Extreme Networks ExtremeWare XOS Guide, ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 User Manual

ExtremeWare XOS Concepts Guide

Software Version 11.1

Extreme Networks, Inc. 3585 Monroe Street Santa Clara, California 95051 (888) 257-3000 (408) 579-2800 http://www.extremenetworks.com

Published: December 2004 Part number: 100170-00 Rev 01

Alpine, Altitude, BlackDiamond, EPICenter, Ethernet Everywhere, Extreme Ethernet Everywhere, Extreme Networks, Extreme Turbodrive, Extreme Velocity, ExtremeWare, ExtremeWorks, GlobalPx Content Director, the Go Purple Extreme Solution Partners Logo, ServiceWatch, Summit, the Summit7i Logo, and the Color Purple, among others, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Extreme Networks, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Other names and marks may be the property of their respective owners.

Specifications are subject to change without notice.

The ExtremeWare XOS operating system is based, in part, on the Linux operating system. The machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code is available for the cost of distribution. Please direct requests to Extreme Networks for more information at the following address:

Software Licensing Department 3585 Monroe Street Santa Clara CA 95051

NetWare and Novell are registered trademarks of Novell, Inc. Merit is a registered trademark of Merit Network, Inc. Solaris and Java are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. F5, BIG/ip, and 3DNS are registered trademarks of F5 Networks, Inc. see/IT is a trademark of F5 Networks, Inc.

sFlow® is a registered trademark of InMon Corporation.

All other registered trademarks, trademarks and service marks are property of their respective owners.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Authors: Hugh Bussell, Megan Mahar, Peggy Murphy

Production: Megan Mahar and Peggy Murphy

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Contents

Preface......................................................................................................................................... 17

Introduction .............................................................................................................................17

Terminology........................................................................................................................17

Conventions..............................................................................................................................18

Related Publications .................................................................................................................18

Using ExtremeWare XOS Publications Online .........................................................................19

Part 1: Using ExtremeWare XOS

Chapter 1: ExtremeWare XOS Overview........................................................................................... 23

Platforms and Required Software Versions...................................................................................23

Summary of Features.................................................................................................................23

Feature Highlights of ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 ........................................................................24

Software Licensing ....................................................................................................................27

Upgrading to Core License—Aspen 8810 Switch Only ............................................................27

Advanced Core License—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only.......................................................28

Security Licensing...............................................................................................................29

Software Factory Defaults ..........................................................................................................29

Chapter 2: Accessing the Switch.................................................................................................... 31

Understanding the Command Syntax...........................................................................................31

Syntax Helper .....................................................................................................................32

Command Shortcuts ............................................................................................................32

Modular Switch Numerical Ranges........................................................................................33

Names ...............................................................................................................................33

Symbols .............................................................................................................................33

Limits ................................................................................................................................34

Line-Editing Keys......................................................................................................................34

Command History......................................................................................................................35

Common Commands..................................................................................................................35

Configuring Management Access ................................................................................................37

User Account......................................................................................................................37

Administrator Account .........................................................................................................38

Default Accounts.................................................................................................................38

Creating a Management Account...........................................................................................39

Failsafe Account .................................................................................................................40

Domain Name Service Client Services .........................................................................................41

Checking Basic Connectivity.......................................................................................................41

Ping...................................................................................................................................41

Traceroute ..........................................................................................................................42

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Contents

Chapter 3: Managing the Switch .................................................................................................... 43

Overview ..................................................................................................................................43

Understanding the ExtremeWare XOS Shell .................................................................................44

Using the Console Interface .......................................................................................................44

Using the 10/100 Ethernet Management Port..............................................................................44

Authenticating Users .................................................................................................................45

RADIUS Client....................................................................................................................45

TACACS+ ...........................................................................................................................45

Configuring RADIUS Client and TACACS+ .............................................................................45

Management Accounts.........................................................................................................46

Using Telnet.............................................................................................................................46

About the Telnet Client........................................................................................................46

About the Telnet Server .......................................................................................................46

Connecting to Another Host Using Telnet...............................................................................47

Configuring Switch IP Parameters .........................................................................................47

Configuring Telnet Access to the Switch ................................................................................49

Disconnecting a Telnet Session ............................................................................................50

Using Secure Shell 2.................................................................................................................50

Using the Trivial File Transfer Protocol........................................................................................50

Connecting to Another Host Using TFTP ................................................................................50

Understanding System Redundancy ............................................................................................51

Node Election .....................................................................................................................51

Replicating Data Between Nodes ..........................................................................................52

Viewing Node Status............................................................................................................54

Understanding Power Supply Management ..................................................................................55

Initial System Boot-Up ........................................................................................................55

Removing a Power Supply ....................................................................................................56

Installing or Providing Power to a Power Supply .....................................................................56

Displaying Power Supply Information ....................................................................................56

Using the Simple Network Management Protocol .........................................................................56

Enabling and Disabling SNMPv1/v2c and SNMPv3 ................................................................57

Accessing Switch Agents......................................................................................................57

Supported MIBs..................................................................................................................58

Configuring SNMPv1/v2c Settings ........................................................................................58

Displaying SNMP Settings....................................................................................................58

SNMPv3.............................................................................................................................59

Message Processing.............................................................................................................60

SNMPv3 Security................................................................................................................60

SNMPv3 MIB Access Control ...............................................................................................63

SNMPv3 Notification...........................................................................................................64

Using the Simple Network Time Protocol.....................................................................................66

Configuring and Using SNTP ................................................................................................67

SNTP Example....................................................................................................................70

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Contents

Chapter 4: Managing the ExtremeWare XOS Software...................................................................... 71

Overview of the ExtremeWare XOS Software .................................................................................71

Understanding the ExtremeWare XOS Software ......................................................................71

Using the ExtremeWare XOS File System.....................................................................................72

Moving or Renaming Files on the Switch ...............................................................................72

Copying Files on the Switch .................................................................................................73

Displaying Files on the Switch ..............................................................................................74

Deleting Files From the Switch .............................................................................................74

Managing the Configuration File .................................................................................................75

