How it Works
FLIR Systems
Loading...
FLIRE6390
User Manual
110 pgs2.25 Mb1
Table of contents
Loading...

FLIR Systems FLIRE6390 User Manual

Download
User’s manual FLIR Ex series
User’s manual FLIR Ex series
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
iii
Table of contents
1 Disclaimers ............ .. ..................................... .. ................................. 1
1.1 Legal disclaimer ....................................................................... 1
1.2 Usage statistics ........................................................................1
1.3 Changes to registry ...................................................................1
1.4 U.S. Government Regulations...................................................... 1
1.5 Copyright ................................................................................1
1.6 Quality assurance .....................................................................1
1.7 Patents...................................................................................1
1.8 EULA Terms ............................................................................1
1.9 EULA Terms ............................................................................1
2 Safety information .......... .. ..................................... .. ..........................3
3 Notice to user ......... .. ..................................... .. ................................. 7
3.1 User-to-user forums .................................................................. 7
3.2 Calibration...............................................................................7
3.3 Accuracy ................................................................................ 7
3.4 Disposal of electronic waste........................................................ 7
3.5 Training .................................................................................. 7
3.6 Documentation updates ............................................................. 7
3.7 Important note about this manual.................................................. 7
3.8 Note about authoritative versions..................................................8
4 Customer help .............. .. .. .. ............................... .. .. .. ......................... 9
4.1 General ..................................................................................9
4.2 Submitting a question ................................................................9
4.3 Downloads ............................................................................ 10
5.1 Procedure ............................................................................. 11
7.1 Camera parts ......................................................................... 13
7.1.1 Figure........................................................................ 13
7.1.2 Explanation................................................................. 13
7.2 Keypad................................................................................. 14
7.2.1 Figure........................................................................ 14
7.2.2 Explanation................................................................. 14
7.3 Connectors ........................................................................... 15
7.3.1 Figure........................................................................ 15
7.3.2 Explanation................................................................. 15
7.4 Screen elements .................................................................... 15
7.4.1 Figure........................................................................ 15
7.4.2 Explanation................................................................. 15
8.1 Charging the battery................................................................ 16
8.1.1 Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply ............... 16
8.1.2 Charging the battery using the FLIR stand-alone battery
8.1.3 Charging the battery using a USB cable ............................ 16
8.2 Turning on and turning off the camera.......................................... 17
8.3 Saving an image ..................................................................... 17
8.3.1 General...................................................................... 17
8.3.2 Image capacity ............................................................ 17
8.3.3 Naming convention....................................................... 17
8.3.4 Procedure .................................................................. 17
8.4 Recalling an image.................................................................. 17
8.4.1 General...................................................................... 17
charger. ..................................................................... 16
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
v
Table of contents
8.4.2 Procedure .................................................................. 17
8.5 Deleting an image................................................................... 18
8.5.1 General...................................................................... 18
8.5.2 Procedure .................................................................. 18
8.6 Deleting all images.................................................................. 18
8.6.1 General...................................................................... 18
8.6.2 Procedure .................................................................. 18
8.7 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter ................................. 18
8.7.1 General...................................................................... 18
8.7.2 Procedure .................................................................. 18
8.8 Measuring the hottest temperature within an area .......................... 18
8.8.1 General...................................................................... 18
8.8.2 Procedure .................................................................. 19
8.9 Measuring the coldest temperature within an area.......................... 19
8.9.1 General...................................................................... 19
8.9.2 Procedure .................................................................. 19
8.10 Hiding measurement tools ........................................................ 19
8.10.1 Procedure .................................................................. 19
8.11 Changing the color palette ........................................................ 19
8.11.1 General...................................................................... 19
8.11.2 Procedure .................................................................. 19
8.12 Working with color alarms......................................................... 19
8.12.1 General...................................................................... 19
8.12.2 Image examples .......................................................... 20
8.12.3 Procedure .................................................................. 20
8.13 Changing image mode............................................................. 21
8.13.1 General...................................................................... 21
8.13.2 Procedure .................................................................. 22
8.14 Changing the temperature scale mode ........................................ 22
8.14.1 General...................................................................... 22
8.14.2 When to use Lock mode ................................................ 22
8.14.3 When to use Manual mode............................................. 23
8.14.4 Procedure .................................................................. 23
8.15 Setting the emissivity as a surface property .................................. 24
8.15.1 General...................................................................... 24
8.15.2 Procedure .................................................................. 24
8.16 Setting the emissivity as a custom material................................... 24
8.16.1 General...................................................................... 24
8.16.2 Procedure .................................................................. 24
8.17 Changing the emissivity as a custom value ................................... 25
8.17.1 General...................................................................... 25
8.17.2 Procedure .................................................................. 25
8.18 Changing the reflected apparent temperature ............................... 25
8.18.1 General...................................................................... 25
8.18.2 Procedure .................................................................. 25
8.19 Changing the distance between the object and the camera .............. 25
8.19.1 General...................................................................... 25
8.19.2 Procedure .................................................................. 26
8.20 Performing a non-uniformity correction (NUC) ............................... 26
8.20.1 What is a non-uniformity correction?................................. 26
8.20.2 When to perform a non-uniformity correction? .................... 26
8.20.3 Procedure .................................................................. 26
8.21 Configuring Wi-Fi .................................................................... 26
8.21.1 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common
use) .......................................................................... 26
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
vi
Table of contents
8.21.2 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network
(less common use) ....................................................... 27
8.22 Changing the settings .............................................................. 27
8.22.1 General...................................................................... 27
8.22.2 Procedure .................................................................. 28
8.23 Updating the camera ............................................................... 28
8.23.1 General...................................................................... 28
8.23.2 Procedure .................................................................. 28
9.1 Online field-of-view calculator .................................................... 29
9.2 Note about technical data ......................................................... 29
9.3 Note about authoritative versions................................................ 29
9.4 FLIR E4 ................................................................................ 30
9.5 FLIR E4 (incl. Wi-Fi) ................................................................ 33
9.6 FLIR E5 ................................................................................ 36
9.7 FLIR E5 (incl. Wi-Fi) ................................................................ 39
9.8 FLIR E6 ................................................................................ 42
9.9 FLIR E6 (incl. Wi-Fi) ................................................................ 45
9.10 FLIR E8 ................................................................................ 48
9.11 FLIR E8 (incl. Wi-Fi) ................................................................ 51
12.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items..................................... 59
12.1.1 Liquids....................................................................... 59
12.1.2 Equipment.................................................................. 59
12.1.3 Procedure .................................................................. 59
12.2 Infrared lens .......................................................................... 59
12.2.1 Liquids....................................................................... 59
12.2.2 Equipment.................................................................. 59
12.2.3 Procedure .................................................................. 59
13.1 Moisture & water damage ......................................................... 60
13.1.1 General...................................................................... 60
13.1.2 Figure........................................................................ 60
13.2 Faulty contact in socket ............................................................ 60
13.2.1 General...................................................................... 60
13.2.2 Figure........................................................................ 60
13.3 Oxidized socket...................................................................... 61
13.3.1 General...................................................................... 61
13.3.2 Figure........................................................................ 61
13.4 Insulation deficiencies.............................................................. 62
13.4.1 General...................................................................... 62
13.4.2 Figure........................................................................ 62
13.5 Draft .................................................................................... 62
13.5.1 General...................................................................... 62
13.5.2 Figure........................................................................ 62
14.1 More than just an infrared camera .............................................. 65
14.2 Sharing our knowledge ............................................................ 65
14.3 Supporting our customers......................................................... 66
16.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 69
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
vii
Table of contents
16.2 Emissivity.............................................................................. 69
16.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample.................................... 69
16.3 Reflected apparent temperature ................................................. 73
16.4 Distance ............................................................................... 73
16.5 Relative humidity .................................................................... 73
16.6 Other parameters.................................................................... 73
18.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 77
18.2 The electromagnetic spectrum................................................... 77
18.3 Blackbody radiation................................................................. 77
18.3.1 Planck’s law ................................................................ 78
18.3.2 Wien’s displacement law................................................ 79
18.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law ................................................. 80
18.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters................................................. 81
18.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials............................................. 83
20.1 References............................................................................ 88
20.2 Tables .................................................................................. 88
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
viii
1

Disclaimers

1.1 Legal disclaimer

All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction.
Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two (2) years from the delivery date of theoriginal purchase, provided such prod­ucts have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been regis­tered within 60 days of original purchase.
Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten (10) years from the delivery date of the original purchase, pro­vided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.
Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in sys­tems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular supplier only. FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.
The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditions of operation. Expendable partsare excluded from the warranty.
In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage. The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.
FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or work­manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one­year period.
FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.
No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically dis­claims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort or anyother legal theory.
This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law. Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with thiswar-
ranty, shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of ar­bitration shall be Stockholm. The language to be used in thearbitral proceed­ings shall be English.

1.2 Usage statistics

FLIR Systems reserves the right to gather anonymous usage statistics to help maintain and improve the quality of our software and services.

1.3 Changes to registry

The registry entry HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet \Control\Lsa\LmCompatibilityLevel will be automatically changed to level 2 if the FLIR Camera Monitor service detects a FLIR camera connected to the computer with a USB cable. The modification will only be executed if the camera device implements a remote network service that supports network logons.

1.4 U.S. Government Regulations

This product may be subject to U.S. Export Regulations. Please send any in­quiries to exportquestions@flir.com.

1.5 Copyright

© 2016, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems.
The documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied,re­produced, translated or transmitted to any electronic mediumor machine readable form without prior consent, in writing, from FLIR Systems.
Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners.

1.6 Quality assurance

The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard.
FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve the right to make changes andimprovements on any of the prod­ucts without prior notice.

1.7 Patents

One or several of thefollowing patents and/or design patents may apply to the products and/or features. Additional pending patents and/or pending de­sign patents may also apply.
000279476-0001; 000439161; 000499579-0001; 000653423; 000726344; 000859020; 001106306-0001; 001707738; 001707746; 001707787; 001776519; 001954074; 002021543; 002058180; 002249953; 002531178; 0600574-8; 1144833; 1182246; 1182620; 1285345; 1299699; 1325808; 1336775; 1391114; 1402918; 1404291; 1411581; 1415075; 1421497; 1458284; 1678485; 1732314; 2106017; 2107799; 2381417; 3006596; 3006597; 466540; 483782; 484155; 4889913; 5177595; 60122153.2;
602004011681.5-08; 6707044; 68657; 7034300; 7110035; 7154093; 7157705; 7237946; 7312822; 7332716; 7336823; 7544944; 7667198; 7809258 B2; 7826736; 8,153,971; 8,823,803; 8,853,631; 8018649 B2; 8212210 B2; 8289372; 8354639 B2; 8384783; 8520970; 8565547; 8595689; 8599262; 8654239; 8680468; 8803093; D540838; D549758; D579475; D584755; D599,392; D615,113; D664,580; D664,581; D665,004; D665,440; D677298; D710,424 S; D718801; DI6702302-9; DI6903617-9; DI7002221-6; DI7002891-5; DI7002892-3; DI7005799-0; DM/057692; DM/061609; EP 2115696 B1; EP2315433; SE 0700240-5; US 8340414 B2; ZL
201330267619.5; ZL01823221.3; ZL01823226.4; ZL02331553.9; ZL02331554.7; ZL200480034894.0; ZL200530120994.2; ZL200610088759.5; ZL200630130114.4; ZL200730151141.4; ZL200730339504.7; ZL200820105768.8; ZL200830128581.2; ZL200880105236.4; ZL200880105769.2; ZL200930190061.9; ZL201030176127.1; ZL201030176130.3; ZL201030176157.2; ZL201030595931.3; ZL201130442354.9; ZL201230471744.3; ZL201230620731.8.

