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Gas Welding, Cutting and Heating

ESAB Gas Welding, Cutting and Heating Troubleshooting instruction

Download
F-2035 (17982)
WARNING
Protect yourself and others.
Read and understand this booklet.
Precautions
and Safe Practices
for
GAS WELDING,
CUTTING, and HEATING
Be sure this information reaches the operator.
Keep this booklet available for reference at all times.
You can get extra copies through your supplier.
OXWELD® / PUROX® / PREST-O-LITE®/ SabreCut
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
F-2035 (17982)
WARNING
Protect yourself and others.
Read and understand this booklet.
Precautions
and Safe Practices
for
GAS WELDING,
CUTTING, and HEATING
TM
Be sure this information reaches the operator.
Keep this booklet available for reference at all times.
You can get extra copies through your supplier.
OXWELD® / PUROX® / PREST-O-LITE®/ SabreCut
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
TM
FOREWORD
The “Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970” (OSHA) was enacted “to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women...”. As duties under Section 5 of this Act, each employer shall:
1. Furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.
2. Comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this act.
Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.
If an employee has language diculties or cannot be expected to read and under-stand this booklet, the employer should provide additional training and help to the individual.
This booklet provides safety and health information on oxy-fuel gas welding, cutting, heating, and allied products and processes such as brazing, soldering, and use of air-fuel gas equip­ment. You should be familiar with the information in this booklet as well as “Safety in Weld­ing and Cutting” - ANSI Z49.1, which is published by the American Welding Society, P. O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida, 33135. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s) on various products, such as welding rods, wires and uxes, also provide helpful safety and health information.
Read the manufacturers’ operating instructions for the apparatus you use. You should be fa­miliar with the proper operation of all equipment before you start to work. ALWAYS READ AND UNDERSTAND THE MANUFACTURER’S OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS AND YOUR EMPLOY­ER’S SAFETY PRACTICES BEFORE OPERATING AND MAINTAINING GAS WELDING AND CUT­TING EQUIPMENT.
-Also-
ALWAYS READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL PRECAUTIONARY LABELS AND INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE USING EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, OR GASES. A t ypical precautionary label (tag) for welding ma­terials is shown on Page 3. This booklet provides supplementary precautionary information.
FOREWORD
The “Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970” (OSHA) was enacted “to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women...”. As duties under Section 5 of this Act, each employer shall:
1. Furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.
2. Comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this act.
Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.
If an employee has language diculties or cannot be expected to read and under-stand this booklet, the employer should provide additional training and help to the individual.
This booklet provides safety and health information on oxy-fuel gas welding, cutting, heating, and allied products and processes such as brazing, soldering, and use of air-fuel gas equip­ment. You should be familiar with the information in this booklet as well as “Safety in Weld­ing and Cutting” - ANSI Z49.1, which is published by the American Welding Society, P. O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida, 33135. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s) on various products, such as welding rods, wires and uxes, also provide helpful safety and health information.
Read the manufacturers’ operating instructions for the apparatus you use. You should be fa­miliar with the proper operation of all equipment before you start to work. ALWAYS READ AND UNDERSTAND THE MANUFACTURER’S OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS AND YOUR EMPLOY­ER’S SAFETY PRACTICES BEFORE OPERATING AND MAINTAINING GAS WELDING AND CUT­TING EQUIPMENT.
-Also-
ALWAYS READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL PRECAUTIONARY LABELS AND INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE USING EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, OR GASES. A t ypical precautionary label (tag) for welding ma­terials is shown on Page 3. This booklet provides supplementary precautionary information.
WARNING: Protect yourself and others. Read and understand this tag. FUMES AND GASES can harm your health. HEAT RAYS (INFRARED RADIATION from the ame or hot metal) can Injure eyes. NOISE can damage hearing.
• Read and understand the manufacturers’ instructions end your employer’s safety practices.
• Keep your heed out of the fumes. Do not breathe fumes and gases caused by the ame. Use enough ventilation. The type
and amount of fumes and gases depend on the equipment and supplies used. Air samples can be used to nd out what respiratory protection is needed.
• Wearcorrectear,eye,andbodyprotection.•Preventres.
• Send equipment In need of repair to maintain UL listing.