Managing ExtremeWare XOS Processes .......................................................................................75

Displaying Process Information.............................................................................................76

Stopping a Process..............................................................................................................76

Starting a Process ...............................................................................................................76

Understanding Memory Protection ..............................................................................................77

Chapter 5: Configuring Slots and Ports on a Switch......................................................................... 79

Configuring a Slot on a Modular Switch.......................................................................................79

I/O Ports on Aspen 8810 MSM Module .................................................................................80

Configuring Ports on a Switch.....................................................................................................80

Enabling and Disabling Switch Ports .....................................................................................81

Configuring Switch Port Speed and Duplex Setting .................................................................81

Jumbo Frames ..........................................................................................................................83

Jumbo Frames on the Aspen 8810 Switch Only .....................................................................84

Enabling Jumbo Frames.......................................................................................................84

Path MTU Discovery ............................................................................................................84

IP Fragmentation with Jumbo Frames....................................................................................85

IP Fragmentation within a VLAN ...........................................................................................86

Load Sharing on the Switch .......................................................................................................86

Load-Sharing Algorithms......................................................................................................87

Configuring Switch Load Sharing ..........................................................................................89

Load-Sharing Examples .......................................................................................................90

Displaying Switch Load Sharing............................................................................................90

Switch Port Mirroring.................................................................................................................91

Switch Port Mirroring on the Aspen 8810 Switch Only............................................................91

Switch Port Mirroring on the BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only..................................................92

Switch Port-Mirroring Rules and Restrictions for All Switches..................................................92

Switch Port-Mirroring Examples............................................................................................93

Verifying the Switch Port-Mirroring Configuration ...................................................................93

Extreme Discovery Protocol ........................................................................................................94

Software-Controlled Redundant Port and Smart Redundancy .........................................................96

Guidelines for Software-Controlled Redundant Ports and Port Groups .......................................97

Configuring Software-Controlled Redundant Ports...................................................................97

Verifying Software-Controlled Redundant Port Configurations...................................................98

Displaying Port Configuration Information....................................................................................99

Chapter 6: Power Over Ethernet.................................................................................................... 103

Summary of PoE Features........................................................................................................103

Power Checking for PoE Module ...............................................................................................103

Power Delivery ........................................................................................................................104

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Contents

Enabling PoE to the Switch................................................................................................104

Power Reserve Budget Per Slot...........................................................................................104

PD Disconnect Precedence ................................................................................................105

Port Disconnect or Fault ....................................................................................................106

Port Power Reset...............................................................................................................107

PoE Usage Threshold.........................................................................................................107

Legacy Devices .................................................................................................................107

PoE Operator Limits ..........................................................................................................108

LEDs......................................................................................................................................108

Configuring PoE ......................................................................................................................108

Enabling Inline Power........................................................................................................109

Reserving Power for a Slot..................................................................................................109

Setting the Disconnect Precedence .....................................................................................110

Configuring the Usage Threshold ........................................................................................111

Configuring the Switch to Detect Legacy PDs .......................................................................112

Configuring the Operator Limit ...........................................................................................112

Configuring PoE Port Labels...............................................................................................113

Power Cycling Connected PDs ............................................................................................113

Displaying PoE Settings and Statistics ......................................................................................113

Clearing Statistics .............................................................................................................113

Displaying System Power Information..................................................................................113

Displaying Slot PoE Information .........................................................................................116

Displaying Port PoE Information .........................................................................................117

Chapter 7: Status Monitoring and Statistics .................................................................................. 121

Status Monitoring....................................................................................................................121

Viewing Port Statistics .............................................................................................................121

Viewing Port Errors..................................................................................................................122

Using the Port Monitoring Display Keys .....................................................................................123

Slot Diagnostics ......................................................................................................................123

Running Diagnostics on I/O and Management Modules .........................................................124

Observing LED Behavior During a Diagnostic Test.................................................................124

Displaying Diagnostic Test Results......................................................................................126

System Health Checking ..........................................................................................................126

Understanding the System Health Checker—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only .........................126

Understanding the System Health Checker—Aspen 8810

Switch Only ......................................................................................................................127

Enabling and Disabling Backplane Diagnostic Packets on the Switch .....................................128

Configuring Backplane Diagnostic Packets on the Switch ......................................................128

System Health Check Examples..........................................................................................128

Setting the System Recovery Level............................................................................................130

Viewing the System Temperature ..............................................................................................130

Event Management System/Logging ..........................................................................................131

Sending Event Messages to Log Targets...............................................................................132

Filtering Events Sent to Targets ..........................................................................................133

Displaying Real-Time Log Messages ....................................................................................141

Displaying Event Logs........................................................................................................141

Uploading Event Logs ........................................................................................................141

Displaying Counts of Event Occurrences ..............................................................................142

Displaying Debug Information.............................................................................................143

Logging Configuration Changes...........................................................................................143

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Contents

Using sFlow............................................................................................................................143

Configuring sFlow..............................................................................................................144

Displaying sFlow Information..............................................................................................146

RMON....................................................................................................................................147

About RMON ....................................................................................................................147

Supported RMON Groups of the Switch ...............................................................................148

Configuring RMON ............................................................................................................149

Event Actions ...................................................................................................................150

Displaying RMON Information ............................................................................................150

Chapter 8: Virtual LANs ............................................................................................................... 151

Overview of Virtual LANs..........................................................................................................151

Benefits ...........................................................................................................................151

Virtual Routers and VLANs—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only................................................152

Types of VLANs.......................................................................................................................152

Port-Based VLANs .............................................................................................................152

Tagged VLANs ..................................................................................................................155

Protocol-Based VLANs .......................................................................................................157

Precedence of Tagged Packets Over Protocol Filters .............................................................159

VLAN Names ..........................................................................................................................159

Default VLAN....................................................................................................................160

Renaming a VLAN .............................................................................................................160

Configuring VLANs on the Switch .............................................................................................160

VLAN Configuration Examples ............................................................................................161

Displaying VLAN Settings.........................................................................................................162

Displaying Protocol Information ..........................................................................................163

Tunneling (VMANs) .................................................................................................................163