1.8 EULA Terms

• Youhave acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes soft­ware licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP or its affiliates (“MS”). Those installed software products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and “online” or electronic docu­mentation (“SOFTWARE”) are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties. The SOFTWARE is licensed, not sold. All rights reserved.
• IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (“EULA”), DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE. IN­STEAD, PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUC­TIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE(S) FOR A REFUND.
ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE, WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA (OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT).
• GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE. This EULAgrants you the following license:
◦ Youmay use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE. ◦ NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOL-
ERANT.FLIR SystemsAB HAS INDEPENDENTLYDETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.
◦ NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is
provided “AS IS” and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE) IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTYAGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES
REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE, THOSE WAR­RANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM, AND ARE NOT BINDING ON, MS.
◦ No Liability for Certain Damages. EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY
LAW,MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PER­FORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLYEVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PUR­POSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U.S. TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOL­LARS (U.S.$250.00).
◦ Limitations on Reverse Engineering, Decompilation, and Dis-
assembly. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disas-
semble the SOFTWARE, except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation.
◦ SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRIC-
TIONS. You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device, and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA. If the SOFTWARE is an up­grade, any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE.
◦ EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is
subject to U.S. export jurisdiction. You agree to comply with all ap­plicable international and national laws that apply tothe SOFT­WARE, including the U.S. Export AdministrationRegulations, as well as end-user, end-use and destination restrictions issued by U. S. and other governments. For additional information see http:// www.microsoft.com/exporting/.

1.9 EULA Terms

Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI, Copyright ©2013 Nokia Corporation and FLIR Sys­tems AB. This Qt library is a free software; you can redistribute it and/or mod­ify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General PublicLicense as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it willbe useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITYor FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
1
Disclaimers1
html. The source code for the libraries Qt4 Core and Qt4GUI may be re­quested from FLIR Systems AB.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
2
2

Safety information

WARNING
Applicability: Class B digital devices.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pur­suant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television recep­tion, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to cor­rect the interference by one or more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
WARNING
Applicability: Digital devices subject to 15.19/RSS-210. NOTICE: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS-210 of Industry Canada.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and
2. this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired
operation.
WARNING
Applicability: Digital devices subject to 15.21. NOTICE: Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly approved by FLIR Systems
may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment.
WARNING
Applicability: Digital devices subject to 2.1091/2.1093/OET Bulletin 65. Radiofrequency radiation exposure Information: The radiated output power of the device is below
the FCC/IC radio frequency exposure limits. Nevertheless, the device shall be used in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal operation is minimized.
WARNING
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains safety and protection devi­ces which, if damage occurs, can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition.
WARNING
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
If there is a leak from the battery and you get the fluid in your eyes, do not rub your eyes. Flush well with water and immediately get medical care. The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this.
WARNING
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time. If you continue to charge the battery, it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition. Injury to per­sons can occur.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
3
2
Safety information
WARNING
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Only use the correct equipment to remove the electrical power from the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion. Injury to persons can occur.
WARNING
Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on con­tainers before you use a liquid. The liquids can be dangerous. Injury to persons can occur.
CAUTION
Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at strong energy sources, for example, devices that cause laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera.
CAUTION
Do not use the camera in temperatures more than +50°C (+122°F), unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data. High temperatures can cause damage to the camera.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless FLIR Systems supplies a specific adapter to connect the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket. Damage to the batteries can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object (such as wire). Damage to the batteries can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to become wet. Damage to the bat­teries can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Damage to the battery can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not hit the battery with a hammer. Damage to the battery can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not put your foot on the battery, hit it or cause shocks to it. Damage to the battery can occur.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
4
2
Safety information
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery becomes hot, the built­in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging procedure. If the battery be­comes hot, damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or igni­tion of the battery.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat. Damage to the bat­tery and injury to persons can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature locations. Damage to the bat­tery and injury to persons can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not solder directly onto the battery. Damage to the battery can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Do not use the battery if, when you use, charge, or put the battery in storage, there is an unusual smell from the battery, the battery feels hot, changes color, changes shape, or is in an unusual condition. Speak with your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs. Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery. Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Only use a specified battery for the camera. Damage to the camera and the battery can occur if you do not do this.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is +10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F). If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range, it can cause the battery to become hot or to break. It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
The temperature range through which you can remove the electrical power from the battery is -15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data. If you operate the battery out of this temperature range, it can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
5
2
Safety information
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or equivalent materials before you discard it. Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur if you do not do this.
CAUTION
Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this.
CAUTION
Do not apply solvents or equivalent liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. Damage to the bat­tery and injury to persons can occur.
CAUTION
Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has an anti-reflective coating which is easily dam­aged. Damage to the infrared lens can occur.
CAUTION
Do not use too much force to clean the infrared lens. This can cause damage to the anti-reflective coating.
Note The encapsulation rating is only applicable when all the openings on the camera are sealed with their correct covers, hatches, or caps. This includes the compartments for data storage, batteries, and connectors.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
6
3

Notice to user

3.1 User-to-user forums

Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:
http://forum.infraredtraining.com/

3.2 Calibration

We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your lo­cal sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.

3.3 Accuracy

For very accurate results, we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature.

3.4 Disposal of electronic waste

As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen­tally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste.
Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details.

3.5 Training

To read about infrared training, visit:
• http://www.infraredtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.eu

3.6 Documentation updates

Our manuals are updated several times per year, and we also issue product-critical notifi­cations of changes on a regular basis.
To access the latest manuals, translations of manuals, and notifications, go to the Down­load tab at:
http://support.flir.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the
latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.

3.7 Important note about this manual

FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
7
Notice to user3
This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

3.8 Note about authoritative versions

The authoritative version of this publication is English. In the event of divergences due to translation errors, the English text has precedence.
Any late changes are first implemented in English.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
8
4

Customer help

4.1 General

For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com

4.2 Submitting a question

To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
When you want to submit a question, make sure that you have the following information to hand:
• The camera model
• The camera serial number
• The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex­ample, SD card reader, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire)
• Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.)
• Version of any programs from FLIR Systems
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
9
4
Customer help
• Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual

4.3 Downloads

On the customer help site you can also download the following, when applicable for the product:
• Firmware updates for your infrared camera.
• Program updates for your PC/Mac software.
• Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software.
• User documentation for current, obsolete, and historical products.
• Mechanical drawings (in *.dxf and *.pdf format).
• Cad data models (in *.stp format).
• Application stories.
• Technical datasheets.
• Product catalogs.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
10
5

Quick Start Guide

5.1 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Charge the battery. You can do this in three different ways:
• Charge the battery using the FLIR stand-alone battery charger.
• Charge the battery using the FLIR power supply.
• Charge the battery using a USB cable connected to a computer. Note Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes
considerably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand-alone battery charger.
2. Push the On/off button
3. Open the lens cap by pushing the lens cap lever.
4. Aim the camera toward your target of interest.
5. Pull the trigger to save an image. (Optional steps)
6. Install FLIR Tools on your computer.
7. Start FLIR Tools.
8. Connect the camera to your computer, using the USB cable.
9. Import the images into FLIR Tools.
10. Create a PDF report in FLIR Tools.
to turn on the camera.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
11
6

List of accessories and services

Product name Part number
Battery T198530
Battery charger incl power supply T198531
Car charger
FLIR Tools+ (license only) T198583
Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series T198528
One year extended warranty for Ex or ix series T199806
Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series T198529 Power supply USB-micro T198534
Tool belt T911093 USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
Note FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice.
T198532
T198533
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
12
7

Description

7.1 Camera parts

7.1.1 Figure

7.1.2 Explanation

1. Digital camera lens.
2. Infrared lens.
3. Lever to open and close the lens cap.
4. Trigger to save images.
5. Battery.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
13
7
Description

7.2 Keypad

7.2.1 Figure

7.2.2 Explanation

1. Camera screen.
2. Archive button Function:
• Push to open the image archive.
3. Navigation pad. Function:
• Push left/right or up/down to navigate in menus, submenus, and dialog boxes.
• Push the center to confirm.
4. Cancel button Function:
• Push to cancel a choice.
• Push to go back into the menu system.
5. On/off button Function:
• Push the
• Push and hold the
mode. The camera then automatically turns off after 48 hours.
• Push and hold the
.
.
button to turn on the camera.
button for less than 5 seconds to put the camera in standby
button for more than 10 seconds to turn off the camera.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
14
7
Description

7.3 Connectors

7.3.1 Figure

7.3.2 Explanation

The purpose of this USB mini-B connector is the following:
• Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply.
• Charging the battery using a USB cable connected to a computer.
Note Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes con- siderably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand-alone battery
charger.
• Moving images from the camera to a computer for further analysis in FLIR Tools.
Note Install FLIR Tools on your computer before you move the images.

7.4 Screen elements

7.4.1 Figure

7.4.2 Explanation

1. Main menu toolbar.
2. Submenu toolbar.
3. Spotmeter.
4. Result table.
5. Status icons.
6. Temperature scale.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
15
8

Operation

8.1 Charging the battery

WARNING
For equipment with plugs: Make sure that you install the socket-outlet near the equipment and that it is easy to get access to.

8.1.1 Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply

Follow this procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to a wall outlet.
2. Connect the power supply cable to the USB connector on the camera.
NOTE
The charging time for a fully depleted battery is 2 hours.

8.1.2 Charging the battery using the FLIR stand-alone battery charger.

Follow this procedure:
1. Connect the stand-alone battery charger to a wall outlet.
2. Remove the battery from the camera.
3. Put the battery into the stand-alone battery charger.
NOTE
• The charging time for a fully depleted battery is 2 hours.
• The battery is being charged when the blue LED is flashing.
• The battery is fully charged when the blue LED is continuous.

8.1.3 Charging the battery using a USB cable

Follow this procedure:
1. Connect the camera to a computer using a USB cable.
NOTE
• To charge the camera, the computer must be turned on.
• Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes considerably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand-alone battery charger.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
16
8
Operation

8.2 Turning on and turning off the camera

• Push the button to turn on the camera.
• Push and hold the mode. The camera then automatically turns off after 48 hours.
• Push and hold the
button for less than 5 seconds to put the camera in standby
button for more than 10 seconds to turn off the camera.

8.3 Saving an image

8.3.1 General

You can save multiple images to the internal camera memory.

8.3.2 Image capacity

Approximately 500 images can be saved to the internal camera memory.

8.3.3 Naming convention

The naming convention for images is FLIRxxxx.jpg, where xxxx is a unique counter.

8.3.4 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. To save an image, pull the trigger.

8.4 Recalling an image

8.4.1 General

When you save an image, it is stored in the internal camera memory. To display the im­age again, you can recall it from the internal camera memory.