• To learn more about SAFETY AND HEALTH read the manufacturers’ literature; form 2035 “Precautions and Safe Practices for
Gas Welding, Cutting, and Heating”; OSHA Title 29 CFR 1910 from the Govt Printing Oce; and American National Standard Z49.1, “Safety In Welding and Cutting” available from the American Welding Society, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, FL 33135.
FIRST AID: IN CASE OF EMERGENCY - Call for medical aid. Employ First Aid techniques recommended by the American Red Cross. IF BREATHING IS DIFFICULT give oxygen. Calla physician. IN CASE OF EYE BURN call a physician.
This booklet is intended for beginners and skilled operators. The Appendix, which dis­cusses the health hazards, is intended for use by persons trained in rst aid, as well as medical professionals. It will help you do the best job possible. Additional copies of this booklet (2035) may be obtained from your Sales Representative or Distributor.
For safety and health information covering arc welding and cutting operations, obtain a copy of Form 52-529, “Precautions and Safe Practices for Arc Welding, Cutting and Gouging.”
If Removed, Save This Tag.
Be sure it is read by all users of this product.
FOR INDUSTRY USE ONLY
IMPORTANT SAFETY MESSAGE
This Box Contains An Oxygen Regulator That Was Specially Designed For Burnout Containment. Ask Us About It.
PREVENT SERIOUS INJURY
This label is placed on all boxes containing oxygen regulators.
See Page 22 for important details.
4
WARNING: Protect yourself and others. Read and understand this tag. FUMES AND GASES can harm your health. HEAT RAYS (INFRARED RADIATION from the ame or hot metal) can Injure eyes. NOISE can damage hearing.
• Read and understand the manufacturers’ instructions end your employer’s safety practices.
• Keep your heed out of the fumes. Do not breathe fumes and gases caused by the ame. Use enough ventilation. The type
and amount of fumes and gases depend on the equipment and supplies used. Air samples can be used to nd out what respiratory protection is needed.
• Wearcorrectear,eye,andbodyprotection.•Preventres.
• Send equipment In need of repair to maintain UL listing.
• To learn more about SAFETY AND HEALTH read the manufacturers’ literature; form 2035 “Precautions and Safe Practices for
Gas Welding, Cutting, and Heating”; OSHA Title 29 CFR 1910 from the Govt Printing Oce; and American National Standard Z49.1, “Safety In Welding and Cutting” available from the American Welding Society, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, FL 33135.
FIRST AID: IN CASE OF EMERGENCY - Call for medical aid. Employ First Aid techniques recommended by the American Red Cross. IF BREATHING IS DIFFICULT give oxygen. Calla physician. IN CASE OF EYE BURN call a physician.
This booklet is intended for beginners and skilled operators. The Appendix, which dis­cusses the health hazards, is intended for use by persons trained in rst aid, as well as medical professionals. It will help you do the best job possible. Additional copies of this booklet (2035) may be obtained from your Sales Representative or Distributor.
For safety and health information covering arc welding and cutting operations, obtain a copy of Form 52-529, “Precautions and Safe Practices for Arc Welding, Cutting and Gouging.”
If Removed, Save This Tag.
Be sure it is read by all users of this product.
FOR INDUSTRY USE ONLY
IMPORTANT SAFETY MESSAGE
This Box Contains An Oxygen Regulator That Was Specially Designed For Burnout Containment. Ask Us About It.
PREVENT SERIOUS INJURY
This label is placed on all boxes containing oxygen regulators.