Guidelines for Configuring VMANs ......................................................................................164

Configuring VMANs ...........................................................................................................165

Displaying VMAN Configurations.........................................................................................167

Chapter 9: Virtual Routers............................................................................................................ 169

Virtual Routers Overview ..........................................................................................................169

Types of Virtual Routers .....................................................................................................169

Virtual Router Configuration Domain—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only ..................................171

Using Virtual Routers—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only .............................................................171

Creating Virtual Routers .....................................................................................................172

Adding Ports to a Virtual Router..........................................................................................172

Adding Routing Protocols to a Virtual Router........................................................................172

Displaying Ports and Protocols............................................................................................173

Configuring the Routing Protocols and VLANs ......................................................................173

Virtual Router Configuration Example ........................................................................................174

Chapter 10: Forwarding Database.................................................................................................175

Overview of the FDB ................................................................................................................175

FDB Contents ...................................................................................................................175

How FDB Entries Get Added...............................................................................................175

FDB Entry Types ...............................................................................................................176

Disabling MAC Address Learning ........................................................................................177

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Contents

FDB Configuration Examples ....................................................................................................177

Configuring the FDB Aging Time...............................................................................................177

MAC-Based Security................................................................................................................178

Displaying FDB Entries ............................................................................................................178

Chapter 11: Policies and ACLs ..................................................................................................... 179

Policy Manager .......................................................................................................................179

Creating and Editing Policies....................................................................................................179

Using the Edit Command ...................................................................................................180

Using a Separate Machine .................................................................................................180

Checking Policies..............................................................................................................180

Refreshing Policies............................................................................................................181

Applying Policies ....................................................................................................................181

Applying ACL Policies........................................................................................................181

Applying Routing Policies ..................................................................................................182

ACL Policies ...........................................................................................................................182

ACL Policy File Syntax .......................................................................................................183

ACL Evaluation Precedence................................................................................................187

ACL Metering—Aspen 8810 Only .......................................................................................188

Example ACL Rule Entries .................................................................................................189

Displaying and Clearing ACL Counters .................................................................................190

Routing Policies......................................................................................................................190

Routing Policy File Syntax..................................................................................................191

Policy Examples................................................................................................................195

Chapter 12: Quality of Service ..................................................................................................... 201

Overview of Policy-Based Quality of Service ...............................................................................201

Applications and Types of QoS .................................................................................................202

Voice Applications.............................................................................................................202

Video Applications.............................................................................................................202

Critical Database Applications ............................................................................................203

Web Browsing Applications ................................................................................................203

File Server Applications .....................................................................................................203

Configuring QoS......................................................................................................................204

Configuring QoS on the Aspen 8810 Switch Only .................................................................204

QoS Profiles ...........................................................................................................................205

QoS Profiles on the Aspen 8810 Switch Only.......................................................................205

QoS Profiles on the BlackDiamond 10K Switch....................................................................206

Traffic Groupings ....................................................................................................................207

ACL-Based Traffic Groupings..............................................................................................208

Explicit Class of Service (802.1p and DiffServ) Traffic Groupings ..........................................208

Physical and Logical Groupings ..........................................................................................215

Verifying QoS Configuration and Performance ............................................................................219

Monitoring Performance—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only ...................................................219

Displaying QoS Profile Information......................................................................................219

Guidelines for Configuring QoS.................................................................................................220

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Contents

Egress Traffic Rate Limiting—Aspen 8810 Switch Only ..............................................................220

Bi-Directional Rate Shaping—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only....................................................221

Bandwidth Settings ...........................................................................................................222

Configuring Bi-Directional Rate Shaping..............................................................................223

Chapter 13: Security ................................................................................................................... 225

Security Overview....................................................................................................................225

Network Access Security..........................................................................................................225

MAC Address Security .............................................................................................................225

Limiting Dynamic MAC Addresses.......................................................................................226

MAC Address Lock Down ...................................................................................................227

Network Login ........................................................................................................................228

Web-Based, MAC-based, and 802.1x Authentication ............................................................228

Campus and ISP Modes .....................................................................................................230

Interoperability Requirements.............................................................................................231

Multiple Supplicant Support ..............................................................................................232

Exclusions and Limitations.................................................................................................233

Configuring Network Login .................................................................................................233

Web-Based Authentication User Login Using Campus Mode ..................................................235

Displaying Network Login Settings ......................................................................................236

Disabling Network Login ....................................................................................................236

Additional Configuration Details..........................................................................................236

MAC-Based Authentication.................................................................................................237

DHCP Server ..........................................................................................................................238

DHCP Server on the Switch................................................................................................238

Displaying DHCP Information .............................................................................................239

Denial of Service Protection .....................................................................................................239

Configuring Denial of Service Protection..............................................................................240

Management Access Security ...................................................................................................241

Authenticating Users Using RADIUS or TACACS+ ......................................................................241

RADIUS ...........................................................................................................................242

Configuring RADIUS..........................................................................................................243

TACACS+ .........................................................................................................................248

Secure Shell 2........................................................................................................................249

Enabling SSH2 for Inbound Switch Access ..........................................................................249

Using SCP2 from an External SSH2 Client ..........................................................................250

Chapter 14: CLEARFlow ............................................................................................................... 253

Overview ................................................................................................................................253

Configuring CLEARFlow ...........................................................................................................253

Displaying CLEARFlow Configuration and Activity.................................................................254

Adding CLEARFlow Rules to ACLs ............................................................................................254

CLEARFlow Rule Types......................................................................................................255

CLEARFlow Rule Actions ...................................................................................................259

CLEARFlow Rule Examples ......................................................................................................261

Count Rule Type Example ..................................................................................................261

Delta Rule Type Example ...................................................................................................262

Ratio Rule Type Example ...................................................................................................263

Delta-Ratio Rule Type Example...........................................................................................264

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Contents

Part 2: Using Switching and Routing Protocols

Chapter 15: Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching.................................................................... 267

Licensing ...............................................................................................................................267

Overview of the EAPS Protocol .................................................................................................267

Fast Convergence ..............................................................................................................269

