SDTV Output CLOSED CAPTION CONTROL B2h 0000h

SDTV Output
SDTV Output

CLOSED CAPTION BLANKING

VALUE

CLOSED CAPTION BLANKING

SAMPLE

B4h 0000h
B6h 0000h

HDTV Output HACT_ST B8h 0000h
HDTV Output HACT_WD BAh 0000h
HDTV Output VACT_ST BCh 0000h
HDTV Output VACT_HT BEh 0000h

SDTV Output PR AND PB RELATIVE SCALING C0h 0000h
SDTV Output LUMA BANDWIDTH C2h 0000h

QPR QUICK PROGRAM REGISTER C4h 8000h

Table 5: Register Reference Table

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 23 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

7. Specifications

7.1 Absolute Maximum and Recommended Ratings

, V

(a)

(delta) -0.3 0.3 V

SS-OSC

(b)

-0.3 0-V

DD-33

V

+ 0.3 V

DD-33

-10.0 10.0 mA

-0.3 0-V

DD-DA

V

DD-DA

+ 0.3 V

-10.0 10.0 mA

(b)

-0.3 0-V

DD-33

V

+ 0.3 V

DD-33

-6.0 6.0 mA
1 second

220 °C

-40 125 °C

±150 V

(Beyond which the device may be damaged)

Parameter Min Rec. Max Unit
Power Supply Voltages

V

(Measured to VSS_33) -0.3 3.0-3.6 3.8 V

DD-33

V

(Measured to VSS_18) -0.3 1.62-1.95 2.4 V

DD-18

V
V
V
V
V
V

(Measured to VSS_DAD) -0.3 3.0-3.6 3.8 V

DD-DAD

(Measured to VSS_PA) -0.3 3.0-3.6 3.8 V

DD-PA

(Measured to VSS_DA) -0.3 3.0-3.6 3.8 V

DD-DA

(Measured to VSS_O) -0.3 3.0-3.6 3.8 V

DD-O

(Measured to VSS_OSC) -0.3 3.0-3.6 3.8 V

DD-OSC
SS-DA

, V

SS-DAD

, V

SS-PA

, V

SS-33

, V

SS-18

, V

SS-O

Digital Inputs

3.3 V logic applied voltage (Measured to VSS_33)
5V Tolerant (TTL) logic applied voltage -0.3 3.0-5.5 6.5 V
Forced current
Analog Outputs
Applied Voltage (Measured to VSS_DA)
Forced current

(c,d)

(b)

(c,d)

Digital Outputs

3.3 V logic applied voltage (Measured to VSS_33)
5V Tolerant (TTL) logic applied voltage -0.3 3.0-3.6 3.8 V
Forced current

(c,d)

Short circuit duration (single output in HIGH state to
ground)
Temperature
Operating, Ambient 0 70 °C
Junction 125 °C
Case Temperature 95 °C
Lead Soldering (10 seconds) 300 °C
Vapor Phase Soldering (1 minute)
Storage
Electrostatic
Electrostatic Discharge

(a)

(e)

(a)

Notes:

(a) Functional operation under any of these conditions is NOT implied. Performance and reliability are guaranteed

only if operating within recommended ratings.
(b) Applied voltage must be current limited to specified range.
(c) Forcing voltage must be limited to specified range.
(d) Current is specified as conventional current flowing into the device.
(e) EIAJ test method.

Table 6: Absolute Maximum and Recommended Ratings

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7.2 Electrical Characteristics

Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
Power Supply Currents

I

DD-18

I

DD-DA

I

DD-DA

I

DD-OSC

I

DD-DPA

LVTTL Inputs and Outputs
C

I

C

O

I

IH

I

IL

I

ILP

V

IH

V

IL

I

OH

I

OL

V

OH

V

OL

Scalable GTL Inputs and Outputs
C

I

I

IH

I

IL

V

IH

V

IL

V

PREF

I

OH

I

OL

V

OL

TTL Inputs and Outputs
C

I

C

O

I

IH

I

IL

I

ILP

V

IH

V

IL

I

OH

I

OL

SDATA I
V

OH

V

OL

1.8 volt Digital current Core clk =50MHz 75 mA

3.3 volt DAC current RL=37.5Ω x 4 150 200 mA

3.3 volt DAC current RL=37.5Ω x 4, DAC

110 mA

Low Power On

3.3 volt Crystal Oscillator current CL=72pF,18pF Xtal 10 mA

3.3 volt Pixel PLL current 5 10 mA

Input Capacitance 5 10 pF
Output Capacitance 5 10 pF
Input Current, HIGH V

Input Current, LOW V
Input Current, LOW with pull-up V

= 3.3 ± 0.3V,

DD-33

V

= max.