See Page 22 for important details.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................................................................................2
DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS ..............................................................................5
Fumes and Gases .................................................................................................................................................................5
Heat Rays and Spatter........................................................................................................................................................7
Noise ........................................................................................................................................................................................8
Prevent Fires ..........................................................................................................................................................................9
Welding and Cutting of Containers ...........................................................................................................................10
Oxygen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Fuel Gases ...........................................................................................................................................................................11
Handling, Storage, and Use of Cylinders ..................................................................................................................12
Manifolded Cylinders and Piping Systems ..............................................................................................................17
Setting Up and Operating Oxy-Fuel Gas Systems ................................................................................................18
Cylinders and Equipment ..............................................................................................................................................18
Oxygen Regulators .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Conned Spaces ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
Other Recommended Safe Practices ......................................................................................................................... 24
MAINTENANCE PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................................................26
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
1. Chemical Substances and Potential Health Hazards in the Welding and Cutting Environment 28
RECOMMENDED REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................37
EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... Back Cover
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
P.O. Box 100545
Florence, SC 29501-0545
(803) 669-4411
DISTRIBUTORS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES
The terms “Oxweld”, “Purox”, “Prest-O-Lite” and “SabreCut”
registered trademarks of ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
TM
are
Copyright 1994 by ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................................................................................2
DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS ..............................................................................5
Fumes and Gases .................................................................................................................................................................5
Heat Rays and Spatter........................................................................................................................................................7
Noise ........................................................................................................................................................................................8
Prevent Fires ..........................................................................................................................................................................9
Welding and Cutting of Containers ...........................................................................................................................10
Oxygen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Fuel Gases ...........................................................................................................................................................................11
Handling, Storage, and Use of Cylinders ..................................................................................................................12
Manifolded Cylinders and Piping Systems ..............................................................................................................17
Setting Up and Operating Oxy-Fuel Gas Systems ................................................................................................18
Cylinders and Equipment ..............................................................................................................................................18
Oxygen Regulators .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Conned Spaces ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
Other Recommended Safe Practices ......................................................................................................................... 24
MAINTENANCE PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................................................26
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
1. Chemical Substances and Potential Health Hazards in the Welding and Cutting Environment 28
RECOMMENDED REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................37
EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... Back Cover
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
P.O. Box 100545
Florence, SC 29501-0545
(803) 669-4411
DISTRIBUTORS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES
The terms “Oxweld”, “Purox”, “Prest-O-Lite” and “SabreCut”
registered trademarks of ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
TM
are
Copyright 1994 by ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
5
DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR
HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS
FUMES and GASES can harm your health.
Keep your head out of the fumes. Do not breathe fumes and gases caused by the ame. Use proper ven­tilation. The type and the amount of fumes and gases depend on the type of materials, equipment and supplies used. Air samples can be used to nd out what respiratory protection is needed.
1. Provide enough ventilation wherever gas welding, cutting, and heating operations are performed. Proper ventilation will protect the operator from the evolving noxious fumes and gases. The degree and type of ventilation needed will depend on the specic operation. It varies with the size of work area, on the number of operators, and on the types of materials used. Potentially hazardous materials may exist in certain uxes, coatings, and ller metals. They can be released into the atmosphere during heating, such as for welding and cutting. In some cases, general natural-draft ventilation may be adequate. Other operations may re­quire forced-draft ventilation, local exhaust hoods, booths, personal lter respirators or air-supplied masks. Operations inside tanks, boilers, or other conned spaces require special procedures, such as the use of an air supplied hood or hose mask.
DO NOT BREATHE FUMES AND GASES CAUSED BY
THE FLAME.
KEEP YOUR HEAD OUT OF FUMES.
USE PROPER VENTILATION.
6
DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR
HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS
FUMES and GASES can harm your health.
Keep your head out of the fumes. Do not breathe fumes and gases caused by the ame. Use proper ven­tilation. The type and the amount of fumes and gases depend on the type of materials, equipment and supplies used. Air samples can be used to nd out what respiratory protection is needed.
1. Provide enough ventilation wherever gas welding, cutting, and heating operations are performed. Proper ventilation will protect the operator from the evolving noxious fumes and gases. The degree and type of ventilation needed will depend on the specic operation. It varies with the size of work area, on the number of operators, and on the types of materials used. Potentially hazardous materials may exist in certain uxes, coatings, and ller metals. They can be released into the atmosphere during heating, such as for welding and cutting. In some cases, general natural-draft ventilation may be adequate. Other operations may re­quire forced-draft ventilation, local exhaust hoods, booths, personal lter respirators or air-supplied masks. Operations inside tanks, boilers, or other conned spaces require special procedures, such as the use of an air supplied hood or hose mask.
DO NOT BREATHE FUMES AND GASES CAUSED BY
THE FLAME.
KEEP YOUR HEAD OUT OF FUMES.
6
USE PROPER VENTILATION.
1. Check the atmosphere in the work area and ventilation system if workers develop unusual symptoms or complaints. Measurements may be needed to determine whether adequate ventilation is being provided. A qualied person, such as an industrial hygienist, should survey the operations and environment. Follow their recommendations for improving the ventilation of the work area.