8.4.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Archive button
2. Push the navigation pad left/right or up/down to select the image you want to view.
3. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays the selected image.
4. To return to live mode, push the Cancel button
button
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
.
.
repeatedly or push the Archive
17
8
Operation

8.5 Deleting an image

8.5.1 General

You can delete one or more images from the internal camera memory.

8.5.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Archive button
2. Push the navigation pad left/right or up/down to select the image you want to view.
3. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays the selected image.
4. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
5. On the toolbar, select Delete
.
.

8.6 Deleting all images

8.6.1 General

You can delete all images from the internal camera memory.

8.6.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. In the dialog box, select Device settings. This displays a dialog box.
4. In the dialog box, select Reset options. This displays a dialog box.
5. In the dialog box, select Delete all saved images.
. This displays a dialog box.
8.7 Measuring a temperature using a
spotmeter

8.7.1 General

You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter. This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen.

8.7.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Measurement
3. On the toolbar, select Center spot
The temperature at the position of the spotmeter will now be displayed in the top left corner of the screen.
. This displays a toolbar.
.
8.8 Measuring the hottest temperature within
an area

8.8.1 General

You can measure the hottest temperature within an area. This displays a moving spot­meter that indicates the hottest temperature.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
18
8
Operation

8.8.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Measurement
3. On the toolbar, select Auto hot spot
. This displays a toolbar.
.
8.9 Measuring the coldest temperature within
an area

8.9.1 General

You can measure the coldest temperature within an area. This displays a moving spot­meter that indicates the coldest temperature.

8.9.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Measurement
3. On the toolbar, select Auto cold spot
. This displays a toolbar.
.

8.10 Hiding measurement tools

8.10.1 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Measurement
3. On the toolbar, select No measurements
. This displays a toolbar.
.

8.11 Changing the color palette

8.11.1 General

You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different temperatures. A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image.

8.11.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Color
3. On the toolbar, select a new color palette.
. This displays a toolbar.

8.12 Working with color alarms

8.12.1 General

By using color alarms (isotherms), anomalies can easily be discovered in an infrared im­age. The isotherm command applies a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above or below the specified temperature level.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
19
8
Operation

8.12.2 Image examples

This table explains the different color alarms (isotherms).
Color alarm
Below alarm
Above alarm
Image

8.12.3 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Color
. This displays a toolbar.
3. On the toolbar, select the type of alarm:
• Below alarm
• Above alarm
.
.
4. Push the center of the navigation pad. The threshold temperature is displayed at the
bottom of the screen.
5. To change the threshold temperature, push the navigation pad up/down.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
20
8
Operation

8.13 Changing image mode

8.13.1 General

The camera can operate in five different image modes:
• Thermal MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): The camera displays an infrared im­age where the edges of the objects are enhanced.
• Thermal: The camera displays a fully thermal image.
• Picture-in-picture: The camera displays a digital camera image with a superimposed infrared image frame.
• Thermal blending: The camera displays a blended image that uses a mix of infrared pixels and digital photo pixels. The mixing level can be adjusted.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
21
8
Operation
• Digital camera: The camera displays a digital camera image.
To display a good fusion image (Thermal MSX, Picture-in-picture, and Thermal blending modes), the camera must make adjustments to compensate for the small difference in position between the digital camera lens and the infrared lens. To adjust the image accu­rately, the camera requires the alignment distance (i.e., the distance to the object).

8.13.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Image mode
3. On the toolbar, select one of the following:
. This displays a toolbar.
• Thermal MSX
• Thermal
• Picture-in-picture
• Thermal blending level.
• Digital camera
4. If you have selected the Thermal MSX, Picture-in-picture, or Thermal blending mode, also set the distance to the object by doing the following:
• On the Image mode toolbar, select Alignment distance
box.
• In the dialog box, select the distance to the object.
.
.
.
. This displays a dialog box where you can select the mixing
.
. This displays a dialog

8.14 Changing the temperature scale mode

8.14.1 General

The camera can, depending on the camera model, operate in different temperature scale modes:
• Auto mode: In this mode, the camera is continuously auto-adjusted for the best image
brightness and contrast.
• Lock mode: In this mode, the camera locks the temperature span and the temperature
level.
• Manual mode: This mode allows manual adjustments of the temperature span and
the temperature level.

8.14.2 When to use Lock mode

A typical situation where you would want to use Lock mode is when looking for tempera­ture anomalies in two items with a similar design or construction.
For example, if you are looking at two cables, where you suspect one is overheated, working in Lock mode will clearly show that one is overheated. The higher temperature in that cable would create a lighter color for the higher temperature.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
22
8
Operation
If you use Auto mode instead, the color for the two items will appear the same.

8.14.3 When to use Manual mode

8.14.3.1 Example 1
Here are two infrared images of a building. In the left image, which is auto-adjusted, the large temperature span between the clear sky and the heated building makes a correct analysis difficult. You can analyze the building in more detail if you change the tempera­ture scale to values close to the temperature of the building.
Automatic Manual
8.14.3.2 Example 2
Here are two infrared images of an isolator in a power line. To make it easier to analyze the temperature variations in the isolator, the temperature scale in the right image has been changed to values close to the temperature of the isolator.
Automatic Manual

8.14.4 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Temperature scale
. This displays a toolbar.
3. On the toolbar, select one of the following:
• Auto
• Lock
• Manual
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
.
.
.
23
8
Operation
4. To change the temperature span and the temperature level in Manual mode, do the following:
• Push the navigation pad left/right to select (highlight) the maximum and/or mini-
mum temperature.
• Push the navigation pad up/down to change the value of the highlighted
temperature.
8.15 Setting the emissivity as a surface
property

8.15.1 General

To measure temperatures accurately, the camera must know what kind of surface you are measuring. You can choose between the following surface properties:
• Matt.
• Semi-matt.
• Semi-glossy.
For more information about emissivity, see section 16 Thermographic measurement techniques, page 69.

8.15.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. In the dialog box, select Measurement parameters. This displays a dialog box.
4. In the dialog box, select Emissivity. This displays a dialog box.
5. In the dialog box, select one of the following:
• Matt.
• Semi-matt.
• Semi-glossy.
. This displays a dialog box.
8.16 Setting the emissivity as a custom
material

8.16.1 General

Instead of specifying a surface property as matt, semi-matt or semi-glossy, you can spec­ify a custom material from a list of materials.
For more information about emissivity, see section 16 Thermographic measurement techniques, page 69.

8.16.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. In the dialog box, select Measurement parameters. This displays a dialog box.
4. In the dialog box, select Emissivity. This displays a dialog box.
5. In the dialog box, select Custom material. This displays a list of materials with known emissivities.
6. In the list, select the material.
. This displays a dialog box.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
24
8
Operation
8.17 Changing the emissivity as a custom
value

8.17.1 General

For very precise measurements, you may need to set the emissivity, instead of selecting a surface property or a custom material. You also need to understand how emissivity and reflectivity affect measurements, rather than just simply selecting a surface property.
Emissivity is a property that indicates how much radiation originates from an object as opposed to being reflected by it. A lower value indicates that a larger proportion is being reflected, while a high value indicates that a lower proportion is being reflected.
Polished stainless steel, for example, has an emissivity of 0.14, while a structured PVC floor typically has an emissivity of 0.93.
For more information about emissivity, see section 16 Thermographic measurement techniques, page 69.

8.17.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. In the dialog box, select Measurement parameters. This displays a dialog box.
4. In the dialog box, select Emissivity. This displays a dialog box.
5. In the dialog box, select Custom value. This displays a dialog box where you can set a custom value.
. This displays a dialog box.
8.18 Changing the reflected apparent
temperature

8.18.1 General

This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature significantly different from that of the re­flected temperature, it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.
For more information about reflected apparent temperature, see section 16 Thermo- graphic measurement techniques, page 69.

8.18.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. In the dialog box, select Measurement parameters. This displays a dialog box.
4. In the dialog box, select Reflected apparent temperature. This displays a dialog box where you can set a value.
. This displays a dialog box.
8.19 Changing the distance between the object
and the camera

8.19.1 General

To measure temperatures accurately, the camera requires the distance between the camera and the object.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
25
8
Operation

8.19.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. In the dialog box, select Measurement parameters. This displays a dialog box.
4. In the dialog box, select Distance. This displays a dialog box where you can select a distance.
. This displays a dialog box.
8.20 Performing a non-uniformity correction
(NUC)

8.20.1 What is a non-uniformity correction?

A non-uniformity correction is an image correction carried out by the camera software to compensate for different sensitivities of detector elements and other optical and geomet­rical disturbances
1
.

8.20.2 When to perform a non-uniformity correction?

The non-uniformity correction process should be carried out whenever the output image becomes spatially noisy. The output can become spatially noisy when the ambient tem­perature changes (such as from day to night operation, and vice versa).

8.20.3 Procedure

To perform a non-uniformity correction, push and hold the Image archive button more than 2 seconds.
for

8.21 Configuring Wi-Fi

Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to another device.
You can connect the camera in two different ways:
• Most common use: Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (also called an ad hoc or
P2P connection). This method is primarily used with other devices, e.g., an iPhone or iPad.
• Less common use: Connecting the camera to a WLAN.

8.21.1 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use)

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. Select Device settings and push the center of the navigation pad.
4. Select Wi-Fi and push the center of the navigation pad.
5. Select Share and push the center of the navigation pad.
. This displays a dialog box.
1. Definition from the impending international adoption of DIN 54190-3 (Non-destructive testing – Thermographic
testing – Part 3: Terms and definitions).
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
26
8
Operation
6. (Optional step.) To display and change the parameters, select Settings and push the center of the navigation pad.
• To change the channel (the channel that the camera is broadcasting on), select
Channel and push the center of the navigation pad.
• To activate WEP (encryption algorithm), select WEP and push the center of the
navigation pad. This will check the WEP check box.
• To change the WEP password, select Password and push the center of the navi-
gation pad.
Note These parameters are set for your camera’s network. They will be used by the external device to connect that device to the network.
8.21.2 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common
use)
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. Select Device settings and push the center of the navigation pad.
4. Select Wi-Fi and push the center of the navigation pad.
5. Select Connect to network and push the center of the navigation pad.
6. To display a list of the available networks, select Networks and push the center of the navigation pad.
7. Select one of the available networks. Password-protected networks are indicated with a padlock icon, and for these you will need to enter a password.
Note Some networks do not broadcast their existence. To connect to such a network, select Add network... and set all parameters manually according to that network.
. This displays a dialog box.

8.22 Changing the settings

8.22.1 General

You can change a variety of settings for the camera. The Settings menu includes the following:
• Measurement parameters.
• Save options.
• Device settings.
8.22.1.1 Measurement parameters
• Emissivity.
• Reflected temperature.
• Distance.
8.22.1.2 Save options
• Photo as separate JPEG: When this menu command is selected, the digital photo
from the visual camera is saved at its full field of view as a separate JPEG image.
8.22.1.3 Device settings
• Language, time & units:
◦ Language. ◦ Temperature unit. ◦ Distance unit. ◦ Date & time. ◦ Date & time format.
• Wi-Fi
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
27
8
Operation
◦ Off ◦ Share ◦ Connect to network
– Networks
• Reset options:
◦ Reset default camera mode. ◦ Reset device settings to factory default. ◦ Delete all saved images.
• Auto power off.
• Display intensity.
• Demonstration mode: This menu command provides a camera mode that displays
various images without any user interventions. The camera mode is intended for dem­onstration purposes or when displaying the camera in a store.
◦ Off. ◦ Electrical applications. ◦ Building applications.
• Camera information: This menu command displays various items of information about
the camera, such as the model, serial number, and software version.

