FLIR A3 F series, A3 PT series User Manual

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User’s manual

FLIR A3xx f series

FLIR A3xx pt series

T559743Publ. No. a601Revision English (EN)Language April 26, 2012Issue date

User’s manual

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

Legal disclaimer

All products manufactured by FLIR Systemsarewarranted against defectivematerialsandworkmanship for aperiodof one(1)year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction.

Uncooled handheldinfraredcameras manufactured by FLIRSystems are warranted againstdefectivematerials and workmanship fora period of two (2) years from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.

Detectors foruncooledhandheld infrared cameras manufacturedbyFLIR Systems are warrantedagainstdefective materials and workmanship for a period of ten (10) years from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.

Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular supplier only. FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.

The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.

In the case of adefect inaproduct coveredbythis warrantytheproduct must notbe furtherusedin order toprevent additional damage.The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.

FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.

FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above. No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a

particular purpose. FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidentalor consequential loss or damage, whether basedon contract, tort

or any other legal theory. This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law. Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty, shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with

the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm. The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English.

© 2012, FLIRSystems. All rights reservedworldwide. No parts ofthesoftware including source codemaybe reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems.

This documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent, in writing, from FLIR Systems.

Names and marks appearing on the products herein are eitherregistered trademarksor trademarksof FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All othertrademarks,trade names or companynames referenced herein areusedfor identification only andarethe property of theirrespective owners.

Quality assurance

The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard.

FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice.

Patents

One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and/or features described in this manual: 0002258-2; 000279476-0001; 000439161; 000499579-0001; 000653423; 000726344; 000859020; 000889290; 001106306-0001; 001707738;

001707746; 001707787; 001776519; 0101577-5; 0102150-0; 0200629-4; 0300911-5; 0302837-0; 1144833; 1182246; 1182620; 1188086; 1285345; 1287138; 1299699; 1325808; 1336775; 1365299; 1402918; 1404291; 1678485; 1732314; 200530018812.0; 200830143636.7; 2106017; 235308; 3006596; 3006597; 466540; 483782; 484155; 518836; 60004227.8; 60122153.2; 602004011681.5-08; 6707044; 68657; 7034300; 7110035; 7154093; 7157705; 7237946; 7312822; 7332716; 7336823; 7544944; 75530; 7667198; 7809258; 7826736; D540838; D549758; D579475; D584755; D599,392; DI6702302-9; DI6703574-4; DI6803572-1; DI6803853-4; DI6903617-9; DM/057692; DM/061609; Registration Number; ZL00809178.1;ZL01823221.3;ZL01823226.4;ZL02331553.9;ZL02331554.7;ZL200480034894.0;ZL200530120994.2; ZL200630130114.4; ZL200730151141.4; ZL200730339504.7; ZL200830128581.2; ZL200930190061.9

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11 Warnings & Cautions .....................................................................................................................

52 Notice to user ..................................................................................................................................

73 Customer help ................................................................................................................................

84 Documentation updates .................................................................................................................

95 Important note about this manual .................................................................................................

106 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................

106.1 FLIR A3xx f series .................................................................................................................

116.2 FLIR A3xx pt series ...............................................................................................................

137 Parts lists .........................................................................................................................................

137.1 Packaging contents (FLIR A3xx f series) ..............................................................................

137.2 Packaging contents (FLIR A3xx pt series) ...........................................................................

148 Installation (FLIR A3xx f series) ....................................................................................................

148.1 Installation overview .............................................................................................................

148.2 Installation components .......................................................................................................

158.3 Location considerations .......................................................................................................

158.4 Camera mounting .................................................................................................................

168.5 Prior to cutting/drilling holes ................................................................................................

178.6 Back cover ............................................................................................................................

188.7 Removing the back cover .....................................................................................................

188.8 Connecting power ................................................................................................................

198.9 Video connections ................................................................................................................

198.10 Ethernet connection .............................................................................................................

209 Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series) ..................................................................................................

209.1 Installation overview .............................................................................................................

209.2 Installation components .......................................................................................................

219.3 Location considerations .......................................................................................................

229.4 Camera mounting .................................................................................................................

239.5 Prior to cutting/drilling holes ................................................................................................

249.6 Back cover ............................................................................................................................

259.7 Removing the back cover .....................................................................................................

259.8 Connecting power ................................................................................................................

269.9 Video connections ................................................................................................................

269.10 Ethernet connection .............................................................................................................

269.11 Serial communications overview ..........................................................................................

269.12 Serial connections ................................................................................................................

279.13 Setting configuration dip switches .......................................................................................

2910 Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx f series) ........................................................................

2910.1 Power and analog video .......................................................................................................

2910.2 Verify IP Communications ....................................................................................................

3011 Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx pt series) ......................................................................

3011.1 Power and analog video .......................................................................................................

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3011.2 Verify IP communications .....................................................................................................

3111.3 FLIR A3xx pt series configuration .........................................................................................

3211.3.1 Set the date and time ............................................................................................

3211.3.2 Serial remote menu ..............................................................................................

3311.3.2.1 Scanlist Serial Control .......................................................................

3411.3.3 Digital video configuration—video IR and video DLTV ........................................

3511.3.4 Analog video configuration—video matrix ...........................................................

3511.3.5 Configuration file ...................................................................................................

3611.3.6 LAN settings ..........................................................................................................

3812 Cleaning the camera ......................................................................................................................

3812.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items ...........................................................................

3912.2 Infrared lens ..........................................................................................................................

4012.3 Infrared detector ...................................................................................................................

4113 Technical data .................................................................................................................................

4214 Pin configurations and schematics ..............................................................................................

4214.1 Pin configuration for camera I/O connector .........................................................................

4314.2 Schematic overview of the camera unit digital I/O ports .....................................................

4414.3 Schematic overview of the A3xx pt board ............................................................................

4515 About FLIR Systems .......................................................................................................................

4615.1 More than just an infrared camera .......................................................................................

4715.2 Sharing our knowledge ........................................................................................................

4715.3 Supporting our customers ...................................................................................................

4715.4 A few images from our facilities ...........................................................................................

4916 Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................

5317 Thermographic measurement techniques ...................................................................................

5317.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................

5317.2 Emissivity ..............................................................................................................................

5417.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .......................................................................

5417.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature .......................

5617.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity ...................................................

5717.3 Reflected apparent temperature ..........................................................................................

5717.4 Distance ................................................................................................................................

5717.5 Relative humidity ..................................................................................................................

5717.6 Other parameters ..................................................................................................................

5818 History of infrared technology ......................................................................................................

6219 Theory of thermography ................................................................................................................

6219.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................

6219.2 The electromagnetic spectrum ............................................................................................

6319.3 Blackbody radiation ..............................................................................................................

6419.3.1 Planck’s law ..........................................................................................................

6519.3.2 Wien’s displacement law ......................................................................................

6719.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law .........................................................................................

6819.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters .......................................................................................

7019.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials .....................................................................................

7220 The measurement formula .............................................................................................................

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7821 Emissivity tables .............................................................................................................................

7821.1 References ............................................................................................................................

7821.2 Important note about the emissivity tables ..........................................................................

7921.3 Tables ....................................................................................................................................

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 vii

viii Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

1 Warnings & Cautions

(Applies only to Class A digital devices.) This equipment generates, uses, and

WARNING

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can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been tested andfound to complywith the limitsfor a ClassA computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference. (Applies only to Class B digital devices.) This equipment has been tested and

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found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Theselimits are designedto provide reasonableprotection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and canradiate radiofrequencyenergy and, ifnot installed andused in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, whichcan be determinedby turning the equipmentoff and on,the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

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Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

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Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which

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the receiver is connected. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

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(Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.19/RSS-210.) NOTICE: This device

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complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS-210 of Industry Canada. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

1 this device may not cause harmful interference, and 2 this device must accept any interference received, including interference that

may cause undesired operation.

(Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.21.) NOTICE: Changes or modifica-

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tions made to this equipment not expressly approved by (manufacturer name) may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment. (Applies onlyto digitaldevicessubject to2.1091/2.1093/OETBulletin 65.) Radiofre-

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quency radiation exposure Information: Theradiated output powerof the device is far below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits. Nevertheless, the device shall beused in such amanner that the potentialfor human contact duringnormal operation is minimized. (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Do not look directly into the laser

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beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation. Applies only to cameras with battery:

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Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains

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safety and protection devices which, if they become damaged, can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition.

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 1

1 – Warnings & Cautions

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CAUTION

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If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes, do not rub

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your eyes.Flush well withwater and immediatelyget medical care. Thebattery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this. Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the

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specified charging time. If you continue to charge the battery, it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition. Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery. If you do not use the

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correct equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion and injury to persons.

Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labelson containersbeforeyou usea liquid: theliquids can bedangerous. If mounting the A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera on a pole, tower or any elevated location, use industry standard safe practices to avoid injuries.

Do not point theinfrared camera (withor without the lens cover)at intensive energy sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera. Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than +50°C (+122°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation. High temperatures can cause damage to the camera. (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer. Applies only to cameras with battery:

Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a

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specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems. Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery

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to each other with a metal object (such as wire). Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to get wet.

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Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a

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hammer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it. Do not put thebatteries inor near a fire, orinto direct sunlight. When thebattery

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becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery. Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with

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heat. Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature loca-

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tions. Do not solder directly onto the battery.

