FM M16A2 User Guide

PREFACE

This manual provides guidance for planning and executing training on the 5.56-mm M16Al and M16A2
rifles to include the conduct of basic rifle marksmanship and advanced rifle marksmanship. It is a guide
for commanders, leaders, and instructors to develop training programs, plans, and lessons that meet the
objectives/intent of the United States Army rifle marksmanship program and FM 25-100.

This manual is organized to lead the trainer through the material needed to conduct training in IET and
units. Preliminary subjects include discussions on mechanical training, the weapons' capabilities, and the
principles and fundamentals of marksmanship. Live-fire applications are scheduled after the soldier has
demonstrated preliminary skills. Initial firing will be a grouping exercise that leads to the soldier
adjusting the sights on the weapon and to setting the battlesight zero.

The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Submit changes for improving this publication on
DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) and forward it to
Commandant, US Army Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-I-V-P, Fort Benning, GA 31905-5593.

Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine
gender is used,both men an women are included.

FM 23-9 Preface

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

The procedures and methods used in the Army rifle marksmanship program are based on the concept that
soldiers must be skilled marksmen who can effectively apply their firing skills in combat. FM 25-100 stresses
marksmanship as a paramount soldier skill. The basic firing skills and exercises outlined in this manual must be
a part of every unit's marksmanship training program. Unit commanders must gear their advanced
marksmanship training programs to their respective METLs. The proficiency attained by a soldier depends on
the proper training and application of basic marksmanship fundamentals. During initial marksmanship training,
emphasis is on learning the firing fundamentals, which are taught in a progressive program to prepare soldiers
for combat-type exercises.

TRAINING STRATEGY

Training strategy is the overall concept for integrating resources into a program to train individual and collective
skills needed to perform a unit's wartime mission.

Training strategies for rifle marksmanship are implemented in TRADOC institutions (IET, NCOES, basic and
advanced officer's courses) and in units. The overall training strategy is multifaceted and is inclusive of the
specific strategies used in institution and unit programs. Also included are the supporting strategies that use
resources such as publications, ranges, ammunition, training aids, devices, simulators, and simulations. These
strategies focus on developing critical soldier skills, and on leader skills that are required for success in combat.

Two primary components compose the training strategies:
include individual and collective skills. Initial training is critical. A task that is taught correctly and learned well
is retained longer and skills can be quickly regained and sustained. Therefore, initial training must be taught
correctly the first time. However, eventually an individual or unit loses skill proficiency. This learning decay
depends on many factors such as the difficulty and complexity of the task. Personnel turnover is a main factor in
decay of collective skills, since the loss of critical team members requires retraining to regain proficiency. If a
long period elapses between initial and sustainment training sessions or training doctrine is altered, retraining
may be required.

The training strategy for rifle marksmanship begins in IET and continues in the unit. An example of this overall
process is illustrated in Figure 1-1 and provides a concept of the flow of unit sustainment training (Appendix A).
JET provides field units with soldiers who have been trained and who have demonstrated proficiency to standard
in basic marksmanship tasks. The soldier graduating from these courses has been trained to maintain the rifle and
to hit a point target. He has learned target detection, application of marksmanship fundamentals, and other skills
needed to engage a target. The specific tasks and programs taught in IET are explained in Appendix A, FM 21-3,
and in commanders' manuals.

initial training

sustainment training.

and

Both may

Training continues in units on the basic skills taught in IET. Additional skills such as area fire are trained and
then integrated into collective training exercises, which include platoon and squad live-fire STXs. (A year-round
unit marksmanship training program is explained in Appendix A.) The strategy for sustaining the basic
marksmanship skills taught in IET is periodic preliminary rifle instruction, followed by instructional and
qualification range firing. However, a unit must set up a year-round program to sustain skills. Key elements
include training of trainers, refresher training of non firing skills, and use of the Weaponeer or other devices for
remedial training.

Additional skills trained in the unit include semiautomatic and automatic area fires, night fire, MOPP firing, and
moving target training techniques. Related soldier skills of camouflage, cover and concealment, fire and
movement, and preparation and selection of a fighting position are addressed in FM 21-3, which must be
integrated into tactical training.

In the unit, individual and leader proficiency of marksmanship tasks are integrated into collective training to
include squad, section, and platoon drills and STXS; and for the collective tasks in these exercises, and how they
are planned and conducted, are in the MTP and battle drills books for each organization. (Force-on-force
exercises using MILES are discussed in detail in TC 25-6). Based on the type organization, collective tasks are
evaluated to standard and discussed during leader and trainer after-action reviews. Objective evaluations of both
individual and unit proficiency provide readiness indicators and future training requirements.

A critical step in the Army's overall marksmanship training strategy is to train the trainers and leaders first.
Leader courses and unit publications develop officer and NCO proficiencies necessary to plan and conduct
marksmanship training and to evaluate the effectiveness of unit marksmanship programs. Training support
materials are provided by the proponent schools to include field manuals, training aids, devices, simulators, and
programs that are doctrinal foundations and guidance for training the force.

Once the soldier understands the weapon and has demonstrated skill in zeroing, additional live-fire training and a
target acquisition exercise at various ranges are conducted. Target types and scenarios of increasing difficulty
must be mastered to develop proficiency.

Initial individual training culminates in the soldier's proficiency assessment, which is conducted on the standard
record fire range or approved alternates. This evaluation also provides an overview of unit proficiency and
training effectiveness.

General marksmanship training knowledge and firing well are acquired skills, which perish easily. Skill practice
should be conducted for short periods throughout the year. Most units have a readiness requirement that all
soldiers must zero their rifles within a certain time after unit assignment. Also, soldiers must confirm the zeros of
their assigned rifles before conducting a qualification firing. Units should conduct preliminary training and
practice firing throughout the year due to personnel turnover. A year-round marksmanship sustainment program
is needed for the unit to maintain the individual and collective firing proficiency requirements to accomplish its
mission (see Appendix A).

COMBAT FACTORS

The ultimate goal of a unit rifle marksmanship program is well-trained marksmen. In order for a unit to survive
and win on the battlefield, the trainer must realize that rifle qualification is not an end but a step toward reaching
this combat requirement. To reach this goal, the soldier should consider some of the factors of combat
conditions.

• Enemy personnel are seldom visible except when assaulting.

• Most combat fire must be directed at an area where the enemy has been detected or where he is suspected

of being located but cannot be seen. Area targets consist of objects or outlines of men irregularly spaced
along covered and concealed areas (ground folds, hedges, borders of woods).

• Most combat targets can be detected by smoke, flash, dust, noise, or movement and are visible only for a
moment.

• Some combat targets can be engaged by using nearby objects as reference points.

• The range at which enemy soldiers can be detected and effectively engaged rarely exceeds 300 meters.

• The nature of the target and irregularities of terrain and vegetation may require a firer to use a variety of

positions in addition to the prone or supported position to fire effectively on the target. In a defensive
situation, the firer usually fires from a supported position.

• Choosing an aiming point in elevation is difficult due to the low contrast outline and obscurity of most
combat targets.

• Time-stressed fire in combat can be divided into three types:

- A single, fleeing target that must be engaged quickly.

- Area targets that must be engaged with distributed fires that cover the entire area. The firer must
maintain sustained fire on the sector he is assigned.

- A surprise target that must be engaged at once with accurate, instinctive fire.

CHAPTER 2

Operation and Function

The procedures and techniques described in this chapter provide commanders, planners, and trainers
information on the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles. These include mechanical training, operation, functioning,
preventive maintenance, and common malfunctions. Technical data are presented in a logical sequence from
basic to the more complex. Additional information is provided in technical manuals for the rifle.

________________

CLEAR the RIFLE

Section I. OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

This section describes general characteristics of the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles.

M16A1 RIFLE

The M16A1 rifle (Figure 2-2) is a 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-operated, shoulder-fired weapon. It is designed
for either semiautomatic or automatic fire through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and AUTO).

M16A2 RIFLE

The M16A2 rifle features several product improvements illustrated in this chapter and the operator's manual. The
rifle (Figure 2-3) is a 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-operated, shoulder-fired weapon. It is designed to fire either
semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and BURST).

NOTE:

contained in the appropriate operator's technical manual.

The procedures for disassembly, inspection, and maintenance of the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles are

Section II. FUNCTION

The soldier must understand the rifles' components and the mechanical sequence of events during the firing
cycle. The M16A1 rifle is designed to function in either the semiautomatic or automatic mode. The M16A2 is
designed to function in either the semiautomatic or three-round burst mode.

STEPS OF FUNCTIONING

The eight steps of functioning (feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting, and
cocking) begin after the loaded magazine has been inserted into the weapon.

STEP 1: Feeding

compresses the action spring into the lower receiver extension. When the bolt carrier group clears the top of the
magazine, the expansion of the magazine spring forces the follower and a new round up into the path of the
forward movement of the bolt. The expansion of the action spring sends the buffer assembly and bolt carrier
group forward with enough force to strip a new round from the magazine.

(Figure 2-4). As the bolt carrier group moves rearward, it engages the buffer assembly and

STEP 2: Chambering

thrusts the new round into the chamber. At the same time, the extractor claw grips the rim of the cartridge, and
the ejector is compressed.

(Figure 2-5). As the bolt carrier group continues to move forward, the face of the bolt

STEP 3: Locking

position by the bolt cam pin riding in the guide channel in the upper receiver. Just before the bolt locking lugs
make contact with the barrel extension, the bolt cam pin emerges from the guide channel. The pressure exerted
by the contact of the bolt locking lugs and barrel extension causes the bolt cam pin to move along the cam track
(located in the bolt carrier) in a counterclockwise direction, rotating the bolt locking lugs in line behind the barrel
extension locking lugs. The rifle is then ready to fire.

(Figure 2-6). As the bolt carrier group moves forward, the bolt is kept in its most forward

STEP 4: Firing

firer squeezes the trigger. The trigger rotates on the trigger pin, depressing the nose of the trigger and
disengaging the notch on the bottom on the hammer. The hammer spring drives the hammer forward. The
hammer strikes the head of the firing pin, driving the firing pin through the bolt into the primer of the round.

When the primer is struck by the firing pin, it ignites and causes the powder in the cartridge to ignite. The gas
generated by the rapid burning of the powder forces the projectile from the cartridge and propels it through the
barrel. After the projectile has passed the gas port (located on the upper surface of the barrel under the front
sight) and before it leaves the barrel, some gas enters the gas port and moves into the gas tube. The gas tube
directs the gas into the bolt carrier key and then into the cylinder between the bolt and bolt carrier, causing the
carrier to move rearward.

(Figure 2-7). With a round in the chamber, the hammer cocked, and the selector on SEMI, the

STEP 5: Unlocking

cam track (located in the bolt carrier). This action causes the cam pin and bolt assembly to rotate at the same
time until the locking lugs of the bolt are no longer in line behind the locking lugs of the barrel extension.

(Figure 2-8). As the bolt carrier moves to the Tear, the bolt cam pin follows the path of the

STEP 6: Extracting

attached to the bolt) grips the rim of the cartridge case, holds it firmly against the face of the bolt, and withdraws
the cartridge case from the chamber.

(Figure 2-9). The bolt carrier group continues to move to the rear. The extractor (which is

STEP 7: Ejecting

and ejector spring are compressed into the bolt body. As the rearward movement of the bolt carrier group allows
the nose of the cartridge case to clear the front of the ejection port, the cartridge is pushed out by the action of the
ejector and spring.

(Figure 2-10). With the base of a cartridge case firmly against the face of the bolt, the ejector

STEP 8:

down into the receiver and compressing the hammer spring, cocking the hammer in the firing position. The
action of the rifle is much faster than human reaction; therefore, the firer cannot release the trigger fast enough to
prevent multiple firing.

Cocking (Figure 2-11). The rearward movement of the bolt carrier overrides the hammer, forcing it

SEMIAUTOMATIC MODE (M16A1 AND M16A2)

The disconnector is mechanism installed so that the firer can fire single rounds in the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles.
It is attached to the trigger and is rotated forward by action of the disconnector spring. When the hammer is
cocked by the recoil of the bolt carrier, the disconnector engages the lower hook of the hammer and holds it until
the trigger is released. Then the disconnector rotates to the rear and down, disengaging the hammer and allowing
it to rotate forward until caught by the nose of the trigger. This prevents the hammer from following the bolt
carrier forward and causing multiple firing. The trigger must be squeezed again before the next round will fire.

AUTOMATIC FIRE MODE (M16A1)

When the selector lever (Figure 2-12) is set on the AUTO position, the rifle continues to fire as long as the
trigger is held back and ammunition is in the magazine. The functioning of certain parts of the rifle changes
when firing automatically.

Once the trigger is squeezed and the round is fired, the bolt carrier group moves to the rear and the hammer is
cocked. The center cam of the selector depresses the rear of the disconnector and prevents the nose of the
disconnector from engaging the lower hammer hook. The bottom part of the automatic sear catches the upper
hammer hook and holds it until the bolt carrier group moves forward. The bottom part strikes the top of the sear
and releases the hammer, causing the rifle to fire automatically.

If the trigger is released, the hammer moves forward and is caught by the nose of the trigger. This ends the
automatic cycle of fire until the trigger is squeezed again.

BURST FIRE MODE (M16A2)

When the selector lever is set on the BURST position (Figure 2-13), the rifle fires a three-round burst if the
trigger is held to the rear during the complete cycle. The weapon continues to fire three-round bursts with each
separate trigger pull as long as ammunition is in the magazine. Releasing the trigger or exhausting ammunition at
any point in the three-round cycle interrupts fire, producing one or two shots. Reapplying the trigger only
completes the interrupted cycle -it does not begin a new one. This is not a malfunction. The M16A2 disconnector
has a three-cam mechanism that continuously rotates with each firing cycle. Based on the position of the
disconnector cam, the first trigger pull (after initial selection of the BURST position) can produce one, two, or
three firing cycles before the trigger must be pulled again. The burst cam rotates until it reaches the stop notch.

NOTE:

See the operator's manual for a detailed discussion on the burst position.

Section III. MALFUNCTIONS AND CORRECTIONS

Commanders and unit armorers are responsible for the organizational and direct support maintenance of
weapons. Soldiers are responsible for keeping their weapons clean and operational at all times -in training and in
combat. Therefore, the soldier should be issued an operator's technical manual and cleaning equipment for his
assigned weapon.

STOPPAGE

A stoppage is a failure of an automatic or semiautomatic firearm to complete the cycle of operation. The firer can
apply immediate or remedial action to clear the stoppage. Some stoppages that cannot be cleared by immediate
or remedial action could require weapon repair to correct the problem. A complete understanding of how the
weapon functions is an integral part of applying immediate-action procedures.

Immediate Action.

observation or indicators but without determining the actual cause. To apply immediate action, the soldier would
perform these steps: Gently slap upward on the magazine to ensure it is fully seated, and the magazine follower
is not jammed. Pull the charging handle fully to the rear and check the chamber (observe for the ejection of a live
or expended cartridge). Release the charging handle (do not ride it forward). Strike the forward assist assembly
to ensure bolt closure. Try to fire the rifle.

Apply immediate action only one time for a given stoppage. Do not apply immediate action a second time. If the
rifle still fails to fire, inspect it to determine the cause of the stoppage or malfunction and take appropriate
remedial action.

Remedial Action.

and to try to clear the stoppage once it has been identified.

This involves quickly applying a possible correction to reduce a stoppage based on initial

Remedial action is the continuing effort to determine the cause for a stoppage or malfunction

MAJOR CATEGORIES OF MALFUNCTIONS

A malfunction is caused by a procedural or mechanical failure of the rifle, magazine, or ammunition. Pre-firing

checks and serviceability inspections identify potential problems before they become malfunctions. Three
primary categories of malfunctions are:

1. Failure to Feed, Chamber, or Lock.

Description. A malfunction can occur when loading the rifle or during the cycle of operation. Once the magazine
has been loaded into the rifle, the forward movement of the bolt carrier group could lack enough force (generated
by the expansion of the action spring) to feed, chamber, and lock the first round. While firing, the cycle of
function is interrupted by a failure to strip a round from the magazine, to chamber the round, and to lock it
(Figure 2-14).

Probable causes. The cause could be the result of one or more of the following: excess accumulation of dirt or
fouling in and around the bolt and bolt carrier, defective magazine (dented or bulged), magazine improperly
loaded. A defective round (projectile forced back into the cartridge case that could result in a "stubbed round") or
the base of the previous field cartridge could be separated, leaving the remainder in the chamber. Other causes
could be: damaged or broken action spring, exterior accumulation of dirt in the lower receiver extension, or
fouled gas tube resulting in short recoil.

Corrective action. Applying immediate action usually corrects the malfunction. However, to avoid the risk of
further jamming, the firer should watch for ejection of a cartridge and ensure that the upper receiver is free of
any loose rounds. If immediate action fails to clear the malfunction, remedial action must be taken. The carrier
should not be forced. If resistance is encountered, which can occur with an unserviceable round, the bolt should
be locked to the rear, magazine removed, and malfunction cleared-for example, a bolt override is when a
cartridge has wedged itself between the bolt and charging handle. The best way to relieve this problem is by--

• Ensuring that the charging handle is pushed forward and locked in place.

• Holding the rifle securely and pulling the bolt to the rear until the bolt seats completely into the buffer

well.

• Turning the rifle upright and allowing the overridden cartridge to fall out.

2. Failure to Fire Cartridge.

Description. Failure of a cartridge to fire despite the fact that a round has been chambered, the trigger is pulled,
and the sear has released the hammer. This occurs when the firing pin fails to strike the primer with enough force
or when the ammunition is bad.

Probable causes. Excessive carbon buildup on the firing pin (Figure 2-15A) is often the cause, because the full
forward travel of the firing pin is restricted. However, a defective or worn firing pin can give the same results.
Inspection of the ammunition could reveal a shallow indentation or no mark on the primer, indicating a firing pin
problem (Figure 2-15B). Cartridges that show a normal indentation on the primer but did not fire indicate bad
ammunition.

Corrective action. If the malfunction continues, the firing pin, bolt, carrier, and locking lug recesses of the barrel
extension should be inspected, and any accumulation of excessive carbon or fouling should be removed. The
firing pin should also be inspected for damage. Cartridges that show a normal indentation on the primer but
failed to fire could indicate a bad ammunition lot. Those that show a complete penetration of the primer by the
firing pin could also indicate a bad ammunition lot or a failure of the cartridge to fully seat in the chamber.

NOTE:

ammunition

3. Failure to Extract and Eject.

Failure to extract.

Description. A failure to extract results when the cartridge case remains in the rifle chamber. While the bolt and
bolt carrier could move rearward only a short distance, more commonly the bolt and bolt carrier recoil fully to
the rear, leaving the cartridge case in the chamber. A live round is then forced into the base of the cartridge case
as the bolt returns in the next feed cycle. This malfunction is one of the hardest to clear.

NOTE:

If the round is suspected to be faulty, it is reported and returned to the agency responsible for issuing

The cartridge must extract before it can eject.