8.22.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar.
2. On the toolbar, select Settings
3. In the dialog box, select the setting that you want to change and use the navigation pad to display additional dialog boxes.
. This displays a dialog box.

8.23 Updating the camera

8.23.1 General

To take advantage of our latest camera firmware, it is important that you keep your cam­era updated. You update your camera using FLIR Tools.

8.23.2 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Start FLIR Tools.
2. Start the camera.
3. Connect the camera to the computer using the USB cable.
4. On the Help menu in FLIR Tools, click Check for updates.
5. Follow the on-screen instructions.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
28
9

Technical data

Table of contents

9.1 Online field-of-view calculator

Please visit http://support.flir.com and click the photo of the camera series for field-of-
view tables for all lens–camera combinations.

9.2 Note about technical data

FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Please check http://support.flir.com for latest changes.

9.3 Note about authoritative versions

The authoritative version of this publication is English. In the event of divergences due to translation errors, the English text has precedence.
Any late changes are first implemented in English.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
29
Technical data9

9.4 FLIR E4

P/N: 63901-0101 Rev.: 40418
General description
The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments. The wide field of view makes them the perfect choice for building applications.
Benefits:
• Easy to use: The FLIR Ex series cameras are fully automatic and focus-free with an intuitive inter­face for simple measurements in thermal, visual, or MSX mode.
• Compact and rugged: The FLIR Ex series cameras’ low weight of 0.575 kg and the accessory belt pouch make them easy to bring along at all times. Their rugged design can withstand a 2 m drop test, and ensures reliability, even in harsh environments.
• Ground breaking affordability: The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 80 × 60 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD <0.15°C (0.27°F) / <150 mK
Field of view (FOV)
Minimum focus distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
F-number 1.5 Image frequency 9 Hz
Focus Focus free
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
Spectral range
Image presentation
Display 3.0 in. 320 × 240 color LCD
Image adjustment Automatic adjust/lock image
Image presentation modes
Image modes
Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging (MSX)
45° × 34°
10.3 mrad
microbolometer
7.5–13 µm
Thermal MSX, Thermal, Thermal blending, Digital camera.
IR image with enhanced detail presentation
Measurement
Object temperature range –20°C to +250°C (–4°F to +482°F)
Accuracy
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter Center spot
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.0
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
±2°C (±3.6°F) or ±2% of reading, for ambient tem­perature 10°C to 35°C (+50°F to 95°F) and object temperature above +0°C (+32°F)
30
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
Set-up
Color palettes
Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time
Storage of images
File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data
Digital camera
Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480
Digital camera, FOV
temperature
Black and white, iron and rainbow
formats
included
55° × 43°
Data communication interfaces
Interfaces USB Micro: Data transfer to and from PC and
Power system
Battery type Rechargeable Li ion battery
Battery voltage 3.6 V
Battery operating time
Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific
Charging time
Charging temperature 10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F)
Power management Automatic shut-down
AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input, 5 VDC output to
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity
EMC
Encapsulation
Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.)
Mac device
Approx. 4 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient tem­perature and typical use
charger.
2.5 hours to 90% capacity in camera. 2 hours in charger.
camera
• WEEE 2012/19/EC
• RoHs 2011/65/EC
• C-Tick
• EN 61000-6-3
• EN 61000-6-2
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B IP 54 (IEC 60529)
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
31
Technical data9
Physical data
Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.)
Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.)
Color Black and gray
Certifications
Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.)
Packaging, size 385 × 165 × 315 mm (15.2 × 6.5 × 12.4 in.)
EAN-13 4743254000995 UPC-12 Country of origin
• Infrared camera
• Hard transport case
• Battery (inside camera)
• USB cable
• Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs
• Printed documentation
845188004941 Estonia
Supplies & accessories:
• T911093; Tool belt
• T198528; Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series
• T198530; Battery
• T198531; Battery charger incl power supply
• T198532; Car charger
• T198534; Power supply USB-micro
• T198529; Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series
• T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
• T199362ACC; Battery Li-ion 3.6 V, 2.6 Ah, 9.4 Wh
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
32
Technical data9

9.5 FLIR E4 (incl. Wi-Fi)

P/N: 63906-0604 Rev.: 40418
General description
The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments. The wide field of view makes them the perfect choice for building applications.
Benefits:
• Easy to use: The FLIR Ex series cameras are fully automatic and focus-free with an intuitive inter­face for simple measurements in thermal, visual, or MSX mode.
• Compact and rugged: The FLIR Ex series cameras’ low weight of 0.575 kg and the accessory belt pouch make them easy to bring along at all times. Their rugged design can withstand a 2 m drop test, and ensures reliability, even in harsh environments.
• Ground breaking affordability: The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 80 × 60 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD <0.15°C (0.27°F) / <150 mK
Field of view (FOV)
Minimum focus distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
F-number 1.5 Image frequency 9 Hz
Focus Focus free
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
Spectral range
Image presentation
Display 3.0 in. 320 × 240 color LCD
Image adjustment
Image presentation modes
Image modes Thermal MSX, Thermal, Picture-in-Picture, Ther-
Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging (MSX) IR image with enhanced detail presentation
Picture-in-Picture IR area on visual image
45° × 34°
10.3 mrad
microbolometer
7.5–13 µm
Automatic adjust/lock image
mal blending, Digital camera.
Measurement
Object temperature range –20°C to +250°C (–4°F to +482°F)
Accuracy ±2°C (±3.6°F) or ±2% of reading, for ambient tem-
perature 10°C to 35°C (+50°F to 95°F) and object temperature above +0°C (+32°F)
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter Center spot
Area Box with max./min.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
33
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Isotherm Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.0
Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
Set-up
Color palettes Black and white, iron and rainbow
Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time
Storage of images
File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data
Digital camera
Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480
Digital camera, FOV
Above/below/interval
temperature
formats
included
55° × 43°
Data communication interfaces
Interfaces USB Micro: Data transfer to and from PC and
Wi-Fi Peer-to-peer (ad hoc) or infrastructure (network)
Radio
Wi-Fi
Power system
Battery type Rechargeable Li ion battery
Battery voltage 3.6 V
Battery operating time
Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific
Charging time
Charging temperature 10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F)
Power management Automatic shut-down
AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input, 5 VDC output to
Mac device
• Standard: 802.11 b/g/n
• Frequency range: ◦ 2400–2480 MHz
◦ 5150–5260 MHz
• Max. output power: 15 dBm
Approx. 4 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient tem­perature and typical use
charger.
2.5 hours to 90% capacity in camera. 2 hours in
charger.
camera
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
34
Technical data9
Environmental data
EMC
Radio spectrum
Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529)
Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.)
Physical data
Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.)
Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.)
Color Black and gray
• WEEE 2012/19/EC
• RoHs 2011/65/EC
• C-Tick
• EN 61000-6-3
• EN 61000-6-2
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B
• ETSI EN 300 328
• FCC 47 CSR Part 15
• RSS-247 Issue 1
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Certifications
Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.)
Packaging, size 385 × 165 × 315 mm (15.2 × 6.5 × 12.4 in.)
EAN-13 4743254002869 UPC-12 Country of origin Estonia
• Infrared camera
• Hard transport case
• Battery (inside camera)
• USB cable
• Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs
• Printed documentation
845188014117
Supplies & accessories:
• T911093; Tool belt
• T198528; Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series
• T198530; Battery
• T198531; Battery charger incl power supply
• T198532; Car charger
• T198534; Power supply USB-micro
• T198529; Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series
• T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
• T199362ACC; Battery Li-ion 3.6 V, 2.6 Ah, 9.4 Wh
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
35
Technical data9

9.6 FLIR E5

P/N: 63905-0501 Rev.: 40418
General description
The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments. The wide field of view makes them the perfect choice for building applications.
Benefits:
• Easy to use: The FLIR Ex series cameras are fully automatic and focus-free with an intuitive inter­face for simple measurements in thermal, visual, or MSX mode.
• Compact and rugged: The FLIR Ex series cameras’ low weight of 0.575 kg and the accessory belt pouch make them easy to bring along at all times. Their rugged design can withstand a 2 m drop test, and ensures reliability, even in harsh environments.
• Ground breaking affordability: The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 120 × 90 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD <0.10°C (0.27°F) / <100 mK
Field of view (FOV)
Minimum focus distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
F-number 1.5 Image frequency 9 Hz
Focus Focus free
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
Spectral range
Image presentation
Display 3.0 in. 320 × 240 color LCD
Image adjustment Automatic adjust/lock image
Image presentation modes
Image modes
Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging (MSX)
45° × 34°
6.9 mrad
microbolometer
7.5–13 µm
Thermal MSX, Thermal, Thermal blending, Digital camera.
IR image with enhanced detail presentation
Measurement
Object temperature range –20°C to +250°C (–4°F to +482°F)
Accuracy
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter Center spot
Area Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.0
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
±2°C (±3.6°F) or ±2% of reading, for ambient tem­perature 10°C to 35°C (+50°F to 95°F) and object temperature above +0°C (+32°F)
Box with max./min.
36
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
Set-up
Color palettes
Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time
Storage of images
File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data
Digital camera
Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480
Digital camera, FOV
temperature
Black and white, iron and rainbow
formats
included
55° × 43°
Data communication interfaces
Interfaces USB Micro: Data transfer to and from PC and
Power system
Battery type Rechargeable Li ion battery
Battery voltage 3.6 V
Battery operating time
Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific
Charging time
Charging temperature 10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F)
Power management Automatic shut-down
AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input, 5 VDC output to
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity
EMC
Encapsulation
Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.)
Mac device
Approx. 4 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient tem­perature and typical use
charger.
2.5 hours to 90% capacity in camera. 2 hours in charger.
camera
• WEEE 2012/19/EC
• RoHs 2011/65/EC
• C-Tick
• EN 61000-6-3
• EN 61000-6-2
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B IP 54 (IEC 60529)
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
37
Technical data9
Physical data
Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.)
Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.)
Color Black and gray
Certifications
Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.)
Packaging, size 385 × 165 × 315 mm (15.2 × 6.5 × 12.4 in.)
EAN-13 4743254001114 UPC-12 Country of origin
• Infrared camera
• Hard transport case
• Battery (inside camera)
• USB cable
• Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs
• Printed documentation
845188005146 Estonia
Supplies & accessories:
• T911093; Tool belt
• T198528; Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series
• T198530; Battery
• T198531; Battery charger incl power supply
• T198532; Car charger
• T198534; Power supply USB-micro
• T198529; Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series
• T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
• T199362ACC; Battery Li-ion 3.6 V, 2.6 Ah, 9.4 Wh
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
38
Technical data9