IN

= 3.3 ± 0.3V,

DD-33

V

= 0 V

IN

= 3.3 ± 0.3V,

DD-33

V

= 0 V

IN

±10 µA
±10 µA

-60 -10 µA

Input Voltage, Logic HIGH 2.0 V
Input Voltage, Logic LOW 0.8 V
Output Current, Logic HIGH -4.0 mA
Output Current, Logic LOW 4.0 mA
Output Voltage, HIGH IOH = -4mA 2.4 V
Output Voltage, LOW IOL = 4mA 0.4 V

I/O Capacitance 4 8 pF
Input Current, HIGH V

Input Current, LOW V
Input Voltage, Logic HIGH V

Input Voltage, Logic LOW V

= 3.3 ± 0.3V,

DD-33

V

= max.

IN

= 3.3 ± 0.3V,

DD-33

V

= 0 V

IN

±10 µA
±10 µA
+.1 V

REF

-.1 V

REF

Voltage Reference Range 0.55 0.75 1.0 V
Output Current, Logic HIGH -10 µA
Output Current, Logic LOW 45.0 mA
Output Voltage, LOW IOL = 45mA 0.15 0.20 0.30 V

Input Capacitance 5 10 pF
Output Capacitance 5 10 pF
Input Current, HIGH V

Input Current, LOW V
Input Current, LOW with pull-up V

= 3.3 ± 0.3V,

DD-33

V

= max.

IN

= 3.3 ± 0.3V,

DD-33

V

= 0 V

IN

= 3.3 ± 0.3V,

DD-33

V

= 0 V

IN

±10 µA
±10 µA

-60 -10 µA

Input Voltage, Logic HIGH 2.0 V
Input Voltage, Logic LOW 0.8 V
Output Current, Logic HIGH -6.0 mA
Output Current, Logic LOW 6.0 mA

SDATA Output Current, Logic LOW 4.0 mA

OL

Output Voltage, HIGH IOH = -6mA 2.4 V
Output Voltage, LOW IOL = 6mA 0.4 V

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Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
Scalable LVTTL (1.5 to 3.3V) Outputs

IOH (3.3V) Output Current, Logic HIGH -12.0 mA
IOL (3.3V) Output Current, Logic LOW 12.0 mA
VOH (3.3V) Output Voltage, HIGH IOH = -12mA 2.4 V
VOL (3.3V) Output Voltage, LOW IOL = 12mA 0.4 V
IOH (2.5V) Output Current, Logic HIGH -8.0 mA
IOL (2.5V) Output Current, Logic LOW 8.0 mA
VOH (2.5V) Output Voltage, HIGH IOH = -8mA 2.0 V
VOL (2.5V) Output Voltage, LOW IOL = 8mA 0.4 V
IOH (1.8V) Output Current, Logic HIGH -4.0 mA
IOL (1.8V) Output Current, Logic LOW 4.0 mA
VOH (1.8V) Output Voltage, HIGH IOH = -4mA 1.2 V
VOL (1.8V) Output Voltage, LOW IOL = 4mA 0.40 V
IOH (1.5V) Output Current, Logic HIGH -4.0 mA
IOL (1.5V) Output Current, Logic LOW 4.0 mA
VOH (1.5V) Output Voltage, HIGH IOH = -4mA 1.0 V
VOL (1.5V) Output Voltage, LOW IOL = 4mA 0.40 V

Analog

R

IREF

I

FS

P

SSR

K

MATCH

V

OC

C

OUT

DAC Current Reference Resistor Rl = 37.5 Ω 549 Ω
DAC Output Current R

= 549 Ω 34.8 mA

FS_ADJ

DAC Supply Rejection Ratio Freq. < 10 kHz 40 45 dB
DAC to DAC Current Match All DACs On - 2.5 + 2.5 %
Video Output Compliance 0 1.4 V
Video Output Capacitance C