3. Do not weld, cut, or heat dirty plate or plate contaminated with unknown material. The fumes and gases which are formed could be hazardous to your health. Remove all paint and galvanized coatings before beginning. All fumes and gases should be considered as potentially hazardous.
Additional information on various fumes and gases that can harm your health is located in the Appendix of this booklet. Material Safety Data Sheets also provide helpful safety and health information. More complete information on health protection and ventilation recommendations for general welding and cutting can be found in the American National Standard Z49.1, “Safety in Welding and Cutting”.
TYPICAL METHODS FOR VENTILATION
AND RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
FORCED DRAFT VENTILATION
BOOTHS
LOCAL EXHAUST HOODS
AIR SUPPLIED MASK
7
1. Check the atmosphere in the work area and ventilation system if workers develop unusual symptoms or complaints. Measurements may be needed to determine whether adequate ventilation is being provided. A qualied person, such as an industrial hygienist, should survey the operations and environment. Follow their recommendations for improving the ventilation of the work area.
3. Do not weld, cut, or heat dirty plate or plate contaminated with unknown material. The fumes and gases which are formed could be hazardous to your health. Remove all paint and galvanized coatings before beginning. All fumes and gases should be considered as potentially hazardous.
Additional information on various fumes and gases that can harm your health is located in the Appendix of this booklet. Material Safety Data Sheets also provide helpful safety and health information. More complete information on health protection and ventilation recommendations for general welding and cutting can be found in the American National Standard Z49.1, “Safety in Welding and Cutting”.
TYPICAL METHODS FOR VENTILATION
AND RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
FORCED DRAFT VENTILATION
LOCAL EXHAUST HOODS
BOOTHS
AIR SUPPLIED MASK
7
HEAT RAYS (INFRARED RADIATION from the ame or hot metal) and SPATTER can injure eyes and burn skin.
Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection.
Flames and hot metal emit infrared rays. Operators may receive eye and skin burns after over exposure to infrared rays. Long overexposures may cause a severe eye burn. Hot welding spatter can cause pain­ful skin burns and permanent eye damage.
To be sure you are fully protected from the infrared radiation and spatter, follow these precautions:
1. Wear safety goggles made for gas welding and cutting purposes. They will protect your eyes from radiation burns and from sparks or spatter. Use the correct lens shade to prevent eye injury. Choose the correct shade from the table below. Observers should also use proper protection.
FILTER RECOMMENDATIONS (adapted from ANSI Safety Standard Z49.1)
Application Lens Shade No.*
Brazing ............................................................................................................................. 3 or 4
Light Cutting [to 1-in .................................................................................................... 3 or 4
Medium Cutting [1 to 6-in.] ...................................................................................... 4 or 5
Heavy Cutting [over 6-in.] ......................................................................................... 5 or 6
Light Welding [to 1/8-in.] ...........................................................................................4 or 5
Medium Welding [1/8 to 1/2-in.] .............................................................................5 or 6
Heavy Welding [over 1/2-in.] ....................................................................................6 or 8
*As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the work zone. Then go to a lighter shade which gives sucient view of the work zone without exerting a strain on your eyes.
2. Protect against eye injury, mechanical injury, or other mishaps. Wear safety glasses with side
shields when you are in any work area.
3. Wear clean, re-resistant, protective clothing. Some operations produce sparks and spatter. Pro-
tect all skin areas from sparks or spatter. Avoid spark and spatter traps by wearing a jacket with no pockets, and pants with no cus. Sleeves should be rolled down and buttoned. Collars should be buttoned. Wear high, snug tting safety shoes and gauntlet gloves. Protect your head by wearing a leather cap or hard hat. Wear ear protection where there is a chance of sparks or spatter entering your ears. Do not wear clothing stained with grease and oil. It may burn if ignited by the ames or sparks and spatter. For high heat work, such as heavy cutting, scarng, or oxygen lance operations, face shields, re-resistance aprons, leggings, or high boots may be needed. Remove all ammable and readily combustible materials from your pockets, such as matches and cigarette lighters.
8
HEAT RAYS (INFRARED RADIATION from the ame or hot metal) and SPATTER can injure eyes and burn skin.
Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection.