9.7 FLIR E5 (incl. Wi-Fi)

P/N: 63909-0904 Rev.: 40418
General description
The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments. The wide field of view makes them the perfect choice for building applications.
Benefits:
• Easy to use: The FLIR Ex series cameras are fully automatic and focus-free with an intuitive inter­face for simple measurements in thermal, visual, or MSX mode.
• Compact and rugged: The FLIR Ex series cameras’ low weight of 0.575 kg and the accessory belt pouch make them easy to bring along at all times. Their rugged design can withstand a 2 m drop test, and ensures reliability, even in harsh environments.
• Ground breaking affordability: The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 120 × 90 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD <0.10°C (0.27°F) / <100 mK
Field of view (FOV)
Minimum focus distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
F-number 1.5 Image frequency 9 Hz
Focus Focus free
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
Spectral range
Image presentation
Display 3.0 in. 320 × 240 color LCD
Image adjustment
Image presentation modes
Image modes Thermal MSX, Thermal, Picture-in-Picture, Ther-
Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging (MSX) IR image with enhanced detail presentation
Picture-in-Picture IR area on visual image
45° × 34°
6.9 mrad
microbolometer
7.5–13 µm
Automatic adjust/lock image
mal blending, Digital camera.
Measurement
Object temperature range –20°C to +250°C (–4°F to +482°F)
Accuracy ±2°C (±3.6°F) or ±2% of reading, for ambient tem-
perature 10°C to 35°C (+50°F to 95°F) and object temperature above +0°C (+32°F)
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter Center spot
Area Box with max./min.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
39
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Isotherm Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.0
Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
Set-up
Color palettes Black and white, iron and rainbow
Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time
Storage of images
File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data
Digital camera
Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480
Digital camera, FOV
Above/below/interval
temperature
formats
included
55° × 43°
Data communication interfaces
Interfaces USB Micro: Data transfer to and from PC and
Wi-Fi Peer-to-peer (ad hoc) or infrastructure (network)
Radio
Wi-Fi
Power system
Battery type Rechargeable Li ion battery
Battery voltage 3.6 V
Battery operating time
Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific
Charging time
Charging temperature 10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F)
Power management Automatic shut-down
AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input, 5 VDC output to
Mac device
• Standard: 802.11 b/g/n
• Frequency range: ◦ 2400–2480 MHz
◦ 5150–5260 MHz
• Max. output power: 15 dBm
Approx. 4 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient tem­perature and typical use
charger.
2.5 hours to 90% capacity in camera. 2 hours in
charger.
camera
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
40
Technical data9
Environmental data
EMC
Radio spectrum
Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529)
Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.)
• WEEE 2012/19/EC
• RoHs 2011/65/EC
• C-Tick
• EN 61000-6-3
• EN 61000-6-2
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B
• Standard: 802.11 b/g/n
• Frequency range: ◦ 2400–2480 MHz
◦ 5150–5260 MHz
• Max. output power: 15 dBm
Physical data
Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.)
Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.)
Color Black and gray
Certifications
Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.)
Packaging, size 385 × 165 × 315 mm (15.2 × 6.5 × 12.4 in.)
EAN-13 4743254002876 UPC-12 Country of origin
• Infrared camera
• Hard transport case
• Battery (inside camera)
• USB cable
• Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs
• Printed documentation
845188014124 Estonia
Supplies & accessories:
• T911093; Tool belt
• T198528; Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series
• T198530; Battery
• T198531; Battery charger incl power supply
• T198532; Car charger
• T198534; Power supply USB-micro
• T198529; Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series
• T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
• T199362ACC; Battery Li-ion 3.6 V, 2.6 Ah, 9.4 Wh
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
41
Technical data9

9.8 FLIR E6

P/N: 63902-0202 Rev.: 40418
General description
The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments. The wide field of view makes them the perfect choice for building applications.
Benefits:
• Easy to use: The FLIR Ex series cameras are fully automatic and focus-free with an intuitive inter­face for simple measurements in thermal, visual, or MSX mode.
• Compact and rugged: The FLIR Ex series cameras’ low weight of 0.575 kg and the accessory belt pouch make them easy to bring along at all times. Their rugged design can withstand a 2 m drop test, and ensures reliability, even in harsh environments.
• Ground breaking affordability: The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 160 × 120 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD <0.06°C (0.11°F) / <60 mK
Field of view (FOV)
Minimum focus distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
F-number 1.5 Image frequency 9 Hz
Focus Focus free
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
Spectral range
Image presentation
Display 3.0 in. 320 × 240 color LCD
Image adjustment Automatic/Manual
Image presentation modes
Image modes Thermal MSX, Thermal, Picture-in-Picture, Ther-
Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging (MSX) IR image with enhanced detail presentation
Picture in Picture IR area on visual image
45° × 34°
5.2 mrad
microbolometer
7.5–13 µm
mal blending, Digital camera.
Measurement
Object temperature range –20°C to +250°C (–4°F to +482°F)
Accuracy
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter Center spot
Area Box with max./min.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
±2°C (±3.6°F) or ±2% of reading, for ambient tem­perature 10°C to 35°C (+50°F to 95°F) and object temperature above +0°C (+32°F)
42
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.0
Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
Set-up
Color palettes
Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time
Storage of images
File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data
Digital camera
Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480
Digital camera, FOV
temperature
Black and white, iron and rainbow
formats
included
55° × 43°
Data communication interfaces
Interfaces USB Micro: Data transfer to and from PC and
Power system
Battery type Rechargeable Li ion battery
Battery voltage 3.6 V
Battery operating time Approx. 4 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient tem-
Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific
Charging time 2.5 hours to 90% capacity in camera. 2 hours in
Charging temperature 10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F)
Power management Automatic shut-down
AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input, 5 VDC output to
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity
EMC
Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529)
Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.)
Mac device
perature and typical use
charger.
charger.
camera
• WEEE 2012/19/EC
• RoHs 2011/65/EC
• C-Tick
• EN 61000-6-3
• EN 61000-6-2
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
43
Technical data9
Physical data
Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.)
Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.)
Color Black and gray
Certifications
Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.)
Packaging, size 385 × 165 × 315 mm (15.2 × 6.5 × 12.4 in.)
EAN-13 4743254001008 UPC-12 Country of origin
• Infrared camera
• Hard transport case
• Battery (inside camera)
• USB cable
• Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs
• Printed documentation
845188004958 Estonia
Supplies & accessories:
• T911093; Tool belt
• T198528; Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series
• T198530; Battery
• T198531; Battery charger incl power supply
• T198532; Car charger
• T198534; Power supply USB-micro
• T198529; Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series
• T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
• T199362ACC; Battery Li-ion 3.6 V, 2.6 Ah, 9.4 Wh
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
44
Technical data9

9.9 FLIR E6 (incl. Wi-Fi)

P/N: 63907-0704 Rev.: 40418
General description
The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments. The wide field of view makes them the perfect choice for building applications.
Benefits:
• Easy to use: The FLIR Ex series cameras are fully automatic and focus-free with an intuitive inter­face for simple measurements in thermal, visual, or MSX mode.
• Compact and rugged: The FLIR Ex series cameras’ low weight of 0.575 kg and the accessory belt pouch make them easy to bring along at all times. Their rugged design can withstand a 2 m drop test, and ensures reliability, even in harsh environments.
• Ground breaking affordability: The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 160 × 120 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD <0.06°C (0.11°F) / <60 mK
Field of view (FOV)
Minimum focus distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
F-number 1.5 Image frequency 9 Hz
Focus Focus free
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
Spectral range
Image presentation
Display 3.0 in. 320 × 240 color LCD
Image adjustment
Image presentation modes
Image modes
Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging (MSX)
Picture-in-Picture IR area on visual image
45° × 34°
5.2 mrad
microbolometer
7.5–13 µm
Automatic/Manual
Thermal MSX, Thermal, Picture-in-Picture, Ther­mal blending, Digital camera.
IR image with enhanced detail presentation
Measurement
Object temperature range –20°C to +250°C (–4°F to +482°F)
Accuracy
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter Center spot
Area
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
±2°C (±3.6°F) or ±2% of reading, for ambient tem­perature 10°C to 35°C (+50°F to 95°F) and object temperature above +0°C (+32°F)
Box with max./min.
45
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Isotherm Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.0
Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
Set-up
Color palettes Black and white, iron and rainbow
Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time
Storage of images
File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data
Digital camera
Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480
Digital camera, FOV
Above/below/interval
temperature
formats
included
55° × 43°
Data communication interfaces
Interfaces USB Micro: Data transfer to and from PC and
Wi-Fi Peer-to-peer (ad hoc) or infrastructure (network)
Radio
Wi-Fi
Power system
Battery type Rechargeable Li ion battery
Battery voltage 3.6 V
Battery operating time
Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific
Charging time
Charging temperature 10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F)
Power management Automatic shut-down
AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input, 5 VDC output to
Mac device
• Standard: 802.11 b/g/n
• Frequency range: ◦ 2400–2480 MHz
◦ 5150–5260 MHz
• Max. output power: 15 dBm
Approx. 4 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient tem­perature and typical use
charger.
2.5 hours to 90% capacity in camera. 2 hours in
charger.
camera
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
46
Technical data9
Environmental data
EMC
Radio spectrum
Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529)
Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.)
Physical data
Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.)
Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.)
Color Black and gray
• WEEE 2012/19/EC
• RoHs 2011/65/EC
• C-Tick
• EN 61000-6-3
• EN 61000-6-2
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B
• ETSI EN 300 328
• FCC 47 CSR Part 15
• RSS-247 Issue 1
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Certifications
Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.)
Packaging, size 385 × 165 × 315 mm (15.2 × 6.5 × 12.4 in.)
EAN-13 4743254002883 UPC-12 Country of origin Estonia
• Infrared camera
• Hard transport case
• Battery (inside camera)
• USB cable
• Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs
• Printed documentation
845188014131
Supplies & accessories:
• T911093; Tool belt
• T198528; Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series
• T198530; Battery
• T198531; Battery charger incl power supply
• T198532; Car charger
• T198534; Power supply USB-micro
• T198529; Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series
• T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
• T199362ACC; Battery Li-ion 3.6 V, 2.6 Ah, 9.4 Wh
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
47
Technical data9