= 0 mA,

OUT

20 pF

Freq. = 1 MHz

Table 7: Electrical Characteristics

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7.3 Switching Characteristics

Parameter Conditions Min Typ
Clocks

f

CKIN

f

XTOL

t

PWHT

t

PWLT

f

CLKIN

f

CORE

f

GCKO

f

GCKO

f

GCKO

t

JIT-GCK

DC
f

PLLIN

GCK

TV Encoder Reference Clock Frequency 27.0 MHz
TV Reference Clock Frequency Tolerance 30 50
TV Reference Clock Pulse Width, HIGH 15.0 ns
TV Reference Clock Pulse Width, LOW 15.0 ns
Pixel Clock Frequency 40/60 duty cycle 18.0 150.0 MHz
Scaler Core Frequency
GCC Clock Output Frequency

GCC Clock Output Frequency
GCC Clock Output Frequency

(d)

(a,e,f)

(e,f)
(e,f)

75.0 MHz
GTL, 2.5V and

0.78125 150.0 MHz

3.3V scalable

1.8V scalable 0.78125 120.0 MHz

1.5V scalable 0.78125 85.0 MHz
GCC Clock Output Jitter (peak-to-peak) over a cycle -250 250 ps
Duty Cycle 150 MHz 40 60 %
PLL Input Clock Frequency 100 1000 kHz

M PLL Numerator (integer value) 250 3000 N/A
f

PLLOUT

Reset Assert f

PLL Output Clock Frequency 100 300 MHz

cycles on RESET_L to reset 16 Clocks

CKIN

Digital Pixel Input Port

t

PDH

Pixel Clock 0 to Data/Control Hold Time V

= 0.75V,

REF

0 ns

1.5V signaling.

t

PDH

Pixel Clock 1 to Data/Control Hold Time V

= 0.75V,

REF

0 ns

1.5V signaling.

t

PSU

Pixel Clock 0 to Data/Control Setup Time V

= 0.75V,

REF

1.2 ns

1.5V signaling.

t

PSU

Pixel Clock 1 to Data/Control Setup Time V

= 0.75V,

REF

1.2 ns

1.5V signaling.

Serial Interface
t

DAL

t

DAH

t

STAH

t

STASU

t

STOSU

t

BUFF

t

DSU

t

DHO

SCL Pulse Width, LOW 1.3 µs
SCL Pulse Width, HIGH 0.6 µs
SDA Start Hold Time 0.6 µs
SCL to SDA Setup Time (Stop) 0.6 µs
SCL to SDA Setup Time (Start) 0.6 µs
SDA Stop Hold Time Setup 1.3 µs
SDA to SCL Data Setup Time 100 ns
SDA to SCL Data Hold Time 0 ns

(b)

Max Unit

(c)

ppm

Notes:

(a) GTL outputs are open drain and are specified with 25 ohm terminations from 1.1 to 1.5 volts and a 15 pF load.
(b) Values shown in Typ column are typical for VDD33 = +3.3V, VDD18 = +1.8V, and TA = 25°C
(c) TV subcarrier acceptance band is ± 300 Hz.
(d) Scaler Core Frequency = VCO Frequency/PLL_IP
(e) GCC Output Frequency = VCO Frequency/PLL_EP
(f) Scalable (1.5 to 3.3V) LVTTL outputs are specified with a 15 pF load.

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 27 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

Table 8: Switching Characteristics

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8. Mechanical Dimensions

8.1 80-Lead PQFP Package

Symbol Tols. \ Leads Millimeters

A MAX. 2.35
A1 0.25 MAX.
A2 +.10 / -.05 2.00

D +/- .25 17.20

D

1

+/- .10 14.00

E +/- .25 17.20
E1 +/- .10 14.00

e BASIC .65
L + .15 / -.10 .88
b +/- .05 .30

α

0º – 7º

ddd .12 NOM.

ccc MAX. .10

Table 9: Package Dimensions

Notes:

1. All dimensions in millimeters.

2. Dimensions shown are nominal with
tolerances as indicated.

3. Foot length "L" is measured at gage
plane, 0.25 above seating plane.

Figure 9: PQFP Package Outline & Dimensions

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8.2 88-Lead FBGA Package

Figure 10 FBGA Package Outline & Dimensions

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9. Component Placement

This section gives guidelines for the placement and layout of components associated with the FS453.
A printed circuit board (PCB) with a minimum of four layers is recommended for all designs utilizing the

FS453. We recommend that layers 1 (top) and 4 (bottom) are used for signals, and that layers 2 and 3
are used for power and ground respectively. This provides the designer with ample access to all system
traces and eases the process of manual design modification.
Place components associated with the FS453 as close as possible to their respective pins. Locate the
FS453 near the power supply connector, the video input connector, and the video output connector.
Place the FS453 above a solid ground plane to shield EMI radiation. Additionally, do not route signal
traces under the FS453.