Flames and hot metal emit infrared rays. Operators may receive eye and skin burns after over exposure to infrared rays. Long overexposures may cause a severe eye burn. Hot welding spatter can cause pain­ful skin burns and permanent eye damage.
To be sure you are fully protected from the infrared radiation and spatter, follow these precautions:
1. Wear safety goggles made for gas welding and cutting purposes. They will protect your eyes from radiation burns and from sparks or spatter. Use the correct lens shade to prevent eye injury. Choose the correct shade from the table below. Observers should also use proper protection.
FILTER RECOMMENDATIONS (adapted from ANSI Safety Standard Z49.1)
Application Lens Shade No.*
Brazing ............................................................................................................................. 3 or 4
Light Cutting [to 1-in .................................................................................................... 3 or 4
Medium Cutting [1 to 6-in.] ...................................................................................... 4 or 5
Heavy Cutting [over 6-in.] ......................................................................................... 5 or 6
Light Welding [to 1/8-in.] ...........................................................................................4 or 5
Medium Welding [1/8 to 1/2-in.] .............................................................................5 or 6
Heavy Welding [over 1/2-in.] ....................................................................................6 or 8
*As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the work zone. Then go to a lighter shade which gives sucient view of the work zone without exerting a strain on your eyes.
2. Protect against eye injury, mechanical injury, or other mishaps. Wear safety glasses with side
shields when you are in any work area.
3. Wear clean, re-resistant, protective clothing. Some operations produce sparks and spatter. Pro-
tect all skin areas from sparks or spatter. Avoid spark and spatter traps by wearing a jacket with no pockets, and pants with no cus. Sleeves should be rolled down and buttoned. Collars should be buttoned. Wear high, snug tting safety shoes and gauntlet gloves. Protect your head by wearing a leather cap or hard hat. Wear ear protection where there is a chance of sparks or spatter entering your ears. Do not wear clothing stained with grease and oil. It may burn if ignited by the ames or sparks and spatter. For high heat work, such as heavy cutting, scarng, or oxygen lance operations, face shields, re-resistance aprons, leggings, or high boots may be needed. Remove all ammable and readily combustible materials from your pockets, such as matches and cigarette lighters.
8
PROTECTIVE GOGGLES
CLEAN, FIRE-RESISTANT
CLOTHING
FULL SLEEVES
FIRE-RESISTANT GAUNTLET GLOVES
SELECT CLOTHING TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM
PROTECTION FROM SPARKS AND HOT METAL
4. Protect neighboring workers. Shield your station with metal or heat resis­tant shields.
COLLAR BUTTONED
NO POCKETS
SHIRT OUTSIDE OF TROUSERS
NO CUFFS SAFETY SHOES
NOISE can damage hearing.
Wear correct ear protection. Wear ear protective devices or earplugs when heavy cutting, scarng, or oxygen lancing is being performed, or in noisy work areas. In addition, proper
ear protection can prevent hot spatter from entering the ear.
9
PROTECTIVE GOGGLES
CLEAN, FIRE-RESISTANT
CLOTHING
FULL SLEEVES
FIRE-RESISTANT GAUNTLET GLOVES
SELECT CLOTHING TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM
PROTECTION FROM SPARKS AND HOT METAL
4. Protect neighboring workers. Shield your station with metal or heat resis­tant shields.
COLLAR BUTTONED
NO POCKETS
SHIRT OUTSIDE OF TROUSERS
NO CUFFS SAFETY SHOES
NOISE can damage hearing.
Wear correct ear protection. Wear ear protective devices or earplugs when heavy cutting, scarng, or oxygen lancing is being performed, or in noisy work areas. In addition, proper
ear protection can prevent hot spatter from entering the ear.
9
OTHER PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
PREVENT FIRES.
Flame, hot slag, sparks, and radiant heat act as a source of ignition. Never weld or cut near a potential re hazard.
Every worker should be familiar with the following re-prevention and re-protection measures:
1. Maintain a safe workplace. If possible, move the material to be welded or cut to a safe location designated specically for welding and cutting.