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Do not use the battery if, when you use, charge, or store the battery, there is

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an unusual smell fromthe battery,the battery feelshot, changes color, changes shape, or is in an unusual condition. Contact your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs. Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery.

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1 – Warnings & Cautions

The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is ±0°C to

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+45°C (+32°F to +113°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation. If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range, it can cause the battery to become hot or to break. It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. The temperature range through which you can dischargethe battery is −15°C

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to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation. Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape

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or similar materials before you discard it. Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.

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Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items.

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This can cause damage. Be careful when you cleanthe infraredlens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective

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coating. Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective

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coating. In furnace and other high-temperature applications,you mustmount aheatshield

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on the camera. Using the camera in furnace and other high-temperature applications without a heatshield can cause damage to the camera. (Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled.) Do not

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disable the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period (typically max. 30 minutes). Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm, or irreparably damage, the detector. The encapsulationratingis valid onlywhen all openings onthe camera are sealed

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with their designated covers, hatches, or caps. This includes, but is not limited to, compartments for data storage, batteries, and connectors. (Applies only to FLIR A3xx f/A3xx pt series cameras.)

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Except as described in this manual,do notopen the FLIR A3xx pt/A3xx f series

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camera for any reason. Disassembly of the camera (including removal of the cover) can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty. Do not to leave fingerprints on the FLIR A3xx pt/A3xxf seriescamera’s infrared

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optics. The FLIR A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera requires a power supply of 24 VDC.

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Operating the camera outside of the specified input voltage range or the specified operating temperature range can cause permanent damage. When lifting the FLIR A3xx pt series camera use the camera body and base,

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not the tubes.

(Applies onlyto FLIR GF309 cameras.) CAUTION: The exceptionallywide temper-

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ature range of the FLIR GF309 infrared camera is designed for performing highly accurate electricaland mechanical inspectionsand can also “see throughflames” for inspectinggas-fired furnaces, chemicalheaters and coal-firedboilers.IN ORDER TO DERIVEACCURATE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS INTHESEENVIRONMENTS THE GF309OPERATOR MUST HAVE A STRONG UNDERSTANDING OF RADIOMETRIC FUNDAMENTALS AS WELL AS THE PRODUCTS AND CONDITIONS OF COMBUSTION THAT IMPACT REMOTE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT. The InfraredTraining Center(itc) offers awide range ofworld class infrared

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 3

1 – Warnings & Cautions

training for thermography professionals including GF309 operators. For more information about obtaining the training and certification you require, contact your FLIR sales representative or itc at www.infraredtraining.com.

4 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

2 Notice to user

Typographical conventions

User-to-user forums

Calibration

Accuracy

Disposal of electronic waste

This manual uses the following typographical conventions:

Semibold is used for menu names, menu commands and labels, and buttons in

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dialog boxes. Italic is used for important information.

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Monospace is used for code samples.

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UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons.

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Exchange ideas,problems, and infraredsolutions with fellowthermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:

http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/

(This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities.) We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact

your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.

(This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities.) For very accurate results, we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have

started the camera before measuring a temperature. For cameras where the detector is cooled by a mechanical cooler, this time period

excludes the time it takes to cool down the detector.

10742803;a1

As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmentally friendlyway, and in accordancewith existingregulationsfor electronicwaste.

Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details.

Training

Additional license information

To read about infrared training, visit:

http://www.infraredtraining.com

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http://www.irtraining.com

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http://www.irtraining.eu

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This license permits the user to install and use the software on any compatible computer, provided the software is used on a maximum of two (2) computers at the same time (for example, one laptop computer for on-site data acquisition, and one desktop computer for analysis in the office).

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 5

2 – Notice to user

One (1) back-up copy of the software may also be made for archive purposes.

6 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

3 Customer help

General

Submitting a question

Downloads

For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com

To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a fewminutes to registeronline. If you only wantto search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.

When you want to submit a question, makesure thatyou have the following information to hand:

The camera model

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The camera serial number

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The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your PC (for

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example, HDMI, Ethernet, USB™, or FireWire™) Operating system on your PC

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Microsoft®Office version

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Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual

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On the customer help site you can also download the following:

Firmware updates for your infrared camera

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Program updates for your PC software

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User documentation

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Application stories

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Technical publications

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Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 7

4 Documentation updates

General

Our manuals are updated several times per year, and we also issue product-critical notifications of changes on a regular basis.

To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at: http://support.flir.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find

the latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.

8 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

5 Important note about this manual

General

NOTE

FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line.

This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

FLIR Systemsreserves therightto discontinuemodels,software, parts oraccessories, and other items, or to change specifications and/or functionality at any time without prior notice.

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 9

6 Introduction

6.1 FLIR A3xx f series

T639344;a1

Figure 6.1 FLIR A3xx f series

The main purpose of FLIR A3xx f series is, by adding the housing, to increase the environmental specification of the standard FLIR A3xxseries to IP 66 without affecting any of the features available in the camera itself.

The built-in FLIR A3xx f series camera offers an affordable and accurate temperature measurement solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that do not call for the highest speed or reaction and who uses a PC. Due to to its composite video output, it is also an excellent choice for thermal image automationapplications, where you can utilize its unique properties such as looking through steam.

Key features:

■ MPEG-4 streaming

■ PoE (Power over Ethernet)

■ Built-in web server

■ General purpose I/O

■ 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.)

■ Synchronization through SNTP

■ Composite video output

■ Multi-camera utility software: FLIR IP Config and FLIR IR Monitor included

■ Open and well-described TCP/IP protocol for control and set-up

10 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

6 – Introduction

■ 16-bit 320 × 240 images @ 3 Hz, radiometric

■ Multi-camera software: FLIR Sensor Manager allows users to manage and control

a FLIR A3xx f series camera in a TCP/IP network.

Typical applications:

■ Fire prevention, critical vessel monitoring, and power utility asset management

■ Volume-oriented industrial control (multi-camera installation is possible)

6.2 FLIR A3xx pt series

T639343;a1

Figure 6.2 FLIR A3xx pt series

The FLIR A3xx pt series offers an affordable solution for anyone who needs to solve problems that need built in “smartness” such as analysis and alarm functionality. The FLIR A3xx pt series has all the necessary features and functions to build distributed single- or multi-camera solutions to cover large areas to monitor such as in coal pile monitoring, sub-station monitoring utilizing standard Ethernet hardwareand software protocols.

The FLIR A3xx pt series precision pan/tilt mechanism gives operators accurate pointing control while providing fully programmable scan patterns, radarslew-to-cue, and slew-to-alarm functionality.

Multi-sensor configurations also include a day/night 36× zoom color CCD camera on the same pan/tilt package.

Key features:

■ Built-in extensive analysis functionality.

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 11

6 – Introduction

■ Extensive alarm functionality, as a function of analysis and more.

■ H.264, MPEG-4 and MJPEG streaming.

■ Built-in web server.

■ 100 Mbps Ethernet (100 m cable, wireless, fiber, etc.).

■ Composite video output.

■ Precise pan/tilt mechanism.

■ Daylight camera.

■ IP66

■ IP control, the FLIR A3xx pt series can be integrated in any existing TCP/IP network

and controlled over a PC.

■ Serial control interface, use Pelco D or Bosch commands over RS-232, RS-422 or

RS-485 to a remotely control the FLIR A3xx pt series.

■ Multi-camera software: FLIR Sensor Manager allows users to manage and control

a FLIR A3xx pt series camera in a TCP/IP network.

12 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

7 Parts lists

7.1 Packaging contents (FLIR A3xx f series)

■ Cardboard box

■ Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing

■ Calibration certificate

■ Downloads brochure

■ FLIR Sensor Manager CD-ROM

■ Lens cap

■ Printed Getting Started Guide

■ Printed Important Information Guide

■ Service & training brochure

■ Small accessories kit

■ User documentation CD-ROM

■ FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM

■ Registration card

NOTE: FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice.

7.2 Packaging contents (FLIR A3xx pt series)

■ Cardboard box

■ Pan & tilt head with infrared camera, including lens and visual camera

■ Calibration certificate

■ Downloads brochure

■ FLIR Sensor Manager CD-ROM

■ Lens cap

■ Printed Getting Started Guide

■ Printed Important Information Guide

■ Service & training brochure

■ Small accessories kit

■ User documentation CD-ROM

■ FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM

■ Registration card

NOTE: FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice.

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 13

8 Installation (FLIR A3xx f series)

8.1 Installation overview

T639344;a1

Figure 8.1 FLIR A3xx f series

The FLIR A3xx f series camera is an infrared thermal imaging camera intended for outdoor applications, and can be installed in a fixed location or on a pan/tilt mechanism.

The FLIR A3xx f series camera is intended to be mounted on a medium-duty fixed pedestal mount or wall mount commonly used in the CCTV industry. Cables will exit from the back of the camera housing. The mount must support up to 30 lbs. (15 kg).

The FLIR A3xx f series is both an analog camera and an IP camera. The video from the camera can be viewed over a traditional analog video network, and it can be viewed by streaming it over an IP network using MPEG-4 encoding. Analog video will require a connection to a video monitor or an analog matrix/switch. The IP video will require a connection to an Ethernet network switch, and a computer with the appropriate software for viewing the video.