9.1 Power/Ground

9.1.1 Power

To meet standard CMOS device voltage specifications, the FS453 can be powered by +3.3 Volts. In
addition, the digital core of the chip can be powered by +1.8 Volts. However, since 5 Volt systems are
still common, the FS453 can tolerate up to 5 Volt inputs.

If the switching power supply noise is greater than or equal to 200 mV, use a linear regulator to filter the
analog power supply. It is best not to use unfiltered switching power supplies because they can produce
substantial amounts of electrical noise. Excess electrical noise can induce visible artifacts on analog
video signals, and should be avoided at all costs. To minimize electrical noise, always provide sufficient
filtering and high frequency bypassing on the power supplies. This will insure better video quality and
reduce EMI radiation.

Within the FS453, separate power is routed to each functional section of the die, including the phase
locked loops, D/A converters, digital processors and digital drivers. Segregate the power pins into analog
and digital power planes. Use separate voltage regulators for analog and digital power. It is important to
isolate the analog plane from any electrical noise generated by the digital plane. We recommend
isolating each power supply section from its respective voltage regulator with a series inductor/ferrite

bead and a 4.7µF capacitor connected to ground. The ferrite bead filters high frequency switching noise,
while the 4.7µF capacitor filters low-frequency power supply ripple and acts as a reservoir for heavy

currents drawn by D/A converters.
Make sure you apply clean analog power to the V

DD_PA

, V

power supply noise rejection, place a 0.1 µF capacitor adjacent to each group of pins. To reduce the
lead inductance, locate all capacitors as close as possible to the device and use the shortest possible
leads (consistent with reliable operation). Chip capacitors are best for minimizing lead inductance. If
necessary, you can substitute radial lead ceramic capacitors since they are better than axial lead
capacitors for self-resonance. Chip capacitors are also recommended for power supply decoupling.
Connect these capacitors as close to their respective power and ground pins as possible, using short and

wide traces to minimize lead inductance. When two or more 0.1µF bypass capacitors are adjacent,
consider exchanging one of them with a 100pF to 1000pF capacitor to reduce higher frequency noise
from the power supply. Figure 11 on page 31 shows the recommended power filter networks.

DD_OSC

, and V

pins. For high-frequency

DD_DA

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Figure 11: Recommended Power Filter Networks

9.1.2 Ground

Connect the analog and digital grounds of the FS453 to separate ground planes. This will insure that
electrical noise from the digital ground does not pollute the analog ground. Connect these two planes
with either a ferrite bead or a very thin trace. This will allow the two planes to maintain an equal voltage
potential. Whenever possible, connect each of the FS453 ground pins directly to its respective
decoupling capacitor ground lead, and then connect to the ground plane through a ground via. Use short
and wide traces to minimize the lead inductance.

9.1.2.1 Special Consideration:

The FS453 is a high quality mixed process device that has excellent DAC Power Supply noise rejection
(40db of rejection). Good PCB layout will result in an acceptably clean power supply.

In the noisiest environments, a dedicated voltage regulator can dramatically improve the quality of the
power to the FS453. A point-of-use 5V to 3.3V 200mA regulator for the V
recommended in those situations. A single regulator can be used for both V

DD_PA

DD_PA

and V

and V
provided that those lines each have their own passive filter networks (see Figure 11 above). Placing a
"no-stuff" zero ohm resistor between 3.3V and the regulated node will create the option of not populating
the regulator. This allows the design engineer to save cost if testing shows that the regulator is not
necessary.