Short recoil can also be caused by a fouled or obstructed gas tube.

Probable cause. Short recoil cycles and fouled or corroded rifle chambers are the most common causes of
failures to extract. A damaged extractor or weak/broken extractor spring can also cause this malfunction.

Corrective action. The severity of a failure to extract determines the corrective action procedures. If the bolt has
moved rearward far enough so that it strips a live round from the magazine in its forward motion, the bolt and
carrier must be locked to the rear.

The magazine and all loose rounds must be removed before clearing the stoppage. Usually, tapping the butt of
the rifle on a hard surface causes the cartridge to fall out of the chamber. However, if the cartridge case is
ruptured, it can be seized. When this occurs, a cleaning rod can be inserted into the bore from the muzzle end.
The cartridge case can be forced from the chamber by tapping the cleaning rod against the inside base of the
fired cartridge. When cleaning and inspecting the mechanism and chamber reveal no defects but failures to
extract persist, the extractor and extractor spring should be replaced. If the chamber surface is damaged, the
entire barrel must be replaced.

Failure to Eject.

the mode of fire. A malfunction occurs when the cartridge is not ejected through the ejection port and either
remains partly in the chamber or becomes jammed in the upper receiver as the bolt closes. When the firer
initially clears the rifle, the cartridge could strike an inside surface of the receiver and bounce back into the path
of the bolt.

Probable cause. Ejection failures are hard to diagnose but are often related to a weak or damaged extractor
spring and/or ejector spring. Failures to eject can also be caused by a buildup of carbon or fouling on the ejector
spring or extractor, or from short recoil. Short recoil is usually due to a buildup of fouling in the carrier
mechanism or gas tube, which could result in many failures to include a failure to eject. Resistance caused by a
carbon-coated or corroded chamber can impede the extraction, and then the ejection of a cartridge.

Corrective action. While retraction of the charging handle usually frees the cartridge and permits removal, the
charging handle must not be released until the position of the next live round is determined. If another live round
has been sufficiently stripped from the magazine or remains in the chamber, then the magazine and all live
rounds could also require removal before the charging handle can be released. If several malfunctions occur and
are not corrected by cleaning and lubricating, the ejector spring, extractor spring, and extractor should be
replaced.

A failure to eject a cartridge is an element in the cycle of functioning of the rifle, regardless of

OTHER MALFUNCTIONS

Some other malfunctions that can occur are as follows.

• Failure of the bolt to remain in a rearward position after the last round in the magazine is fired. Check for
a bad magazine or short recoil.

• Failure of the bolt to lock in the rearward position when the bolt catch has been engaged. Check bolt
catch; replace as required.

• Firing two or more rounds when the trigger is pulled and the selection lever is in the SEMI position. This
indicates a worn sear, cam, or disconnector. Turn in to armorer to repair and replace trigger group parts
as required.

• Trigger will not pull or return after release with the selector set in a firing position. This indicates that the
trigger pin (Figure 2-16A)has backed out of the receiver or the hammer spring is broken. Turn in to
armorer to replace or repair.

• Failure of the magazine to lock into the rifle (Figure 2-16B). Check the magazine and check magazine
catch for damage. Turn in to armorer to adjust the catch; replace as required.

• Failure of any part of the bolt carrier group to function (Figure 2-16C). Check for incorrect assembly of
components. Correctly clean and assemble the bolt carrier group, or replace damaged parts.

• Failure of the ammunition to feed from the magazine (Figure 2-16D). Check for damaged magazine. A
damaged magazine could cause repeated feeding failures and should be turned in to armorer or
exchanged.

NOTE:

contained in the organizational and DS maintenance publications and manuals.

Additional technical information on troubleshooting malfunctions and repairing components is

Section IV. AMMUNITION

This section contains information on different types of standard military ammunition used in the M16A1 and
M16A2 rifles. Use only authorized ammunition that is manufactured to US and NATO specifications.

TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS

The characteristics of the M16 family of ammunition are described in this paragraph.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Dummy, M199.

and other training (see 3, Figure 2-17). This cartridge can be identified by the six grooves along the side of the
case beginning about 1/2 inch from its head. It contains no propellant or primer. The primer well is open to
prevent damage to the firing pin.

(Used in both rifles.) The M199 dummy cartridge is used during dry fire

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Blank, M200.

projectile. The case mouth is closed with a seven-petal rosette crimp and shows a violet tip (see 4, Figure 2-17).
(See Appendix C for use of the blank firing attachment.). The original M200 blank cartridge had a white tip.
Field use of this cartridge resulted in residue buildup, which caused several malfunctions. Only the violet-tipped
M200 cartridge should be used.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Plastic Practice Ammunition, M862.

PPA is designed exclusively for training. It can be used in lieu of service ammunition on indoor ranges, and by
units that have a limited range fan that does not allow the firing of service ammunition. It is used with the M2
training bolt.

Although PPA (see 7, Figure 2-17) closely replicates the trajectory and characteristics of service ammunition out
to 25 meters, it should not be used to set the combat battlesight zero of weapons to fire service ammunition. The
setting that is placed on the sights for a weapon firing PPA could be different for service ammunition.

(Used in the M16A1 or M16A2 rifle.) The M200 blank cartridge has no

(Used in the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles.) The M862

If adequate range facilities are not available for sustainment (particularly Reserve Components), PPA can be
used for any firing exercises of 25 meters or less. This includes the 25-meter scaled silhouette, 25-meter alternate
qualification course, and quick-fire training. Units that have an indoor range with adequate ventilation or MOUT
site could use PPA. (See Appendix C for use in training.)

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M193.

jacketed, lead alloy core bullet. The primer and case are waterproof The M193 round is the standard cartridge for
field use with the M16A1 rifle and has no identifying marks (see 1, Figure 2-17). This cartridge has a projectile
weight of 55 grains and is 1.9 cm long, with a solid lead core.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M196.

orange-painted tip (see 2, Figure 2-17). Its main uses are for observation of fire, incendiary effect, and signaling.
Soldiers should avoid long-term use of 100-percent tracer rounds. This could cause deposits of incendiary
material/chemical compounds that could cause damage to the barrel. Therefore, when tracer rounds are fired,
they are mixed with ball ammunition in a ratio no greater than one-to-one with a preferred ratio of three or four
ball rounds to one tracer round.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M855.

bullet with a steel penetrator. The primer and case are waterproof. This is the NATO standard round for the
M16A2 rifle (also used in the M249 SAW). It is identified by a green tip (see 5, Figure 2-17). This cartridge has
a projectile weight of 62 grains and is 2.3 cm long, with a steel penetrator in the nose.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M856.

characteristics as the M196 but slightly longer tracer burnout distance. This cartridge has a 63.7-grain bullet. The
M856 does not have a steel penetrator. It is also identified by a red tip (orange when linked 4 and 1) (6, Figure 2-

17).

The M193 cartridge is a center-fire cartridge with a 55-grain, gilding-metal,

(Used in the M16A1 rifle.) The M196 cartridge is identified by a red- or

The M855 cartridge has a 62-grain, gilding-metal, jacketed, lead alloy core

(Used in the M16A2 rifle.) The M856 tracer cartridge has similar

CARE AND HANDLING

When necessary to store ammunition in the open, it must be raised on dunnage at least 6 inches from the ground
and protected with a cover, leaving enough space for air circulation. Since ammunition and explosives are
adversely affected by moisture and high temperatures, the following must be adhered to:

• Do not open ammunition boxes until ready to use.

• Protect ammunition from high temperatures and the direct rays of the sun.

• Do not attempt to disassemble ammunition or any of its components.

• Never use lubricants or grease on ammunition.

Section V. DESTRUCTION OF MATERIEL

Rifles subject to capture or abandonment in the combat zone are destroyed only by the authority of the unit
commander IAW orders of or policy established by the Army commander. The destruction of equipment is
reported through regular command channels.

MEANS OF DESTRUCTION

Certain procedures outlined require use of explosives and incendiary grenades. Issue of these and related
principles, and specific conditions under which destruction is effected, are command decisions. Of the several
means of destruction, the following apply:

Mechanical.

•

Burning.

•

Demolition.

•

be used.

Disposal.

•

preclude recovery of essential parts.

It is important that the same parts be destroyed on all like materiel, including spare parts, so that the enemy
cannot rebuild one complete unit from several damaged units. If destruction is directed, appropriate safety
precautions must be observed.

Requires axe, pick mattock, sledge, crowbar, or other heavy implement.

Requires gasoline, oil, incendiary grenades, and other flammables, or welding or cutting torch.

Requires suitable explosives or ammunition. Under some circumstances, hand grenades can

Requires burying in the ground, dumping in streams or marshes, or scattering so widely as to

FIELD-EXPEDIENT METHODS

If destruction of the individual rifle must be performed to prevent enemy use, the rifle must be damaged so it
cannot be restored to a usable condition. Expedient destruction requires that key operational parts be separated
from the rifle or damaged beyond repair. Priority is given in the following order:

FIRST: Bolt carrier group;

SECOND: Upper receiver group;

THIRD: Lower receiver group;

removed and discarded or hidden.

separated and discarded or hidden.

separated and discarded or hidden.

CHAPTER 3

Rifle Marksmanship Training

The procedures and techniques for implementing the Army rifle marksmanship training program are based on
the concept that all soldiers must understand common filing principles, be proficient marksmen, and be confident
in applying their firing skills in combat. This depends on their understanding of the rifle and correct application
of marksmanship fundamentals. Proficiency is accomplished through practice that is supervised by qualified
instructors/trainers and through objective performance assessments by unit leaders. During preliminary
training, instructors/trainers emphasize initial learning, reviewing, reinforcing, and practicing of the basics.
Soldiers must master weapon maintenance, functions checks, and firing fundamentals before progressing to
advanced skills and firing exercises under tactical conditions. The skills the soldier must learn are developed in
the following four phases:

- PHASE I. PreliminaryRifle Instruction.

- PHASE II. Downrange Feedback Range Firing.

- PHASE III. Field Firing on Train-Fire Ranges.

- PHASE IV. Advanced and Collective Firing Exercises.

Each soldier progresses through these phases to meet the objective of rifle marksmanship training and
sustainment. The accomplishment of these phases are basic and necessary in mastering the correct techniques of
marksmanship and when functioning as a soldier in a combat area. (See Chapter 1 and Appendix A.)

Section I. BASIC PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

Knowledgeable instructors/cadre are the key to marksmanship performance. All commanders must be aware of
maintaining expertise in marksmanship instruction/training. (See Appendix D.)

INSTRUCTOR/TRAINER SELECTION

Institutional and unit instructors/trainers are selected and assigned from the most highly qualified soldiers. These
soldiers must have an impressive background in rifle marksmanship; be proficient in applying these
fundamentals; know the importance of marksmanship training; and have a competent and professional attitude.
The commander must ensure that selected instructors/trainers can effectively train other soldiers. Local
instructor/trainer training courses and marksmanship certification programs must be established to ensure that
instructor/trainer skills are developed.

Cadre/trainer refers to a marksmanship instructor/trainer that has more experience and expertise than the firer.
He trains soldiers in the effective use of the rifle by maintaining strict discipline on the firing line, insisting on
compliance with range procedures and program objectives, and enforcing safety regulations. A good
instructor/trainer must understand the training phases and techniques for developing marksmanship skills, and he
must possess the following qualifications:

Knowledge.

proficiency in firing, and understanding supporting marksmanship manuals.

Patience.

Understanding.

of rules and instructions.

Consideration.

instructor/trainer can enhance this enthusiasm by being considerate of his soldiers feelings and by encouraging
firing abilities throughout training, which can also make teaching a rewarding experience.

Respect.

expert and authority. The good instructor/trainer is alert for mistakes and patiently makes needed corrections.

Encouragement.

performance through practice. His job is to impart knowledge and to assist the soldier so he can gain the practical
experience needed to become a good firer.

The main qualifications for an effective instructor/trainer are thorough knowledge of the rifle,

The instructor/trainer must relate to the soldier calmly, persistently, and patiently.

The instructor/trainer can enhance success and understanding by emphasizing close observance

Most soldiers enjoy firing regardless of their performance and begin with great enthusiasm. The

An experienced cadre is assigned the duties of instructor/trainer, which classifies him as a technical

The instructor/trainer can encourage his soldiers by convincing them to achieve good firing

DUTIES OF THE INSTRUCTOR/TRAINER

The instructor/trainer helps the firer master the fundamentals of rifle marksmanship. He ensures that the firer
consistently applies what he has learned. Then, it is a matter of practice, and the firer soon acquires good firing
skills. When training the beginner, the instructor/trainer could confront problems such as fear, nervousness,
forgetfulness, failure to understand, and a lack of coordination or determination. An expert firer is often unaware
that some problems are complicated by arrogance and carelessness. With all types of firers, the instructor/trainer
must ensure that firers are aware of their firing errors, understand the causes, and apply remedies. Sometimes
errors are not evident. The instructor/trainer must isolate errors, explain them, and help the firer concentrate on
correcting them.

Observing the Firer.

errors. If there is no indication of probable error, then the firer's position, breath control, shot anticipation, and
trigger squeeze are closely observed.

The instructor/trainer observes the firer during drills and in the act of firing to pinpoint

Questioning the Firer.

position, aiming, breath control, and trigger squeeze.

The firer is asked to detect his errors and to explain his firing procedure to include

Analyzing the Shot Group.

target, the instructor/trainer critiques and correlates observations of the firer to probable errors in performance,
according to the shape and size of shot groups. A poor shot group is usually caused by more than one observable
error.

NOTE:

To assist instructors/trainers, TVTs 7-1 and 7-2 should be viewed before conducting training.

This is an important step in detecting and correcting errors. When analyzing a

Section II. CONDUCT OF TRAINING

In the conduct of marksmanship training, the instructor/trainer first discusses an overview of the program to
include the progression and step-by-step process in developing firing skills. (This can be accomplished by
showing TVT 7-13.) Once the soldier realizes the tasks and skills involved, he is ready to begin. He receives
preliminary rifle instruction before firing any course. Also during this initial phase, an understanding of the
service rifle develops through review.

MECHANICAL TRAINING

Mechanical training includes characteristics and capabilities, disassembly and assembly, operations and
functioning, serviceability checks, and weapons maintenance. It also stresses the performance of immediate
action to clear or reduce a stoppage, and the safe handling of rifles and ammunition (see Chapter 2). Examples of
mechanical training drills, along with tasks, conditions, and standards, are provided in Appendix A. These
examples are also used for initial entry training at the Army training centers. Mechanical training must
encompass all related tasks contained in the soldier's manual of common tasks (SMCT) to include the correct
procedures for disassembly, cleaning, inspection, and reassembly of the rifle and magazine (Figure 3-1).

Serviceability inspections and preventive maintenance checks must be practiced to ensure soldiers have reliable
weapons systems during training and in combat. Technical information necessary to conduct mechanical training
is contained in the soldier's operator's manual (Ml6Al - TM 9-1005-249-10; M16A2 - TM 9-1005-319-10). Once
the basic procedures have been demonstrated, soldiers should practice the mechanical training skills under varied
conditions to include during nighttime, and in MOPP and arctic clothing.

As part of mechanical training, soldiers must be taught and must practice procedures for properly loading
ammunition into magazines to include both single loose rounds and speed loading of 10-round clips (Figure 3-2).

Emphasis on maintenance and understanding of the rifle can prevent most problems and malfunctions. However,
a soldier could encounter a stoppage or malfunction. The soldier must quickly correct the problem by applying
immediate action and continue to place effective fire on the target.

Immediate-action procedures

practiced as part of preliminary dry-fire exercises, and should be reinforced during live-fire exercises.

Immediate-action drills

soldier chamber the first dummy round and assume a firing position. When he squeezes the trigger and the
hammer falls with no recoil, this is the cue to apply the correct immediate-action procedure and to refire. Drill
should continue until soldiers can perform the task in three to five seconds.

should be conducted using dummy ammunition (Ml99) loaded into the magazine. The

contained in Chapter 2 and the operator's technical manual should be taught and

The word
immediate action to the M16Al and M16A2 rifles.

First,

S

P

O

R

T

S

SPORTS

THINK

lap up on the bottom of the magazine.

ull the charging handle to the rear.

bserve the chamber for an ejection of the round.

elease the charging handle.

ap the forward assist.

queeze the trigger again.

is a technique for assisting the soldier in learning the proper procedures for applying

, then:

NOTE:

causing more problems. Slap hard enough only to ensure the magazine is fully seated.

When slapping up on the magazine, be careful not to knock a round out of the magazine onto the line of the bolt carrier,

MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS

The soldier must understand the four key fundamentals before he approaches the firing line. He must be able to
establish a
the sight system, and he must fire the rifle without disturbing this alignment by improper

trigger squeeze.

simple procedures aid the firer in achieving target hits under many conditions when expanded with additional
techniques and information. Applying these four fundamentals rapidly and consistently is called the

act of firing.

Steady Position.

position in order to hit targets consistently. The time and supervision each soldier has on the firing line are
limited (illustrated on the following page in Figure 3-3), Therefore, he must learn how to establish a steady
position during dry-fire training. The firer is the best judge as to the quality of his position. If he can hold the
front sight post steady through the fall of the hammer, he has a good position. The steady position elements are
as follows:

steady position

The skills needed to accomplish these are known as

When the soldier approaches the firing line, he should assume a comfortable, steady firing

that allows observation of the target. He must

aim

the rifle at the target by aligning

breathing

rifle marksmanship fundamentals.

or during

integrated

These

Nonfiring hand grip. The rifle handguard rests on the heel of the hand in the V formed by the thumb and fingers.
The grip of the nonfiring hand is light, and slight rearward pressure is exerted.

Rifle butt position. The butt of the stock is placed in the pocket of the firing shoulder. This reduces the effect of
recoil and helps ensure a steady position.

Firing hand grip. The firing hand grasps the pistol grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger.
The forefinger is placed on the trigger so that the lay of the rifle is not disturbed when the trigger is squeezed. A
slight rearward pressure is exerted by the remaining three fingers to ensure that the butt of the stock remains in
the pocket of the shoulder, thus minimizing the effect of recoil.

Firing elbow placement. The location of the firing elbow is important in providing balance. The exact location,
however, depends on the firing/fighting position used - for example, kneeling, prone, or standing. Placement
should allow shoulders to remain level.

Nonfiring elbow. The nonfiring elbow is positioned firmly under the rifle to allow for a comfortable and stable
position. When the soldier engages a wide sector of fire, moving targets, and targets at various elevations, his
nonfiring elbow should remain free from support.

Stock weld. The stock weld is taught as an integral part of various positions. Two key factors emphasized are that
the stock weld should provide for a natural line of sight through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front
sight post and to the target. The firer's neck should be relaxed, allowing his cheek to fall naturally onto the stock.
Through dry-fire training, the soldier is encouraged to practice this position until he assumes the same stock
weld each time he assumes a given position. This provides consistency in aiming, which is the purpose of
obtaining a correct stock weld. Proper eye relief is obtained when a soldier establishes a good stock weld. There
is normally a small change in eye relief each time he assumes a different firing position. Soldiers should begin
by trying to touch his nose close to the charging handle when assuming a firing position.