Fault Detection and Recovery ...................................................................................................269

Link Down Message Sent by a Transit Node .........................................................................270

Ring Port Down Event Sent by Hardware Layer.....................................................................270

Polling .............................................................................................................................271

Restoration Operations.......................................................................................................271

Multiple EAPS Domains...........................................................................................................272

EAPS Data VLAN Spanning Two Rings Connected by One Switch...........................................272

Multiple EAPS Domains per Ring—Spatial Reuse.................................................................273

Multiple EAPS Rings Sharing a Common Link......................................................................273

Configuring EAPS on a Switch..................................................................................................274

Creating and Deleting an EAPS Domain...............................................................................275

Defining the EAPS Mode of the Switch................................................................................275

Configuring EAPS Polling Timers ........................................................................................276

Configuring the Primary and Secondary Ports.......................................................................277

Configuring the EAPS Control VLAN....................................................................................277

Configuring the EAPS Protected VLANs ...............................................................................278

Enabling and Disabling Fast Convergence............................................................................278

Enabling and Disabling an EAPS Domain.............................................................................278

Enabling and Disabling EAPS on the Switch ........................................................................278

Unconfiguring an EAPS Ring Port .......................................................................................279

Displaying EAPS Status Information....................................................................................279

Configuring EAPS Shared Ports ................................................................................................282

Steady State .....................................................................................................................283

Common Link Failures .......................................................................................................284

Flushing the FDBs.............................................................................................................284

Creating and Deleting a Shared Port....................................................................................285

Defining the Mode of the Shared Port..................................................................................285

Configuring the Link ID of the Shared Port...........................................................................285

Configuring the Shared Port Segment Timer.........................................................................285

Unconfiguring an EAPS Shared Port....................................................................................286

Displaying EAPS Shared-Port Status Information..................................................................286

EAPS Shared Port Configuration Rules ......................................................................................289

EAPS Shared Port Configuration Examples ................................................................................289

Basic Configuration ...........................................................................................................289

Basic Core Configuration....................................................................................................290

Right Angle Configuration ..................................................................................................290

Combined Basic Core and Right Angle Configuration ............................................................291

Large Core and Access Rings Configuration..........................................................................292

Advanced Configuration .....................................................................................................293

Chapter 16: Spanning Tree Protocol............................................................................................. 295

Overview of the Spanning Tree Protocol.....................................................................................295

Spanning Tree Domains...........................................................................................................295

Member VLANs .................................................................................................................296

STPD Modes.....................................................................................................................297

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Encapsulation Modes.........................................................................................................297

STP States .......................................................................................................................298

Binding Ports....................................................................................................................299

Rapid Root Failover ...........................................................................................................301

STP and Hitless Failover—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only...................................................301

STP Configurations..................................................................................................................302

Basic STP Configuration ....................................................................................................302

Multiple STPDs on a Port...................................................................................................305

VLAN Spanning Multiple STPDs .........................................................................................305

EMISTP Deployment Constraints ........................................................................................306

Per VLAN Spanning Tree..........................................................................................................308

STPD VLAN Mapping.........................................................................................................308

Native VLAN .....................................................................................................................308

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol ..................................................................................................308

RSTP Concepts .................................................................................................................309

RSTP Operation ................................................................................................................311

STP Rules and Restrictions ......................................................................................................318

Configuring STP on the Switch .................................................................................................319

STP Configuration Examples ....................................................................................................320

Basic 802.1D Configuration Example..................................................................................320

EMISTP Configuration Example ..........................................................................................321

RSTP 802.1w Configuration Example..................................................................................322

Displaying STP Settings...........................................................................................................323

Chapter 17: Extreme Standby Router Protocol ............................................................................... 325

Overview of ESRP ...................................................................................................................325

ESRP Modes of Operation ..................................................................................................325

ESRP and ELRP................................................................................................................326

Reasons to Use ESRP........................................................................................................326

ESRP Concepts.......................................................................................................................326

ESRP-Aware Switches .......................................................................................................328

Standard and Extended ESRP ............................................................................................329

ESRP Domains .................................................................................................................330

Linking ESRP Switches......................................................................................................331

ESRP and Hitless Failover—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only ................................................331

Determining the ESRP Master ..................................................................................................332

Master Switch Behavior .....................................................................................................332

Pre-Master Switch Behavior................................................................................................333

Slave Switch Behavior .......................................................................................................333

Neutral Switch Behavior ....................................................................................................333

Electing the Master Switch.................................................................................................333

ESRP Failover Time...........................................................................................................334

ESRP Election Algorithms ..................................................................................................334

Configuring an ESRP Domain on a Switch .................................................................................336

Creating and Deleting an ESRP Domain...............................................................................336

Configuring the ESRP Domain ID........................................................................................337

Adding VLANs to an ESRP Domain .....................................................................................337

Enabling and Disabling an ESRP Domain ............................................................................338

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Advanced ESRP Features.........................................................................................................339

ESRP Tracking..................................................................................................................339

ESRP Port Restart.............................................................................................................342

ESRP Host Attach .............................................................................................................342

ESRP Port Weight and Don’t Count.....................................................................................343

ESRP Groups....................................................................................................................344

Displaying ESRP Information ...................................................................................................345

Using ELRP with ESRP............................................................................................................345

Using ELRP with ESRP to Recover Loops ............................................................................346

Configuring ELRP..............................................................................................................346

Displaying ELRP Information..............................................................................................347

ESRP Examples ......................................................................................................................348

Single Domain Using Layer 2 and Layer 3 Redundancy.........................................................348

Multiple Domains Using Layer 2 and Layer 3 Redundancy ....................................................351

ESRP Cautions .......................................................................................................................353

Configuring ESRP and IP Multinetting.................................................................................353

ESRP and STP..................................................................................................................353

ESRP and VRRP ...............................................................................................................353

ESRP Groups and Host Attach............................................................................................353

Port Configurations and ESRP ............................................................................................353

Chapter 18: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol........................................................................... 355

Overview ................................................................................................................................355

Determining the VRRP Master ..................................................................................................355

VRRP Tracking..................................................................................................................356