DD_DA

DD_DA

lines is

lines,

9.2 DIGITAL SIGNALS

9.2.1 Digital Signal Routing

Isolate digital inputs to the FS453 from the analog outputs and other analog circuitry. The high-speed
edge transition rates of the digital signals cause signal overshoot, undershoot, and ringing; this noise can
directly couple onto any nearby signals. Do not overlay the analog power plane or analog output traces
with digital signal traces. Using lower speed logic (3-5 ns edge rates) will benefit lower-speed
applications by reducing data-related noise on the analog outputs. Reducing the digital edge transition
rates (rise/fall time), minimizing ringing with damping resistors, and routing the digital traces
perpendicular to any analog traces can prevent coupling the noise from the digital signals.

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9.2.2 Video Inputs

The digital pixel data and the pixel clock of the FS453 may toggle at speeds up to 150 MHz (depending
on input mode). It is critical that the traces used for these signals be kept as short as possible. They
should be isolated from the analog outputs and analog circuitry. The signals carried on these traces are
single ended high-speed signals and should be routed together as a bus. It is recommended that these
traces be at least 8 mils wide.

9.3 ANALOG SIGNALS

9.3.1 Video Output Filters

9.3.1.1 Analog Signal Interconnect

Analog output traces are susceptible to electrical noise generated by digital signals. Digital traces must
not be routed under or adjacent to the analog output traces. We recommend placing a third order
reconstruction filter between the FS453 outputs and the output connectors. This filter network will smooth
the stepped output of the FS453’s DACs. The output filter network and the output connectors should be
located as close as possible to the FS453. This will minimize the possibility of picking up noise from
digital signals. It will also reduce the effects of transmission reflections due to impedance mismatches.
To maximize high-frequency power supply noise rejection, the video output signals should overlay the
ground plane. For maximum performance, the analog video output impedance, cable impedance, and
load impedance should be matched. This will reduce signal transmission reflection.

The output DACs of the FS453 may be configured for many different video formats, since the pins have
no fixed video assignments. The FS453 can assign any combination of Y, C, CVBS, and component (Y,
Pr & Pb) signals to its four DACs. The video traces and the attached components should be laid out
carefully in order to avoid signal coupling amongst each other. It is suggested that the video traces be
separated with ground traces. Do not place the capacitors and inductors attached to those outputs too
close to each other. Route the analog video signals with a minimum of 12 mils spacing between each
other. There should be at least 20 mils between the analog video traces and any digital trace. Route the
video traces in an area of the PCB that does not contain any digital traces. Sharp trace direction changes
(e.g. 90deg) are, in effect, trace width irregularities that affect local transmission line impedances. These
cause minute partial reflections in high-bandwidth signals. 150 MHz clocks with fast rise/fall times are
probably more sensitive to this than 6MHz analog traces. Smooth curves are certainly preferred, and
equal-distant traces help maintain time-alignment. The video traces should be kept on the top PCB layer
with the FS453 to ensure that they are short and direct. Leave unused analog outputs open.

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9.3.1.2 Suggested Output Filter Network

Figure 12 below shows the suggested output filter network for the FS453. Note that SDTV and HDTV
use different values.

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Figure 12: Recommended Output Filter

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The recommended network shown in Figure 12 on page 33 will deliver robust video quality. It
incorporates a source-terminating 75 Ohm resistor and a filter tuned for 37.5 Ohm impedance (assuming
a matching 75 Ohm terminating resistor at the load). Table 10 below shows the correct component
values to use for typical Standard and High Definition Television applications. For applications that utilize
both HDTV and SDTV outputs, place HDTV filters on DACs A, B, & C and an SDTV filter on DAC D. Use
DAC D for SDTV composite video, and the other DACs for all other video formats.

Output Filters CA LB CC

SDTV

270pF 1.8uH 330p

F

HDTV

47pF 330nH 68pF

Table 10: Output Filter Component Values

9.4 CLOCK/OSCILLATOR

9.4.1 Reference Crystal Oscillator

The quality of the image produced by the FS453 is directly related to the quality of the reference clock
input to the chip. The FS453 can use either a dedicated external oscillator or the internal oscillator circuit
with an inexpensive crystal as its reference clock. The reference clock must exhibit 50 parts per million
(ppm) or better frequency tolerance (30 ppm preferred), and poses low jitter characteristics.

Any jitter or frequency deviation of the oscillating circuit will be transferred directly to the encoder’s color
subcarrier. Jitter within the valid clock cycle interval will result in hue noise on the color subcarrier on the
order of 0.9-1.6 degrees per nanosecond. Random hue noise can result in degradation in the AM/PM
noise ratio (typically around 40dB for consumer media such as videodiscs and VCRs). Periodic or
coherent hue noise can result in differential phase error (which is limited to 10 degrees by FCC cable TV
standards).