The camera can be controlled through either serial or IP communications. The camera operates on 12/24 VDC. In order to access the electrical connections and install the cables, it is necessary to

temporarily remove the back cover of the camera housing.

8.2 Installation components

The FLIR A3xx pt series camera includes these standard components:

■ Cardboard box

■ Infrared camera with lens and environmental housing

14 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

8 – Installation (FLIR A3xx f series)

■ Calibration certificate

■ Downloads brochure

■ FLIR Sensor Manager CD-ROM

■ Lens cap

■ Printed Getting Started Guide

■ Printed Important Information Guide

■ Service & training brochure

■ Small accessories kit

■ User documentation CD-ROM

■ FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM

■ Registration card

The installer will need to supply the following items; the lengths are specific to the installation.

■ Electrical wire, for system power; up to 100′ (3-conductor, shielded, gauge deter-

mined by cable length and supply voltage.

■ Camera grounding strap

■ Coaxial RG59U video cables (BNC connector at the camera end) for analog video

■ Shielded Category 6 Ethernet cable for control and streaming video over an IP

network; and also for software upgrades.

■ Optional serial cable for serial communications

■ Miscellaneous electrical hardware, connectors, and tools

8.3 Location considerations

The camera will require connections for power, communications (IP Ethernet, and/or RS232/RS422}, and video.

NOTE: Install all cameraswith an easilyaccessible Ethernet connectionto support futuresoftware upgrades.

Ensure that cable distances do not exceed the Referenced Standard specifications and adhere to all local and Industry Standards, Codes, and Best Practices.

8.4 Camera mounting

FLIR A3xx f series cameras must be mounted upright on top of the mounting surface, with the base below the camera. The unit shall not be hung upside down.

The FLIR A3xx f series camera can be secured to the mount with three to five 1/4″-20 bolts or studs as shown below.

Once the mounting location has been selected, verify both sides of the mounting surface are accessible.

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8 – Installation (FLIR A3xx f series)

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Figure 8.2 FLIR A3xx f series camera mounting (mm)

NOTE: If the camera is to be mounted on a pole or tower or other hard-to-reach location, connect and

operate the camera as a bench test at ground level prior to mounting the camera in its final location.

Use a thread locking compound such as Loctite 242 or equivalent with all metal to metal threaded connections.

Using the template supplied with the camera as a guide, mark the location of the holes for mounting the camera.

If the template is printed, be sure it is printed to scale so the dimensions are correct. Once the holes are drilled in the mounting surface, install three (3) to five (5) 1/4″-20

bolts or threaded studs into the base of the camera with thread-locking compound.

8.5 Prior to cutting/drilling holes

When selectinga mountinglocation forthe FLIRA3xx fseries camera,consider cable lengths and cable routing. Ensure the cables are long enough, given the proposed mounting locations and cable routing requirements, and route the cables before you install the components.

Use cables that have sufficient dimensions to ensure safety (for power cables) and adequate signal strength (for video and communications).

16 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

8.6 Back cover

T639381;a2

Breather valve1

Ground lug2

Shipping plug3

Shipping plug4

8 – Installation (FLIR A3xx f series)

Mounting screw (×4)5

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The FLIR A3xx f series camera comes with two 3/4″ NPT cable glands, each with a three hole gland seal insert. Cables may be between 0.23″ to 0.29″ OD. Typically up to five cables may be needed. Plugs are required for any insert hole(s) not being used.

If non-standard cable diameters are used, you may need to locate or fabricate the appropriate insert to fit the desired cable. FLIR Systems does not provide cable gland inserts other than what is supplied with the system.

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 17

8 – Installation (FLIR A3xx f series)

NOTE: Insert the cables through the cable glands on the enclosure before terminating and connecting them. (In general, the terminated connectors will not fit through the cable gland.) If a terminated cable is required, you can make a clean and singular cut in the gland seal to install the cable into the gland seal.

Proper installation of cable sealing glands and use of appropriate elastomer inserts is critical to long term reliability. Cables enter the camera mount enclosure through liquid-tight compressionglands. Be sure to insert the cables through the cable glands on the enclosure before terminating and connecting them (the connectors will not fit through the cable gland). Leave the gland nuts loosened until all cable installation has been completed. Inspect and install gland fittings in the back cover with suitable leak sealant and tighten to ensure water tight fittings. Teflon tape or pipe sealant (i.e. DuPont RectorSeal T™) are suitable for this purpose.

8.7 Removing the back cover

Use a 3 mm hex key to loosen the screws, exposing the connections at the back of the camera enclosure. There is a grounding wire connected between the case and the back cover as shown.

T639383;a1

Figure 8.3 1: Camera power; 2: Camera heater; 3: Video; 4: I/O ports; 5: Ethernet

8.8 Connecting power

The camera itself does not have an on/off switch. Generally the FLIR A3xx f series camera will be connected to a circuit breaker and the circuit breaker will be used to apply or remove power to the camera. If power is supplied to it, the camera will be in one of two modes: Booting Up or Powered On.

The power cable supplied by the installer must use wires that are sufficient size gauge (16 AWG recommended) for the supply voltage and length of the cable run, to ensure adequate current carrying capacity. Always follow local building codes.

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8 – Installation (FLIR A3xx f series)

Ensure the camera is properly grounded. Typical to good grounding practices, the camera chassisground should be provided using the lowest resistance path possible. FLIR Systems requires using a grounding strap anchored to the grounding lug on the back plate of the camera housing and connected to the nearest earth-grounding point.

NOTE: The terminal blocks for power connections will accept a maximum 16 AWG wire size.

8.9 Video connections

The analog video connection on the back of the camera is a BNC connector. The camera also provides an RCA video connector that can be used to temporarily monitor the video output, without disconnecting the BNC connection.

The video cable used should be rated as RG59U or better to ensure a quality video signal.

8.10 Ethernet connection

The cable gland seal is designed for use with Shielded Category 6 Ethernet cable.

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9 Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

9.1 Installation overview

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Figure 9.1 FLIR A3xx pt series

The FLIR A3xx pt series camera is a multi-sensor camera system on apan/tilt platform. Combinations ofan infraredthermal imagingcamera anda visible-lightvideo camera are intended for outdoor installations.

The FLIR A3xx pt series camera is intended to be mounted on a medium-duty fixed pedestal mount or wall mount commonly used in the CCTV industry. Cables will exit from the back of the camera housing. The mount must support up to 45 lbs. (20 kg).

The FLIR A3xx pt series camera is both an analog and an IP camera. The video from the camera can be viewed over a traditional analog video network or it can be viewed by streaming it over an IP network using MPEG-4, M-JPEG and H.264 encoding. Analog video will require a connection to a video monitor or an analog matrix/switch. The IP video will require a connection to an Ethernet network switch, and a computer with the appropriate software for viewing the video stream.

The camera can be controlled through either serial or IP communications. The camera operates on 12/24 VDC. In order to access the electrical connections and install the cables, it is necessary to

temporarily remove the back cover of the camera housing.

9.2 Installation components

The FLIR A3xx pt series camera includes these standard components:

■ Cardboard box

■ Pan & tilt head with infrared camera, including lens and visual camera

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9 – Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

■ Calibration certificate

■ Downloads brochure

■ FLIR Sensor Manager CD-ROM

■ Lens cap

■ Printed Getting Started Guide

■ Printed Important Information Guide

■ Service & training brochure

■ Small accessories kit

■ User documentation CD-ROM

■ FLIR Tools & Utilities CD-ROM

■ Registration card

The installer will need to supply the following items; the lengths are specific to the installation.

■ Electrical wire, for system power

■ Camera grounding strap

■ Coaxial RG59U video cables (BNC connector at the camera end) for analog video

■ Shielded Category 6 Ethernet cable for control and streaming video over an IP

network; and also for software upgrades

■ Optional serial cable for serial communications

■ Miscellaneous electrical hardware, connectors, and tools

9.3 Location considerations

The camera will require connections for power, communications (IP Ethernet, and/or RS232/RS422), and video (two video connections may be required for analog video installations).

NOTE: Install all cameraswith an easilyaccessible Ethernet connectionto support futuresoftware upgrades.

Ensure that cable distances do not exceed the Referenced Standard specifications and adhere to all local and Industry Standards, Codes, and Best Practices.

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9 – Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

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Figure 9.2 FLIR A3xx pt series exclusion zone. Height 480 mm (18.9″), diameter 740 mm (29.1″).

9.4 Camera mounting

FLIR A3xx pt series cameras must be mounted upright on top of the mounting surface, with the base below the camera. The unit should not be hung upside down.

The FLIR A3xx pt series camera can be secured to the mount with four 5/16″ or M8 bolts, as shown below.

Once the mounting location has been selected, verify both sides of the mounting surface are accessible.

22 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

9 – Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

T639345;a2

Figure 9.3 FLIR A3xx pt series camera mounting (mm)

NOTE: Connect and operate the camera as a bench test at ground level prior to mounting the camera in

its final location.

Use a thread locking compound such as Loctite 242 or equivalent with all metal to metal threaded connections.

Using the template supplied with the camera as a guide, mark the location of the holes for mounting the camera. If the template is printed, be sure it is printed to scale so the dimensions are correct.

Once the holes are drilled in the mounting surface, install four (4) 5/16″ or M8 bolts through the base of the camera.