9.10 FLIR E8

P/N: 63903-0303 Rev.: 40418
General description
The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments. The wide field of view makes them the perfect choice for building applications.
Benefits:
• Easy to use: The FLIR Ex series cameras are fully automatic and focus-free with an intuitive inter­face for simple measurements in thermal, visual, or MSX mode.
• Compact and rugged: The FLIR Ex series cameras’ low weight of 0.575 kg and the accessory belt pouch make them easy to bring along at all times. Their rugged design can withstand a 2 m drop test, and ensures reliability, even in harsh environments.
• Ground breaking affordability: The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD <0.06°C (0.11°F) / <60 mK
Field of view (FOV)
Minimum focus distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
F-number 1.5 Image frequency 9 Hz
Focus Focus free
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
Spectral range
Image presentation
Display 3.0 in. 320 × 240 color LCD
Image adjustment Automatic/Manual
Image presentation modes
Image modes Thermal MSX, Thermal, Picture-in-Picture, Ther-
Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging (MSX) IR image with enhanced detail presentation
Picture in Picture IR area on visual image
45° × 34°
2.6 mrad
microbolometer
7.5–13 µm
mal blending, Digital camera.
Measurement
Object temperature range –20°C to +250°C (–4°F to +482°F)
Accuracy
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter Center spot
Area Box with max./min.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
±2°C (±3.6°F) or ±2% of reading, for ambient tem­perature 10°C to 35°C (+50°F to 95°F) and object temperature above +0°C (+32°F)
48
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.0
Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
Set-up
Color palettes
Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time
Storage of images
File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data
Digital camera
Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480
Digital camera, FOV
temperature
Black and white, iron and rainbow
formats
included
55° × 43°
Data communication interfaces
Interfaces USB Micro: Data transfer to and from PC and
Power system
Battery type Rechargeable Li ion battery
Battery voltage 3.6 V
Battery operating time Approx. 4 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient tem-
Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific
Charging time 2.5 hours to 90% capacity in camera. 2 hours in
Charging temperature 10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F)
Power management Automatic shut-down
AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input, 5 VDC output to
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity
EMC
Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529)
Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.)
Mac device
perature and typical use
charger.
charger.
camera
• WEEE 2012/19/EC
• RoHs 2011/65/EC
• C-Tick
• EN 61000-6-3
• EN 61000-6-2
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
49
Technical data9
Physical data
Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.)
Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.)
Color Black and gray
Certifications
Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
Packaging, weight 3.13 kg (6.9 lb.)
Packaging, size 385 × 165 × 315 mm (15.2 × 6.5 × 12.4 in.)
EAN-13 4743254001015 UPC-12 Country of origin
• Infrared camera
• Hard transport case
• Battery (2x)
• USB cable
• Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs
• Battery charger
• Printed documentation
845188004965 Estonia
Supplies & accessories:
• T911093; Tool belt
• T198528; Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series
• T198530; Battery
• T198531; Battery charger incl power supply
• T198532; Car charger
• T198534; Power supply USB-micro
• T198529; Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series
• T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
• T199362ACC; Battery Li-ion 3.6 V, 2.6 Ah, 9.4 Wh
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
50
Technical data9

9.11 FLIR E8 (incl. Wi-Fi)

P/N: 63908-0805 Rev.: 40418
General description
The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments. The wide field of view makes them the perfect choice for building applications.
Benefits:
• Easy to use: The FLIR Ex series cameras are fully automatic and focus-free with an intuitive inter­face for simple measurements in thermal, visual, or MSX mode.
• Compact and rugged: The FLIR Ex series cameras’ low weight of 0.575 kg and the accessory belt pouch make them easy to bring along at all times. Their rugged design can withstand a 2 m drop test, and ensures reliability, even in harsh environments.
• Ground breaking affordability: The FLIR Ex series cameras are the most affordable infrared cameras on the market.
Imaging and optical data
IR resolution 320 × 240 pixels
Thermal sensitivity/NETD <0.06°C (0.11°F) / <60 mK
Field of view (FOV)
Minimum focus distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft.)
Spatial resolution (IFOV)
F-number 1.5 Image frequency 9 Hz
Focus Focus free
Detector data
Detector type Focal plane array (FPA), uncooled
Spectral range
Image presentation
Display 3.0 in. 320 × 240 color LCD
Image adjustment
Image presentation modes
Image modes
Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging (MSX)
Picture-in-Picture IR area on visual image
45° × 34°
2.6 mrad
microbolometer
7.5–13 µm
Automatic/Manual
Thermal MSX, Thermal, Picture-in-Picture, Ther­mal blending, Digital camera.
IR image with enhanced detail presentation
Measurement
Object temperature range –20°C to +250°C (–4°F to +482°F)
Accuracy
Measurement analysis
Spotmeter Center spot
Area
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
±2°C (±3.6°F) or ±2% of reading, for ambient tem­perature 10°C to 35°C (+50°F to 95°F) and object temperature above +0°C (+32°F)
Box with max./min.
51
Technical data9
Measurement analysis
Isotherm Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.0
Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials
Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected
Set-up
Color palettes Black and white, iron and rainbow
Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time
Storage of images
File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data
Digital camera
Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480
Digital camera, FOV
Above/below/interval
temperature
formats
included
55° × 43°
Data communication interfaces
Interfaces USB Micro: Data transfer to and from PC and
Wi-Fi Peer-to-peer (ad hoc) or infrastructure (network)
Radio
Wi-Fi
Power system
Battery type Rechargeable Li ion battery
Battery voltage 3.6 V
Battery operating time
Charging system Battery is charged inside the camera or in specific
Charging time
Charging temperature 10°C to +45°C (+50°F to +113°F)
Power management Automatic shut-down
AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input, 5 VDC output to
Mac device
• Standard: 802.11 b/g/n
• Frequency range: ◦ 2400–2480 MHz
◦ 5150–5260 MHz
• Max. output power: 15 dBm
Approx. 4 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient tem­perature and typical use
charger.
2.5 hours to 90% capacity in camera. 2 hours in
charger.
camera
Environmental data
Operating temperature range –15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)
Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40°F to +158°F)
Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
52
Technical data9
Environmental data
EMC
Radio spectrum
Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529)
Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27)
Vibration
Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.)
Physical data
Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.)
Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.)
Color Black and gray
• WEEE 2012/19/EC
• RoHs 2011/65/EC
• C-Tick
• EN 61000-6-3
• EN 61000-6-2
• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B
• ETSI EN 300 328
• FCC 47 CSR Part 15
• RSS-247 Issue 1
2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)
Certifications
Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC
Shipping information
Packaging, type Cardboard box
List of contents
Packaging, weight 3.13 kg (6.9 lb.)
Packaging, size 385 × 165 × 315 mm (15.2 × 6.5 × 12.4 in.)
EAN-13 4743254002890 UPC-12 Country of origin
• Infrared camera
• Hard transport case
• Battery (2x)
• USB cable
• Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs
• Battery charger
• Printed documentation
845188014148 Estonia
Supplies & accessories:
• T911093; Tool belt
• T198528; Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series
• T198530; Battery
• T198531; Battery charger incl power supply
• T198532; Car charger
• T198534; Power supply USB-micro
• T198529; Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series
• T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B
• T199362ACC; Battery Li-ion 3.6 V, 2.6 Ah, 9.4 Wh
• T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key)
• T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET
• T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
53
10

Mechanical drawings

[See next page]
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
54
1,7in
43,1mm
2,2in
56mm
9,59in
243,5mm
3,73in
94,8mm
Optical axis
3,08in
78,3mm
9,86in
250,4mm
1,9in
48,3mm
5,52in
140,1mm
0,53in
13,5mm
4,27in
108,6mm
2,17in
55,2mm
7,41in
188,3mm
2,39in
60,7mm
IR optical axis
Visual optical axis
Camera with built-in IR lens f=6,5 mm (45°)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 632 54
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
F
C
E
G
D
A
B
-
Scale
1:2
A
Size
Modified
R&D Thermography
2013-03-25
CAHA
Basic dimensions FLIR Ex
T127831
1(2)
A2
Denomination
Drawn by
Check
Size
Drawing No.
Sheet
7
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
2,29in
58,3mm
3,21in
81,5mm
2,6in
66mm
3,52in
89,5mm
1,41in
35,8mm
4,13in
105mm
1,66in
42,3mm
2,56in
65mm
1,96in
49,9mm
0,84in
21,4mm
0,87in
22,1mm
0,41in
R10,5mm
Charger and Power pack
Sheet
Drawing No.
Size
Check
Drawn by
Denomination
A3
2(2)
T127831
Basic dimensions FLIR Ex
CAHA
2013-03-25
R&D Thermography
Modified
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1 32 54
C
F
B
D
G
E
A
6
Size
A
1:2
Scale
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
Product may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Diversion contrary to US law is prohibited.
-
11

CE Declaration of conformity

[See next page]
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
57
12

Cleaning the camera

12.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items

12.1.1 Liquids

Use one of these liquids:
• Warm water
• A weak detergent solution

12.1.2 Equipment

A soft cloth

12.1.3 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Soak the cloth in the liquid.
2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid.
3. Clean the part with the cloth.
CAUTION
Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage.

12.2 Infrared lens

12.2.1 Liquids

Use one of these liquids:
• A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol.
• 96% ethyl alcohol (C

12.2.2 Equipment

Cotton wool

12.2.3 Procedure

Follow this procedure:
1. Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.
2. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.
3. Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool.
WARNING
Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on con­tainers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.
2H5
OH).
CAUTION
• Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective coating.
• Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective coating.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
59
13

Application examples

13.1 Moisture & water damage

13.1.1 General

It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop­erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the sur­rounding material.
Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image.
For example, heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depending on the material and the time of day. For this reason, it is important that other methods are used as well to check for moisture or water damage.

13.1.2 Figure

The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge.

13.2 Faulty contact in socket

13.2.1 General

Depending on the type of connection a socket has, an improperly connected wire can re­sult in local temperature increase. This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket , and can result in an electrical fire.
A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another. For this reason, different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an in­frared image.
Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket, or from difference in load.

13.2.2 Figure

The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
60
Application examples13

13.3 Oxidized socket

13.3.1 General

Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox­ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally in­creased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.
A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another. For this reason, different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an in­frared image.
Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket, or from difference in load.

13.3.2 Figure

The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against the fuse holder. Because of the fuse holder’s blank metal, the temperature increase is not visible there, while it is visible on the fuse’s ceramic material.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
61
Application examples13

13.4 Insulation deficiencies

13.4.1 General

Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall.
An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
When you are inspecting a building, the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10°C (18°F). Studs, water pipes, concrete columns, and simi­lar components may resemble an insulation deficiency in an infrared image. Minor differ­ences may also occur naturally.

13.4.2 Figure

In the image below, insulation in the roof framing is lacking. Due to the absence of insula­tion, air has forced its way into the roof structure, which thus takes on a different charac­teristic appearance in the infrared image.

13.5 Draft

13.5.1 General

Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil­ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface.
When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house. Close all doors, windows, and ventilation ducts, and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images.
An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern. You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below.
Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits.

13.5.2 Figure

The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong draft.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
62
Application examples13
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
63
14

About FLIR Systems

FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and mar­keting of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and gov­ernment applications. Today, FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958—the Swedish AGEMA In­frared Systems (formerly AGA Infrared Systems), the three United States companies In­digo Systems, FSI, and Inframetrics, and the French company Cedip.
Since 2007, FLIR Systems has acquired several companies with world-leading expertise in sensor technologies:
• Extech Instruments (2007)
• Ifara Tecnologías (2008)
• Salvador Imaging (2009)
• OmniTech Partners (2009)
• Directed Perception (2009)
• Raymarine (2010)
• ICx Technologies (2010)
• TackTick Marine Digital Instruments (2011)
• Aerius Photonics (2011)
• Lorex Technology (2012)
• Traficon (2012)
• MARSS (2013)
• DigitalOptics micro-optics business (2013)
• DVTEL (2015)
• Point Grey Research (2016)
• Prox Dynamics (2016)
Figure 14.1 Patent documents from the early 1960s
FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Bos­ton, MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn, Estonia. Direct sales offices in Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the USA —together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our internation­al customer base.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
64
14
About FLIR Systems
FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We antici­pate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones. The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations.
Figure 14.2 1969: Thermovision Model 661. The camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.), the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen.
Figure 14.3 2015: FLIR One, an accessory to iPhone and Android mobile phones. Weight: 90 g (3.2 oz.).
FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the cam­era systems itself. From detector design and manufacturing, to lenses and system elec­tronics, to final testing and calibration, all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers. The in-depth expertise of these infrared specialists en­sures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your in­frared camera.