Any frequency deviation of the clock signal from nominal will challenge the subcarrier tracking capability
of the destination receiver. This may range from a few ppm for broadcast equipment to a few hundred
ppm for consumer equipment. Crystal based clock sources with a maximum total deviation of 30 ppm
across the temperature range of 0 C to 70 C will produce the best results for consumer and industrial
applications. Any clock interruption (even during vertical blanking interval) which results in misregistration
of the clock input, or nonstandard pixel counts per line, can cause phase excursions outside the NTSC
limit of +/- 40 degrees.

When using the internal oscillator circuit, you must meet the following conditions to ensure that the FS453
encoder operates properly. The crystal must be specified at 27.000 MHz +/- 50 ppm in parallel
resonance (not series resonance). The external load capacitance needs to be equal to the specified
capacitance value of the crystal. External load capacitors should have their ground connection very close
to the FS453. A variable cap may be used to tune the external load capacitors. Since the crystal
generates a timing reference for the FS453 encoder, it is important that electrical noise not couple into
the circuit. Do not route traces with fast edge transition rates under or adjacent to these pins. Place the
oscillating circuit as close as possible to the FS453. Traces connected from point to point should overlay
the ground plane. If you use an external clock source, make sure it meets CMOS level specifications in
addition to the frequency tolerance specifications.

9.4.2 FS453 Pixel Clock

In addition to the 27 MHz reference clock, the FS453 relies on a variable pixel clock to control the timing
of the digital video signal from the graphics controller (Pseudo-master mode only). This pixel clock is
generated by the FS453, sent to the graphics controller, and then returned to the FS453 along with the

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graphics controller’s digital video data. The timing of the variable pixel clock is critical; any disturbances
to this signal will translate directly into noise on the video output.

The best method to stabilize the variable pixel clock signal is to source terminate the signal with a load
that matches the impedance of the signal trace. The simplest transmission line termination is a series 33
Ohm SMD resistor placed as close to the source pin on the FS453 as possible. This works well as long
as the signal only has one destination and does not change layers through vias.

Avoid passing the clock signal from layer to layer through vias. Each time a trace goes through a via, a
reflection inducing impedance mismatch occurs at the via, and a completely different impedance will be
present on the new layer. This makes proper termination of the clock signal nearly impossible.
Geometry variations and sudden trace direction changes can also create impedance mismatches.
Therefore, clock traces should maintain constant widths and have gradual/rounded direction changes.

For optimal results, match the impedance of the series termination resistor (nominally estimated at 33
Ohms) to the characteristic impedance of the trace. Use the URL link,

http://www.icd.com.au/board.html,

to locate an online calculator that can help define the characteristic impedance of a trace on a PCB.
Maximum power transfer and minimum reflection occur when the load resistor equals the trace
impedance.

Also be careful to prevent coupling between the pixel clock from the FS453 and the pixel clock (or clocks)
that return from the graphics controller. All graphics controllers have internal Phase Locked Loops (which
generate output clocks based on input clocks). The CLKIN_N & CLKIN_P outputs from a graphics
controller are derived from the CLKOUT input from the FS453. Coupling from CLKOUT to CLKIN_N or
CLKIN_P will cause positive feedback (and stability problems) for the graphics controller. Keep CLKOUT
separated from CLKIN_N and CLKIN_P to prevent this from happening.

9.4.3 Pixel Clock Mode

Depending on the architecture and configuration of the graphics controller, the FS453 may use different
clock mode settings. In all these modes HSync, VSync and the pixel data must meet the setup and hold
time requirements (see Section 7.2 of the Hardware Reference, Switching Characteristics, Digital Input
Port) with respect to pixel clock.

The FS453 operates as an integral piece of the computer graphics control circuit. The FS453 receives a
digital video signal directly from the resident Graphics Controller Chip (GCC) and shares operating
information with the GCC. There are two possible modes in which the FS453 can interface with a GCC:
Pseudo-master Mode and Slave Mode.

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A

9.4.3.1 Pseudo-master Mode

In Pseudo-master Mode shown below, the FS453 has complete control of the graphics system clock, but
relinquishes the video sync signals to the GCC. The GCC provides the FS453 with a complete
complement of digital video signals at the rate of the FS453 clock (CLKOUT).