9.5 Prior to cutting/drilling holes

When selecting a mounting location for the FLIR A3xx pt series camera, consider cable lengths and cable routing. Ensure the cables are long enough given the proposed mounting locations and cable routing requirements.

Use cables that have sufficient dimensions to ensure safety (for power cables) and adequate signal strength (for video and communications).

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9 – Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

9.6 Back cover

The FLIR A3xx pt series camera comes with two 3/4″ NPT cable glands, each with a three hole gland seal insert. Cables may be between 0.23″ to 0.29″ OD. Up to six cables may be installed. Plugs are required for the insert hole(s) not being used.

T639377;a2

Shipping plug1

Breather valve2

Shipping plug3

Ground lug4

Mounting screw (×6)5

T639385;a1

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9 – Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

9.7 Removing the back cover

Use a cross-tip screwdriver to loosen the six captive screws and remove the cover, exposing the connections at the back of the camera. There is a grounding wire connected between the case and the back cover

T639379;a1

Figure 9.4 1: IP network; 2: Not used; 3: Serial connection for local control; 4: Analog infrared video; 5: Analog video (monitoring output only); 6: Analog visual video; 7: Camera power; 8: Heater power

9.8 Connecting power

The camera itself does not have an on/off switch. Generally the FLIR A3xx pt series camera will be connected to a circuit breaker and the circuit breaker will be used to apply or remove power to the camera. If power is supplied to it, the camera will be in one of two modes: Booting Up or Powered On.

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9 – Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

NOTE: The terminal blocks for power connections will accept a maximum 16 AWG wire size.

9.9 Video connections

The analog video connections on the back of the camera are BNC connectors. The video cable used should be rated as RG59U or better to ensure a quality video

signal.

9.10 Ethernet connection

The cable gland seal is designed for use with Shielded Category 6 Ethernet cable.

9.11 Serial communications overview

The installer must first decide if the serial communications settings will be configured via hardware (DIP switch settings) or software. If the camera has an Ethernet connection, then generally it will be easier (and more convenient in the long run) to make configuration settings via software. Then configuration changes can be made over the network without physically accessing the camera. Also the settings can be saved to a file and backed up or restored as needed.

If the camera is configured via hardware, then configuration changes in the future may require accessing the camera on a tower or pole, dismounting it, and removing the back and so on. If the camera does not have an Ethernet connection, the DIP switches must be used to set the serial communication options.

The serial communicationsparameters for the FLIR A3xx pt seriescamera are set or modified either via

■

hardware DIP switch settings or via software, through a web browser interface. A single DIP switch (SW102-9, Software Override) determines whether the configuration comes from the hardware DIP switches or the software settings. The DIP switches are only used to control serial communications parameters. Other settings, related

■

to IP camera functions and so on, must be modified via software (using a web browser).

9.12 Serial connections

For serial communications, it is necessary to set the parameters such as the signalling standard (RS-232 or RS-422), baud rate, number of stop bits, parity and so on. It is also necessary to select the communication protocol used (either Pelco D or Bosch) and the camera address.

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9 – Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

The camera supports RS-422 and RS-232 serial communications using common protocols (Pelco D, Bosch).

NOTE: The terminal blocks for serial connections will accept a maximum 20 AWG wire size.

9.13 Setting configuration dip switches

The figure below shows the locations of dip switches SW102 and SW103

T639367;a2

Figure 9.5 FLIR A3xx pt series camera configuration

Pelco Address: This is the address of the system when configured as a Pelco device. The available range of values is from decimal 0 to 255.

T639368;a1

Figure 9.6 Dip switch address/ID settings – SW102

Other serialcommunication parameters:The tablesbelow definesthe switch locations, bit numbering and on/off settings.

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9 – Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

T639369;a1

Figure 9.7 Dip switch address/ID settings – SW103

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10 Verifying camera operation (FLIR

A3xx f series)

Prior to installing the camera, use a bench test to verify camera operation and configure the camera for the local network. The camera provides analog video and can be controlled through either serial or IP communications.

10.1 Power and analog video

1 Connect the power, video, and serial cables to the camera. 2 Connect the video cable from the camera to a display/monitor and connect the

power cableto a power supply. The camera operates on 21–30 VAC or 21–30VDC. Verify that video is displayed on the monitor.

10.2 Verify IP Communications

As shipped from the factory, the FLIR A3xx f series camera has an IP address of

192.168.250.116 with a netmask of 255.255.255.0.

1 Configure a laptop or PC with another IP address from this network (for example,

192.168.250.)

2 Connect the camera and the laptop to the same Ethernet switch (or back-to-back

with an Ethernet crossover cable). In some cases, a straight Ethernet cable can be used, because many PCs have auto detect Ethernet interfaces.

3 Open a web browser, enter http://192.168.250.116 in the address bar, and press

Enter. The Web Configurator will start at the Login screen.

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If the Login screen appears, then you have established IP communications with the camera. It is not necessary to log in and use the Web Configuration tool right away. At this time, perform a bench test of the camera using the FLIR Sensor Manager software and the factory configured IP address.

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11 Verifying camera operation (FLIR

A3xx pt series)

11.1 Power and analog video

1 Connect the power, video, and serial cables to the camera. 2 Connect the video cable from the camera to a display/monitor and connect the

power cableto a power supply. The camera operates on 21–30 VAC or 21–30VDC. Verify that video is displayed on the monitor.

3 Connect the serial cable from the camera to a serial device such as a keyboard,

and confirm that the camera is responding to serial commands. Before using serial communications, it may be necessary to configure the serial device interface to operate with the camera. When the camera is turned on, the video temporarily displays system information including the serial number, IP address, Pelco address, Baud rate, and setting of the serial control DIP switch: SW – software control (the default) or HW – hardware.

■ S/N: 1234567

■ IP Addr: 192.168.250.116

■ PelcoD (Addr:1): 9600 SW

11.2 Verify IP communications

As shipped from the factory, the FLIR A3xx pt series camera has an IP address of

192.168.250.116 with a netmask of 255.255.255.0.

1 Configure a laptop or PC with another IP address from this network (for example,

192.168.250. In some cases, a straight Ethernet cable can be used, because many PCs have auto detect Ethernet interfaces.

2 Connect the camera and the laptop to the same Ethernet switch (or back-to-back

with an Ethernet crossover cable).

3 Open a web browser, enter http://192.168.250.116 in the address bar, and press

Enter.

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11 – Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

T639362;a1

The Web Configurator will start at the Login screen. If the Login screen appears, then you have established IP communications with the camera. It is not necessary to log in and use the Web Configuration tool right away. At this time, perform a bench testof thecamera usingthe FLIRSensors Managersoftware andthe factory configured IP address.

11.3 FLIR A3xx pt series configuration

After logging in, the Help screen is displayed. This screen has information about the camera including hardware and software revision numbers, part numbers, and serial numbers. If you need to contact FLIR Systems for support, this information will be useful to the support engineer. Use the menu entries at the left of the screen shown in the figure below to configure the FLIR A3xx pt series series camera.

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11 – Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

T639356;a1

The followingparagraphs showthe pagesfor settingserial communicationparameters and setting a new IP address for a camera on a local area network.

11.3.1 Set the date and time

1 Click Server Status. The screen below will be displayed.

T639354;a1

2 Set the Timezone from the pull down menu. Click Set. 3 Set the Date Format from the pull down menu. Click Set. 4 Set the Date by typing in the dialog boxes. Click Set. 5 Set the Time by typing in the dialog boxes. Click Set.

11.3.2 Serial remote menu

The settings you make in this screen will become active when the software override DIP switch is set to Off (the default) allowing software settings to control the camera.

NOTE: This menu is disabled by default. You need to enable it before changing any settings.

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11 – Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

1 Click Serial Remote. The screen below will be displayed.

T639353;a1

2 Select the Protocol for your serial control configuration. (Pelco-D Serial Remote

in this example). Select Device ID: 1 to see the Pelco-D advanced settings. (If you selected Bosch Serial Remote in 2 above, you will select Device ID: 2 to see the Bosch advanced settings.)

T639348;a1

3 Enter the parameters for your specific location. 4 Scroll down to see more advanced settings.

11.3.2.1 Scanlist Serial Control

1 Scrolldown untilyou see the Advanced Settings section shown in the screen below.

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11 – Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

T639370;a1

2 Enter the scanning parameters for your specific location.

11.3.3 Digital video configuration—video IR and video DLTV

NOTE: When defining the ports for digital video, streams are setup sequentially; 0, 1, 2, and 3. If a stream is enabled, the server will use the RTP/RTSP over HTTP port parameter to define the port number (if left blank, 8080 is used). A subsequent stream’s configuration takes precedence so the same port needs to be defined for all enabled video streams. (But actually you could really only define a non-default port for the last video stream configured.)

1 Click Video IR. The screen below will be displayed.

T639373;a1

2 Enter the parameters for your IR video stream. The IR Stream Name contains the

connection string for the IP video. The default value recognized by FLIR Sensor Manager as ch0 is: rtsp://192.168.250.116/ch0. Enter the appropriate IP video connection string for your installation.

3 Click Video DLTV. The screen below will be displayed.

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11 – Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

T639372;a1

4 Enterthe parametersfor yourvisible video stream. The DLTV Stream Name contains

the connectionstring forthe IP video. The default value recognized by FLIR Sensor Manager as ch2 is: rtsp://192.168.250.116/ch2. Enter the appropriate IP video connection string for your installation.