14.1 More than just an infrared camera

At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infra­red camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera sys­tems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera– software combination. Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance, R & D, and process monitoring is developed in-house. Most software is available in a wide varie­ty of languages.
We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications.

14.2 Sharing our knowledge

Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to ther­mography than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certi­fied training courses. Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands-on learning experience.
The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
65
14
About FLIR Systems

14.3 Supporting our customers

FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
66
15

Definitions and laws

Term Definition
Absorption and emission
Apparent temperature uncompensated reading from an infrared instrument, con-
Color palette assigns different colors to indicate specific levels of apparent
Conduction direct transfer of thermal energy from molecule to molecule,
Convection heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion, ei-
Diagnostics examination of symptoms and syndromes to determine the
Direction of heat transfer
Emissivity ratio of the power radiated by real bodies to the power that is
Energy conservation
Exitant radiation radiation that leaves the surface of an object, regardless of
Heat thermal energy that is transferred between two objects (sys-
Heat transfer rate
Incident radiation radiation that strikes an object from its surroundings
IR thermography process of acquisition and analysis of thermal information
Isotherm replaces certain colors in the scale with a contrasting color. It
Qualitative thermography thermography that relies on the analysis of thermal patterns
Quantitative thermography thermography that uses temperature measurement to deter-
2
The capacity or ability of an object to absorb incident radi­ated energy is always the same as the capacity to emit its own energy as radiation
taining all radiation incident on the instrument, regardless of its sources
3
temperature. Palettes can provide high or low contrast, de­pending on the colors used in them
caused by collisions between the molecules
ther by gravity or another force, thereby transferring heat from one place to another
nature of faults or failures
5
Heat will spontaneously flow from hotter to colder, thereby transferring thermal energy from one place to another
radiated by a blackbody at the same temperature and at the same wavelength
8
The sum of the total energy contents in a closed system is
4
6
7
constant
its original sources
tems) due to their difference in temperature
9
The heat transfer rate under steady state conditions is di­rectly proportional to the thermal conductivity of the object, the cross-sectional area of the object through which the heat flows, and the temperature difference between the two ends of the object. It is inversely proportional to the length, or thickness, of the object
10
from non-contact thermal imaging devices
marks an interval of equal apparent temperature
to reveal the existence of and to locate the position of anomalies
mine the seriousness of an anomaly, in order to establish re­pair priorities
12
12
11
2. Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation.
3. Based on ISO 18434-1:2008 (en).
4. Based on ISO 13372:2004 (en).
5. 2nd law of thermodynamics.
6. This is a consequence of the 2nd law of thermodynamics, the law itself is more complicated.
7. Based on ISO 16714-3:2016 (en).
8. 1st law of thermodynamics.
9. Fourier’s law.
10.This is the one-dimensional form of Fourier’s law, valid for steady-state conditions.
11.Based on ISO 18434-1:2008 (en)
12.Based on ISO 10878-2013 (en).
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
67
15
Definitions and laws
Term Definition
Radiative heat transfer Heat transfer by the emission and absorption of thermal
Reflected apparent temperature apparent temperature of the environment that is reflected by
Spatial resolution ability of an IR camera to resolve small objects or details
Temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules and
Thermal energy total kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the
Thermal gradient gradual change in temperature over distance
Thermal tuning process of putting the colors of the image on the object of
radiation
the target into the IR camera
13
atoms that make up the substance
14
object
analysis, in order to maximize contrast
13
13.Based on ISO 16714-3:2016 (en).
14.Thermal energy is part of the internal energy of an object.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
68
16

Thermographic measurement techniques

16.1 Introduction

An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature.
However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera­ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object and the re­flected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.
To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the ef­fects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically by the camera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the camera:
• The emissivity of the object
• The reflected apparent temperature
• The distance between the object and the camera
• The relative humidity
• Temperature of the atmosphere

16.2 Emissivity

The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short, is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a per­fect blackbody of the same temperature.
Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approx­imately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless of color in the visi­ble spectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin exhibits an emissiv­ity 0.97 to 0.98.
Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity, which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the emissivity of metals is low – only increasing with temperature. For non-metals, emissivity tends to be high, and decreases with temperature.

16.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample

16.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature
Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature:
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
69
Thermographic measurement techniques16
16.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure:
1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b).
Figure 16.1 1 = Reflection source
2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
Figure 16.2 1 = Reflection source
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
70
Thermographic measurement techniques16
3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflection source using the following settings:
• Emissivity: 1.0
• D
: 0
obj
You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods:
Figure 16.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 16.4 1 = Reflection source
You can not use a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature, because a thermocouple measures temperature, but apparent temperatrure is radiation intensity.
16.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method
Follow this procedure:
1. Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.
2. Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size.
3. Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera.
4. Set the emissivity to 1.0.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
71
Thermographic measurement techniques16
5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. The foil is considered a perfect reflector, so its apparent temperature equals the reflected appa­rent temperature from the surroundings.
Figure 16.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil.
16.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity
Follow this procedure:
1. Select a place to put the sample.
2. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.
3. Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample.
4. Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably even.
5. Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image.
6. Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast.
7. Set emissivity to that of the tape (usually 0.97).
8. Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions:
• Isotherm (helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have
heated the sample)
• Spot (simpler)
• Box Avg (good for surfaces with varying emissivity).
9. Write down the temperature.
10. Move your measurement function to the sample surface.
11. Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement.
12. Write down the emissivity.
Note
• Avoid forced convection
• Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections
• Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity you
are certain of
• This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are
the same. If they are not, your emissivity measurement will be wrong.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
72
Thermographic measurement techniques16

16.3 Reflected apparent temperature

This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.

16.4 Distance

The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera. This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts:
• That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and
the camera.
• That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera.

16.5 Relative humidity

The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this set the relative humidity to the cor­rect value. For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value of 50%.

16.6 Other parameters

In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com­pensate for the following parameters:
• Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam-
era and the target
• External optics temperature – i.e. the temperature of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
• External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
73
17

History of infrared technology

Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec­trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to­day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
Figure 17.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)
The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir William Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to re­duce the brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations. While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun’s heat, while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds’ observation.
Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment, with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment by ac­tually repeating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the bulb of a sensi­tive mercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation detector he pro­ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other thermometers, placed outside the sun’s rays, served as controls.
As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum, the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end. This was not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a similar experi­ment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel, however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maxi­mum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to lo­cate this point.
Figure 17.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)
Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Her­schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared wavelengths’.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
74
17
History of infrared technology
When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag­netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re­ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to ap­pear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator.
Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early contro­versies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths. Different investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types of glass in­discriminately, having different transparencies in the infrared. Through his later experi­ments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly-discovered thermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would prob­ably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively (i.e. plane and curved mir­rors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830, when the Italian investigator, Melloni, made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt (NaCl) – which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms – is remark­ably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock salt became the principal infra­red optical material, and remained so for the next hundred years, until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.
Figure 17.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)
Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a break­through occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermome­ter of the day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away.
The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir John Herschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right. Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pat­tern focused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the inter­ference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper, which he called a ‘thermograph’.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
75
17
History of infrared technology
Figure 17.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)
The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break­through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re­sponded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters.
An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cool­ing agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low tem­perature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos bottle’, used for storing hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.
Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world ‘discovered’ the infrared. Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships – and even icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be developed during the 1914–18 war, when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure communications, and ‘flying tor­pedo’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1.5 km (0.94 miles), or a person more than 300 meters (984 ft.) away.
The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome­ter idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector. At first, the image converter received the greatest attention by the military, because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However, the sensitivity of the im­age converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths, and the most interesting mili­tary targets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated by infrared search beams. Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer’s position to a similarly-equipped enemy observer, it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded.
The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped) ther­mal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive secret military infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’ (no search beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During this peri­od, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared­imaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950’s, and from that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
76
18

Theory of thermography

18.1 Introduction

The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given.

18.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation. There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the elec­tromagnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength.
Figure 18.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 1: X-ray; 2: UV; 3: Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6: Radiowaves.
Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long-wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter range.
The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the middle infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100 μm). Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å).
The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:

18.3 Blackbody radiation

A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength. The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex­plained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
77
18
Theory of thermography
Figure 18.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)
The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation charac­teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material rep­resents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly escape. The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths.
By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates black­body radiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera­ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example.
If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipi­ent red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance.
Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.

18.3.1 Planck’s law

Figure 18.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)
Max Planck (1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula:
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
78
18
Theory of thermography
where:
W
λb
c
h Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10 k T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.
λ Wavelength (μm).
Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.
Velocity of light = 3 × 10
Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10
8
m/s
-34
Joule sec.
-23
Joule/K.
Note The factor 10-6is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in
2
Watt/m
, μm.
Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λ
and after passing it ap-
max
proaches zero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs.
Figure 18.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm
2
× 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)

18.3.2 Wien’s displacement law

By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have:
This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathemati­cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the tem­perature of a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for λ
. A good approximation of the value of λ
max
for a given
max
blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wave­length 0.27 μm.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
79
18
Theory of thermography
Figure 18.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)
The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum.
At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra­red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif­icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.
Figure 18.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm
2
(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).

18.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law

By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance (W
) of a blackbody:
b
This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltz- mann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor­tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, W
represents the
b
area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval λ = 0 to λ
is only 25% of the total, which represents about the
max
amount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
80
18
Theory of thermography
Figure 18.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)
Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m
2
, we obtain 1 kW. This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drasti­cally from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of clothing.