PSEUDO-MASTER MODE DIAGRAM

GCC

9.4.3.2 Slave Mode

In Slave Mode shown below, the FS453 is under the complete control of the GCC. The GCC provides
the FS453 with all of the signals needed to produce an analog video signal. One must be careful when
using the Slave Mode. Since the FS453 cannot control the GCC clock, the scalability of video images is
limited. Additionally, if the GCC has a poor quality clock, the system will produce poor quality images.

27 MHz

GCC

DATA

SYNC

CLK IN

CLK OUT

Figure 13: Pixel Clock Pseudo-master Mode

SLAVE MODE DIAGRAM

DAT

SYNC

FS453

27

FS453

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 36 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

CLK IN

Figure 14: Pixel Clock Slave Mode

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9.5 EMI Case Study

The following notes are from an engineer's experiences passing a new board through EMI testing.

1) You may need to analyze your board trace characteristic impedance, and adjust the optimal
termination. If you can slowdown the edges without disturbing your timing, you can exorcise the
(unnecessary) higher harmonics that can scoot across close trace clearances as if they were short
circuits. It wouldn't hurt if you increase the trace to trace separation as much as possible.

2) You may add a 100pF shunt capacitor directly at the video connector pin, and put a ferrite bead
between this cap and the output cap. This, in effect, creates a 5 pole low pass filter at EMI
frequencies, but reduces to the original 3-pole in the video bandwidth (the ferrite impedance
approaches zero). 100 pF was subtracted from the output cap. Therefore, instead of a Pi filter [270
pF, 1.8 uH, 330 pF], we had a double-Pi filter [270 pF, 1.8 uH, 220 pF, 40ohms @100 MHz, 100 pF].
Another possibility was to keep the 3-pole topology and simply add the ferrite in series with the
inductor. Ferrite and shunt capacitor placement is critical. If they are not both right on the pin, HF will
escape one way or another.

3) Use a near field EMI probe to identify hot spots before going to the lab. You can always use it
again in the lab, if necessary.

4) Don't waste time with poor quality cables. Use a braid + foil cable from a reputable company.

5) A leaky PC can cause EMI emission failure. Almost any PC will leak if it has been banged
around enough. Once you find a good PC, keep it under lock and key when not being used for EMI
testing. A Gateway Performance 2000 PC™ (ATXSTF-FED) with upgraded VX920 monitor was
found to be very quiet out of the box. Make sure your TV doesn't fail on its own as well.

6) Check that the card bracket is tightly coupled to the PC chassis frame and that all contacts are
clean.

7) Another trick is to use a different layer stack-up, putting the signal traces on the inside, and using
the ground and power planes as Faraday shields. However, unless the traces were placed at
right angles on adjacent planes, this is not practical (Crosstalk becomes an issue).

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 37 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

9.6 Solder Re-flow Profiles

The following figures provide solder re-flow profiles for the PQFP and FBGA packages with lead and
lead-free solder options.

IR Re--

IR Re

flow Profile

flow Profile

°C

300

200

100

A

3°C/sec Max.Max. 240°C

Figure 15 PQFP Package (Lead Solder)

C

B

IR Re-flow Profile for Pre-conditioning

140~160°C

60~120sec

3°C/sec Max.

E (Peak Temperature 235°C +5, -0 °C)

D

20~60sec

(Over 200°C)

F

sec

Cooling down(F)Re-flow peak(E)Maintain(D)Heat-up(C)Pre-heat(B)Heat-up(A)Peak Temp.

Max. 235 +5, -0 °C

10sec +/-3sec

6°C/sec max.

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 38 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

IR Re--

IR Re

flow Profile

flow Profile

°C

300

200

100

A

3°C/sec Max.Max. 225°C

Figure 16 FBGA Package (Lead Solder)

C

B

IR Re-flow Profile for Pre-conditioning

140~160°C

60~120sec

3°C/sec Max.

E (Peak Temperature 220°C +5, -0 °C)

D

F

sec

Cooling down(F )Re-flow peak(E)Maintain(D)Heat-up(C)Pre-heat(B)Heat-up(A)Peak Temp.