11.3.4 Analog video configuration—video matrix Click Video Matrix. The screen below will be displayed.

NOTE: This menu is disabled by default. You need to enable it before changing any settings.

T639371;a1

The FLIR A3xx pt series camera provides two analog video ports: Main and Auxiliary.

■ You can select the source of each port from this screen.

■ Set the Device type (set Device ID) for each source.

■ Set Picture-In-Picture (PIP) for each port.

11.3.5 Configuration file

1 Click Configuration File. The screen below will be displayed. Shown at the top of

the screen is the .ini file in a scrollable window. This can help if you ever need help from a support engineer.

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11 – Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

T639350;a1

2 Click Restore in the Factory Backup and Restore section to reconfigure the file to

the settings sent from the factory. This file can not be modified or deleted, so it is always available.

3 Inthe Customer Backup and Recovery section, make a backup of your final custom

settings.

4 In the Upload and Download section, download a copy to a different network loca-

tion for safe keeping.

11.3.6 LAN settings

As the final step in configuring the camera on the bench, you may want to insert a new IP address appropriate for the local area network receiving the camera. Once you are finished with this process you typically will no longer be able to access the camera from the same PC used to see the default IP address.

1 Click LAN Settings. The screen below will be displayed.

T639352;a1

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11 – Verifying camera operation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

2 Enter the Hostname, Gateway, IP Address, and Netmask that are appropriate for

the local area network. Then click Save. A message will appear indicating the IP address has been changed and the browser will nolonger be able to communicate with the camera. You must connect the camera to an appropriate localarea network (LAN) and connect to the camera using its new IP address.

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12 Cleaning the camera

12.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items

Liquids

Equipment

Procedure

CAUTION

Use one of these liquids:

Warm water

■

A weak detergent solution

■

A soft cloth

Follow this procedure:

Soak the cloth in the liquid.1

Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid.2

Clean the part with the cloth.3

Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage.

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12.2 Infrared lens

12 – Cleaning the camera

Liquids

Equipment

Procedure

WARNING

CAUTION

Use one of these liquids:

96% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH).

■

DEE (= ‘ether’ = diethylether, C4H10O).

■

50% acetone (= dimethylketone, (CH3)2CO)) + 50% ethyl alcohol (by volume).

■

This liquid prevents drying marks on the lens.

Cotton wool

Follow this procedure:

Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.1

Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.2

Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool.3

Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.

Be careful when you cleanthe infraredlens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective

■

coating. Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective

■

coating.

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12 – Cleaning the camera

12.3 Infrared detector

General

NOTE

CAUTION

Procedure

Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image. To remove any dust from the detector, follow the procedure below.

This section only appliesto cameras whereremoving the lensexposes the infrared

■

detector. In somecases thedustcannot be removedby following thisprocedure: the infrared

■

detector mustbe cleanedmechanically. This mechanical cleaning mustbe carried out by an authorized service partner.

In Step2 below,do not usepressurized air frompneumatic air circuits ina workshop, etc., as this air usually contains oil mist to lubricate pneumatic tools.

Follow this procedure:

Remove the lens from the camera.1

Use pressurized air from a compressed air canister to blow off the dust.2

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13 Technical data

For technical data for this product, please refer to the product catalog and technical datasheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the camera.

The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com.

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14 Pin configurations and

schematics

14.1 Pin configuration for camera I/O connector

ConfigurationPin

IN 11

IN 22

OUT 13

OUT 24

I/O +5

I/O –6

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14 – Pin configurations and schematics

14.2 Schematic overview of the camera unit digital I/O ports

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14 – Pin configurations and schematics

14.3 Schematic overview of the A3xx pt board

T639498;a1

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15 About FLIR Systems

FLIR Systemswas establishedin 1978to pioneerthe developmentof high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications. Today, FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958—the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems (formerly AGA Infrared Systems), the three United States companies Indigo Systems, FSI, and Inframetrics, and the French company Cedip. In November 2007, Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems.

T638608;a1

Figure 15.1 Patent documents from the early 1960s

The companyhas soldmore than200,000 infraredcameras worldwidefor applications such as predictive maintenance, R & D, non-destructive testing, process control and automation, and machine vision, among many others.

FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Boston, MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is alsoa manufacturingplant in Tallinn, Estonia. Direct sales offices in Belgium, Brazil,

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 45

15 – About FLIR Systems

China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the USA—togetherwith a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our international customer base.

FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate marketdemand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.The companyhas set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations.

10722703;a2

Figure 15.2 LEFT: Thermovision® Model 661 from 1969. The camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.), the oscilloscope20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operatoralso needed a 220 VAC generator set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen.To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR i7 from 2009. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.

FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systemsitself. From detector design and manufacturing, to lenses and system electronics, to final testing and calibration, all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers. The in-depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera.

15.1 More than just an infrared camera

At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful

46 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

15 – About FLIR Systems

camera–software combination.Especially tailoredsoftware forpredictive maintenance, R & D, and process monitoring is developed in-house. Most software is available in a wide variety of languages.

We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications.

15.2 Sharing our knowledge

Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certified training courses. Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly handson learning experience.

The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice.

15.3 Supporting our customers

FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language.

15.4 A few images from our facilities

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Figure 15.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector

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15 – About FLIR Systems

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Figure 15.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing

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Figure 15.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration

48 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

16 Glossary

ExplanationTerm or expression

absorption (absorption factor)

atmosphere

autoadjust

autopalette

blackbody

blackbody radiator

calculated atmospherictransmission

cavity radiator

color temperature

continuous adjust

The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1.

The gasesbetween the objectbeing measured andthe camera, normally air.

A function making a camera perform an internal image correction.

The IR image isshown with anuneven spread ofcolors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.

Totally non-reflective object. All its radiation is due to its own temperature.

An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras.

A transmissionvalue computed fromthe temperature, therelative humidity of air and the distance to the object.

A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside, viewed through the bottleneck.

The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color.

The process that makes heat diffuse into a material.conduction

A function that adjusts the image. The function works all the time, continuouslyadjusting brightness andcontrast according to the image content.

convection

emissivity (emissivity factor)

emittance

environment

estimated atmospheric transmission

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 49

Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion, either by gravity or another force, thereby transferring heat from one place to another.

An isotherm with two color bands, instead of one.dual isotherm

The amount of radiation coming from an object, compared to that of a blackbody. A number between 0 and 1.

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area (W/m2)

Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured.

A transmissionvalue, supplied bya user, replacing a calculated one

16 – Glossary

ExplanationTerm or expression

external optics

FOV

graybody

IFOV

image correction(internal or external)

isotherm

isothermal cavity

Laser LocatIR

Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the camera and the object being measured.

A material transparent onlyto some ofthe infrared wavelengths.filter

Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens.

Focal plane array: A type of IR detector.FPA

An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength.

Instantaneous field of view: A measureof the geometrical resolution of an IR camera.

A way of compensatingfor sensitivity differencesin various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera.

Non-visible radiation,having a wavelengthfrom about2–13 μm.infrared

infraredIR

A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.

A bottle-shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck.

An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera.

laser pointer

level

manual adjust

NETD

object parameters

object signal

An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera.

The center value of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value.

A wayto adjust theimageby manually changingcertainparameters.

Noise equivalenttemperature difference. Ameasureof theimage noise level of an IR camera.

Undesired small disturbance in the infrared imagenoise

A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement ofan object was made, andthe object itself(such as emissivity, reflected apparent temperature, distance etc.)

A non-calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object.

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16 – Glossary

ExplanationTerm or expression

The set of colors used to display an IR image.palette

Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image.pixel

radiance

radiation

range

reference temperature

reflection

relative humidity

saturation color

span

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and angle (W/m2/sr)

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time (W)radiant power

The process by which electromagnetic energy, is emitted byan object or a gas.

A piece of IR radiating equipment.radiator

The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration.

A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with.

The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1.

Relative humidity represents theratio between thecurrent water vapour mass in the airand the maximum it may contain in saturation conditions.

The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/span settings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colors contain an ‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color. There is also a thirdred saturation colorthat marks everything saturated by the detectorindicating that the range should probably be changed.

The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value.

spectral (radiant) emittance

Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and wavelength (W/m2/μm)

temperature difference,or difference of temperature.

temperature range

A valuewhich is theresult of a subtraction between twotemperature values.

The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration.

temperature scale

The way in whichan IR imagecurrently is displayed.Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors.

infrared imagethermogram

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16 – Glossary

ExplanationTerm or expression

transmission (ortransmittance) factor

transparent isotherm

visual

Gases and materials can be more orless transparent. Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number between 0 and 1.

An isothermshowing a linearspread of colors,instead of covering the highlighted parts of the image.

Refers to the video mode of a IR camera, as opposed to the normal, thermographicmode. When a camera isin video mode it captures ordinary video images, while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode.

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17 Thermographic measurement

techniques

17.1 Introduction

An infraredcamera measuresand imagesthe emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature.

However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorptionof the atmosphere.

To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically by the camera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the camera:

■ The emissivity of the object

■ The reflected apparent temperature

■ The distance between the object and the camera

■ The relative humidity

■ Temperature of the atmosphere

17.2 Emissivity

The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short, is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature.

Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless of color in the visible spectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0.97 to 0.98.

Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and highreflexivity, which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the emissivity of metals is low– onlyincreasing with temperature. For non-metals, emissivity tendsto behigh, and decreases with temperature.

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17 – Thermographic measurement techniques

17.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample

17.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature

Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature:

17.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method

Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a

= b).

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Figure 17.1 1 = Reflection source

If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if

cardboard.

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Figure 17.2 1 = Reflection source

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17 – Thermographic measurement techniques

Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the

following settings:

Emissivity: 1.0

■

: 0

■

obj

You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods:

10589003;a2

Figure 17.3 1 = Reflection source

Note: Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom-

mended for two important reasons:

■ A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity

■ A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface, usually by

gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator.

17.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method

Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.1

Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size.2

Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make sure that the side

with aluminum foil points to the camera.

Set the emissivity to 1.0.4

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17 – Thermographic measurement techniques

Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down.

10727003;a2

Figure 17.4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil

17.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity

Select a place to put the sample.1

Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.2

Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample.3

Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably even.4

Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image.5

Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast.6

Set emissivity to that of the tape (usually 0.97).7

Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions:

Isotherm (helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated

■

the sample) Spot (simpler)

■

Box Avg (good for surfaces with varying emissivity).

■

Write down the temperature.9

Move your measurement function to the sample surface.10

Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measure-

ment.

Write down the emissivity.12

Note:

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17 – Thermographic measurement techniques

■ Avoid forced convection

■ Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections

■ Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity

you are certain of

■ This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface

are the same. If they are not, your emissivity measurement will be wrong.

17.3 Reflected apparent temperature

This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.

17.4 Distance

The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera.This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts:

■ That radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object

and the camera.

■ That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera.

17.5 Relative humidity

The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value. For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value of 50%.

17.6 Other parameters

In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters:

■ Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the

camera and the target

■ External optics temperature – i.e. the temperature of any external lensesor windows

used in front of the camera

■ External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or win-

dows used in front of the camera

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18 History of infrared technology

Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.

10398703;a1

Figure 18.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)

The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir William Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations. While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun’s heat, while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds’ observation.

Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment, with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation detector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other thermometers, placed outside the sun’s rays, served as controls.

As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum, the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end. This was not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel,

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18 – History of infrared technology

however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point.

10398903;a1

Figure 18.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)

Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Herschel confirmedthat the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared wavelengths’.

When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromagnetic spectrumas the‘thermometrical spectrum’.The radiationitself hesometimes referred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator.

Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths. Different investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types of glass indiscriminately, having differenttransparencies in the infrared. Through his later experiments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly-discovered thermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively (i.e. plane and curved mirrors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830, when the Italian investigator, Melloni, made his greatdiscovery that naturally occurring rock salt (NaCl) – which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms – is remarkably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material, and remained so for the next hundred years, until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.

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18 – History of infrared technology

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Figure 18.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)

Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to

0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then

a breakthrough occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away.

The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir John Herschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right. Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper, which he called a ‘thermograph’.

10399003;a2

Figure 18.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)

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18 – History of infrared technology

The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted ofa thinblackened strip of platinumconnected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters.

An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low temperature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos bottle’, used for storing hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.

Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world‘discovered’ the infrared. Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships – and even icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be developed duringthe 1914–18war, whenboth sideshad researchprograms devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure communications, and ‘flying torpedo’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distanceof 1.5 km (0.94 miles), or a person more than 300 meters (984 ft.) away.

The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector. At first, the image converter received the greatest attention by the military, because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However, the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths, and the most interesting military targets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated by infrared search beams. Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer’s position to a similarly-equipped enemy observer, it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded.

The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped) thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive secret military infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’ (no search beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During this period, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared-imaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950’s, and from that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry.

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19 Theory of thermography

19.1 Introduction

The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given.

19.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation. Thereis no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength.

10067803;a1

Figure 19.1 The electromagnetic spectrum.1: X-ray; 2: UV; 3: Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6: Radiowaves.

Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long-wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter range.

The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the middle infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100

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19 – Theory of thermography

μm). Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å).

The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:

19.3 Blackbody radiation

A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength. The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation isexplained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation.

10398803;a1

Figure 19.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)

The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material representsalmost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeatedreflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly escape. The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths.

By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates blackbody radiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example.

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19 – Theory of thermography

If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance.

Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.

19.3.1 Planck’s law

10399203;a1

Figure 19.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)

Max Planck (1858–1947) wasable todescribe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula:

where:

λb

Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.W

Velocity of light = 3 × 108m/sc

Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10

Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10

Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.T

Wavelength (μm).λ

-34

Joule sec.h

-23

Joule/K.k

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19 – Theory of thermography

➲ The factor 10-6is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm.

Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then increases rapidly to amaximum at a wavelength λ

and after passing

max

it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs.

10327103;a4

Figure 19.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2× 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)

19.3.2 Wien’s displacement law

By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have:

This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathematically the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for λ

. A good approximation of the value of λ

max

for

a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T

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19 – Theory of thermography

μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm.

10399403;a1

Figure 19.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)

The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum.

At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

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10327203;a4

Figure 19.6 Planckian curves plottedon semi-logscales from 100 K to1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).

19.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law

By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance (Wb) of a blackbody:

This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltzmann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional tothe fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, Wbrepresents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval λ = 0 to λ

is only 25% of the total, which represents

max

about the amount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum.

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19 – Theory of thermography

10399303;a1

Figure 19.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)

Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.This power loss could not be sustained if it were notfor the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of clothing.

19.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters

So far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. However, real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region – although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals. For example, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm it is almost black.

There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be reflected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions. Thus:

■ The spectral absorptance α

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by

an object to that incident upon it.

■ The spectral reflectance ρ

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by

an object to that incident upon it.

■ The spectral transmittance τ

= the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted

through an object to that incident upon it.

The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength, so we have the relation:

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For opaque materials τλ= 0 and the relation simplifies to:

Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition:

The spectral emissivity ελ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength.

Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows:

Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.

■ A blackbody, for which ε

■ A graybody, for which ε

■ A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength

= ε = 1

= ε = constant less than 1

According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:

From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ+ ρλ= 1):

For highly polished materials ελapproaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:

For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:

This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 69

19 – Theory of thermography

10401203;a2

Figure 19.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.

10327303;a4

Figure 19.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.

19.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials

Consider nowa non-metallic,semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interior. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but

70 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

19 – Theory of thermography

some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semitransparent plate is obtained as:

When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:

This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly.

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 71

20 The measurement formula

As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via theobject surface.Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.

This description of the measurement situation, as illustrated in the figure below, is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions. What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources outside the field of view. Such disturbances are difficult to quantify, however, in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected. In case they are not negligible, the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious, at least to a trained operator. It is then his responsibility to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e.g. by changing the viewing direction, shielding off intense radiation sources etc.

Accepting the description above, we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output.

10400503;a1

Figure 20.1 A schematic representation ofthe general thermographicmeasurement situation.1: Surroundings; 2: Object; 3: Atmosphere; 4: Camera

Assume thatthe received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature

on short distance generates a camera output signal U

source

that is proportional

source

to the power input (power linear camera). We can then write (Equation 1):

72 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

20 – The measurement formula

or, with simplified notation:

where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would

consequently be εW

source

. We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms: 1 – Emission from the object = ετW

is the transmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is T 2 – Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τW

flectance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature T It has here been assumed that the temperature T

, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ

obj

, where (1 – ε) is the re-

refl

is the same for all emitting surfaces

refl

within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula, and T

can – at least theoretically – be given

refl

a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding. Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This is

correct inaccordance withKirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1. (Note thoughthat the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered.)

3 – Emission from the atmosphere = (1 – τ)τW the atmosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is T

, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of

atm

The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):

We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):

Solve Equation 3 for U

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 73

(Equation 4):

obj

20 – The measurement formula

This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are:

Figure 20.2 Voltages

obj

Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested

obj

object temperature.

tot

refl

atm

Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.U

Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

according to the calibration.

refl

Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature

according to the calibration.

atm

The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:

■ the object emittance ε,

■ the relative humidity,

■ T

atm

■ object distance (D

■ the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient

temperature T

■ the temperature of the atmosphere T

refl

obj

, and

)

atm

This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case. The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources.

A natural question in this connection is: How important is it to know the right values of these parameters? It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters.

The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values:

■ τ = 0.88

■ T

= +20°C (+68°F)

refl

■ T

= +20°C (+68°F)

atm

74 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

20 – The measurement formula

It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still more difficult.

We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation. Imagine that we in a certain case measure U

= 4.5 volts. The highest calibration

tot

point for the camera was in the order of 4.1 volts, a value unknown to the operator. Thus, even if the object happened to be a blackbody, i.e. U

obj

= U

, we are actually

tot

performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4.5 volts into temperature.