18.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters

So far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. However, real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region – although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals. For ex­ample, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spec­trum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm it is almost black.
There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be re­flected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions. Thus:
• The spectral absorptance α
= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an
λ
object to that incident upon it.
• The spectral reflectance ρ
= the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob-
λ
ject to that incident upon it.
• The spectral transmittance τ
= the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted
λ
through an object to that incident upon it.
The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength, so we have the relation:
For opaque materials τλ= 0 and the relation simplifies to:
Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition:
The spectral emissivity ε
= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that
λ
from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength. Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of
the object to that of a blackbody as follows:
Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.
• A blackbody, for which ε
• A graybody, for which ε
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
= ε = 1
λ
= ε = constant less than 1
λ
81
18
Theory of thermography
• A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp-
tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:
From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ+ ρλ= 1):
For highly polished materials ελapproaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting materi­al (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:
For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:
This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.
Figure 18.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wave­length; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.
Figure 18.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black­body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
82
18
Theory of thermography

18.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials

Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab­sorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the inte­rior. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi-transparent plate is obtained as:
When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:
This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly.
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
83
19

The measurement formula

As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob­ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.
This description of the measurement situation, as illustrated in the figure below, is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions. What has been neglected could for in­stance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources outside the field of view. Such disturbances are difficult to quantify, however, in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected. In case they are not negli­gible, the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious, at least to a trained operator. It is then his responsibility to modify the measure­ment situation to avoid the disturbance e.g. by changing the viewing direction, shielding off intense radiation sources etc.
Accepting the description above, we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output.
Figure 19.1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation.1: Sur­roundings; 2: Object; 3: Atmosphere; 4: Camera
Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature T
on short distance generates a camera output signal U
source
the power input (power linear camera). We can then write (Equation 1):
or, with simplified notation:
where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would conse-
quently be εW We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms:
1. Emission from the object = ετW
transmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is T
source
.
, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ is the
obj
that is proportional to
source
.
obj
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
84
19
The measurement formula
2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τW
tance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature T It has here been assumed that the temperature T
, where (1 – ε) is the reflec-
refl
.
refl
is the same for all emitting surfa-
refl
ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, a necessary simplifica­tion in order to derive a workable formula, and T
can – at least theoretically – be giv-
refl
en a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding. Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This is
correct in accordance with Kirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1. (Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the ob­ject to be considered.)
3. Emission from the atmosphere = (1 – τ)τW
mosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is T
, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of the at-
atm
atm
.
The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):
We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):
Solve Equation 3 for U
(Equation 4):
obj
This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are:
Table 19.1 Voltages
U
obj
U
tot
U
refl
U
atm
Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested
T
obj
object temperature.
Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.
Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T
according to the calibration.
refl
Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
according to the calibration.
T
atm
The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:
• the object emittance ε,
• the relative humidity,
• T
atm
• object distance (D
obj
)
• the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient tem-
perature T
• the temperature of the atmosphere T
refl
, and
atm
This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case. The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround­ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources.
A natural question in this connection is: How important is it to know the right values of these parameters? It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
85
19
The measurement formula
magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is impor­tant to use correct values of which parameters.
The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values:
• τ = 0.88
• T
= +20°C (+68°F)
refl
• T
= +20°C (+68°F)
atm
It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur­ing high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much stron­ger in the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still more difficult.
We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation. Imagine that we in a certain case measure U
= 4.5 volts. The highest calibration point for the
tot
camera was in the order of 4.1 volts, a value unknown to the operator. Thus, even if the object happened to be a blackbody, i.e. U
obj
= U
, we are actually performing extrapola-
tot
tion of the calibration curve when converting 4.5 volts into temperature. Let us now assume that the object is not black, it has an emittance of 0.75, and the trans-
mittance is 0.92. We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0.5 volts together. Computation of U
by means of Equation 4 then results in U
obj
obj
= 4.5 /
0.75 / 0.92 – 0.5 = 6.0. This is a rather extreme extrapolation, particularly when consider­ing that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts! Note, though, that the applica­tion of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations exist. We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera, and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo­rithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
Figure 19.2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW cam­era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos­phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
= 20°C (+68°F); T
refl
= 20°C (+68°F).
atm
86
19
The measurement formula
Figure 19.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam-
era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos­phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T
= 20°C (+68°F); T
refl
= 20°C (+68°F).
atm
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
87
20

Emissivity tables

This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems.

20.1 References

1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press,
N.Y.
2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin: Uni-
versity of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.
4. William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
5. Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.
6. Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute,
Stockholm 1972.
7. Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities
at λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.
8. Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather
satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.
9. Öhman, Claes: Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport, AGEMA
1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA
1999.)
10. Matteï, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21
between –36°C AND 82°C.
11. Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)
12. ITC Technical publication 32.
13. ITC Technical publication 29.
14. Schuster, Norbert and Kolobrodov, Valentin G. Infrarotthermographie. Berlin: Wiley-
VCH, 2000.
Note The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave (SW) camera. The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution.

20.2 Tables

Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference
1 2 3 4 5 6
3M type 35 Vinyl electrical
3M type 88 Black vinyl electri-
3M type 88 Black vinyl electri-
3M type Super 33 +
Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0.55 2 Aluminum anodized, black,
Aluminum anodized, black,
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
tape (several colors)
cal tape
cal tape
Black vinyl electri­cal tape
dull
dull
< 80 LW ≈ 0.96 13
< 105 LW ≈ 0.96 13
< 105 MW < 0.96 13
< 80 LW ≈ 0.96 13
70
70 LW 0.95 9
SW
0.67 9
88
Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Aluminum anodized, light
70
SW
gray, dull
Aluminum anodized, light
70 LW 0.97 9
gray, dull
Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4
Aluminum as received,
100 T 0.09 2
sheet
Aluminum cast, blast
70
SW
cleaned
Aluminum cast, blast
70 LW 0.46 9
cleaned
Aluminum dipped in HNO
100 T 0.05 4
,
3
plate
Aluminum foil
Aluminum foil
27 10 µm 0.04 3
27 3 µm 0.09 3
Aluminum oxidized, strongly 50–500 T 0.2–0.3 1
Aluminum polished 50–100 T 0.04–0.06 1
Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0.05 4
Aluminum polished, sheet 100 T 0.05 2
Aluminum rough surface
20–50 T 0.06–0.07 1
Aluminum roughened 27 10 µm 0.18 3
Aluminum roughened 27 3 µm 0.28 3
Aluminum sheet, 4 samples
70
SW differently scratched
Aluminum sheet, 4 samples
70 LW 0.03–0.06 9 differently scratched
Aluminum
vacuum
20 T 0.04 2 deposited
Aluminum weathered,
17
SW
heavily
Aluminum bronze 20 T 0.60 1 Aluminum
powder T 0.28 1
hydroxide
Aluminum oxide activated, powder T 0.46 1
Aluminum oxide pure, powder
T 0.16 1
(alumina)
Asbestos board 20 T 0.96 1 Asbestos fabric T 0.78 1 Asbestos floor tile Asbestos
paper 40–400 T 0.93–0.95 1
35
SW
Asbestos powder T 0.40–0.60 1
Asbestos slate 20 T 0.96 1 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0.967 8
Brass dull, tarnished 20–350 T 0.22 1
Brass oxidized 100 T 0.61 2 Brass oxidized 70
SW
0.61 9
0.47 9
0.05–0.08 9
0.83–0.94 5
0.94 7
0.04–0.09 9
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
89
Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Brass oxidized 70 LW 0.03–0.07 9 Brass oxidized at 600°C Brass polished 200 T 0.03 1
Brass polished, highly 100 T 0.03 2
Brass rubbed with 80-
grit emery
Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1
Brass sheet, worked
with emery
Brick alumina 17 Brick
common 17
Brick Dinas silica,
glazed, rough
Brick Dinas silica,
refractory
Brick Dinas silica, un-
glazed, rough
Brick firebrick Brick fireclay
Brick fireclay
Brick fireclay
Brick
Brick
masonry 35
masonry, plastered
Brick red, common 20 T 0.93 2
Brick red, rough 20 T 0.88–0.93 1
Brick refractory,
corundum
Brick refractory,
magnesite
Brick refractory,
strongly radiating
Brick refractory, weakly
radiating
Brick
silica, 95% SiO
Brick sillimanite, 33%
SiO
, 64% Al2O
2
Brick waterproof
Bronze phosphor bronze 70
Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0.06 9
Bronze polished 50 T 0.1 1
Bronze porous, rough 50–150 T 0.55 1
Bronze powder T 0.76–0.80 1
Carbon candle soot 20 T 0.95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0.96 1
Carbon
graphite powder T 0.97 1
200–600 T 0.59–0.61 1
20 T 0.20 2
20 T 0.2 1
SW SW
0.68 5
0.86–0.81 5
1100 T 0.85 1
1000 T 0.66 1
1000 T 0.80 1
17
SW
0.68 5
1000 T 0.75 1
1200 T 0.59 1
20 T 0.85 1
SW
0.94 7
20 T 0.94 1
1000 T 0.46 1
1000–1300 T 0.38 1
500–1000 T 0.8–0.9 1
500–1000 T 0.65–0.75 1
1230 T 0.66 1
2
1500 T 0.29 1
3
17
SW
SW
0.87 5
0.08 9
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
90
Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Carbon graphite, filed
Carbon
Chipboard untreated 20 SW
Chromium polished 50 T 0.10 1
Chromium
Clay fired
Cloth Concrete Concrete dry 36 SW
Concrete
Concrete
Copper commercial,
Copper
Copper electrolytic,
Copper
Copper
Copper
Copper oxidized, black 27 T 0.78 4
Copper oxidized, heavily 20 T 0.78 2
Copper polished 50–100 T 0.02 1
Copper polished 100 T 0.03 2
Copper polished,
Copper
Copper pure, carefully
Copper
Copper dioxide
Copper oxide
Ebonite T 0.89 1 Emery
Enamel 20 T 0.9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0.85–0.95 1
Fiber board hard, untreated 20
Fiber board masonite 70 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0.88 9 Fiber board particle board 70
Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0.89 9
Fiber board porous, untreated 20
surface lampblack 20–400 T 0.95–0.97 1
polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1
black 20 T 0.98 1
rough 17
walkway
burnished electrolytic, care-
fully polished
polished
molten 1100–1300 T 0.13–0.15 1
oxidized 50 T 0.6–0.7 1
oxidized to blackness
commercial polished,
mechanical
prepared surface
scraped 27 T 0.07 4
powder T 0.84 1
red, powder T 0.70 1
coarse 80 T 0.85 1
20 T 0.98 2
0.90 6
70 T 0.91 1
20 T 0.92 2
0.95 7
SW
5
20 T 0.07 1
80 T 0.018 1
–34 T 0.006 4
27 T 0.03 4
22 T 0.015 4
22 T 0.008 4
LLW 0.974 8
T 0.88 1
SW
SW
SW
SW
0.97 5
0.85 6
0.75 9
0.77 9
0.85 6
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
91
Emissivity tables20
Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Glass pane (float glass)
Gold
Gold polished, carefully
Gold
Granite polished 20 LLW 0.849 8
Granite
Granite rough, 4 different
Granite rough, 4 different
Gypsum
Ice: See Water Iron and steel cold rolled 70 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0.09 9 Iron and steel covered with red
Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0.05 4
Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0.05 4
Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4
Iron and steel electrolytic, care-
Iron and steel freshly worked
Iron and steel ground sheet 950–1100 T 0.55–0.61 1
Iron and steel heavily rusted
Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0.60 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0.77 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0.89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 T 0.78–0.82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0.79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 200–600 T 0.80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0.88 1
Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0.98 1
Iron and steel polished 100 T 0.07 2
Iron and steel polished 400–1000 T 0.14–0.38 1
Iron and steel polished sheet 750–1050 T 0.52–0.56 1
Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0.56 1 Iron and steel rolled, freshly
Iron and steel rough, plane
Iron and steel rusted red, sheet 22 T 0.69 4
Iron and steel rusted, heavily 17
non-coated 20 LW 0.97 14
polished 130 T 0.018 1
200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1
polished, highly 100 T 0.02 2
rough 21 LLW 0.879 8
samples
samples
rust
fully polished
with emery
sheet
surface
70
70 LW 0.77–0.87 9
20 T 0.8–0.9 1
20 T 0.61–0.85 1
175–225 T 0.05–0.06 1
20 T 0.24 1
20 T 0.69 2
20 T 0.24 1
50 T 0.95–0.98 1
SW
SW
SW
0.95–0.97 9
0.20 9
0.96 5
#T559828; r. AK/40423/40423; en-US
92
Loading...
Buy Points How it Works FAQ Contact Us Questions and Suggestions Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms of Use