Support. If artificial support (sandbags, logs, stumps) is available, it should be used to steady the position and to
support the rifle. If it is not available, then the bones, not the muscles, in the firer's upper body must support the
rifle.

Muscle relaxation. If support is properly used, the soldier should be able to relax most of his muscles. Using
artificial support or bones in the upper body as support allows him to relax and settle into position. Using
muscles to support the rifle can cause it to move.

Natural point of aim. When the soldier first assumes his firing position, he orients his rifle in the general
direction of his target. Then he adjusts his body to bring the rifle and sights exactly in line with the desired
aiming point. When using proper support and consistent stock weld, the soldier should have his rifle and sights
aligned naturally on the target. When this correct body-rifle-target alignment is achieved, the front sight post
must be held on target, using muscular support and effort. As the rifle fires, the muscles tend to relax, causing
the front sight to move away from the target toward the natural point of aim. Adjusting this point to the desired
point of aim eliminates this movement. When multiple target exposures are expected (or a sector of fire must be
covered), the soldier should adjust his natural point of aim to the center of the expected target exposure area (or
center of sector).

Aiming.

the task of holding the rifle steady, the soldier must align the rifle with the target in exactly the same way for
each firing. The firer is the final judge as to where his eye is focused. The instructor/trainer emphasizes this point
by having the firer focus on the target and then focus back on the front sight post. He checks the position of the
firing eye to ensure it is in line with the rear sight aperture. He uses the M16 sighting device to see what the firer
sees through the sights. (See Appendix C.)

Focusing on the front sight post is a vital skill the firer must acquire during practice. Having mastered

Rifle sight alignment. Alignment of the rifle with the target is critical. It involves placing the tip of the front sight
post in the center of the rear sight aperture. (Figure 3-4.) Any alignment error between the front and rear sights
repeats itself for every 1/2 meter the bullet travels. For example, at the 25-meter line, any error in rifle alignment
is multiplied 50 times. If the rifle is misaligned by 1/10 inch, it causes a target at 300 meters to be missed by 5
feet.

Focus of the eye. A proper firing position places the eye directly on line with the center of the rear sight. When
the eye is focused on the front sight post, the natural ability of the eye to center objects in a circle and to seek the
point of greatest light (center of the aperture) aid in providing correct sight alignment. For the average soldier
firing at combat-type targets, the natural ability of the eye can accurately align the sights. Therefore, the firer can
place the tip of the front sight post on the aiming point, but the eye must be focused on the tip of the front sight
post. This causes the target to appear blurry, while the front sight post is seen clearly. Two reasons for focusing
on the tip of the front sight post are:

Only a minor aiming error should occur since the error reflects only as much as the soldier fails to determine the
target center. A greater aiming error can result if the front sight post is blurry due to focusing on the target or
other objects.

Focusing on the tip of the front sight post aids the firer in maintaining proper sight alignment (Figure 3-4).

Sight picture. Once the soldier can correctly align his sights, he can obtain a sight picture. A correct sight picture
has the target, front sight post, and rear sight aligned. The sight picture includes two basic elements: sight
alignment and placement of the aiming point.

Placement of the aiming point varies, depending on the engagement range. For example, Figure 3-5 shows a
silhouette at 250 meters--the aiming point is the center of mass, and the sights are in perfect alignment; this is a
correct sight picture.

A technique to obtain a good sight picture is the side aiming technique (Figure 3-6). It involves positioning the
front sight post to the side of the target in line with the vertical center of mass, keeping the sights aligned. The
front sight post is moved horizontally until the target is directly centered on the front sight post.

Front sight. The front sight post is vital to proper firing and should be replaced when damaged. Two techniques
that can be used are the carbide lamp and the burning plastic spoon. The post should be blackened anytime it is

shiny since precise focusing on the tip of the front sight post cannot be done otherwise.

Aiming practice. Aiming practice is conducted before firing live rounds. During day firing, the soldier should
practice sight alignment and placement of the aiming point. This can be done by using training aids such as the
M15AI aiming card and the Riddle sighting device. (See Appendix C.)

Breath Control.

hold his breath at any part of the breathing cycle. Two types of breath control techniques are practiced during dry
fire.

• The first is the technique used during zeroing (and when time is available to fire a shot) (Figure 3-7A.
There is a moment of natural respiratory pause while breathing when most of the air has been exhaled
from the lungs and before inhaling. Breathing should stop after most of the air has been exhaled during
the normal breathing cycle. The shot must be fired before the soldier feels any discomfort.

• The second breath control technique is employed during rapid fire (short-exposure targets) (Figure 3-7B).
Using this technique, the soldier holds his breath when he is about to squeeze the trigger.

As the firer's skills improve and as timed or multiple targets are presented, he must learn to

The coach/trainer ensures that the firer uses two breathing techniques and understands them by instructing him to
exaggerate his breathing. Also, the firer must be aware of the rifle's movement (while sighted on a target) as a
result of breathing.

Trigger Squeeze.

A novice firer can learn to place the rifle in a steady position and to correctly aim at the target
if he follows basic principles. If the trigger is not properly squeezed, the rifle is misaligned with the target at the
moment of firing.

Rifle movement. Trigger squeeze is important for two reasons:

• First, any sudden movement of the finger on the trigger can disturb the lay of the rifle and cause the shot
to miss the target.

• Second, the precise instant of firing should be a surprise to the soldier.

The soldier's natural reflex to compensate for the noise and slight punch in the shoulder can cause him to
miss the target if he knows the exact instant the rifle will fire. The soldier usually tenses his shoulders when
expecting the rifle to fire, but it is difficult to detect since he does not realize he is flinching. When the
hammer drops on a dummy round and does not fire, the soldier's natural reflexes demonstrate that he is
improperly squeezing the trigger.

Appendix C

NOTE:

trigger squeeze.

See

for the Weaponeer and ball-and-dummy exercise.They are good training devices in detecting improper

Trigger finger. The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed on the trigger between the first joint
and the tip of the finger (not the extreme end) and is adjusted depending on hand size, grip, and so on. The
trigger finger must squeeze the trigger to the rear so that the hammer falls without disturbing the lay of the rifle.
When a live round is fired, it is difficult to see what affect trigger pull had on the lay of the rifle. Therefore, it is
important to experiment with many finger positions during dry-fire training to ensure the hammer is falling with
little disturbance to the aiming process.

As the firer's skills increase with practice, he needs less time spend on trigger squeeze. Novice firers can take
five seconds to perform an adequate trigger squeeze, but, as skills improve, he can squeeze the trigger in a
second or less. The proper trigger squeeze should start with slight pressure on the trigger during the initial
aiming process. The firer applies more pressure after the front sight post is steady on the target and his is holding
his breath.

The coach/trainer observes the trigger squeeze, emphasizes the correct procedure, and checks the firer's applied
pressure. He places his finger on the trigger and has the firer squeeze the trigger by applying pressure to the
coach/trainer's finger. The coach/trainer ensures that the firer squeezes straight to the rear on the trigger avoiding
a left or right twisting movement. A steady position reduces disturbance of the rifle during trigger squeeze.

From an unsupported position, the firer experiences a greater wobble area than from a supported position.
Wobble area is the movement of the front sight around the aiming point when the rifle is in the steadiest position.
If the front sight strays from the target during the firing process, pressure on the trigger should be held constant
and resumed as soon as sighting is corrected. The position must provide for the smallest possible wobble area.
From a supported position, there should be minimal wobble area and little reason to detect movement. If
movement of the rifle causes the front sight to leave the target, more practice is needed. The firer should never
try to quickly squeeze the trigger while the sight is on the target. The best firing performance results when the
trigger is squeezed continuously, and the rifle is fired without disturbing its lay.

FIRING POSITIONS

All firing positions are taught during basic rifle marksmanship training. During initial fundamental training, the
basic firing positions are used. The other positions are added later in training to support tactical conditions.

Basic Firing Positions.

Two firing positions are used during initial fundamental training: the individual
supported fighting position and prone unsupported position. Both offer a stable platform for firing the rifle. They
are also the positions used during basic record fire.

Supported fighting position. This position provides the most stable platform for engaging targets (Figure 3-8).
Upon entering the position, the soldier adds or removes dirt, sandbags, or other supports to adjust for his height.
He then faces the target, executes a half-face to his firing side, and leans forward until his chest is against the
firing-hand corner of the position. He places the rifle handguard in a V formed by the thumb and fingers of his
nonfiring hand, and rests the nonfiring hand on the material (sandbags or berm) to the front of the position. The
soldier places the stock butt in the pocket of his firing shoulder and rests his firing elbow on the ground outside
the position. (When prepared positions are not available, the prone supported position can be substituted.)

Once the supported fighting position has been mastered, the firer should practice various unsupported positions
to obtain the smallest possible wobble area during final aiming and hammer fall. The coach/trainer can check the
steadiness of the position by observing movement at the forward part of the rifle, by looking through the M16
sighting device, or by checking to see that support is being used.

NOTE:

environment. Although the firer must be positioned high enough to observe all targets, he must remain as low as possible to provide
added protection from enemy fire.

The objective is to establish a steady position under various conditions. The ultimate performance of this task is in a combat

Prone unsupported position. This firing position (Figure 3-9) offers another stable firing platform for engaging
targets. To assume this position, the soldier faces his target, spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart, and
drops to his knees. Using the butt of the rifle as a pivot, the firer rolls onto his nonfiring side, placing the
nonfiring elbow close to the side of the magazine. He places the rifle butt in the pocket formed by the firing
shoulder, grasps the pistol grip with his firing hand, and lowers the firing elbow to the ground. The rifle rests in
the V formed by the thumb and fingers of the nonfiring hand. The soldier adjusts the position of his firing elbow
until his shoulders are about level, and pulls back firmly on the rifle with both hands. To complete the position,
he obtains a stock weld and relaxes, keeping his heels close to the ground.

Advanced Positions.

soldier is taught the advanced positions. He is trained to assume different positions to adapt to the combat
situation.

Alternate prone position (Figure 3-10). This position is an alternative to both prone supported and unsupported
fighting positions, allowing the firer to cock his firing leg. The firer can assume a comfortable position while
maintaining the same relationship between his body and the axis of the rifle. This position relaxes the stomach
muscles and allows the firer to breathe naturally.

After mastering the four marksmanship fundamentals in the two basic firing positions, the

Kneeling supported position (Figure 3-11). This position allows the soldier to obtain the height necessary to
better observe many target areas, taking advantage of available cover. Solid cover that can support any part of
the body or rifle assists in firing accuracy.

Kneeling unsupported position (Figure 3-12). This position is assumed quickly, places the soldier high enough to
see over small brush, and provides for a stable firing position. The nonfiring elbow should be pushed forward of
the knee so that the upper arm is resting on a flat portion of the knee to provide stability. The trailing foot can be
placed in a comfortable position.

Standing position (Figure 3-13). To assume the standing position, the soldier faces his target, executes a facing
movement to his firing side, and spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart. With his firing hand on the pistol
grip and his nonfiring hand on either the upper handguard or the bottom of the magazine, the soldier places the
butt of the rifle in the pocket formed by his firing shoulder so that the sights are level with his eyes. The weight
of the rifle is supported by the firing shoulder pocket and nonfiring hand. The soldier shifts his feet until he is
aiming naturally at the target and his weight is evenly distributed on both feet. The standing position provides the
least stability but could be needed for observing the target area since it can be assumed quickly while moving.
Support for any portion of the body or rifle improves stability. More stability can be obtained by adjusting the
ammunition pouch to support the nonfiring elbow, allowing the rifle magazine to rest in the nonfiring hand.

Modified Firing Positions.

should be encouraged to modify positions, to take advantage of available cover, to use anything that helps to
steady the rifle, or to make any change that allows him to hit more combat targets. The position shown in Figure
3-14 uses sandbags to support the handguard and frees the nonfiring hand to be used on any part of the rifle to
hold it steady.

Once the basic firing skills have been mastered during initial training, the soldier

NOTE:

Modified positions can result in small zero changes due to shifting pressure and grip on the rifle.

MOUT Firing Positions.

Although the same principles of rifle marksmanship apply, the selection and use of
firing positions during MOUT requires some special considerations. Firing from around corners could require
the soldier to fire from the opposite shoulder to avoid exposing himself to enemy fire.

The requirement for long-range observation can dictate that positions be occupied that are high above ground.
Figure 3-15 shows a soldier firing over rooftops, exposing only the parts of his body necessary to engage a
target. Figure 3-16 shows a soldier firing around obstacles. Figure 3-17 highlights the need to stay in the
shadows while firing from windows, and the requirements for cover and rifle support.

Section III. DRY FIRE

Dry-fire exercises are conducted as they relate to each of the fundamentals of rifle marksmanship. The standard
25-meter zero targets (Figures 3-18 and 3-19) are mounted as illustrated, because they provide the consistent
aiming point the soldier must use throughout preparatory marksmanship training.

CONDUCT OF DRY-FIRE TRAINING

A skilled instructor/trainer should supervise soldiers on dry-fire training. Once an explanation and demonstration
are provided, soldiers should be allowed to work at their own pace, receiving assistance as needed. The peer
coach-and-pupil technique can be effectively used during dry-fire training with the coach observing performance
and offering suggestions. Several training aids are available to correctly conduct initial dry-fire training of the
four fundamentals (Appendix C).

A supported firing position should be used to begin dry-fire training. Sandbags and chest-high support are used
to effectively teach this position. While any targets at any range can be used, the primary aim point should be a
standard silhouette zeroing target placed at a distance of 25 meters from the firing position. The other scaled­silhouette targets - slow fire and timed fire - are also excellent for advanced dry-fire training.

After the soldier understands and has practiced the four fundamentals, he proceeds to integrated dry-fire
exercises. The objective of integrated dry fire is to master the four fundamentals of Marksmanship in a complete
firing environment. With proper dry-fire training, a soldier can assume a good, comfortable, steady firing
position when he moves to the firing line. He must understand the aiming process, breath control is second
nature, and correct trigger squeeze has been practiced many times. Also, by adding dummy ammunition to the
soldier's magazine, other skills can be integrated into the dry-fire exercise to include practicing loading and
unloading, reinforcing immediate-action drills, and using the dime (washer) exercise.

When correctly integrated, dry fire is an effective procedure to use before firing live bullets for grouping and
zeroing, scaled silhouettes, field firing, or practice record fire. It can be used for remedial training or opportunity
training, or as a primary training technique to maintain marksmanship proficiency.

PEER COACHING

Peer coaching is using two soldiers of equal firing proficiency and experience to assist (coach) each other during
marksmanship training. Some problems exist with peer coaching. If the new soldier does not have adequate
guidance, a "blind-leading-the-blind" situation results, which can lead to negative training and safety violations.
However, when adequate instruction is provided, peer coaching can be helpful even in the IET environment.
Since all soldiers in units have complete BRM, peer coaching should yield better results.

Benefits.

what to check as he provides guidance to the firer Communication between peers is different than
communication between a firer and drill sergeant or senior NCO. Peers have the chance to ask simple questions
and to discuss areas that are not understood. Pairing soldiers who have demonstrated good firing proficiency
with those who have firing problems can improve the performance of problem firers

Duties.

firer ­before the final trigger squeeze; that he applies initial pressure to the trigger; and that no noticeable trigger jerk,
flinch, eye blink, or other reaction can be observed in anticipating the rifle firing. The peer coach can use an M16
sighting device, allowing him to see what the firer sees through the sights. (Appendix C.)

The peer coach can load magazines, providing a chance to use ball and dummy. At other times, he could be
required to observe the target area - for example, when field-fire targets are being engaged and the firer cannot
see where he is missing targets. The peer coach can add to range safety procedures by helping safety personnel
with preliminary rifle checks.

The pairing of soldiers can enhance learning for both of them. The coach learns what to look for and

The peer coach assists the firer in obtaining a good position and in adjusting sandbags. He watches the

not the target

- to see that the firer maintains a proper, relaxed, steady position; that he holds his breath

NOTE:

should be worn.

When a peer coach is used during M16A1live-fire exercises, a brass deflector should be attached to the rifle and eye protection

CHECKLIST FOR THE COACH

The procedures to determine and eliminate rifle and firer deficiencies follows.

The coach checks to see that the--

• Rifle is cleared and defective parts have been replaced.

• Ammunition is clean, and the magazine is properly placed in the pouch.

• Sights are blackened and set correctly for long/short range.

The coach observes the firer to see that he-–

• Uses the correct position and properly applies the steady-position elements.

• Properly loads the rifle.

• Obtains the correct sight alignment (with the aid of an M16 sighting device).

• Holds his breath correctly (by watching his back at times).

• Applies proper trigger squeeze; determines whether he flinches or jerks by watching his head, shoulders,

trigger finger, and firing hand and arm.

• Is tense and nervous. If the firer is nervous, the coach has the firer breathe deeply several times to relax.

Supervisory personnel and peer coaches correct errors as they are detected. If many common errors are
observed, it is appropriate to call the group together for more discussion and demonstration of proper procedures
and to provide feedback.

POSITION OF THE COACH

The coach constantly checks and assists the firer in applying marksmanship fundamentals during firing. He
observes the firer's position and his application of the steady position elements. The coach is valuable in
checking factors the firer is unable to observe for himself and in preventing the firer from repeating errors.

During an exercise, the coach should be positioned where he can best observe the firer when he assumes
position. He then moves to various points around the firer (sides and rear) to check the correctness of the firer's
position. The coach requires the firer to make adjustments until the firer obtains a correct position.

When the coach is satisfied with the firing position, he assumes a coaching position alongside the firer. The
coach usually assumes a position like that of the firer (Figure 3-20), which is on the firing side of the soldier.

GROUPING

Shot grouping is a form of practice firing with two primary objectives: firing tight shot groups and consistently
placing those groups in the same location. Shot grouping should be conducted between dry-fire training and
zeroing. The initial live-fire training should be a grouping exercise with the purpose of practicing and refining
marksmanship fundamentals. Since this is not a zeroing exercise, few sight changes are made. Grouping
exercises can be conducted on a live-fire range that provides precise location of bullet hits and misses such as a
25-meter zeroing range or KD range.

CONCEPT OF ZEROING

The purpose of battle sight zeroing is to align the
the given ammunition ballistics. When this is accomplished
of impact at a

When a rifle is zeroed, the sights are adjusted so that bullet strike is the same as point of aim at some given
range. A battlesight zero (250 meters, M16Al; 300 meters, M16A2) is the sight setting that provides the highest
hit probability for most combat targets with minimum adjustment to the aiming point.

When standard zeroing procedures are followed, a rifle that is properly zeroed for one soldier is close to the zero
for another soldier. When a straight line is drawn from target center to the tip of the front sight post and through
the center of the rear aperture, it makes little difference whose eye is looking along this line. There are many
subtle factors that result in differences among individual zeros; however, the similarity of individual zeros
should be emphasized instead of the differences.