Let us now assume that the object is not black, it has an emittance of 0.75, and the transmittance is0.92. We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0.5 volts together. Computation of U

by means of Equation 4 then results in U

obj

= 4.5/ 0.75/ 0.92– 0.5= 6.0.This isa ratherextreme extrapolation,particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts! Note, though, that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations exist. We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera, and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 75

20 – The measurement formula

10400603;a2

Figure 20.3 Relative magnitudes of radiationsources under varyingmeasurementconditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere

radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T

= 20°C (+68°F); T

refl

= 20°C (+68°F).

atm

76 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

20 – The measurement formula

10400703;a2

Figure 20.4 Relative magnitudes of radiationsources under varyingmeasurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere

radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T

= 20°C (+68°F); T

refl

= 20°C (+68°F).

atm

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 77

21 Emissivity tables

This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems.

21.1 References

Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y.

William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

Madding, R.P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin:University of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.

William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.

Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.

Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute, Stockholm 1972.

Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.

Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.

Öhman, Claes:Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport,AGEMA 1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA 1999.)

Matteï, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21

between –36°C AND 82°C.

Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)11

ITC Technical publication 32.12

ITC Technical publication 29.13

21.2 Important note about the emissivity tables

The type of camera that has been used when compiling the emissivity data is specified in column4. Thevalues shouldbe regardedas recommendationsonly andused with caution.

78 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

21 – Emissivity tables

21.3 Tables

Figure 21.1 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum (T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm); 5: Emissivity: 6: Reference to literature source above

654321

3M type 35

3M type 88

3M type Super 33+

Aluminum

13Ca. 0.96LW< 80Vinyl electrical tape (several colors)

13Ca. 0.96LW< 105Black vinyl electrical tape

13< 0.96MW< 105Black vinyl electrical tape

13Ca. 0.96LW< 80Black vinyl electrical tape

90.95LW70anodized, black,

dull

90.67SW70anodized, black,

dull

90.97LW70anodized, light

gray, dull

90.61SW70anodized, light

gray, dull

20.55T100anodized sheetAluminum

40.09T100as received, plateAluminum

20.09T100as received, sheetAluminum

90.46LW70cast, blastcleanedAluminum

90.47SW70cast, blastcleanedAluminum

Aluminum

plate

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 79

40.05T100dipped in HNO3,

30.093 µm27foilAluminum

30.0410 µm27foilAluminum

10.2–0.3T50–500oxidized, stronglyAluminum

10.04–0.06T50–100polishedAluminum

20.05T100polished, sheetAluminum

40.05T100polished plateAluminum

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

30.283 µm27roughenedAluminum

30.1810 µm27roughenedAluminum

10.06–0.07T20–50rough surfaceAluminum

Aluminum

ide

Aluminum oxide

90.03–0.06LW70sheet, 4 samples differently scratched

90.05–0.08SW70sheet, 4 samples differently scratched

20.04T20vacuum depositedAluminum

50.83–0.94SW17weathered, heavilyAluminum

10.60T20Aluminum bronze

10.28TpowderAluminumhydrox-

10.46Tactivated, powderAluminum oxide

10.16Tpure, powder(alumina)