Electing the Master Router.................................................................................................358

Additional VRRP Highlights......................................................................................................358

VRRP Operation ......................................................................................................................359

Simple VRRP Network Configuration ...................................................................................359

Fully Redundant VRRP Network..........................................................................................360

VRRP Configuration Parameters................................................................................................361

VRRP Examples ......................................................................................................................362

Configuring the Simple VRRP Network ................................................................................362

Configuring the Fully Redundant VRRP Network...................................................................363

VRRP Cautions .......................................................................................................................364

Assigning Multiple Virtual IP Addresses...............................................................................364

VRRP and ESRP ...............................................................................................................364

Chapter 19: IP Unicast Routing .................................................................................................... 365

Overview of IP Unicast Routing.................................................................................................365

Router Interfaces ..............................................................................................................365

Populating the Routing Table .............................................................................................366

Proxy ARP ..............................................................................................................................368

ARP-Incapable Devices......................................................................................................368

Proxy ARP Between Subnets ..............................................................................................369

Relative Route Priorities ..........................................................................................................369

Configuring IP Unicast Routing ................................................................................................370

Verifying the IP Unicast Routing Configuration...........................................................................370

Routing Configuration Example.................................................................................................370

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IP Multinetting .......................................................................................................................372

Multinetting Topology ........................................................................................................372

How Multinetting Affects Other Features .............................................................................373

Configuring IP Multinetting ................................................................................................377

IP Multinetting Examples...................................................................................................377

Configuring DHCP/BOOTP Relay...............................................................................................378

Configuring the DHCP Relay Agent Option (Option 82) .........................................................378

Verifying the DHCP/BOOTP Relay Configuration ...................................................................379

UDP Echo Server ..............................................................................................................380

Chapter 20: Interior Gateway Protocols ........................................................................................ 381

Overview ................................................................................................................................381

RIP Versus OSPF ..............................................................................................................382

Advantages of RIP and OSPF..............................................................................................382

Overview of RIP ......................................................................................................................382

Routing Table ...................................................................................................................382

Split Horizon ....................................................................................................................383

Poison Reverse .................................................................................................................383

Triggered Updates .............................................................................................................383

Route Advertisement of VLANs ...........................................................................................383

RIP Version 1 Versus RIP Version 2 ....................................................................................383

Overview of OSPF....................................................................................................................384

Licensing .........................................................................................................................384

OSPF Edge Mode ..............................................................................................................384

Link State Database ..........................................................................................................384

Areas ...............................................................................................................................386

Point-to-Point Support .......................................................................................................389

Route Redistribution ...............................................................................................................389

Configuring Route Redistribution ........................................................................................390

OSPF Timers and Authentication ........................................................................................391

RIP Configuration Example ......................................................................................................391

Configuring OSPF....................................................................................................................393

Configuring OSPF Wait Interval...........................................................................................393

OSPF Wait Interval Parameters ...........................................................................................393

OSPF Configuration Example....................................................................................................394

Configuration for ABR1......................................................................................................395

Configuration for IR1.........................................................................................................396

Displaying OSPF Settings.........................................................................................................396

Chapter 21: Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols............................................................................ 397

Licensing ...............................................................................................................................397

Overview ................................................................................................................................398

BGP Attributes........................................................................................................................398

BGP Communities...................................................................................................................398

BGP Features .........................................................................................................................399

Route Reflectors ...............................................................................................................399

Route Confederations ........................................................................................................401

Route Aggregation .............................................................................................................404

Using the Loopback Interface.............................................................................................404

BGP Peer Groups ..............................................................................................................404

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BGP Route Flap Dampening ...............................................................................................405

BGP Route Selection .........................................................................................................407

Stripping Out Private AS Numbers from Route Updates ........................................................407

Route Redistribution .........................................................................................................408

BGP Static Network...........................................................................................................408

Chapter 22: IP Multicast Routing.................................................................................................. 409

Overview ................................................................................................................................409

PIM Overview....................................................................................................................409

IGMP Overview .................................................................................................................411

Configuring IP Multicasting Routing..........................................................................................412

Configuration Examples ...........................................................................................................413

PIM-DM Configuration Example ..........................................................................................413

PIM-SM Configuration Example ..........................................................................................414

Part 3: Appendixes

Appendix A: Software Upgrade and Boot Options ........................................................................... 419

Downloading a New Image .......................................................................................................419

Installing a Modular Software Package ................................................................................420

Selecting a Primary or a Secondary Image ...........................................................................421

Understanding the Image Version String..............................................................................421

Software Signatures...........................................................................................................422

Rebooting the Switch ........................................................................................................422

Rebooting the Management Module ....................................................................................422

Understanding Hitless Upgrade—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only ...............................................423

Performing a Hitless Upgrade .............................................................................................423

Hitless Upgrade Examples..................................................................................................425

Saving Configuration Changes ..................................................................................................426

Viewing a Configuration .....................................................................................................427

Returning to Factory Defaults .............................................................................................427

Using TFTP to Upload the Configuration....................................................................................427

Using TFTP to Download the Configuration ................................................................................428

Synchronizing MSMs ...............................................................................................................428

Automatic Synchronization of Configuration Files .................................................................429

Accessing the Bootloader .........................................................................................................429

Upgrading the BootROM—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only.........................................................430

Upgrading the Firmware—Aspen 8810 Switch Only ...................................................................431

Appendix B: Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................... 433

LEDs......................................................................................................................................433

Using the Command Line Interface...........................................................................................434

Port Configuration .............................................................................................................436

VLANs..............................................................................................................................437

STP .................................................................................................................................438

ESRP...............................................................................................................................439

VRRP...............................................................................................................................439

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Contents

Using Standalone ELRP to Perform Loop Tests ..........................................................................440

About Standalone ELRP.....................................................................................................440

Configuring Standalone ELRP.............................................................................................441

Displaying Standalone ELRP Information.............................................................................442

Using the Rescue Software Image.............................................................................................442

Debug Mode ...........................................................................................................................443

Saving Debug Information to the External Memory Card ..............................................................444

Managing Files on the External Memory Card .......................................................................444