Most firers can fire with the same zeroed rifle if they are properly applying marksmanship fundamentals. If a
soldier is having difficulty zeroing and the problem cannot be diagnosed, having a good firer zero the rifle could
find the problem. When a soldier must fire another soldier's rifle without opportunity to verify the zero by firing

- for example, picking up another man's rifle on the battlefield - it is closer to actual zero if the rifle sights are left
unchanged. This information is useful in deciding initial sight settings and recording of zeros. All rifles in the
arms room, even those not assigned, should have their sights aligned (zeroed) for battlesight zero.

standard battlesight zero range

fire control system

correctly

such as 250 (300) meters.

(sights) with the rifle barrel, considering
, the fire control and point of aim are point

There is no relationship between the specific sight setting a soldier uses on one rifle (his zero) to the sight setting
he needs on another rifle. For example, a soldier could be required to move the rear sight of his assigned rifle 10
clicks left of center for zero, and the next rifle he is assigned could be adjusted 10 clicks right of center for zero.
This is due to the inherent variability from rifle to rifle, which makes it essential that each soldier is assigned a
permanent rifle on which all marksmanship training is conducted. Therefore, all newly assigned personnel
should be required to fire their rifle for zero as soon as possible after assignment to the unit. The same rule must
apply anytime a soldier is assigned a new rifle, a rifle is returned from DS or GS maintenance, or the zero is in
question.

M16Al STANDARD SIGHTS AND ZEROING

To battlesight zero the rifle, the soldier must understand sight adjustment procedures. The best possible zero is
obtained by zeroing at actual range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at 250 meters, most
zeroing is conducted at 25 meters. By pushing the rear sight forward so the L is exposed, the bullet crosses line
of sight at 25 meters, reaches a maximum height above line of sight of about 11 inches at 225 meters, and
crosses line of sight again at 375 meters (Figure 3-21).

To gain the many benefits associated with having bullets hit exactly where the rifle is aimed during 25-meter
firing, the long-range sight is used on the zero range. Therefore, when bullets are adjusted to bit the same place
the rifle is aimed at 25 meters, the bullet also bits where the rifle is aimed at 375 meters. After making this
adjustment and flipping back to the short-range sight and aiming center of mass at a 42-meter target, the bullet
crosses the line of sight at 42 meters and again at 250 meters as shown in Figure 3-22.

Most combat targets are expected to be engaged in the ranges from 0 to 300 meters; therefore, the 250-meter
battlesight zero is the setting that remains on the rifle. At 25 meters, the bullet is about I inch below line of sight,
crossing line of sight at 42 meters. It reaches its highest point above the line of sight (about 5 inches) at a range
of about 175 meters, crosses line of sight again at 250 meters, and is about 7 inches below line of sight at 300
meters. Targets can be hit out to a range of 300 meters
hit probability results with minor adjustments to the aiming point.)

with

no adjustments to point of aim. (A somewhat higher

Sights.

sight; elevation adjustments on the front sight.

Rear sight. The Tear sight consists of two apertures and a windage drum with a spring-loaded detent (Figure 3-

23). The aperture marked L is used for ranges beyond 300 meters, and the unmarked or short-range aperture is
used for ranges up to 300 meters. Adjustments for windage are made by pressing in on the spring-loaded detent
with a sharp instrument (or the tip of a cartridge) and rotating the windage drum in the desired direction of
change (right or left) in the strike of the bullet.

The sights are adjustable for both elevation and windage. Windage adjustments are made. on the rear

Front sight. The front sight consists of a round rotating sight post with a five-position, spring-loaded detent
(Figure 3-24). Adjustments are made by using a sharp instrument (or the tip of a cartridge). To move the front
sight post, the spring-loaded detent is depressed, and the post is rotated in the desired direction of change (up or
down) in the strike of the bullet.

Sight Changes,

To make sight changes, the firer first locates the center of his three-round shot group and then
determines the distance between it and the desired location. An error in elevation is measured vertically, while a
windage error is measured horizontally. When using standard zero targets or downrange feedback targets, sight
adjustment guidance on the target is provided. (See Appendix F for the elevation and windage rule.)

To raise the strike of the bullet, the firer rotates the front sight post the desired number of clicks clockwise (in the
direction of the arrow marked UP in Figure 3-24). Thus, the strike of the bullet is raised but the post is lowered.
He reverses the direction of rotation to move the strike of the bullet down.

To move the strike of the bullet to the right, the windage drum is rotated the desired number of clicks clockwise
(in the direction of the arrow marked R, Figure 3-23). The firer reverses the direction of rotation to move the
strike of the bullet to the left.

NOTE:

loose parts. The firer must also be able to consistently fire 4-cm shot groups.

Before making any sight changes, the firer should make a serviceability check of the sights, looking for any bent, broken, or

M16A2 STANDARD SIGHTS AND ZEROING

When the soldier can consistently place three rounds within a 4-cm circle at 25 meters, regardless of group
location, he is ready to zero his rifle.

The front and rear sights are set as follows:

Rear sight.

The rear sight consists of two sight apertures, a windage knob, and an elevation knob (Figure 3-25).

The larger aperture, marked 0-2, is used for moving target engagement and during limited visibility. The
unmarked aperture is used for normal firing situations, zeroing, and with the elevation knob for target distances
up to 800 meters. The unmarked aperture is used to establish the battlesight zero.

After the elevation knob is set, adjustments for elevation are made by moving the front sight post up or down to
complete zeroing the rifle. Adjustments for windage are made by turning the windage knob.

The rear windage knob start point is when the index mark on the 0-2 sight is aligned with the rear sight base
index (Figure 3-26).

Front sight.

sight post with a four-position, spring-loaded detent (Figure 3-27). Adjustments are made by using a sharp
instrument or the tip of a cartridge. To raise or lower the front sight post, the spring-loaded detent is depressed,
and the post is rotated in the desired direction of change. (Figure 3-28).

The front sight is adjusted the same as the front sight of the M16Al. It consists of a square, rotating

DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK TRAINING

The term downrange feedback describes any training method that provides precise knowledge of bullet strike
(exactly where bullets hit or miss the intended target) at ranges beyond 25 meters. The soldier gains confidence
in his firing abilities by knowing what happens to bullets at range. The inclusion of downrange feedback during
the initial learning process and during refresher training improves the soldier's firing proficiency and record fire
scores. Downrange feedback can be incorporated into any part of a unit's marksmanship program. However, an
ideal sequence is to conduct downrange feedback following 25-meter firing and before firing on the field fire
range. (See Appendix G.)

The use of a KD firing range is an excellent way of providing downrange feedback. Also a good way to obtain
downrange feedback is to modify existing field fire ranges by constructing target-holding frames, which requires
the soldier to walk from the firing line to the target to locate bullet strike.

Units can design their own downrange feedback training to accommodate available facilities. Any silhouette
target with a backing large enough to catch all bullet misses can be set up at any range. For example, it would be
ideal if the confirmation of weapon zero could be conducted at the actual zero range of 250 meters/300 meters.

FIELD FIRE TRAINING

Field fire training provides the transition from unstressed slow firing at known-distance/feedback targets to
engaging fleeting combat-type pop-up silhouettes. Two basic types of field firing exercises are single-target and
multiple-target engagements, which use 75-, 175-, and 300-meter targets. Once the soldier has developed the
unstressed firing skills necessary to hit single KD targets, he must learn to detect and quickly engage combat­type targets at various ranges. Time standards are provided during this instruction to add stress and to simulate
the short exposure times of combat targets. The soldier must, therefore, detect, acquire, and engage the target
before the exposure ends. During field fire training, the firer learns to quickly detect and apply the fundamentals
at the same time. (See Appendix G.)

PRACTICE RECORD FIRE

Practice record fire is a training exercise designed to progressively develop and refine the soldiers combat firing
skills. During this exercise, the soldier is exposed to a more difficult course of fire with increased time stress to
include single and multiple target engagements at six distances ranging from 50 to 300 meters. This exercise also
provides the opportunity to practice and demonstrate skills learned during target detection. To perform well, a
soldier must integrate all the tasks learned from previous training. When firing exercises are properly organized,
conducted, and critiqued, the soldier gains knowledge and confidence in his firing performance. Through close
observation, coaching, and critiquing, instructors/trainers can base remedial training on specific needs. (See
Appendix G.)

RECORD FIRE

Qualification ratings and first-time GO rates are important during record fire, if properly used. They provide
goals for the soldier and aid the commander in identifying the quality of his training. This should be considered
in the assignment of priorities, instructor personnel, and obtaining valuable training resources. The objective of
record firing is to access and confirm the individual proficiency of firers and the effectiveness of the training
program. (See Appendix A for information on unit training and Appendix G for detailed information on record
fire.)

CHAPTER 4

Combat Fire Techniques

The test of a soldier's training is applying the fundamentals of marksmanship and firing skills in combat. The
marksmanship skills mastered during training, practice, and record fire exercises must be applied to many
combat situations (attack, assault, ambush, MOUT). Although these situations present problem, only two
modifications of the basic techniques and fundamentals are necessary (see Chapter 3): changes to the rate of fire
and alterations in weapon target alignment. The necessary changes are significant and must be thoroughly
taught and practiced before discussing live-fire exercises.

NOTE:

For tactical applications of fire see

FM 7-8

.

Section I. SUPPRESSIVE FIRE

In many tactical situations, combat rifle fire will be directed to suppress enemy personnel or weapons positions.
Rifle fire, which is precisely aimed at a definite point or area target, is suppressive fire. Some situations may
require a soldier to place suppressive fire into a wide area such as a wood line, hedgerow, or small building.
While at other times, the target may be a bunker or window. Suppressive fire is used to control the enemy and
the area he occupies. Suppressive fire is employed to kill the enemy or to prevent him from observing the
battlefield or effectively using his weapons. When a sustained volume of accurate suppressive fire is placed on
enemy locations to contain him, it can be effective even though he cannot be seen. When the enemy is
effectively pinned down behind cover, this reduces his ability to deliver fire and allows friendly forces to move.

NATURE OF THE TARGET

Many soldiers have difficulty delivering effective suppressive fire when they cannot see a definite target. They
must fire at likely locations or in a general area where the enemy is known to exist. Even though definite targets
cannot be seen, most suppressive fire should be well aimed. Figure 4-1, shows a landscape target suitable for
suppressive fire training. When this type target is used, trainers must develop a firing program to include areas of
engagement and designated target areas that will be credited as sustained effective suppressive fire. At 25 meters,
this target provides the firer with an area to suppress without definite targets to engage.

POINT OF AIM

Suppressive fire should be well-aimed, sustained, semiautomatic fire. Although lacking a definite target, the
soldier must be taught to control and accurately deliver fire within the limits of the suppressed area. The sights
are used as when engaging a point-type target -- with the front sight post placed so that each shot impacts within
the desired area (window, firing portal, tree line).

RATE OF FIRE

During most phases of live fire (grouping, zeroing, qualifying), shots are delivered using the slow semiautomatic
rate of fire (one round every 3 to 10 seconds). During training, this allows for a slow and precise application of
the fundamentals. Successful suppressive fire requires that a faster but sustained rate of fire be used. Sometimes
firing full automatic bursts (13 rounds per second) for a few seconds may be necessary to gain initial fire
superiority. Rapid semiautomatic fire (one round every one or two seconds) allows the firer to sustain a large
volume of accurate fire while conserving ammunition. The tactical situation dictates the most useful rate of fire,
but the following must be considered:

Applying Fundamentals.

marksmanship. This factor contributes to soldiers firing less accurately and without obtaining the intended
results. While some modifications are appropriate, the basic fundamentals should be applied and emphasized
regardless of the rate of fire or combat stress.

Making Rapid Magazine Changes.

Rapid magazine changes must be correctly taught and practiced during dry-fire and live-fire exercises until the
soldier becomes proficient. Small-unit training exercises must be conducted so that soldiers who are providing
suppressive fire practice magazine changes that are staggered. Firing is, therefore, controlled and coordinated so
that a continuous volume of accurate suppressive fire is delivered to the target area.

Conserving Ammunition.

sparingly and only to gain initial fire Superiority. Depending on the tactical situation, the rate of fire should be
adjusted so that a minimum number of rounds are expended. Accurate fire conserves ammunition, while
preventing the enemy from placing effective fire on friendly positions.

As the stress of combat increases, some soldiers may fail to apply the fundamentals of

One of the keys to sustained suppressive fire is rapidly reloading the rifle.

Soldiers must be taught to make each round count. Automatic fire should be used

Section II. RAPID SEMIAUTOMATIC FIRE

Rapid semiautomatic fire delivers a large volume of accurate fire into a target or target area. Increases in speed
and volume should be sought only after the soldier has demonstrated expertise and accuracy during slow
semiautomatic fire. The rapid application of the four fundamentals will result in a well-aimed shot every one or
two seconds. This technique of fire allows a unit to place the most effective volume of fire in a target area while
conserving ammunition. It is the most accurate means of delivering suppressive fire.

EFFECTIVENESS OF RAPID FIRE

When a soldier uses rapid semiautomatic fire, he is sacrificing accuracy to deliver a greater volume of fire. The
difference in accuracy between slow and rapid semiautomatic fire diminishes with proper training and repeated
practice. Training and practice improve the soldier's marksmanship skills to the point that accuracy differences
become minimal. There is little difference in the volume of effective fire that would be delivered by units using
much less accurate automatic fire.

NOTE:

Learning rapid fire techniques also improves the soldier's response time to short-exposure, multiple, and moving targets.

MODIFICATIONS FOR RAPID FIRE

Trainers must consider the impact of the increased rate of fire on the soldier's ability to properly apply the
fundamentals of marksmanship and other combat firing skills. These fundamentals/skills include:

Immediate Action.

The firer must identify the problem and correct the stoppage immediately. Repeated dry-fire practice, using
blanks or dummy rounds, followed by live-fire training and evaluation ensures that soldiers can rapidly apply
immediate action while other soldiers initiate fire.

Marksmanship Fundamentals.

The following differences apply:

Steady position. Good support improves accuracy and reduces recovery time between shots. somewhat tighter
grip on the handguards assists in recovery time and in rapidly shifting or distributing fire to subsequent targets.
When possible, the rifle should pivot at the point where the non firing hand meets the support. The soldier should
avoid changing the position of the non firing hand on the support, because it is awkward and time-consuming
when rapidly firing a series of shots.

Aiming. The aiming process does not change during rapid semiautomatic fire. The firer's head remains on the
stock, his firing eye is aligned with the rear aperture, and his focus is on the front sight post.

To maintain an increased rate of suppressive fire, immediate action must be applied quickly.

The four fundamentals are used when firing in the rapid semiautomatic mode.

Breath control Breath control must be modified because the soldier does not have time to take a complete breath
between shots. He must hold his breath at some point in the firing process and take shallow breaths between
shots.

Trigger squeeze. To maintain the desired rate of fire, the soldier has only a short period to squeeze the trigger
(one well-aimed shot every one or two seconds).

The firer must cause the rifle to fire in a period of about one-half of a second or less and still not anticipate the
precise instant of firing. Rapid semiautomatic trigger squeeze is difficult to master. It is important that initial
trigger pressure be applied as soon as a target is identified and while the front sight post is being brought to the
desired point of aim. When the post reaches the point of aim, final pressure must be applied to cause the rifle to
fire almost at once. This added pressure, or final trigger squeeze, must be applied without disturbing the lay of
the rifle.

Repeated dry-fire training, using the Weaponeer device, and live-fire practice ensure the soldier can squeeze the
trigger and maintain a rapid rate of fire consistently and accurately.

NOTE:

reapply more pressure to fire the next shot. This technique eliminates the time used in releasing all the trigger pressure. It allows the
firer to rapidly deliver subsequent rounds. Training and practice sessions are required for soldiers to become proficient in the technique
of rapid trigger squeeze.

When presented with multiple targets, the soldier may fire the first round, release pressure on the trigger to reset the sear, then

Magazine Changes.

Rapid magazine changes are an integral part of sustaining rapid semiautomatic suppressive

fire. Soldiers must quickly reload their rifles and resume accurate firing.

Magazine handling. Most units establish the soldier's basic load of ammunition and loaded magazines. The
number of magazines vary based on the mission and tactical situation. During combat, some magazines are lost,
but it is the soldier's responsibility to keep this loss to a minimum. While training a soldier to reload his
magazines, the trainer must emphasize the need to account for these magazines.

The sequence for magazine handling during rapid changes is illustrated for right and left-handed firers in Figure
4-2.

Rifle loading. Removing a magazine from the firing side ammunition pouch is the same for both right- and left­handed firers. Empty magazines must be removed from the rifle before performing the following.

To remove a magazine from the pouch, the magazine is grasped on the long edge with the thumb, and the first
and second fingers are placed on the short edge.

The magazine is withdrawn from the ammunition pouch, and the arm is extended forward, rotating the hand and
wrist so that the magazine is in position (open end up and long edge to the rear) to load into the rifle. It is loaded
into the rifle by inserting the magazine straight up into the magazine well until it is seated. The base of the
magazine is tapped with the heel of the hand to ensure the magazine is fully seated.

Removing a magazine from the non firing side of the ammunition pouch requires the firer to support the rifle
with his firing hand. His non firing hand grasps the magazine and loads it into the rifle.

Rapid magazine changing.

firer does not move the selector lever to SAFE during a rapid magazine change, but he must maintain a safe
Posture during the change.

The following is a step-by-step sequence for rapid magazine changing.

• Right-handed firer. Remove the index finger from the trigger and depress the magazine catch button
while keeping a secure grip on the rifle with the non firing hand (Figure 4-3). Release the pistol grip,
grasp and remove the empty magazine with the right (firing) hand, and secure it. Grasp the loaded
magazine with the right hand (rounds up and forward). Insert the loaded magazine into the magazine well
and tap upward with the palm of the right hand. This ensures that the magazine is fully seated and locked
into the rifle. Depress the upper half of the bolt catch with the fingers of the right hand. This allows the
bolt to go forward, chambering the first round. If necessary, use the right hand to tap the forward assist to
fully chamber the first round. Return the right hand to its original firing position on the pistol grip. Return
the index finger to the trigger.

• Left-handed firer. Remove the index finger from the trigger and release the pistol grip. Depress the
magazine catch button with the index finger of the left (firing) hand. Remove the empty magazine with
the left hand and secure it. Grasp the loaded magazine with the left hand (rounds up, bullets forward).
Insert the loaded magazine into the magazine well and tap upward with the palm of the left hand. This
ensures that the magazine is fully seated and locked into the rifle. Depress the upper half of the bolt catch
with a finger of the left hand. This allows the bolt to go forward, chamber the first round. If necessary,
use the right hand to tap the forward assist to fully chamber the first round. Return the left hand to its
original firing position on the pistol grip. Return the index finger to the trigger. The firer must maintain a
safe posture during the change.