10.96T20boardAsbestos

10.78TfabricAsbestos

70.94SW35floor tileAsbestos

10.93–0.95T40–400paperAsbestos

10.40–0.60TpowderAsbestos

10.96T20slateAsbestos

80.967LLW4Asphalt paving

10.22T20–350dull, tarnishedBrass

90.04–0.09SW70oxidizedBrass

90.03–0.07LW70oxidizedBrass

20.61T100oxidizedBrass

10.59–0.61T200–600oxidized at 600°CBrass

10.03T200polishedBrass

20.03T100polished, highlyBrass

80 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

Brass

Brick

20.20T20rubbed with 80grit emery

10.06T20sheet, rolledBrass

10.2T20sheet, workedwith emery

50.68SW17aluminaBrick

50.86–0.81SW17commonBrick

10.85T1100Dinas silica, glazed, rough

10.66T1000Dinas silica, refractory

10.80T1000Dinas silica, unglazed, rough

50.68SW17firebrickBrick

10.85T20fireclayBrick

10.75T1000fireclayBrick

10.59T1200fireclayBrick

70.94SW35masonryBrick

10.94T20masonry, plastered

20.93T20red, commonBrick

10.88–0.93T20red, roughBrick

Brick

10.46T1000refractory, corundum

Brick

10.38T1000–1300refractory, magnesite

Brick

10.8–0.9T500–1000refractory,strongly radiating

Brick

10.65–0.75T500–1000refractory, weakly radiating

Brick

SiO2, 64% Al2O

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 81

10.66T1230silica, 95% SiO

10.29T1500sillimanite, 33%

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

50.87SW17waterproofBrick

90.06LW70phosphor bronzeBronze

90.08SW70phosphor bronzeBronze

10.1T50polishedBronze

10.55T50–150porous, roughBronze

10.76–0.80TpowderBronze

20.95T20candle sootCarbon

10.96Tcharcoal powderCarbon

Carbon

Copper

20.98T20graphite, filed surface

10.97Tgraphite powderCarbon

10.95–0.97T20–400lampblackCarbon

60.90SW20untreatedChipboard

10.10T50polishedChromium

10.28–0.38T500–1000polishedChromium

10.91T70firedClay

10.98T20blackCloth

20.92T20Concrete

70.95SW36dryConcrete

50.97SW17roughConcrete

80.974LLW5walkwayConcrete

10.07T20commercial, burnished

10.018T80electrolytic, carefully polished

40.006T–34electrolytic, polished

10.13–0.15T1100–1300moltenCopper

10.6–0.7T50oxidizedCopper

40.78T27oxidized, blackCopper

82 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

20.78T20oxidized, heavilyCopper

Copper

10.88Toxidized to blackness

10.02T50–100polishedCopper

20.03T100polishedCopper

40.03T27polished, commercial

40.015T22polished, mechanical

40.008T22pure, carefully prepared surface

40.07T27scrapedCopper

10.84TpowderCopper dioxide

10.70Tred, powderCopper oxide

10.89TEbonite

10.85T80coarseEmery

10.9T20Enamel

10.85–0.95T20lacquerEnamel

60.85SW20hard, untreatedFiber board

90.88LW70masoniteFiber board

90.75SW70masoniteFiber board

90.89LW70particle boardFiber board

90.77SW70particle boardFiber board

60.85SW20porous, untreatedFiber board

10.018T130polishedGold

10.02–0.03T200–600polished, carefullyGold

20.02T100polished, highlyGold

80.849LLW20polishedGranite

80.879LLW21roughGranite

Granite

90.77–0.87LW70rough, 4 different samples

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 83

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

Granite

Ice: See Water

90.95–0.97SW70rough, 4 different samples

10.8–0.9T20Gypsum

10.81T50castingIron, cast

10.95T1000ingotsIron, cast

10.28T1300liquidIron, cast

10.60–0.70T800–1000machinedIron, cast

40.63T38oxidizedIron, cast

20.64T100oxidizedIron, cast

40.66T260oxidizedIron, cast

40.76T538oxidizedIron, cast

10.64–0.78T200–600oxidized at 600°CIron, cast

40.21T38polishedIron, cast

20.21T40polishedIron, cast

10.21T200polishedIron, cast

10.87–0.95T900–1100unworkedIron, cast

90.09LW70cold rolledIron and steel

90.20SW70cold rolledIron and steel

Iron and steel

rust

Iron and steel

ly polished

Iron and steel

with emery

Iron and steel

sheet

10.61–0.85T20covered with red

40.05T22electrolyticIron and steel

40.05T100electrolyticIron and steel

40.07T260electrolyticIron and steel

10.05–0.06T175–225electrolytic, careful-

10.24T20freshly worked

10.55–0.61T950–1100ground sheetIron and steel

20.69T20heavily rusted

84 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

10.77T20hot rolledIron and steel

10.60T130hot rolledIron and steel

10.74T100oxidizedIron and steel

40.74T100oxidizedIron and steel

10.78–0.82T125–525oxidizedIron and steel

20.79T200oxidizedIron and steel

40.89T1227oxidizedIron and steel

10.80T200–600oxidizedIron and steel

10.88T50oxidized stronglyIron and steel

10.98T500oxidized stronglyIron and steel

20.07T100polishedIron and steel

10.14–0.38T400–1000polishedIron and steel

10.52–0.56T750–1050polished sheetIron and steel

10.24T20rolled, freshlyIron and steel

10.56T50rolled sheetIron and steel

Iron and steel

10.95–0.98T50rough, plane surface

50.96SW17rusted, heavilyIron and steel

40.69T22rusted red, sheetIron and steel

10.69T20rusty, redIron and steel

10.16T150shiny, etchedIron and steel

Iron and steel

10.82T20shiny oxide layer, sheet,

Iron and steel

10.28T40–250wrought, carefully polished

90.85LW70heavily oxidizedIron galvanized

90.64SW70heavily oxidizedIron galvanized

40.07T92sheetIron galvanized

10.23T30sheet, burnishedIron galvanized

10.28T20sheet, oxidizedIron galvanized

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 85

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

40.064T24sheetIron tinned

black 1602

Lacquer

Flat blackKrylon Ultra-flat

on Aluminum

rough surface

sprayed on iron

12Ca. 0.96LWRoom temperature

up to 175

12Ca. 0.97MWRoomtemperature

up to 175

90.92–0.94LW703 colors sprayed

90.50–0.53SW703 colors sprayed

10.4T20Aluminum on

10.83T80bakeliteLacquer

10.96–0.98T40–100black, dullLacquer

20.97T100black, matteLacquer

10.87T20black, shiny,

10.92T100heat–resistantLacquer

10.8–0.95T40–100whiteLacquer

20.92T100whiteLacquer

10.28T20oxidized, grayLead

40.28T22oxidized, grayLead

10.63T200oxidized at 200°CLead

10.08T250shinyLead

Lead

ished

40.05T100unoxidized, pol-

40.93T100Lead red

10.93T100Lead red, powder

10.75–0.80TtannedLeather

10.3–0.4TLime

40.07T22Magnesium

40.13T260Magnesium

86 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

der

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

40.18T538Magnesium

20.07T20polishedMagnesium

10.86TMagnesium pow-

10.08–0.13T600–1000Molybdenum

10.19–0.26T1500–2200Molybdenum

10.1–0.3T700–2500filamentMolybdenum

50.87SW17Mortar

70.94SW36dryMortar

21 Black

Nickel

pure, polished

ished

iron, polished

> 0.97LW–60–150Flat blackNextel Velvet 811-

10 and 11

10.25T700rolledNichrome

10.70T700sandblastedNichrome

10.65T50wire, cleanNichrome

10.71–0.79T500–1000wire, cleanNichrome

10.95–0.98T50–500wire, oxidizedNichrome

40.041T122bright matteNickel

10.045T100commercially

10.07–0.09T200–400commercially

40.04T22electrolyticNickel

40.06T38electrolyticNickel

40.07T260electrolyticNickel

40.10T538electrolyticNickel

20.05T20electroplated, pol-

40.045T22electroplated on

Nickel

10.11–0.40T20electroplated on iron, unpolished

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 87

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

Nickel

Oil, lubricating

Paint

40.11T22electroplated on iron, unpolished

20.37T200oxidizedNickel

40.37T227oxidizedNickel

40.85T1227oxidizedNickel

10.37–0.48T200–600oxidized at 600°CNickel

40.045T122polishedNickel

10.1–0.2T200–1000wireNickel

10.52–0.59T500–650Nickel oxide

10.75–0.86T1000–1250Nickel oxide

20.27T200.025 mm filmOil, lubricating

20.46T200.050 mm filmOil, lubricating

20.72T200.125 mm filmOil, lubricating

20.05T20film on Ni base: Ni base only

20.82T20thick coatingOil, lubricating

90.92–0.94LW708 different colors and qualities

90.88–0.96SW708 different colors and qualities

Paint

ages

10.27–0.67T50–100Aluminum, various

10.28–0.33Tcadmium yellowPaint

10.65–0.70Tchrome greenPaint

10.7–0.8Tcobalt bluePaint

50.87SW17oilPaint

60.94SW20oil, black flatPaint

60.92SW20oil, black glossPaint

60.97SW20oil, gray flatPaint

60.96SW20oil, gray glossPaint

10.92–0.96T100oil, various colorsPaint

88 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

Paint

Paper

20.94T100oil based,average of 16 colors

60.95SW20plastic, blackPaint

60.84SW20plastic, whitePaint

90.92–0.94LW704 different colorsPaper

90.68–0.74SW704 different colorsPaper

10.90TblackPaper

10.94Tblack, dullPaper

90.89LW70black, dullPaper

90.86SW70black, dullPaper

10.84Tblue, darkPaper

10.93Tcoated with black lacquer

10.85TgreenPaper

10.76TredPaper

10.7–0.9T20whitePaper

90.88–0.90LW70white, 3 different glosses

90.76–0.78SW70white, 3 different glosses

20.93T20white bondPaper

10.72TyellowPaper

50.86SW17Plaster

Plaster

60.90SW20plasterboard, untreated

20.91T20rough coatPlaster

Plastic

90.91LW70glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board)

Plastic

90.94SW70glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board)

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 89

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

Plastic

90.55LW70polyurethane isolation board

90.29SW70polyurethane isolation board

90.93LW70PVC, plastic floor, dull, structured

90.94SW70PVC, plastic floor, dull, structured

40.016T17Platinum

40.03T22Platinum

40.05T100Platinum

40.06T260Platinum

40.10T538Platinum

10.14–0.18T1000–1500Platinum

40.18T1094Platinum

10.05–0.10T200–600pure, polishedPlatinum

10.12–0.17T900–1100ribbonPlatinum

10.06–0.07T50–200wirePlatinum

10.10–0.16T500–1000wirePlatinum

10.18T1400wirePlatinum

10.92T20glazedPorcelain

10.70–0.75Twhite, shinyPorcelain

10.95T20hardRubber

10.95T20soft, gray, roughRubber

10.60TSand

20.90T20Sand

80.909LLW19polishedSandstone

80.935LLW19roughSandstone

20.03T100polishedSilver

10.02–0.03T200–600pure, polishedSilver

90 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

Snow: See Water

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

20.98T32humanSkin

10.97–0.93T0–100boilerSlag

10.89–0.78T200–500boilerSlag

10.76–0.70T600–1200boilerSlag

10.69–0.67T1400–1800boilerSlag

20.92T20drySoil

Soil

Stainless steel

20.95T20saturated withwater

10.35T500alloy, 8% Ni, 18% Cr

10.45T700rolledStainless steel

10.70T700sandblastedStainless steel

90.14LW70sheet, polishedStainless steel

90.18SW70sheet, polishedStainless steel

90.28LW70sheet, untreated, somewhat scratched

90.30SW70sheet, untreated, somewhat scratched

20.16T20type 18-8, buffedStainless steel

20.85T60type 18-8, oxidized at 800°C

10.91T10–90rough, limeStucco

70.60SW37insulationStyrofoam

10.79–0.84TTar

10.91–0.93T20paperTar

50.94SW17glazedTile

10.04–0.06T20–50burnishedTin

Tin

20.07T100tin–plated sheet iron

Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012 91

21 – Emissivity tables

654321

10.40T200oxidized at 540°CTitanium

10.50T500oxidized at 540°CTitanium

10.60T1000oxidized at 540°CTitanium

10.15T200polishedTitanium

10.20T500polishedTitanium

10.36T1000polishedTitanium

10.05T200Tungsten

10.1–0.16T600–1000Tungsten

10.24–0.31T1500–2200Tungsten

10.39T3300filamentTungsten

60.93SW20flatVarnish

Varnish

Wallpaper

Water

90.90–0.93LW70on oak parquet floor

90.90SW70on oak parquet floor

60.85SW20slight pattern, light gray

60.90SW20slight pattern, redWallpaper

20.96T20distilledWater

20.98T–10frost crystalsWater

10.98T0ice, covered with heavy frost

20.96T–10ice, smoothWater

10.97T0ice, smoothWater

10.95–0.98T0–100layer >0.1 mm thick

10.8TsnowWater

20.85T–10snowWater

50.98SW17Wood

80.962LLW19Wood

10.5–0.7TgroundWood

92 Publ. No. T559743 Rev. a601 – ENGLISH (EN) – April 26, 2012

FLIR A3 F series, A3 PT series User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Table of contents

1 Warnings & Cautions

2 Notice to user

3 Customer help

4 Documentation updates

5 Important note about this manual

6 Introduction

6.1 FLIR A3xx f series

6.2 FLIR A3xx pt series

7 Parts lists

7.1 Packaging contents (FLIR A3xx f series)

7.2 Packaging contents (FLIR A3xx pt series)

8 Installation (FLIR A3xx f series)

8.1 Installation overview

8.2 Installation components

8.3 Location considerations

8.4 Camera mounting

8.5 Prior to cutting/drilling holes

8.6 Back cover

8.7 Removing the back cover

8.8 Connecting power

8.9 Video connections

8.10 Ethernet connection

9 Installation (FLIR A3xx pt series)

9.1 Installation overview

9.2 Installation components

9.3 Location considerations

9.4 Camera mounting

9.5 Prior to cutting/drilling holes

9.6 Back cover

9.7 Removing the back cover

9.8 Connecting power

9.9 Video connections

9.10 Ethernet connection

9.11 Serial communications overview

9.12 Serial connections

9.13 Setting configuration dip switches

10.1 Power and analog video

10.2 Verify IP Communications

11.1 Power and analog video

11.2 Verify IP communications

11.3 FLIR A3xx pt series configuration

11.3.1 Set the date and time

11.3.2 Serial remote menu

11.3.2.1 Scanlist Serial Control

11.3.3 Digital video configuration—video IR and video DLTV

11.3.4 Analog video configuration—video matrix Click Video Matrix. The screen below will be displayed.

11.3.5 Configuration file

11.3.6 LAN settings

12 Cleaning the camera

12.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items

12.2 Infrared lens

12.3 Infrared detector

13 Technical data

14.1 Pin configuration for camera I/O connector

14.2 Schematic overview of the camera unit digital I/O ports

14.3 Schematic overview of the A3xx pt board

15 About FLIR Systems

15.1 More than just an infrared camera

15.2 Sharing our knowledge

15.3 Supporting our customers

15.4 A few images from our facilities

16 Glossary

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Emissivity

17.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample

17.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature

17.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method

17.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method

17.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity

17.3 Reflected apparent temperature

17.4 Distance

17.5 Relative humidity

17.6 Other parameters

18 History of infrared technology

19 Theory of thermography