TOP Command........................................................................................................................446

TFTP Server Requirements.......................................................................................................446

System Health Check ..............................................................................................................446

Overview of the System Health Checker...............................................................................446

Enabling and Disabling Backplane Diagnostic Packets on the Switch .....................................447

Configuring Backplane Diagnostic Packets on the Switch ......................................................447

System Odometer....................................................................................................................448

Temperature Operating Range ..................................................................................................448

Corrupted BootROM on the Aspen 8810 Switch.........................................................................449

Inserting Powered Devices in the PoE Module—Aspen 8810 Switch Only.....................................449

Untagged Frames on the 10 Gbps Module—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only................................449

Running MSM Diagnostics from the Bootloader—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only ........................449

Contacting Extreme Technical Support......................................................................................450

Appendix C: Supported Protocols, MIBs, and Standards................................................................. 451

Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 455

Index of Commands ..................................................................................................................... 475

Index .......................................................................................................................................... 481

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Contents

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Preface

This preface provides an overview of this guide, describes guide conventions, and lists other publications that might be useful.

Introduction

This guide provides the required information to configure ExtremeWare® XOS software version 11.1 running on switches from Extreme Networks.

The guide is intended for use by network administrators who are responsible for installing and setting up network equipment. It assumes a basic working knowledge of:

●

Local area networks (LANs)

●

Ethernet concepts

●

Ethernet switching and bridging concepts

●

Routing concepts

●

Internet Protocol (IP) concepts

●

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

●

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4) concepts

●

IP Multicast concepts

●

Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) concepts

●

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

NOTE

If the information in the release notes shipped with your switch differs from the information in this guide, follow the release notes.

Terminology

When features, functionality, or operation is specific to a switch family, the family name is used. Explanations about features and operations that are the same across all product families simply refer to the product as the “switch.”

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Preface

Conventions

Tabl e 1 and Tab le 2 list conventions that are used throughout this guide.

Table 1: Notice icons

Icon Notice Type Alerts you to...

Note Important features or instructions.

Caution Risk of personal injury, system damage, or loss of data.

Warning Risk of severe personal injury.

Table 2: Text conventions

Convention Description

Screen displays This typeface indicates command syntax, or represents information as it appears on

the screen.

The words “enter” and “type”

[Key] names Key names are written with brackets, such as [Return] or [Esc].

Words in italicized type Italics emphasize a point or denote new terms at the place where they are defined in

When you see the word “enter” in this guide, you must type something, and then press the Return or Enter key. Do not press the Return or Enter key when an instruction simply says “type.”

If you must press two or more keys simultaneously, the key names are linked with a plus sign (+). Example:

Press [Ctrl]+[Alt]+[Del].

the text. (Italics are also used when referring to publication titles.)

Related Publications

The publications related to this one are:

●

ExtremeWare XOS release notes

●

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Command Reference Guide

●

Extreme Networks Consolidated XOS Hardware Installation Guide

Documentation for Extreme Networks products is available on the World Wide Web at the following location:

http://www.extremenetworks.com/

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Using ExtremeWare XOS Publications Online

Related Publications

You can access ExtremeWare XOS publications by downloading them from the Extreme Networks World Wide Web location or from your ExtremeWare product CD. Publications are provided in Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF). Displaying or printing PDF files requires that your computer be equipped with Adobe

Reader® software, which is available free of charge from Adobe Systems

Incorporated.

The user guide PDF file provides links that connect you directly to relevant command information in the command reference guide PDF file. This quick-referencing capability enables you to easily find detailed information in the command reference guide for any command mentioned in the user guide.

To ensure that the quick-referencing feature functions properly, follow these steps:

1 Download both the user guide PDF file and the command reference guide PDF file to the same

destination directory on your computer.

2 You may open one or both PDF files and to enable cross-referenced linking between the user guide

and command reference guide; however, it is recommended that for ease of use, you keep both files open concurrently on your computer desktop.

NOTE

If you activate a cross-referencing link from the concepts guide PDF file to the command reference PDF file when the command reference PDF file is closed (that is, not currently open on your computer desktop), the system will close the user guide PDF file and open the command reference PDF file. To keep both PDF files open when you activate a cross-reference link, open both PDF files before using the link.

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Preface

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

1 Using ExtremeWare XOS

1 ExtremeWare XOS Overview

This chapter covers the following topics:

●

Platforms and Required Software Versions on page 23

●

Summary of Features on page 23

●

Software Licensing on page 27

●

Software Factory Defaults on page 29

This chapter provides an overview of the ExtremeWare XOS version 11.1 software.

Platforms and Required Software Versions

ExtremeWare® XOS is the full-featured software operating system that is designed to run on the Extreme Networks

devices.

ExtremeWare XOS supports the following platforms:

●

BlackDiamond® 10800 family of switches—ExtremeWare XOS 10.1 and higher

●

Aspen 8810 switch—ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 and higher

Summary of Features

The features of ExtremeWare XOS include:

●

Virtual local area networks (VLANs) including support for IEEE 802.1Q and IEEE 802.1p

●

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) (IEEE 802.1D) with multiple STP domains

●

Policy-Based Quality of Service (PB-QoS)

●

Wire-speed Internet Protocol (IP) routing

●

IP multinetting

●

DHCP/BOOTP Relay

●

Extreme Standby Router Protocol (ESRP)

●

Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching (EAPS)

●

Extreme Loop Recovery Protocol (ELRP)

●

Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)

●

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 1 and RIP version 2

●

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol

●

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) version 4

●

Wire-speed IP multicast routing support

●

DiffServ support

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

ExtremeWare XOS Overview

●

Access-policy support for routing protocols

●

Access list support for packet filtering

●

IGMP snooping to control IP multicast traffic

●

Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM)

●

Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)

●

Load sharing on multiple ports, across all blades

●

RADIUS client and per command authentication support

●

TACACS+ support

●

Console command line interface (CLI) connection

●

Telnet CLI connection

●

Secure Shell (SSH2) connection

●

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) support

●

Remote Monitoring (RMON)

●

Traffic mirrorin g

●

Network Login support

●

CLEARFlow

NOTE

For more information on Extreme Networks switch components, see the Extreme Networks Consolidated XOS Hardware Installation Guide.