Training and repeated practice in this procedure improves soldier proficiency. The

When loading from the non firing side, the previous steps are followed with this exception: the loaded magazine
is secured and inserted into the magazine well with the non firing hand. The firing hand supports the rifle at the
pistol grip. After the magazine is inserted, the firer should shift the rifle's weight to hisnon firingg hand and
continue with the recommended sequence.

RAPID-FIRE TRAINING

Soldiers should be well trained in all aspects of slow semiautomatic firing before attempting any rapid-fire
training. Those who display a lack of knowledge of the fundamental skills should not advance to rapid
semiautomatic training until these skills are learned. Initial training should focus on the modifications to the
fundamentals and other basic combat skills necessary during rapid semiautomatic firing.

Dry-Fire Exercises.

apply modifications to the fundamentals. Multiple dry-fire exercises are needed, emphasizing a rapid shift in
position and point of aim, followed by breath control and fast trigger squeeze. Blanks or dummy rounds may be
used to train rapid magazine changes and the application of immediate action. The soldier should display
knowledge and skill during these dry-fire exercises before attempting live fire.

Live-Fire Exercises.

Individual. Emphasis is on each soldier maintaining a heavy volume of accurate fire. Weapon down time (during
immediate action and rapid magazine changes) is kept to a minimum. Firing should begin at shorter ranges,
progressing to longer ranges as soldiers display increased proficiency. Exposure or engagement times are
shortened and the number of rounds increased to simulate the need for a heavy volume of fire. Downrange
feedback is necessary to determine accuracy of fire.

Unit. Rapid semiautomatic fire should be the primary means of delivering fire during a unit LFX. It is the most
accurate technique of placing a large volume of fire on poorly defined targets or target areas. Emphasis should be
on staggered rapid magazine changes, maintaining a continuous volume of fire and conserving ammunition.

Repeated dry-fire exercises are the most efficient means available to ensure soldiers can

There are two types of live-fire exercises.

Section III. AUTOMATIC FIRE

Automatic fire delivers the maximum amount of rounds into a target area. It should be trained only after the
soldier has demonstrated expertise during slow and rapid semiautomatic fire. Automatic fire involves the rapid
application of the four fundamentals while delivering from 3 to 13 rounds per second into a designated area. This
technique of fire allows a unit to place the most fire in a target area (when conserving ammunition is not a
consideration). It is a specialized technique of delivering suppressive fire and may not apply to most combat
engagements. The M16A1 rifle has a full automatic setting. (The M16A2 uses a three-round burst capability.)
Soldiers must be taught the advantages and disadvantages of automatic firing so they know when it should be
used. Without this knowledge, in a life-threatening situation the soldier will tend to switch to the automatic/burst
mode. This fire can be effective in some situations. It is vital for the unit to train and practice the appropriate use
of automatic fire.

EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMATIC FIRE

Automatic fire is inherently less accurate than semiautomatic fire. The first automatic shot fired may be on
target, but recoil and high-cyclic rate of fire often combine to place subsequent rounds far from the desired point
of impact. Even controlled (three-round burst) automatic fire may place only one round on the target. Because of
these inaccuracies, it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic fire, and even more difficult to
establish absolute guidelines for its use.

Closely spaced multiple targets, appearing at the same time at 50 meters or closer, may be engaged effectively
with automatic/burst fire. More widely spaced targets appearing at greater distances should be engaged with
semiautomatic fire.

The M16A1 and M16A2 rifles should normally be employed in the semiautomatic mode. Depending on the
tactical situation, the following conditions would be factors against the use of automatic fire:

• Ammunition is in short supply or resupply may be difficult.

• Single targets are being engaged.

• Widely spaced multiple targets are being engaged.

• The distance to the target is beyond 50 meters.

• The effect of bullets on the target cannot be observed.

• Artificial support is not available.

• Targets may be effectively engaged using semiautomatic fire.

In some combat situations, the use of automatic fire can improve survivability and enhance mission
accomplishment. Clearing buildings, final assaults, FPF, and ambushes may require the limited use of automatic
fire. Depending on the tactical situation, the following conditions may favor the use of automatic fire:

• Enough available ammunition. Problems are not anticipated with resupply.

• Closely spaced multiple targets appear at 50 meters or less.

• Maximum fire is immediately

• Leaders can maintain adequate control over rifles firing on automatic.

• Good artificial support is available

• The initial sound of gunfire disperses closely spaced targets.

Trainers must ensure soldiers understand the capabilities and limitations of automatic fire. They must know
when it should and should not be used.

MODIFICATIONS FOR AUTOMATIC FIRE POSITIONS

Trainers must consider the impact of the greatly increased rate of fire on the soldier's ability to properly apply the
fundamentals of marksmanship and other combat firing skills. These fundamentals/skills include:

Immediate Action.

identify the problem and correct it immediately. Repeated dry-fire practice, using blanks or dummy rounds,
followed by live-fire training and evaluation ensures that soldiers can rapidly apply immediate action.

Marksmanship Fundamentals.

following differences apply:

Steady position (Figure 4-4). Maximum use of available artificial support is necessary during automatic fire. The
rifle should be gripped more firmly and pulled into the shoulder more securely than when firing in the
semiautomatic mode. This support and increased grip help to offset the progressive displacement of
weapon/target alignment caused by recoil. To provide maximum stability, prone and supported positions are
best. One possible modification involves forming a 5-inch loop with the sling at the upper sling swivel, grasping
this loop with the non firing hand, and pulling down and to the rear while firing. Another modification involves
grasping the small of the stock with the non firing hand, and applying pressure down and to the rear while firing.
If a bipod is not available, sandbags may be used to support the rifle. The non firing hand may be positioned on
the rifle wherever it provides the most stability and flexibility. The goal is to maintain weapon stability and
minimize recoil.

To maintain automatic fire, immediate action must be applied quickly. The firer must

The four fundamentals are used when firing in the automatic mode. The

Aiming. The aiming process does not change during automatic fire. The firer's head remains on the stock, his
firing eye stays aligned with the rear sight aperture, and his focus is on the front sight post. Although recoil may
disrupt this process, the firer must try to apply the aiming techniques throughout recoil.

Breath control. Breath control must be modified because the firer will not have the time to breathe between
shots. He must hold his breath for each burst and adapt his breathing cycle, taking breaths between bursts.

Trigger squeeze. Training and repeated dry-fire practice will aid the soldier in applying proper trigger squeeze
during automatic firing. Live-fire exercises will enable him to improve this skill.

NOTE:

The trigger is not slapped or jerked. It is squeezed and pressure is quickly released.

M16AI.

•

Trigger squeeze is applied in the normal manner up to the instant the rifle fires. Because three­round bursts are the most effective rate of fire, pressure on the trigger should be released as soon as
possible. The index finger should remain on the trigger, but a quick release of pressure is necessary to
prevent an excessive amount of rounds from being fired in one burst. With much dry-fire practice, the
soldier can become proficient at delivering three-round bursts with the squeeze/release technique.

M16A2.

•

Trigger squeeze is applied in the normal manner up to the instant the rifle fires. Using the burst­mode, the firer holds the trigger to the rear until three rounds are fired. He then releases pressure on the
trigger until it resets, then reapplies pressure for the next three-round burst.

NOTE:

rounds when the trigger is held to the rear the first time. ff the rifle fires only one or two rounds, the firer must quickly release pressure
on the trigger and squeeze again, holding it to the rear until a three-round burst is completed.

Depending on the position of the burst cam when the selector is moved to the burst mode, the rifle may fire one, two, or three

Magazine Changes. Rapid magazine changes are vital in maintaining automatic fire. (See SECTION II. RAPID
SEMIAUTOMATIC FIRE, Magazine Handling, for detailed information on rapid magazine changes.)

TRAINING OF AUTOMATIC FIRE TECHNIQUES

Soldiers should be well trained in all aspects of slow semiautomatic firing before attempting any automatic
training. Those who display a lack of knowledge of the fundamental skills should not advance to automatic fire
training until these skills are learned. Initial training should focus on the modifications to the fundamentals and
other basic combat skills necessary during automatic firing.

Dry-Fire Exercises.

Repeated dry-fire exercises are the most efficient means available to ensure soldiers can
apply these modifications. Multiple dry-fire exercises are needed, emphasizing a stable position and point of
aim, followed by breath control and the appropriate trigger squeeze. Blanks or dummy rounds may be used to
train trigger squeeze, rapid magazine changes, and application of immediate action. The soldier should display
knowledge and skill during these exercises before attempting live fire.

Live-Fire Exercises.

There are two types of live-fire exercises.

Individual. Emphasis is on each individual maintaining a heavy volume of fire. Weapon down time (during
immediate action and rapid magazine changes) is held to a minimum. Firing can begin at 25 meters, progressing
to 50 meters as soldiers display increased proficiency. Exposure or engagement times, as well as ranges, are
varied to best simulate the need for a heavy volume of fire. Downrange feedback is necessary to determine
effectiveness of fire. The course of fire should allow the soldier to decide whether he should engage a given
target or area with automatic or semiautomatic fire.

A soldier's zero during automatic fire may be different than his semiautomatic (battlesight) zero. This is due to
the tendency of the lightweight M16 barrel to respond to external pressure such as the bipod or pulling on the
sling. However, it is recommended that the battlesight zero be retained on the rifle and hold off used to place
automatic fire on the target. This holdofff training requires downrange feedback and should be conducted before
other live-fire exercises.

The soldier can begin by loading and firing one round from an automatic fire position. Three of these rounds,
treated as a single group, can establish where the first shot of a three-round burst will probably strike. Loading
and firing two rounds simulates the dispersion of the second shot of a three-round burst. Finally, several three­round bursts should be fired to refine any necessary hold off to center these larger groups on the desired point of
impact.

Unit. Unit LFXs should include the careful use of automatic fire. Emphasis should be on staggered rapid
magazine changes, maintaining a continuous volume of heavy fire, and conserving ammunition.

Section IV. QUICK FIRE

The two main techniques of directing fire with a rifle are to aim using the sights; and to use weapon alignment,
instinct, bullet strike, or tracers to direct the fire. The preferred technique is to use the sights, but sometimes
quick reflex action is needed to survive. Quick fire is a technique used to deliver fast, effective fire on surprise
personnel targets at close ranges (25 meters or less). Quick-fire procedures have also been referred to as "instinct
firing" or "quick kill."

EFFECTIVENESS OF QUICK FIRE

Quick-fire techniques are appropriate for soldiers who are presented with close, suddenly appearing, surprise
enemy targets; or when close engagement is imminent. Fire may be delivered in the SEMIAUTO or
BURST/AUTO mode. For example, a point man in a patrol may carry the weapon on BURST/AUTO. This may
also be required when clearing a room or bunker. Initial training should be in the SEMI mode. Two techniques of
delivering quick fire are--

Aimed.

shot. His firing eye looks through or just over the rear sight aperture, and he uses the front sight post to aim at the
target (Figure 4-5). Using this technique, a target at 25 meters or less may be accurately engaged in one second
or less.

When presented with a target, the soldier brings the rifle up to his shoulder and quickly fires a single

Pointed.

burst. He keeps both eyes open and uses his instinct and peripheral vision to line up the rifle with the target
(Figure 4-6). Using this technique, a target at 15 meters or less may be engaged in less than one second.

When presented with a target, the soldier keeps the rifle at his side and quickly fires a single shot or

The difference in speed of delivery between these two techniques is small. Pointed quick fire can be used to fire
a shot about one-tenth of a second faster than aimed quick fire. The difference in accuracy, however, is more
pronounced. A soldier well trained in pointed quick fire can hit an E-type silhouette target at 15 meters, although
the shot may strike anywhere on the target. A soldier well trained in aimed quick fire can hit an E-type silhouette
target at 25 meters, with the shot or burst striking 5 inches from the center of mass.

The key to the successful employment of either technique is practice. Both pointed and aimed quick fire must be
repeatedly practiced during dry-fire training. Live-fire exercises provide further skill enhancement and illustrate
the difference in accuracy between the two techniques. Tactical considerations dictate which technique is most
effective in a given situation, and when single shot versus burst fire is used.

Pointed and aimed quick fire should be used only when a target cannot be engaged fast enough using the sights
in a normal manner. These techniques should be limited to targets appearing at 25 meters or less.

MODIFICATIONS FOR QUICK--FIRE TECHNIQUES

Quick-fire techniques require major modifications to the four fundamentals of marksmanship. These
modifications represent a significant departure from the normal applications of the four fundamentals. Initial
training in these differences, followed by repeated dry-fire exercises, will be necessary to prepare the soldier for
live fire.

Steady Position.

The quickness of shot delivery prevents the soldier from assuming a stable firing position. He
must fire from his present position when the target appears. If the soldier is moving, he must stop. Adjustments
for stability and support cannot be made before the round being fired.

Aimed. The butt of the rifle is pulled into the pocket of the shoulder as the cheek comes in contact with the stock.
Both hands firmly grip the rifle, applying rearward pressure. The firing eye looks through or just over the rear
sight aperture (Figure 4-5). The firer's sight is in focus and placed on the target.

Pointed. The rifle is pulled into the soldier's side and both hands firmly grip the rifle, applying rearward pressure
(Figure 4-6).

Aiming.

This fundamental must be highly modified because the soldier may not have time to look through the

rear sight, find the front sight, and align it with the target.

Aimed. The soldier's initial focus is on the target. As the rifle is brought up, the firing eye looks through or just
over the rear sight aperture at the target. Using his peripheral vision, the soldier locates the front sight post and
brings it to the center of the target. When the front sight post is in focus, the shot is fired. Focus remains on the
front sight post throughout the aiming process.

Pointed The soldier's focus is placed on the center or slightly below the center of the target as the rifle is aligned
with it and is fired. The soldier's instinctive pointing ability and peripheral vision are used to aid in proper
alignment.

NOTE:

necessary to determine the best aim point on the target or the best focus. Such practice should begin with the soldier using a center
mass arms/focus.

Breath Control.

When using either aiming technique, bullets may tend to impact above the desired location. Repeated live-fire practice is

This fundamental has little application to the first shot of quick fire. The round must be fired
before a conscious decision can be made about breathing. If subsequent shots are necessary, breathing must not
interfere with the necessity to fire quickly. When possible, use short, shallow breaths.

Trigger Squeeze.

Initial pressure is applied as weapon alignment is moved toward the target. Trigger squeeze is
exerted so that when weapon/target alignment is achieved, the round is fired at once. The soldier requires much
training and practice to perfect this rapid squeezing of the trigger.

TRAINING OF QUICK- FIRE TECHNIQUES

Initial training should focus on the major modifications to the fundamentals during quick fire.

Dry-Fire Exercises.

the soldier with an opportunity to learn and practice quick-fire techniques. Repeated dry-fire exercises ensure
soldiers can apply the modifications to the fundamentals. Multiple dry-fire exercises are needed, emphasizing a
consistent firing position and weapon alignment with the target, followed by rapid trigger squeeze. No more than
one second should elapse between the appearance of the target and a bullet striking it. One example of a dry-fire
exercise is:

This dry-fire exercise requires no elaborate preparations or range facilities, yet it provides

The trainer/coach places an E-type silhouette target 15 meters in front of the soldier. The soldier stands facing
the general direction of the target (vary direction to simulate targets appearing at different locations), holding his
rifle at or above waist level. His firing hand should be on the pistol grip; the non firing hand cradling the rifle
under the handguards.

The trainer/coach should stand slightly behind the soldier, out of his field of view. 'Me trainer/coach claps his
hands, signaling target appearance. Immediately after clapping his hands, the trainer/coach counts out loud "one
thousand one."

The soldier must either point or aim, squeeze the trigger, and bear the hammer fall before the trainer/coach
finishes speaking (about one second or less).

NOTE:

rifle pointed toward the target after the hammer falls and looks through the sights to check his actual point of aim for that shot.

Live-Fire Exercises.

When using the aiming technique, the soldier holds his aim and confirms alignment of the rifle with the target. He keeps the

There are two types of live-fire exercises.

Individual. Emphasis is on engaging each target in one second or less. The previously described timing
technique may be used, or pop-up targets set to lock in the full upright position may be used. Pop-up targets
require about one second to move from the down to the full up position. Targets set to lock in the upright
position must be engaged as they are being raised to "kill" them. This gives the soldier a one-second time limit.
At 15 meters (the maximum recommended range), an E-type silhouette engaged using pointed quick fire may be
hit anywhere. Using aimed quick fire at the same target, hits should fall within a 10-inch circle located center of
target.

NOTE:

practice ammunition and M2 bolt or the .22-caliber rim fire adapter device may be used.

Repeated live-fire exercises are necessary to train the soldier. If 5.56-mm service ammunition is in short supply, the 5.56-mm

Unit. Unit MOUT LFXs should include the use of quick fire. Targets should be presented at 25 meters or less
and soldiers must engage them within one second.

Section V. MOPP FIRING

All soldiers must effectively fire their weapons to accomplish combat missions in an NBC environment. With
proper training and practice, soldiers can gain confidence in their ability to effectively hit targets in full MOPP
equipment. MOPP firing proficiency must be a part of every unit's training program.

EFFECTS OF MOPP EQUIPMENT ON FIRING

Firing weapons is only part of overall NBC training. Soldiers must first be familiar with NBC equipment, its use,
and proper wear before they progress to learning the techniques of MOPP firing. Trainers must consider the
impact of MOPP equipment (hood/ mask, gloves, overgarments) on the soldier's ability to properly apply the
fundamentals of marksmanship and combat firing skills.

Immediate Action.

seconds. Under full MOPP, however, this may take as long as ten seconds to successfully complete. Dry-fire
practice under these conditions is necessary to reduce time and streamline actions. Hood/mask and gloves must
be worn. Care must be taken not to snag or damage the gloves or dislodge the hood/mask during movements.
Applying immediate action to a variety of stoppages during dry fire must be practiced using dummy or blank
ammunition until such actions can be performed by instinct.

Target Detection.

MOPP, but considerations must be made for limiting factors imposed by MOPP equipment.

Vision is limited to what can be seen through the mask lenses/faceplate. Peripheral vision is severely restricted.
The lenses/faceplate may be scratched or partly fogged, thus further restricting vision. Soldiers requiring
corrective lenses must be issued insert lenses before training.

Scanning movement may be restricted by the hood/mask. Any of these factors could adversely affect the soldier's
ability to quickly and accurately detect targets. Additional skill practice should be conducted.

Marksmanship Fundamentals.

firing, some modifications may be needed to accommodate the equipment.

Steady position. Due to the added bulk of the overgarments, firing positions may need adjustment for stability
and comfort. Dry and live firing while standing, crouching, or squatting may be necessary to reduce body contact
with contaminated ground or foliage. A consistent spot/stock weld is difficult to maintain due to the shape of the
protective masks. This requires the firer to hold his head in an awkward position to place the eye behind the
sight.