60~150sec

(Over 183°C)

Max. 220 +5, -0 °C

10sec ±3sec

6°C/sec max.

IR Re-flow Profile & Moisture Absorption Condition



IR sequence : Bake --



IR sequence : Bake



Moisture Absorption Condition : 30



Moisture Absorption Condition : 30

°C

300

200

100

3°C/sec Max.Max. 260°C

Figure 17 PQFP or FBGA Package (Lead-Free Solder)

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 39 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

Absorption --

Absorption

A

160~190°C

90 ±30sec

IR 3 times

IR 3 times

C/60%RH, 192hrs

°

C/60%RH, 192hrs

E (Peak Temperature 260°C)

C

D

B

IR Re-flow Profile for Pre-conditioning

3°C/sec Max.

255°C+5, -0°C

10 ±3sec

F

sec

Cooling down(F )Re-flow peak(E)Maintain(D)Heat-up(C)Pre-heat(B)Heat-up(A)Peak Temp.

6°C/sec Max.Max. 260°C

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

10. Revision History

August 30, 2002: Release V1.1. Data Sheet reorganized into separate reference guides. The new Data
Sheet package consists of a Product Brief, Hardware Reference, Software/Firmware Reference, and a
Physical (Layout) Reference.

January 13, 2003: Release V2.0. Expanded Introduction and Architectural Overview. Added new
sections: Technical Highlights and Scaling and Positioning Notes. Physical (Layout) Reference combined
with Hardware Reference.

March 7, 2003: Release V2.1 Misc. minor edits. Replace and corrected part numbers, Noted
incorporation of PCB Layout Guide into HR as chapter 9.

July 1, 2004: Release V3.0 Added FS455/6 packaging information. Incorporated video port and DAC
application notes. Miscellaneous minor edits.

January 24, 2005: Release V3.1 Updated Lead-Free ordering information. Minor layout modifications to
pin list.

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 40 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor

FS453/4 AND FS455/6 DATA SHEET: HARDWARE REFERENCE

11. Order Information

Order Number Temperature Range Screening Package Product

444-2133 0°C to 70°C Commercial 80 Lead PQFP FS453, Tape & Reel
444-2134 0°C to 70°C Commercial 80 Lead PQFP FS454, Tape & Reel
444-2137 0°C to 70°C Commercial 88 Lead FBGA FS455, Tape & Reel
444-2138 0°C to 70°C Commercial 88 Lead FBGA FS456, Tape & Reel

Package Markings:

FOCUS
Enhancements
<FS45x><LF><solder>
<YYWWR>
<fab lot id>

where x = 3, 4, 5 or 6; LF = lead free; YY = year; WW = work week; R = die revision

solder = lead-free solder type (only present on devices with lead-free solder)
See

Note:

Any of the above SKUs can be ordered with lead-free solder. To place an order for a part with lead-free
solder, append “LF” to the end of the SKU. For example 444-2137LF would be an FS455 with lead-free
solder. All of these devices utilize the same die. They function identically except for Macrovision features
(enabled in FS454 :& FS456), package type, and solder type.

Please forward suggestions and corrections as soon as possible to the email address below. The
information herein is accurate to the best of FOCUS’ knowledge, but not all specifications have
been characterized or tested at the time of the release of this document. Parameters will be
updated as soon as possible and updates made available.

All parameters contained in this specification are guaranteed by: design, characterization, sample testing
or 100% testing as appropriate. Focus Enhancements reserves the right to change products and
specifications without notice. This information does not convey any license under patent rights of Focus
Enhancements, Inc. or others.

http://www.jedec.org/download/search/JESD97.pdf

Critical Applications Policy

Focus Enhancements components are not designed for use in Critical Applications. Critical Applications
are products whose use may involve risks of death, personal injury, severe property damage or
environmental damage or life support applications, devices, or systems, wherein a failure or malfunction
of the component can reasonably be expected to result in death or personal injury. The user of Focus
Enhancements components in Critical Applications assumes all risk of such use and indemnifies Focus
Enhancements against all damages.

FOCUS Enhancements, Inc.

1370 Dell Avenue Phone: [phone]
Campbell, CA 95008 Fax: [phone]

www.FOCUSinfo.com Email: [e-mail]

JANUARY, 2005, VERSION 3.0 41 COPYRIGHT ©2003-4 FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.

FOCUS Enhancements Semiconductor