Feature Highlights of ExtremeWare XOS 11.1

Virtual Routers

NOTE

Although the Aspen 8810 switch supports the three system virtual routers (VR-Default, VR-Mgmt, VR-Control), the BlackDiamond 10K switch additionally supports user-created virtual routers.

ExtremeWare XOS supports virtual routers. This capability allows a single physical switch to be split into multiple virtual routers. This feature separates the traffic forwarded by a virtual router from the traffic on a different virtual router. Each virtual router maintains a separate logical forwarding table, which allows the virtual routers to have overlapping address spaces. Because each virtual router maintains its own separate routing information and switch ports can belong to one and only one virtual router, packets arriving at a port on one virtual router can never be switched to the ports on another. In this release of ExtremeWare XOS, the management port belongs to one virtual router and all other ports belong to other virtual routers.

With multiple virtual routers contained on a single physical switch, some commands in ExtremeWare XOS now require you to specify to which virtual router the command applies. For example, when you use the

ping

packets are generated. Many commands that deal with switch management use the management virtual

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

command, you must specify from which virtual router the ping

Summary of Features

router by default. See the ExtremeWare XOS Command Reference Guide for information on the defaults for individual commands.

NOTE

The term “virtual router” is also used with VRRP. VRRP uses the term to refer to a single virtual router that spans more than one physical router and allows multiple switches to provide redundant routing services to users. For more information about VRRP, see Chapter 18.

For more information on virtual routers, see Chapter 9

Software Modules

With software version 11.0, ExtremeWare XOS introduces the ability for the user to download a discrete software module that contains complete functionality for a specified feature. The user no longer must download the entire image in order to obtain these specific modules. Secure Shell (SSH) is the software module available with version 11.0.

SSH

To access the switch using the Secure Shell (SSH), you must download, install, and enable the SSH software module. Once installed, you use the SSH to access the switch. You obtain the SSH software module through your Extreme Networks support account on the website, once you provide the required information.

For more information on SSH, see Chapter 13.

EAPS

With software version 11.0, the switch supports Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching (EAPS). This Extreme Networks proprietary protocol provides fast protection switching to Layer 2 devices connected in a ring topology, such as large campuses. EAPS provides protection to switching similar to STP, but the convergence is much faster using EAPS. This fast convergence occurs regardless of the number of switches in the ring.

ExtremeWare XOS software version 11.1 introduces support for multiple EAPS rings. To use this feature, you must have Core license. (Refer to “Software Licensing” for more information on the Core license.)

For more information on EAPS, see Chapter 15.

Quality of Service

ExtremeWare XOS has Policy-Based Quality of Service (QoS) features that enable you to specify service levels for different traffic groups. By default, all traffic is assigned the low QoS policy profile. If needed, you can customize other QoS policies and apply these policies to different traffic types so that the traffic types have different guaranteed priority.

With software version 11.0 on the BlackDiamond 10K switch, you can set parameters for ingress traffic, called bi-directional rate shaping; the Aspen 8810 switch does not support bi-directional rate-shaping.

For more information on Quality of Service, see Chapter 12.

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

ExtremeWare XOS Overview

sFlow

sFlow® is a technology for monitoring traffic in data networks containing switches and routers. The technology relies on statistical sampling of packets from high-speed networks, plus periodic gathering of the statistics. A UDP datagram format is defined to send the information to an external entity for analysis. sFlow consists of a Management Information Base (MIB) and a specification of the packet format for forwarding information to a remote agent. Details of sFlow specifications can be found in RFC 3176, and specifications and more information can be found at the following website:

http://www.sflow.org

The ExtremeWare XOS implementation is based on sFlow version 5, an improvement from that specified in RFC3176.

For information on sFlow, see Chapter 7.

ESRP

With software version 11.0, you can use the Extreme Standby Routing Protocol (ESRP). ESRP is an Extreme Networks proprietary protocol that allows multiple switches to provide redundant routing services to users. ESRP also provides Layer 2 redundancy; the Layer 3 and Layer 2 redundancy can be used separately or together.

Using ESRP allows you to simplify your network, and it works very well in meshed networks where Layer 2 loop protection and Layer 3 redundancy are both required.

For more information on ESRP, see Chapter 17.

IP Multinetting

Software version 11.0 of ExtremeWare XOS introduces IP multinetting, which allows you to overlap multiple subnets onto the same physical segment. IP multinetting is designed for use in legacy networks, as a transitional tactic.

For more information on IP multinetting, see Chapter 19.

RMON

With software version 11.1, ExtremeWare XOS introduces Remote Monitoring (RMON), which supports RFC 1757 and RFC 2021. RMON provides a method of monitoring the network by collecting Ethernet port statistics and to set systemwide alarm variables.

For more information on RMON, see Chapter 7.

ELRP

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 introduces support for the Extreme Loop Recovery Protocol (ELRP) ELRP allows you to prevent, detect, and recover from Layer 2 loops in the network. Once a loop is detected through ELRP, different recovery actions can be taken such as blocking certain ports to prevent looping or logging a message to the system log. The action taken is largely dependent on the protocol using ELRP to detect loops in the network.

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Software Licensing

For more information on using standalone ELRP, see Appendix B. For more information on using ELRP in conjunction with ESRP, see Chapter 17.

Network Login

Network Login is a method of authenticating users as hosts are added to a network. As a new host is added to the network, its port connection is in an unauthenticated state, denying any access to the network. During authentication, the user supplies a password to the switch using the host. If authenticated, the port connection is authenticated, and traffic flows to and from the host and the network.

CLEARFlow

CLEARFlow is a broad framework for implementing security, monitoring, and anomaly detection in ExtremeWare XOS software. Instead of simply looking at the source and destination of traffic, CLEARFlow allows you to specify certain types of traffic that require more attention. Once certain criteria for this traffic are met, the switch can either take an immediate, predetermined action; or it can send a copy of the traffic to another device for analysis.