Under normal conditions a soldier should be able to clear a stoppage in three to five

Techniques and principles outlined in Chapter 3 remain valid for target detection while in

Although the four marksmanship fundamentals remain valid during MOPP

Aiming. The wearing of a protective mask may force firers to rotate (cant) the rifle a certain amount to see
through the rear aperture. The weapon should be rotated the least amount to properly see through and line up the
sights, as previously discussed in Chapter 3. The center tip of the front sight post should be placed on the ideal
aiming point. This ideal aiming procedure (Figure 4-7) should be the initial procedure taught and practiced. If
this cannot be achieved, a canted sight picture may be practiced.

Breath control Breathing is restricted and more difficult while wearing the protective mask. Physical exertion
can produce labored breathing and make settling down into a normal breath control routine much more difficult.
More physical effort is needed to move around when encumbered by MOPP equipment, which can increase the
breath rate. All of these factors make holding and controlling the breath to produce a well-aimed shot more
energy- and time-consuming. Emphasis must be placed on rapid target engagement during the limited amount of
time a firer can control his breath.

Trigger squeeze. Grasping the pistol grip and squeezing the trigger with the index finger are altered when the
firer is wearing MOPP gloves. The action of the trigger finger is restricted, and the fit of the glove may require
the release of the swing-down trigger guard. Because the trigger feels different, control differs from that used in
bare-handed firing. This difference cannot be accurately predicted. Dry-fire training using dime (washer)
exercises is necessary to ensure the firer knows the changes he will encounter during live fire.

EFFECTS OF AIMING MODIFICATIONS

The normal amount of cant needed by most firers to properly see through the sights has a limited influence on
rounds fired at ranges of 75 meters or less. At longer ranges, however, the change in bullet strike becomes more
pronounced.

Rifle ballistics (Appendix F) causes the strike of the bullet to impact low in the direction of the cant (when a cant
is used) at longer ranges. Due to this shift in bullet strike and the many individual differences in sight alignment
when wearing a protective mask, it is important to conduct downrange feedback training (Appendix G) at ranges
beyond 75 meters. This allows soldiers to determine what aiming adjustments are needed to achieve center target
hits. Figure 4-8 shows what might be expected for a right-handed firer engaging a target at 175 meters with no
cant, a certain amount of cant, and the adjustment in point of aim needed to move the bullet strike to the center of
the target. Figure 4-9 shows what might be expected for a right-handed firer engaging a 300-meter target. (The
adjustments in point of aim for left-handed firers are the opposite of those shown in Figures 4-8 and 4-9.)

Although bullet strike is displaced when using a cant, individual differences are such that center-of-mass aiming
should be used until the individual knows what aiming adjustment is needed. When distant targets are missed, a
right-handed firer should usually adjust his point of aim to the right and high; a left-handed firer should adjust to
the left and high. Then, the aiming rules are clear. All targets should initially be engaged by aiming center mass,
regardless of cant. When targets are missed while using a cant, firers should adjust the point of aim higher and
opposite the direction of the cant. Actual displacement of the aiming point must be determined by using
downrange feedback targets at ranges beyond 75 meters.

OPERATION AND FUNCTION MODIFICATIONS

Handling the rifle, performing operation and function checks, loading and unloading, and cleaning are affected
by MOPP equipment. Movements are slowed, tasks take longer to complete and often require more effort, vision
is impaired, and care is needed to avoid damaging MOPP equipment and possible exposure to lethal agents.
Because of the great differences between no MOPP and MOPP4, soldiers must be trained in all aspects of
operation and maintenance of the weapon while practicing at the highest MOPP level. Only through repeated
training and practice can the soldier be expected to perform all tasks efficiently.

MOPP FIRE EXERCISES

The many difficulties the soldier encounters while firing with MOPP gear must be experienced and overcome
during training.

Dry-Fire MOPP Exercises.

Repeated dry-fire exercises covering all aspects of MOPP firing are the most
effective means available to ensure all soldiers can function during a live-fire MOPP situation. Multiple dry-fire
exercises must be conducted before the first live round is fired. Otherwise, valuable ammunition and training
time are wasted in trying to teach soldiers the basics. The soldier is trained in the fundamentals; repeated dry-fire
or Weaponeer exercises are conducted; grouping, zeroing, qualifying, and evaluating are performed using
standard non-MOPP firing; the differences and modifications are trained for MOPP firing; and repeated MOPP
dry-fire exercises are conducted. The soldier is now ready to move on to MOPP live fire.

Live-Fire MOPP Exercises.

These exercises further develop the learned firing skills and allow the soldier to

experience the effects of wearing MOPP equipment on downrange performance.

Individual Application of immediate action, rapid magazine changes, grouping, and adjusted point of aim at 25
meters should all be tested and evaluated for further training. After soldiers exhibit proficiency at these tasks,
further training and evaluation at extended ranges are indicated.

Unit. Parts of unit LFXs should be conducted in the highest MOPP level with a planned system of target hit
evaluation. As in all aspects of marksmanship training, the emphasis is on soldier knowledge and skills
displayed.

Basic 25-meter proficiency course.

Initial live-fire exercises are conducted at 25 meters. This training provides
all soldiers the basic techniques and introduces firing the rifle in MOPP equipment. This basic proficiency
exercise must be fired while wearing gloves and protective mask with hood. The basic 25-meter proficiency
exercise is fired to standard and is an annual/semiannual GO/NO-GO requirement for most soldiers. It is entered
on the record fire scorecard when completed.

The course of fire can be conducted on any range equipped with mechanical target lifters. Soldiers are given
initial instruction and a demonstration of the techniques of firing in MOPP equipment.

Each soldier is issued 20 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition to engage 20 three-to-five-second exposures of F­type silhouette targets at 25 meters. Initial firing is performed with 10 rounds from the individual fighting
position (supported), and 10 rounds from a prone unsupported position. Each soldier must obtain a minimum of
11 target hits out of 20 exposures to meet the basic requirement. This initial basic 25-meter exercise prepares
soldiers for future individual and unit training in full MOPP gear.

Downrange feedback

Once the soldier has mastered basic marksmanship proficiency, he should be introduced
to firing at range. This phase of firing should provide the maximum hit-and-miss performance feedback; it can be
conducted on a KD or modified field fire range at 75, 175, and 300 meters.

Practice firing under full MOPP can also be conducted on the standard RETS ranges -for example, the standard
record fire tables may be fired in MOPP. MOPP fire must also be part of unit tactical exercises, which are fired
on MPRC as part of STXS.

NOTE:

when 5.56-mm ammunition is not available.

The .22-caliber rimfire adapter or plastic practice ammunition may be used during live-fire practice at scaled 25-meter targets

When the rimfire adapter, plastic ammunition, or live-fire range is not available, the Weaponeer device may be
used. Scaled silhouette targets may also be used at this distance to introduce the many target sizes common at
longer ranges. The slow-fire target and course outlined in Appendix E are appropriate.

Having mastered the 25-meter firing phase, the soldier is then introduced to firing at range, using the standard
75-, 175-, and 300-meter downrange feedback targets (Chapter 3). Adjusted point of aim, for individual
differences of cant, is first used during this training. Live-fire training is conducted on a KD or modified field
fire range, giving the soldier feedback on targets engaged at many ranges,

Section VI. MOVING TARGET ENGAGEMENT

The enemy normally moves by rushes from one covered or concealed position to another. While making the
rush, the enemy soldier presents a rapidly moving target. However, for a brief time as he begins, movement is
slow since many steps are needed to gain speed. Many steps are needed to slow down at the new position. A
moving target is open to aimed fire both times.

MOVING TARGET TECHNIQUES

There are two primary techniques of engaging moving targets.

Tracking.

establishment and maintaining of the aiming point in relationship to the target and maintaining that sight picture
(moving with the target) while squeezing the trigger. As the target moves, this technique puts the firer in position
for a second shot if the first one misses.

Trapping.

trigger is squeezed as the target comes into the sights. This is a technique that works on targets with slow lateral
movement. It does not require tracking skills. It does require that the firer know precisely when the rifle is going
to fire. Some soldiers can squeeze the trigger without reacting to the rifle firing, and they may fire better using
this technique.

Another technique is to use a modified 25-meter scaled timed-fire silhouette (see Figure 4-10). Trainers evaluate
performance based on where shot groups are placed when the lead rule is applied. This target can be used for
both the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles.

Tracking is a more accurate technique of engaging targets by experienced firers. It involves the

Trapping is the setting up of an aiming point forward of the target and along the target path. The

MOVING TARGET FUNDAMENTALS

The fundamentals needed to hit moving targets are similar to those needed to hit stationary targets. The main
skill is to engage moving targets with the least changes to procedures. Another consideration is that soldiers in a
combat defensive position do not know if their next target will be stationary or moving -they must fire
immediately at whatever targets occur.

The fundamentals for engaging stationary targets are steady position, aiming, breath control, and trigger squeeze.
They are also used to engage moving targets. Considering the environment and the variables of the rifle and
ammunition, the well-trained soldier should be able to hit 300-meter stationary silhouette targets with a .5 PH.
When the target has lateral movement, hits at 150 meters may be seven out of ten times, which is a good
performance. Therefore, twice as much variability, twice as much dispersion, and a few more erratic shots are
expected when soldiers are trained to hit moving targets.

The procedures used to engage moving targets vary as the angle and speed of the target vary. For example, when
a moving target is moving directly at the firer, the same procedures are used as would be used if the target were
stationary. However, if it is a close, fast-moving target at a 90-degree angle, the rifle and entire upper body of the
firer must be free from support so that the target can be tracked. To hit moving targets, the firer must move the
rifle smoothly and steadily as the target moves. The front sight post is placed with the trailing edge at target
center, breath is held, and the trigger is squeezed. Several factors complicate this process.

Steady position.

enough to track any target in his sector. When a moving target is moving directly at the firer, directly away, or at
a slight angle, the target is engaged without changing the firing position. When targets have much lateral
movement, only minor changes are needed to allow for effective target engagement. Most moving targets are
missed in the horizontal plane (firing in front of or behind the target) and not in the vertical plane (firing too low
or too high). Therefore, a smooth track is needed on the target, even if the support arm must be lifted. Other
adjustments include the following:

-- Non firing hand. The grip of the non firing hand may need to be increased and more pressure applied to the
rear. This helps to maintain positive control of the rifle and steady it for rapid trigger action.

-- Non firing elbow. The elbow is lifted from the support position only to maintain a smooth track.

-- Grip of the tight hand Rearward pressure may be applied to the pistol grip to steady the rifle during trigger
squeeze.

-- Firing elbow. The firing elbow is lifted from support only to help maintain a smooth track.

NOTE:

Aiming.

Breath control.

The rifle pocket on the shoulder and the stock weld are the same for stationary targets.

The trailing edge of the front sight post is at target center.

When firing from a firing position, the firer is in the standard supported position and is flexible

Breathing is locked at the moment of trigger squeeze.

Trigger squeeze.

pressure is applied to the trigger. The trigger is squeezed fast (almost a controlled jerk). Heavy pressure is
applied on the trigger (at least half the pressure it takes to make the rifle fire) before squeezing the trigger.

Rearward pressure on the handguard and pistol grip is applied to hold the rifle steady while

SINGLE-LEAD RULE FOR MOVING TARGETS

A target moving directly toward the firer can be engaged the same way as a stationary target. However, to hit a
target moving laterally, the firer places the trailing edge of the front sight post at target center. The sight-target
relationship is shown in Figure 4-11. The single-lead rule automatically increases the lead as the range to the
target increases.

Figure 4-12 shows how this works, with the front sight post covering about 1.6 inches at 15 meters and about 16
inches at 150 meters. Since the center of the front sight post is the actual aiming point, this technique of placing
the trailing edge of the front sight post at target center provides for an.8-inch lead on a 15-meter target, and an 8­inch lead on a target at 150 meters.

This rules provides for a dead-center hit on a 15-meter target that is moving at 7 mph at a 25-degree angle
because the target moves .8 inch between the time the rifle is fired and the bullet arrives at the target. A 150­meter target moving at 7 mph at a 25-degree angle moves 8 inches between the time the weapon is fired and the
bullet arrives. This rule provides for hits on the majority of high-priority combat targets.

LEAD REQUIREMENTS

To effectively engage moving targets on the battlefield, soldiers must understand lead requirements. Figure 4-13
shows the amount of lead required to hit a 300-meter target when it is moving 8 mph at an angle of 90 degrees.
Aiming directly at the target would result in missing it. When an enemy soldier is running 8 mph, 90 degrees to
the firer, and at a range of 300 meters, he covers 4 1/2 feet while the bullet is traveling toward him. To get a hit,
the firer must aim and fire at position D when the enemy is at position A. This indicates the need for target lead
and for marksmanship trainers to know bullet speed and how it relates to the range, angle, and speed of the
target. Soldiers must understand that targets moving fast and laterally are led by some distance if they are to be
hit.

Target Speed.

target that is traveling at 8 mph at a distance of 150 meters from the firer. The angle of target movement is the
angle between the target-firer line and the target's direction of movement. An 8-mph target moves 24 inches
during the bullet's flight time. If the target is moving on a 15-degree angle, it moves 6 inches (the equivalent of 2
mph). For the firer to apply precise lead rules, he must accurately estimate speed, angle, and range to the target
during the enemy soldier's brief exposure. The single-lead rule (place the trailing edge of the front sight post at
target center) places effective fire on most high-priority combat targets. At 100 meters, the rule begins to break
down for targets moving at slight and large angles.

Figure 4-14 reflects the differences in lateral speed for various angles of target movement for a

Since the target lead is half the perceived width of the front sight post, at 100 meters the standard sight provides
for 5.4 inches of lead for the M16A1 and M16A2 front sights (Figure 4-15).

Target Distance.

close targets moving at any angle and any speed. However, if the lead rule is applied on more distant targets
moving at a slight angle - for example, 5 degrees at 100 meters - the bullet strikes forward of target center, about
4 inches with standard sights and about 7 inches with LLLSS sights. Therefore, soldiers are taught to fire at
targets as though they are stationary until lateral movement is observed (15 degrees).

The rule provides for many speed-angle combinations that place the bullet within 2 inches of target center
(Figure 4-16). Since the soldier is expected to fire a 12-inch group on moving targets at 100 meters, the rule
provides for hits on the majority of targets. Even the worst case (a 90-degree target moving at 8 mph) would
result in the shot-group center being located 9.8 inches behind target center. If bullets were evenly distributed
within a 12-inch group, this would result in hitting the target 40 percent of the time.

The front sight post covers only a small part of close-in targets, providing for target hits on

Soldiers should be taught to increase their lead when targets are missed. This increases their probability of
hitting all targets. The amount of additional lead required should be developed through experience with only
general guidance provided. For example, if there is much lateral movement of the target and the soldier feels by
applying the lead rule and firing fundamentals he has missed the target, then he should increase his lead.

The training program must be simple and provide soldiers with only relevant information to improve their
performance in combat. First, all soldiers should understand and apply the single-lead rule in the absence of
more information. Second, soldiers should understand that moving targets coming toward them or on a slight
angle (O to 15 degrees) should be engaged as stationary targets. Third, information should be presented and
practice allowed on applying additional lead to targets for soldiers who demonstrate an aptitude for this skill.

Target Angle.

walking enemy soldier at 250 meters is hit dead center when he is moving at 40 degrees. Hits can be obtained if
he is moving on any angle between 15 and 75 degrees. When he is running (a center hit is obtained when the
target is on an angle of 18 degrees), misses occur when he exceeds an angle of 30 to 35 degrees. The information
provided in Figures 4-13, and 4-14, is designed to enhance instructor understanding so proper concepts are
presented during instruction. For example, a target at 100 meters moving at 6 mph receives a center hit when
moving at 29 degrees. When moving at an angle less than 29 degrees, the bullet strikes somewhat in front of
target center. When moving at an angle of more than 29 degrees, the bullet strikes somewhat behind target
center.

The rule does not apply to targets moving at small and large angles (Figure 4-16). For example, a

MULTIPURPOSE RANGE COMPLEX TRAIN-UP

MPRCs require soldiers to hit moving targets. Ranges are used for collective training. Commanders should try to
use the MPRCs for individual training and to teach the individual to engage moving targets. If no MPRCs are
available for individual training, any range can be used that will support any type of moving target. Building a
moving target range is limited only by the imagination of the trainer, but always within safety constraints. The
following are examples that can be incorporated on many ranges.

Popsicle Sticks.

and forth behind a high berm (high enough to protect the individual from fire) the length of the berm. Feedback
should be made available for the firer such as for lowering the target when a hit is scored or reversing direction
upon a bit.

Sled Targets.

by a rope or cable across and off the range safely by a vehicle.

This requires placing an E-type silhouette on a long stick and having an individual walk back

This requires constructing a simple sled that has one or more targets attached. The sled is pulled

CHAPTER 5

Night Firing

All units must be able to fight during limited visibility. All soldiers should know the procedures for weapons
employment during such time. Soldiers must experience the various conditions of night combat -- from total
darkness, to the many types of artificial illumination, to the use of surveillance aids. All units must include basic,
unassisted night fire training annually in their unit marksmanship program. Combat units should conduct
tactical night fire training at least quarterly. This tactical training should include MILES during force-on-force
training as well as live fire. Night-fire training must include the use of applicable night vision devices when this
equipment is part of a TOE. The many effects darkness has on night firing are discussed herein.

NOTE:

whenever visibility is limited.

Although this chapter addresses night firing, the appropriate modifications to the fundamentals of firing may be applied

CONSIDERATIONS

Trainers must consider the impact of limited visibility on the soldier's ability to properly apply the fundamentals
of marksmanship and combat firing skills. These fundamentals/ skills include:

Operation and Maintenance of the Weapon.

loading and unloading, and maintenance are affected by nighttime conditions. Movements are slowed, tasks take
longer to complete, vision is impaired, and equipment is more easily misplaced or lost. Because combat
conditions and enforcement of noise and light discipline restrict the use of illumination, soldiers must be trained
to operate (load, unload, and clear), service, and clean their weapons using the lowest lighting conditions.
Although initial practice of these tasks should occur during daylight (using simulated darkness) to facilitate
control and error correction, repeated practice during actual nighttime conditions should be integrated with other
training. Only through repeated practice and training can the soldier be expected to perform all tasks efficiently.

Immediate Action.

Under normal conditions, a soldier should clear a stoppage in three to five seconds. After
dark, this task usually takes longer. Identifying the problem may be frustrating and difficult for the soldier. A
tactile (hands only) technique of identifying a stoppage must be taught and practiced. Clearing the stoppage
using few or no visual indicators must also be included. The firer must apply immediate action with his eyes
closed. Dry-fire practice using dummy or blank rounds under these conditions is necessary to reduce time and
build confidence. Training should be practiced first during daylight for better control and error correction by the
trainer. Practice during darkness can be simulated by closing the eyes or using a blindfold. Once the soldier is
confident in applying immediate action in daylight or darkness, he can perform such actions rapidly on the firing
line.

Handling the weapon, performing operation and function checks,

Target Detection.

Many of the skills discussed in Appendix B apply to target detection after dark. Light from a
cigarette or flashlight, discharge of a rifle (muzzle flash), or reflected moonlight/starlight are the main means of
target location. Sounds may also be indicators of target areas. Because the other techniques of detection
(movement, contrast) are less apparent at night, light and sound detection must be taught, trained, and reviewed
repeatedly in practice exercises. Exercises should also emphasize shortened scanning ranges, night vision
adaptation, and use of off-center vision. Target detection exercises should be integrated into all collective
training tasks.

NOTE:

scopes can provide the firer with another means to locate targets during limited visibility. Also, the use of MILES equipment is
effective for use in engaging detected targets.

Marksmanship Fundamentals.

Binoculars are often overlooked as night vision aids. Because they amplify the available light, binoculars or spotting/rifle

The four marksmanship fundamentals apply to night firing. Some
modifications are needed depending on the conditions. The firer must still place effective fire on the targets or
target areas that have been detected.

Steady position. When the firer is firing unassisted, changes in his head position/stock weld will be necessary,
especial when using weapon-target alignment techniques. When using rifle-mounted night vision devices, head
position/stock weld must be changed to bring the firing eye in line with the device. Also, such mounted devices
alter the rifle's weight and center of gravity, forcing a shift in placement of the support (non firing arm or
sandbags). Repeated dry-fire practice, followed by live-fire training, is necessary to learn and refine these
modifications and still achieve the most steady position.

Aiming. Modifications to the aiming process vary from very little (when using LLLSSs) to extensive (when
using modified quick-fire techniques). When firing unassisted, the firer's off-center vision is used instead of
pinpoint focus. When using a mounted night vision device, the firer's conventional iron sights are not used. The
soldier uses the necessary aiming process to properly use the device.

Breathing. Weapon movement caused by breathing becomes more apparent when using night vision devices that
magnify the field of view. This fundamental is not greatly affected by night fire conditions.

Trigger squeeze. This important fundamental does not change during night fire. The objective is to not disrupt
alignment of the weapon with the target.

PRINCIPLES OF NIGHT VISION

For a soldier to effectively engage targets at night, he must apply the three principles of night vision:

Dark Adaptation.

After several minutes have passed, the soldier can slowly see his surroundings. If he remains in this completely
darkened environment, he adapts to the dark in about 30 minutes. This does not mean he can see in the dark at
the end of this time. After about 30 minutes, his visibility reaches its maximum level. If light is encountered, the
eyes must adapt again. The fire on the end of a cigarette or a red-lensed flashlight can degrade night vision;
larger light sources cause more severe losses.

Off-Center Vision.

pinpoint focus slightly to one side causes the object to become blurry or lose detail. At night, the opposite is true.
Focusing directly on an object after dark results in that object being visible for only a few seconds. After that, the
object becomes almost invisible. To view an object at night, the soldier must shift his gaze slightly to one side.
This allows the light-sensitive parts of the eye (parts not used during daylight) to be used. These can detect faint
light sources or reflections and relay their image to the brain. (Figures 5-1 and 5-2.)

Moving from lighted to darkened areas (as in leaving a tent) can be temporarily blinding.

During the day, the soldier focuses his vision on the object he wants to see. Shifting this

NOTE:

directing attention to an off-centered objective is possible (with practice).

Vision is shifted slightly to one side, but attention is still on the object. Because of the blind spot at the center of vision,

Scanning.

Scanning is the short, abrupt, irregular movement of the soldier's eyes around an object or area every

4 to 10 seconds. Off-center vision is used. Scanning ranges vary according to visibility.

NOTE:

For detailed information on the three principles, see

FM 21-75

.

TARGET ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Night fire usually occurs under three general conditions.

Unassisted Firing Exercise.

vision devices. Potential target areas are scanned. When a target is detected, the firer should engage it using a
modified quick-fire position. His head is positioned high so that he is aligning the weapon on the target and
looking just over the iron sights. His cheek should remain in contact with the stock.

The firer should take a few seconds to improve weapon/target alignment by pointing slightly low to compensate
for the usual tendency to fire high. Both eyes are open to the maximum advantage of any available light, and the
focus is downrange. Off-center vision is used to keep the target in sight. Tracer ammunition may provide
feedback on the line of trajectory and facilitate any adjustments in weapon/target alignment.

Repeated dry-fire training, target detection, and proper aiming practice are the most efficient means to ensure the
soldier can successfully engage short-range targets (50 meters or closer) unassisted during MILES exercises, and
then live-fire training.

The firer must detect and engage targets without artificial illumination or night

Artificial Illumination.

Targets as distant as 175 meters can be engaged successfully with some type of artificial
illumination. Illumination may be from hand flares, mortar or artillery fire, or bright incandescent lights such as
searchlights.

When artificial illumination is used, the eyes lose most of their night adaption, and off-center vision is no longer
useful. Aiming is accomplished as it is during the day. Artificial illumination allows the firer to use the iron
sights as he does during the day. (M16A2 users should keep the large rear sight aperture flipped up during
darkness.)

Engaging targets under artificial illumination allows for better target detection and long-range accuracy than the
unassisted technique. When the light is gone, time must be spent in regaining night vision and adaptation. Only
when the light level drops enough so that the target cannot be seen through the iron sights should the firer
resume short-range scanning, looking just over the sights.

Soldiers have sometimes been taught to close their eyes during artificial illumination to preserve their night
vision. This technique is effective but also renders the soldier (or entire unit) blind for the duration of the
illumination. Keeping one eye closed to preserve its night vision results in a drastically altered sense of
perception when both eyes are opened, following the illumination burnout. Tactical considerations should be the
deciding factor as to which technique to use. Repeated dry-fire training and target detection practice are the keys
to successful engagement of targets out to 150 meters or more during live fire under artificial illumination.

Night Vision Devices.

devices, the firer can observe the area, detect and engage any suitable targets, and direct the fire of soldiers who
are firing unassisted.

NVDs can be used to engage targets out to 300 meters. Repeated training, dry-fire practice, and correct zeroing
are vital to the proper employment of NVDs during live-fire training.

Rifle-mounted night vision devices are the most effective night fire aids. By using these

TRAINING

Dry-fire training and live-fire training are necessary to mastering basic rifle marksmanship. The soldier must
adhere to the following procedures and applications to be effective in combat.

Dry-Fire Exercises.

soldiers can function efficiently after dark.

Target detection and dry-fire exercises must be conducted before the first live round is fired. They can take place
almost anywhere -elaborate live-fire range facilities are not needed. Modified fundamentals can be taught in a
classroom/practical exercise situation. Further training in the proper zeroing and engagement techniques can take
place anywhere that targets can be set up and darkness can be expected.

Without extensive dry-fire training, soldiers do not perform to standards during live fire. Valuable range time
and ammunition are wasted in a final attempt to teach the basics.

Repeated training and dry-fire practice are the most effective means available to ensure all

The soldier must demonstrate skill during daylight live fire. Next, he is trained in the differences and
modifications needed for successful night firing. Many dry-fire exercises are conducted until skill at night firing
is displayed. Only then is the soldier ready to move on to the night live-fire exercises.

Live-Fire Exercises.

they allow the soldier to experience the effects of darkness on downrange performance.

The basic unassisted live-fire exercise allows all soldiers to apply night-fire principles, and to gain confidence in
their abilities to effectively engage targets at 25 and 50 meters. Practice and proficiency firing can be conducted
on any range equipped with mechanical lifters and muzzle flash simulators. A small square of reflective material
and a shielded low wattage flashing light (protected from bullet impact) may be used to facilitate target
detection. (Figures 5-3) The light should be placed to highlight the center of the target with a flashing, faint glow
(intended to represent a muzzle flash). The light should not be on constantly, when the target is not exposed, or
on when the target is exposed but not being used in actual engagement. The light should provide the firer with a
momentary indication that a target is presenting itself for engagement. It should not be attached to the target or
provide the firer with a distinct aiming point, regardless of how dim it may be. Practice can also be accomplished
by the use of MILES equipment and target interface devices.

These exercises continue to develop the firing skills acquired during dry-fire exercises, and

When an automated record fire range (RETS) is used for this exercise, the two 50-meter mechanisms are used.
Before training, one E-type silhouette target is replaced with an F-type silhouette target. The F-type silhouette
target is engaged at 25 meters from the prone unsupported position. The soldier is issued one magazine of 15
rounds (5 rounds ball; 10 rounds tracer) and presented 15 ten-second exposures. The firing line is moved, and the
soldier engages the E-type silhouette target at 50 meters. He is issued a second 15-round magazine (5 rounds
ball; 10 rounds tracer) to engage 15 ten-second exposures.

When the automated range is used, the soldier's performance is recorded in the tower. If automatic scoring is not
available, F-type and E-type silhouette paper facings are attached to the mechanical target, and bullet holes are
counted. Facings may be repaired or replaced for each firer.

To meet the annual/semiannual minimum performance requirements, all soldiers must hit and kill seven separate
targets out of 30 exposures. The results are annotated on the soldier's record fire scorecard.

• Individual. Application of immediate action, rapid magazine changes, and refinements of the modified
quick-fire aiming point should be tested and evaluated for further training.

• Unassisted. After soldiers exhibit proficiency of individual tasks, training and evaluation at ranges
beyond those possible using only the rifle are indicated.

• Artificial illumination. After mastering the unassisted night fire task and after repeated dry-fire training
under artificial illumination, the soldier is ready to be tested and evaluated using live fire under
illumination. Pop-up or stationary targets at ranges out to 175 meters (depending on light conditions,
terrain features, and vegetation) may be used. Illumination is provided by flares, mortar/artillery, or
floodlights. Once these tasks are mastered, further training and evaluation using NVDs is indicated.
Multipurpose range complexes can be used for night firing by using artificial illumination. Automated
field fire or record fire ranges can also be used by adding lighting. During this training, soldiers engage
targets at 75 to 175 meters. Several target scenarios are possible. A typical training exercise would
present 30 random exposures of the 75-meter and 175-meter targets (or optional 100-meter and 200­meter targets). Soldiers should be expected to hit at least 10 targets. Tracer ammunition can be used to
enhance training.

• Night vision devices. Repeated training and dry-fire practice on the proper use of NVDs are essential to
the successful conduct of any live-fire training using these devices. Firers must understand the equipment
and skillfully employ it. NVDs can provide engagement capabilities out to 300 meters.

NOTE:

illumination. Lights should not be used to continuously spotlight targets. Unanticipated artificial illumination may render NVDs
difficult to see through or may shut the device off. Live-fire training should consider any problems incurred by such unexpected
illumination.

Spotlights or floodlights can be modified through use of a rheostat to simulate the flickering, bright/dim nature of artificial

• Unit. Parts of unit STXS, FTXS, and LFXs should be conducted at night. This training should include
target detection, unassisted MILES and live fire, artificial illumination, and NVDS. Targets out to 300
meters may be used, depending on the existing conditions. Emphasis is on soldier knowledge and skills
displayed.

NOTE:

See

FM 25-7

for a description of ranges available and recommended for live-fire training.

APPENDIX A

Year-Round Marksmanship Training

An effective unit marksmanship program reflects the priority, emphasis, and interest of commanders and
trainers. This appendix proposes a rifle marksmanship training strategy as guidance in establishing and
conducting an effective training program. The strategy consists of the individual and leader refresher training
for maintaining the basic skills learned during IET. It progresses to training advanced and collective skills under
near-combat conditions during live-fire STXs.

MARKSMANSHIP AND THE METL

Marksmanship proficiency is critical and basic to soldiering and is required for any unit deployed to a wartime
theater. All commanders should develop a METL and organize a training program that devotes adequate time to
marksmanship.

The unit's combat mission must be considered when establishing training priorities. This not only applies to the
tasks selected for the unit's METL but also the conditions under which the tasks are to be performed. If a unit
may be employed in a MOUT environment, the effects of range, gravity, and wind may not be too important, but
automatic/burst fire, quick fire, and assault fire would be. The reverse may be true of a unit that expects to
engage the enemy at long range with rifle fire.

ASSESSMENT OF MARKSMANSHIP STATUS

To conduct an effective marksmanship program, the unit commander must determine the current marksmanship
proficiency of all assigned personnel. To check the effectiveness of a unit's marksmanship program, constant
evaluation is required. Observing and accurately recording performance reveals the status of rifle and magazine
maintenance, the quality of rifle zeros, and the ability of each soldier to hit targets. This also allows the
commander to identify soldiers who need special assistance in order to reach required standards, and to
recognize soldiers who exceed these standards. Based on this evaluation, marksmanship training programs can
be developed and executed.

This assessment is continuous, and the program is modified as required. Spot-checks of individual
marksmanship performance, such as interviews and evaluations of soldiers, provide valuable information as to
whether the soldier knows how to zero, to use NVDS, and to perform other marksmanship tasks.

In addition to spot-checks and direct observation of training, assessment includes a review of past training,
which provides valuable information for developing a training plan. The assessment should include how record
fire was conducted, what course of fire was used, how often the units conducted collective NBC or night fire,
and so on. The results are reviewed to determine unit weaknesses and which individuals require special attention.

Based on the commander's evaluation, goals, and missions, training events are identified that should be
conducted quarterly, semiannually, or annually -- rifle marksmanship programs must be continuous. While the
unit may only qualify its soldiers annually or semiannually, test results show that sustainment training is required
at least quarterly to maintain marksmanship skills.

TRAINING THE TRAINER

Knowledgeable small-unit leaders are the key to marksmanship training. This manual and other training
publications provide the unit instructor with the required information for developing a good train-the-trainer
program. The commander should identify unit personnel who have had assignments as marksmanship
instructors. These individuals should be used to train other unit cadre by conducting preliminary rifle instruction
and live-fire exercises for their soldiers.

Assistance and expertise from outside the unit may also be available such as the Army Marksmanship Unit, Fort
Benning, Georgia. A suggested train-the-trainer program is outlined below:

• Marksmanship diagnostic test.

• Review of operation and function, immediate action, and safety of rifle and ammunition.

• Conduct of PRI; review of four fundamentals.

• Review of coaching techniques and device usage.

• Principles and execution of grouping and zeroing.

• Effects of wind and gravity on long-range firing out to 300 meters (then 400 to 500 meters).

• Purpose and conduct of practice fire, and scaled target, and at range out to 300 meters (then 400 to 500

meters).

• Range operations.

• Purpose and conduct of qualification/record firing.

• Diagnosis of firing problems

References.

• AR 350-41.

• DA Pamphlet 350-38.

• TRADOC BTFOSUT POI.

• FC 23-11.

• FM 25-1, - 2, -3, and -4.

• Supporting television tapes that teach BRM partsTV 7-1 and TVT 7-2.

• FM 25-7.

QUALIFICATION TRAINING

Although marksmanship is a continuous training requirement, units normally conduct a refresher program before
qualification. Soldiers must be well-rounded in marksmanship fundamentals and have preparatory marksmanship
training before qualification. This applies to qualification for the entire unit or for newly assigned personnel. All
trainers must understand that rifle marksmanship is not a series of exercises to be trained in a planned sequence.
The unit must prepare for training by --

• Issuing soldiers a serviceable and accurately firing rifle.

• Repairing and replacing bad magazines.

• Issuing and assigning each soldier his own rifle that only he zeros and fires.

• Considering available or required resources early such as targets, ranges, ammunition, training aids,

devices, and publications.

Before the soldier can fire, he must know how to adjust rifle sights and should understand ballistics to include
the effects of wind and gravity on a bullet strike. A refresher training program can prevent frustration and loss of
confidence in the soldier, and also prevent wasting ammunition and training time. This program is conducted for
all soldiers so they can meet the standards outlined in this manual and soldier's manuals.

NOTE:
DO NOT

Many individual marksmanship tasks, such as operation and function checks, immediate action, target detection, and dry fire,

require live fire.

Feedback (precise knowledge of bullet strike) must be included in all live-fire training. Downrange feedback,
known-distance (KD) firing, or scaled-silhouette target exercises provide the results at extended ranges.
Feedback is not adequate when bullets from previous firings cannot be identified such as previous shot groups on
a zero target that are not triangulated and clearly marked.

The initial live fire should be a grouping exercise, which allows soldiers to apply marksmanship fundamentals to
obtain tight, consistent shot groups. Following a successful grouping exercise, zeroing is quick and simple using
only a few rounds.

After zeroing, downrange feedback should be conducted. A series of scaled-silhouette targets provide unlimited
situations for training on the 25-meter range if modified field-fire or KD ranges are not available. The timed-fire
scaled-silhouette target can add to successful record fire performance since it represents targets at six different
ranges, requires quick response, and allows precise feedback. It is another way to confirm zero and requires the
application of the four fundamentals. This exercise can benefit units that have access only to 25-meter ranges.
(See Appendix E for use of scaled targets.)

Field-fire training is a transitional phase that stresses the focusing on a certain area. Soldiers must detect the
target as soon as it comes up and quickly fire with only hit-or-miss feedback; this is an important combat skill.
Soldiers who are exposed to the field-fire range before they have refined their basic firing skills cannot benefit
from the exercise. For example, if most 175- and 300-meter targets are missed, additional feedback or PRI
training should be conducted.

The Army standard record fire course involves an element of surprise in that the soldier is not be familiar with
the lane in which he qualifies. He must scan the sector and apply detection skills and range estimation skills.
However, practice can be repeated on the record fire course when available. This course provides the best
opportunity for practicing target detection skills and for engaging targets at ranges from 50 to 300 meters.

For poor firers, remedial training is conducted to include the use of the Weaponeer device discussed in Appendix
C. Soldiers proficient in marksmanship skills can assist in the remedial training effort.

MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING TASKS

The following marksmanship training guide contains the current tasks that are trained in basic rifle
marksmanship programs, during basic combat training at ATCS, and during infantry OSUT. It provides a basis
for structuring unit sustainment programs. The unit normally trains by performing a diagnostic test of the tasks
and conducts training only for soldiers who must improve their firing skills. Training is usually conducted in a
shorter time frame than at IET.

Introduction to Rifle Marksmanship and Mechanical Training.

(4 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Perform operator maintenance on M16A1/A2 rifle, magazine, and ammunition.

Given an M16A1/A2 rifle, magazine, 5.56-mm dummy ammunition, and small-arms

maintenance equipment case.

STANDARDS:

a. Clear and disassemble an M16A1/A2 rifle.

b. Inspect, clean, and lubricate the rifle.

c. Assemble the rifle and perform a functional check.

d. Disassemble the magazine.

e. Clean and lubricate the magazine.

f. Assemble the magazine.

g. Clean the ammunition.

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Perform immediate-action procedures on the M16A1/A2 rifle to reduce a stoppage.

Given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 5 rounds of dummy 5.56-mm ammunition, and a 20-/30-round

magazine.

STANDARDS:

Soldiers must demonstrate the ability to reduce a stoppage by applying the six steps of

immediate action.

NOTE:

with the procedure for Correctly loading a magazine into the weapon due to the position of the bolt.

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

STANDARDS:

Care must be taken in teaching immediate action (SPORTS) to clear a weapon stoppage. This technique must not be confused

Load and unload an M16A1/A2 rifle magazine.