Software Licensing

Some Extreme Networks products have capabilities that are enabled by using a software key. Keys are typically unique to the switch and are not transferable. Keys are stored in NVRAM and, once enabled, persist through reboots, software upgrades, power outages, and reconfigurations.

Two level of software licensing apply to ExtremeWare XOS 11.1: the Core and the Advanced Core license. Additionally, the U.S. government requires a security licensing to enable certain features.

Upgrading to Core License—Aspen 8810 Switch Only

The Aspen 8810 switch ships with the Advanced Edge license. With ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 on the Aspen 8810 switch, you can obtain a Core license. The Core license provides additional functionality for some features.

The license belongs with the switch chassis, not with the particular MSM module.

You can obtain a regular license; you cannot downgrade licenses. The key contains all the necessary information on the license level.

NOTE

Refer to the specific chapter of the ExtremeWare XOS Concepts Guide to determine if the Core license is required for some functionality. If not noted, all functionality is available, and license is not required.

If you attempt to execute a command and you do not either have the required license or have reached the limits defined by the current license level, the system returns one of the following messages:

Error: This command cannot be executed at the current license level.

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

ExtremeWare XOS Overview

Error: You have reached the maximum limit for this feature at this license level.

NOTE

The Core license is the only license available on the Aspen 8810 switch; you cannot obtain an Advanced Core license for this platform.

Obtaining a License Voucher

You can order the desired functionality from the factory, using the appropriate model of the desired product. If you order licensing from the factory, the license arrives in a separate package from the switch. After the license key is installed, it should not be necessary to enter the information again. However, Extreme Networks recommends keeping the certificate for your records.

You can obtain a regular license; you cannot downgrade licenses. The software key contains all the necessary information on the license level.

You can upgrade the license of an existing product by purchasing a license voucher from Extreme Networks. Please contact your supplier to purchase a voucher.

The voucher contains information and instructions on obtaining a license key for the switch using the Extreme Networks Support website at:

http://www.extremenetworks.com/support/techsupport.asp

or by phoning Extreme Networks Technical Support at:

●

(800) 998-2408

●

(408) 579-2826

Enabling and Verifying Licenses

To enable the license, use the following command:

enable license <key>

To verify the current license level, use the following command:

show licenses

Advanced Core License—BlackDiamond 10K Switch Only

The MSM 1 ships with a Core license. The Advanced Core license is hard-coded into the MSM 1XL module on the BlackDiamond 10K switch. The only way you obtain an Advanced Core license is to purchase and MSM 1XL; you cannot obtain an Advanced Core license without an MSM 1XL. (Similarly, you cannot purchase an MSM 1XL without an Advanced Core license; it is hard-coded onto the module itself.)

You do not need any other licenses to run all features completely on the BlackDiamond 10K switch.

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

Software Factory Defaults

Security Licensing

Certain additional ExtremeWare XOS features, such as the use of SSH2 encryption, may be under United States export restriction control. Extreme Networks ships these security features in a disabled state. You can obtain information on enabling these features at no charge from Extreme Networks.

Obtaining a Security License

To obtain information on enabling features that require export restriction, access the Extreme Networks Support website at:

http://www.extremenetworks.com/go/security.htm

Fill out a contact form to indicate compliance or noncompliance with the export restrictions. If you are in compliance, you will be given information that will allow you to enable security features. You need the following capabilities to ensure the process works:

●

Email address

●

Ability to use a Web browser to download a file

●

WinZip format to uncompress a .zip file

Security Features Under License Control

ExtremeWare XOS software supports the SSH2 protocol, which allows the encryption of sessions between an SSH2 client and an Extreme Networks switch, as well as the Secure Copy Protocol (SCP). The encryption methods used are under export restriction control.

Software Factory Defaults

Tabl e 3 shows factory defaults for global ExtremeWare XOS software version 11.1 features.

Table 3: ExtremeWare XOS version 11.1 global factory defaults

Item Default Setting

Serial or Telnet user account admin with no password and user with no password

Telnet Enabled

Port status Enabled

SSH2 Disabled (You must install a separate software module to run SSH.)

SNMP access Enabled

SNMP read community string public

SNMP write community string private

BOOTP/BOOTP Relay/BOOTP Client Disabled

Jumbo frames Disabled; once enabled, the default size is 9216.

EAPS Disabled

EDP Enabled

Port mirroring Disabled

Load sharing Disabled

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

ExtremeWare XOS Overview

Table 3: ExtremeWare XOS version 11.1 global factory defaults (Continued)

Item Default Setting

ESRP Disabled

QoS All traffic is part of the default queue (QP1).

QoS—802.1p replacement Disabled

QoS—DiffServ examination Disabled

Autonegotiation • 10 G modules—autonegotiation OFF, speed 10000 Mbps, full-

duplex

• 1 G modules—autonegotiation ON

802.3x flow control • 10 G modules—ON

• 1 G fiber and copper—ON

Virtual LANs Two VLANs are predefined; the VLAN named default contains all

802.1Q tagging All packets are untagged on the default VLAN (default).

Spanning Tree Protocol Disabled for the switch; enabled for each port in the STPD.

STPD port encapsulation mode • default STPD—802.1D mode

Forwarding database aging period 300 seconds (5 minutes)

IP Routing Disabled

Smart Redundancy Enabled

System health check Enabled

RADIUS authentication port value 1812

RADIUS accounting port value 1813

OSPF link type Auto

VRRP priority 100

IGMP Enabled

IGMP snooping Enabled

PoE power to port Enabled

PoE power per slot 50 W

PoE port priority Low

ELRP Disabled

Net Login Disabled

ports and belongs to the Spanning Tree Protocol Domain (STPD) named s0. The VLAN mgmt exists only on switches that have an Ethernet management port and contains only that port. The switch uses the Ethernet management port for host operation only, not for switching or routing.

• user-created STPD—Extreme Multiple Instance Spanning Tree Protocol (EMISTP)

NOTE

For default settings of individual ExtremeWare XOS features, see individual chapters in this guide.

ExtremeWare XOS 11.1 Concepts Guide

+ 466 hidden pages

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