Given either a 20- or 30-round magazine and 5 rounds of dummy ammunition.

Load and unload the magazine.

Loading the Magazine.

a.

Cartridges are loaded into the magazine so that the projectile or the rounds point

in the same direction as the raised portion of the follower.

Unloading the Magazine.

b.

Hold the magazine open end away from the body and depress the center of the
top round in the magazine, allowing the first round to be slipped out of the magazine. This process is
repeated until all rounds have been removed.

TASK:

Adjust front and rear sights on the M16A1/A2 rifle.

CONDITIONS:

Given an M16A1/A2 rifle, dummy 5.56-mm bullet, nail or other suitable instrument,

explanation, demonstration, and practical exercise.

STANDARDS:

sights in relationship to the intended movement of the strike of a bullet.

Demonstrate an understanding of sight adjustment procedures by moving the front and rear

Fundamentals of Rifle Marksmanship (Dry Fire).

(6 hours)

TASK:

Apply the four basic fundamentals of marksmanship.

a. Steady position.

b. Aiming.

c. Breath control.

d. Trigger squeeze.

CONDITIONS:

Day, in a suitable training area given, an M16A1 rifle from either the supported or prone
unsupported position; and using the target-box exercise, dime (washer) exercise, M16 sighting device, and riddle
sighting device while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

Correctly apply the basic fundamentals while dry firing from or using --

a. The supported position at 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter (M16A2) zero targets,

b. The prone unsupported position at 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter (M16A2) zero targets,

c. The dime (washer) exercise, M16 sighting device, riddle device, immediate action, 250-meter (M16A1) or
300-meter (M16A2) zero target, and target-box exercise.

Fundamentals of Rifle Marksmanship and Diagnostic: (Dry Fire).

(6 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Demonstrate the integrated act of firing while using the Weaponeer device.

Given a demonstration and practical application with 12 shots and a diagnostic of 9 shots in a
suitable training area, and with a Weaponeer and simulated supported firing position while wearing a helmet and
LBE.

STANDARDS:

Each soldier demonstrates the integrated act of firing by the proper application of the four
fundamentals of marksmanship and achieves 6 hits out of 9 shots on the 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter
(M16A2) zero target displayed on the device.

NOTE:

subsequent instruction.

Soldiers who do not meet the standard will receive remedial training on the fundamentals of rifle marksmanship before

Shot Grouping: (Live Fire).

(4 hours)

TASK:

Apply the four fundamentals of rifle marksmanship in the integrated act of firing with the M16A1/A2

rifle (live fire).

CONDITIONS:

Day, on a 25-meter firing range, given a 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter (M16A2) zero
target placed in the center of an E-type silhouette, M16A1/A2 rifle, and 27 rounds of ammunition while wearing
a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

From the supported position, fire up to 27 rounds or less in 3-round shot groups and achieve two

consecutive 3-round shot groups (measured separately) within the plastic target-box paddle template (DVC-T 7-

86) 4-cm circle.

NOTE:

sight adjustment can be made to bring the groups closer to the aim point in preparation for subsequent training.

Once the soldier has demonstrated a consistency in his point of aim and achieved the standard in less than 27 rounds, a bold

25-meter Battlesight Zeroing.

(8 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Battlesight zero an M16A1/A2 rifle.

On a 25-meter range, given an M16A1/A2 from the supported position, 18 rounds of 5.56-mm
ammunition, 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter (M16A2) zeroing target placed on the standard E-type silhouette,
sandbag for support, and an M16A1/A2 rifle while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

Each student must adjust the sights so that 5 out of 6 rounds in two consecutive shot groups

strike within the 4-cm circle on the 25-meter zero target.

NOTE:

Soldiers not achieving an acceptable zero in 18 rounds will be diagnosed on the Weaponeer and given appropriate remedial training.
Once the soldier's problem has been corrected, he returns to the firing line and is given up to 18 additional rounds for zeroing. A careful
serviceability check of the weapon is made for all soldiers failing to zero on the second attempt.

Bullets that break the line of the 4-cm circle should be used in evaluating the soldier's overall performance of the standard.

Downrange Feedback Firing: (75, 175, 300 meters).

(8 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Confirm zero at 175 meters.

Day, from the supported position, on a modified field or known-distance (KD) firing range
with an E-type silhouette feedback target at 175 meters and given an M16A1/A2 rifle and 6 rounds of 5.56-mm
ammunition while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

Demonstrate consistent application of the integrated act of firing and obtain 4 out of 6 hits

within the 11-inch circle on the 175-meter downrange feedback target.

NOTES:

conducting live fire. Soldiers go downrange and record target hits after each 3-round shot group.

1. Soldiers are given preliminary instructions on the effects of wind and gravity, and proper hold off at range before

2. Instructors/cadre critique the soldier's performance after each 3-round shot group and have the soldier make the necessary sight
or aiming adjustments to bring the shot groups within the 11-inch circle. If a KD range is used, feedback is provided by spotters in
the pits, and soldiers do not leave the firing line.

3. Soldiers not confirming zero at range receive remedial training by instructors/cadre personnel and refire with the last firing
order.

TASK:

Obtain downrange feedback at 75, 175, and 300 meters.

CONDITIONS:

Day, given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a modified field or known-distance firing range with F&E
feedback targets while wearing a helmet and LBE, engage the 75-meter target with 5 rounds from the prone
unsupported position and with 5 rounds from the supported position, engage the 175-meter target from the
supported position with 10 rounds and with 10 rounds from the prone unsupported position, and engage the 300­meter target with 5 rounds from the supported position and with 5 rounds from the prone unsupported position.

STANDARDS:

Demonstrate consistent application of the four fundamentals in the integrated act of firing and
obtain 8 hits out of 10 shots on the 75-meter target, 14 hits out of 20 shots on the 175-meter target, and 5 hits out
of 10 shots on the 300-meter target.

NOTES:

modified field-fire range.

1. If a KD or location-of-misses-and-hits (LOMAH) range is available, training should be conducted there. If not, use a

2. Soldiers go downrange and record target hits after each 5-round shot group. Instructors/cadre critique the soldier's performance
after each 5-round exercise. Sights or aiming point is adjusted as necessary. Soldiers should do not adjust sights to zero for each
range versus using the correct hold-off or adjusted aiming point for range.

Field Fire I (Single Timed Targets) and Target Detection.

(3 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Detect and engage single timed targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.

Day, given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a field-fire range with timed single target exposures
presented at 75, 175, and 300 meters; and given 18 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition for an introduction to field
fire and 36 rounds of ammunition, and a requirement to engage all targets within the time exposed while wearing
a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

TASK:

Detect targets.

CONDITIONS:

Detect and achieve a total of 22 target hits out of 36 timed target exposures.

Given instruction on target detection during daylight hours on a target-detection range with 10
target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters.

STANDARDS:

Each soldier must detect 9 out of 10 targets to receive a GO.

Field Fire II (Single and Multiple Timed Targets).

(3 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Detect and engage single and multiple timed targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.

Day, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, while wearing a helmet and LBE, on a field-fire range with
timed single and multiple target exposures presented at 75, 175, and 300 meters; and given 10 rounds of 5.56­mm ammunition for an introduction to field fire single and multiple targets and 44 rounds of ammunition, and a
requirement to engage all targets within the time exposed.

STANDARDS:

NOTE:

Record I and II.

Using peer coaching for firing performance and for assisting in target detection on the firing line is permitted during Practice

Detect and achieve 27 target hits out of the 44 timed target exposures.

Practice Record Fire I.

(4 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Detect and engage timed targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.

Day, given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a record fire range, 40 timed target exposures at ranges from
50 meters to 300 meters, and 40 rounds of ammunition. Engage 20 targets from the supported position and 20
targets from the prone unsupported position while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

Detect and obtain at least 23 target hits on the 40 exposed timed targets.

Practice Record Fire II.

(4 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Detect and engage timed targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.

Given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a record fire range, 40 target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300
meters, and 40 rounds of ammunition; engage 20 targets from the supported position and 20 targets from the
prone unsupported position while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

NOTE:

practice range, soldiers fire from different positions or lanes. The same range is not used for Practice Record Fire II and Record Fire
Qualification, which are not conducted on the same day. Coaching the firer on the firing lane is permitted during Practice Record Fire
II.

Practice Record Fire I should not be fired on the same range as Practice Record Fire II. If scheduling requires use of the same

Obtain at least 23 hits on the 40 targets exposed.

Record Fire.

(4 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Detect and engage timed targets with an M16A1/A2 rifle.

Given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a record fire range, 40 target exposures at ranges from 50 meters
to 300 meters and 40 rounds of ammunition; engage 20 targets from the supported position and 20 targets from
the prone unsupported position while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

Without assistance, the soldier detects and engages targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle, and

achieves a minimum of 23 target hits out of 40 target exposures.

Qualification Table

• Personnel hitting 22 or fewer targets are unqualified.

• Personnel hitting 23 to 29 targets qualify as marksman.

• Personnel hitting 30 to 35 targets qualify as sharpshooter.

• Personnel hitting 36 to 40 targets qualify as expert.

NOTE:

broken parts or bad ammunition are withdrawn from the firing line to have the weapon repaired or ammunition replaced. Then the
soldier retires as a first-time firer. Failures to fire due to the soldier not applying immediate action or detecting a target are not
considered alibis.

Verifiable inoperative targets are the only alibis allowed during record fire. Soldiers whose weapons fail to operate due to

Automatic Firing (M16A1)/Burst Firing (M16A2).

(2 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Apply the integrated act of automatic rifle/burst firing using automatic firing positions.

Given an explanation, demonstration, M16A1/A2 rifle with bipod, 21 rounds of ammunition,
and using the automatic firing position from a supported position on a field fire range, engage target exposures at
75, 175, and 300 meters while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

Correctly fire the weapon in 3-round bursts and obtain target hits at each range while

demonstrating control of the weapon in the automatic/burst mode (instructional requirement only).

Protective Mask Firing.

(3 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Engage targets in an NBC environment with the M16A1/A2 rifle.

Given an explanation, demonstration, M16A1/A2 rifle, and 20 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition,
engage 20 five-second exposures of F-type silhouette targets at 25 meters, firing 10 from the prone unsupported
and 10 from the prone or supported position, using semiautomatic fire, while wearing helmet, mask with hood,
gloves, and LBE.

STANDARDS:

Obtain a total of 11 hits out of the 20 target exposures. This is a GO/NO-GO exercise.

Night Fire.

(3 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Engage targets while applying night-fire techniques with the M16A1/A2 rifle.

Given an explanation, demonstration, and practical exercise with 5 rounds during the day, and
with semiautomatic fire at night (EENT), engage F-type silhouette targets at 25 meters from the prone
unsupported position and E-type silhouette targets at 50 meters from the prone supported position; given 35
rounds of tracer and ball mix ammunition and an M16A1/A2 rifle while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

NOTE:

Five rounds are fired during daylight hours, using night-fire techniques for a practice exercise.

Achieve 7 hits out of 30 target exposures. This is a GO/NO-GO exercise.

Advanced Rifle Marksmanship.

(8 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Detect and engage moving and stationary targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle (practice).

Day, on a remote target system range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 8 moving target exposures at
ranges from 35 to 125 meters, 2 stationary target exposures at ranges of 175 and 300 meters, and 10 rounds of
ammunition; engage targets from the semi supported firing position while wearing a helmet and LBE.

STANDARDS:

Obtain at least 5 target hits on the 10 targets exposed.

NOTE:

Soldiers who do not hit at least 5 out of 10 target exposures will perform remedial training before firing the 40-round scenario.

TASK:

Explain the semi supported firing position.

CONDITIONS:

STANDARDS:

Given an explanation and demonstration.

Explain the following performance measures:

a. Increase the grip of the non firing hand.

b. Lift the non firing elbow to maintain a smooth track.

c. Maintain rearward pressure with the firing hand.

d. Lift the firing elbow to maintain a smooth track.

e. Spread feet a comfortable distance apart.

f. Do not assume chest-to-wall contact.

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

STANDARDS:

NOTE:

TASK:

Apply lead guidance rules using the Aid to Improved Marksmanship (AIM) booklet.

Given an explanation and practical application using the AIM booklet.

Each soldier must select the correct lead on a target in an AIM booklet exercise.

Each soldier is tested by the instructor at the end of the exercise.

Perform rapid magazine change.

CONDITIONS:

STANDARDS:

TASK:

Engage the dry-fire mover.

CONDITIONS:

Given an M16A1/A2 rifle and two magazines.

Perform a rapid magazine change within 5 seconds.

Given an explanation, practical exercise, and an M16A1/A2 rifle, the dry-fire mover is engaged
from the semi supported firing position.

STANDARDS:

TASK:

Detect and engage moving and stationary targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle (record fire).

CONDITIONS:

Correctly apply the moving target techniques of tracking and trapping.

Day, on a remote target system range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 30 moving target exposures at
ranges from 35 to 125 meters, 10 stationary target exposures at ranges of 175 and 300 meters, and 40 rounds of
ammunition; engage targets from the semi supported firing position.

STANDARDS:

Obtain at least 15 target hits on the 40 targets exposed.

Advanced Rifle Marksmanship Qualification.

(8 hours)

TASK:

Detect and engage moving and stationary targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.

CONDITIONS:

Day, on a remote target system range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 25 moving target exposures at
ranges from 35 to 185 meters, 25 stationary target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters, and two magazines
with 25 rounds each of 5.56-mm ball ammunition.

STANDARDS:

NOTE:

qualification receive only one refire the same day.

Firing scenario is engaged once for practice and then for qualification. Soldiers who fail to qualify on the initial day of

Each soldier must achieve 18 target hits out of 50 target exposures.

Quick Fire.

(2 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

target exposures of 2 seconds each at 15 meters and 25 meters.

STANDARDS:

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

magazines, and E-type silhouette targets at 75, 175, and 300 meters.

STANDARDS:

Engage F-type and E-type silhouettes at 15 and 25 meters, respectively, using quick-fire techniques.

Day, given an operational M16A1/A2 rifle, 20 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition, and 10

Achieve 7 target hits at 15 meters and 5 target hits at 25 meters for 10 target exposures.

NBC Fire.

(2 hours)

Engage personnel targets while wearing a protective mask.

Day, on a field-fire range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 30 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition, 3

Each firer has 60 seconds at each target distance. The standard for each distance is as follows:

• 75 meters: 7 target hits of 10 rounds.

• 175 meters: 6 target hits of 10 rounds.

• 300 meters: 2 target hits of 10 rounds.

Night Fire.

(4 hours)

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

ammunition, 10 rounds of 5.56-mm tracer ammunition, and 2 magazines- of 15 rounds each; assuming a prone
bipod supported position; using 75 and 175-meter E-type silhouettes; and given 90 seconds at each distance.

STANDARDS:

out of 15 rounds at 175 meters.

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

3 magazines of 10 rounds each, and E-type silhouettes at 75, 175, and 300 meters.

STANDARDS:

Engage targets under artificial illumination.

Night, on a field-fire range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle with bipod, 20 rounds of 5.56-mm ball

Each soldier must obtain a total of 5 target hits out of 15 rounds at 75 meters and 3 target hits

Engage targets using an AN/PVS-4 and M16A1/A2 rifle.

Night, on a field-fire range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 30 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition,

Each firer has 60 seconds at each distance. The standards for each distance are as follows:

• 75 meters: 7 target hits of 10 rounds.

• 175 meters: 5 target hits of 10 rounds.

• 300 meters: 2 target hits of 10 rounds.

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

M16A1/A2 rifle.

Mount, dismount, and place into operation the AN/PVS-4.

During daylight or limited visibility, given an AN/PVS-4 with mounting knob assembly and

STANDARDS:

Each firer performs the following to the standard:

a. Mount the AN/PVS-4 to an M16A1/A2 rifle in three minutes.

b. Dismount the AN/PVS-4 from an M16A1/A2 rifle in one minute.

c. Place the AN/PVS-4 into operation in five minutes.

TASK:

Determine the effects of wind and gravity on sight adjustments for engagements out to 400 meters (500

meters, M16A2).

CONDITIONS:

Given an M16A1/A2 rifle, scaled targets that represent various ranges, scaled sight training aid,
information on wind, paper and pencil, and an explanation and practical application.

STANDARDS:

Each soldier demonstrates the correct sight adjustment technique, considering the effects of

wind and gravity on a bullet at long ranges, and how to apply hold-off on a silhouette target.

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Zero the M16A1/A2 rifle at ranges of 300, 400, 500, and 600 yards.

Given an E-type silhouette and 36 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition fired in four 3-round shot
groups at each range from the prone supported position.

STANDARDS:

Each soldier correctly demonstrates the techniques of sight adjustment to zero the M16A1/A2

rifle for each range, and obtains a zero within 12 rounds at 300, 400, and 500 yards.

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Engage targets at distances of 300, 400, 500, and 600 yards with the M16A1/A2 rifle.

Given an M16A1/A2 rifle and 46 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition on a KD range from the
prone supported position, fire at E-type silhouette targets with 2 sighter rounds fired at each range, 10 rounds at
300, 15 at 400, and 15 at 500 fired in succession.

STANDARDS:

Within the time specified, one minute at 300, two minutes at 400 and two minutes at 500, each
soldier is required to meet the minimum gate at each range and an overall score of 30 hits out of 40 rounds on an
E-type silhouette. Times specified are: 300 yards: 1 minute, 10 rounds achieve 8 hits minimum; 400 yards: 2
minutes, 15 rounds achieve 12 hits minimum; and 500 yards: 2 minutes, 15 rounds achieve 10 hits minimum.

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

Engage scaled silhouette targets using rapid semiautomatic fire.

During daylight hours on a 25-meter range; given an M16A1 rifle, one 20-round magazine of

5.56-mm ball ammunition, and a 25-meter scaled silhouette timed-fire target; using the prone supported firing
position; fire 1 round at each of the 10 silhouettes on the timed-fire target using rapid semiautomatic fire.

NOTE:

limit of 30 seconds. Targets are inspected and posted after each iteration.

STANDARDS:

TASK:

CONDITIONS:

This exercise is fired twice: the first iteration is fired in a time limit of 40 seconds, and the second iteration is fired in a time

Each soldier must obtain 14 silhouette target hits.

Engage a scaled landscape target using suppressive fire.

During daylight hours on a 25-meter range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 25-meter scaled
landscape suppressive fire range, one 15-round magazine, one 10-round magazine, and three 5-round magazines
of 5.56-mm ball ammunition; using the supported firing position. Using rapid semiautomatic fire, fire 9 rounds at
the "open window" area of the target and 12 rounds at the "fence/hedgerow" area of the target. Using automatic
fire, fire three 3-round bursts at the "tank turret" area of the target.

STANDARDS:

Each soldier must obtain 10 hits inside the dotted lines surrounding the "fence/hedgerow" area
within 24 seconds, 5 hits inside the "open window" area within 18 seconds, and 3 hits inside the "tank turret"
area (no time limit).