2. Keep re hazards away. Areas for welding, cutting, and heating must be kept clear and free of ammable liquids, such as gasoline, paints, and solvents; combustible solids, such as paper, packing materials, and wood; ammable gases, such as acetylene and hydrogen. Avoid welding, cutting, or heating in dusty atmospheres or in atmospheres with combustible vapor/gas present. Locate away from work area or protect oxygen and fuel gas cylinders, hoses, and equipment from exposure to ames, sparks, or hot slag. Flame impingement or accumulation of sparks or slag around cylinders or hoses could melt the fusible plugs or bum through hoses. This can result in ignition of escaping fuel gases.
3. Provide re barriers. If welding or cutting cannot be performed in a designated location or away from combustible materials, provide metal sheets or re-resistant screens to prevent heat, sparks, and slag from reaching these materials.
4. Be alert for cracks or crevices. Sparks and slag can travel long distances. They can start a re at a location not apparent to the operator. Look for holes or openings in the oor, crevices around pipes, and other openings which can hide a smoldering re. Provide a bucket or pan of water, or sand to catch dripping slag from any cutting operations.
5. Provide re extinguishing equipment. Be prepared to put out res. Service-able re extin­guishers, re hoses, or sand buckets should be on hand. Their use depends on the quantity and type of combustible material which may be present.
6. Consider the need for a re watcher. Operators may not become aware of a re starting while welding or cutting. Their vision is seriously hampered by the welding goggles and dark lenses. Depending upon the circumstances of the work location, it may be advisable to have a re watch­er to operate an extinguisher and sound a re alarm in case of a re.
7. Know the local re codes for welding and cutting. Follow the information on re protection during welding or cutting operations in National Fire Protection Association Standard NFPA No.
51 B, “Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes.”
10
OTHER PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
PREVENT FIRES.
Flame, hot slag, sparks, and radiant heat act as a source of ignition. Never weld or cut near a potential re hazard.
Every worker should be familiar with the following re-prevention and re-protection measures:
1. Maintain a safe workplace. If possible, move the material to be welded or cut to a safe location designated specically for welding and cutting.
2. Keep re hazards away. Areas for welding, cutting, and heating must be kept clear and free of ammable liquids, such as gasoline, paints, and solvents; combustible solids, such as paper, packing materials, and wood; ammable gases, such as acetylene and hydrogen. Avoid welding, cutting, or heating in dusty atmospheres or in atmospheres with combustible vapor/gas present. Locate away from work area or protect oxygen and fuel gas cylinders, hoses, and equipment from exposure to ames, sparks, or hot slag. Flame impingement or accumulation of sparks or slag around cylinders or hoses could melt the fusible plugs or bum through hoses. This can result in ignition of escaping fuel gases.
3. Provide re barriers. If welding or cutting cannot be performed in a designated location or away from combustible materials, provide metal sheets or re-resistant screens to prevent heat, sparks, and slag from reaching these materials.
4. Be alert for cracks or crevices. Sparks and slag can travel long distances. They can start a re at a location not apparent to the operator. Look for holes or openings in the oor, crevices around pipes, and other openings which can hide a smoldering re. Provide a bucket or pan of water, or sand to catch dripping slag from any cutting operations.
5. Provide re extinguishing equipment. Be prepared to put out res. Service-able re extin­guishers, re hoses, or sand buckets should be on hand. Their use depends on the quantity and type of combustible material which may be present.
6. Consider the need for a re watcher. Operators may not become aware of a re starting while welding or cutting. Their vision is seriously hampered by the welding goggles and dark lenses. Depending upon the circumstances of the work location, it may be advisable to have a re watch­er to operate an extinguisher and sound a re alarm in case of a re.
7. Know the local re codes for welding and cutting. Follow the information on re protection during welding or cutting operations in National Fire Protection Association Standard NFPA No.
51 B, “Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes.”
10
8. Inspect the work area after completing operations. Make sure there are no hot sparks or hot metal which could start a re later.
9. Before welding or cutting in a new location for the rst time, always check with the nearest foreman or superintendent in authority. They may know of some serious re hazard that might
otherwise be overlooked.
WELDING AND CUTTING OF CONTAINERS AND PIPING
Containers and piping can explode by heat of welding or cutting unless properly cleaned and vented. Toxic fumes can be formed when welding, cutting or heating metal which has been in contact with an unknown material. Do not weld or cut any material or container unless it has been cleaned by qualied personnel.
The welding or cutting of containers or piping which previously held ammable liquid or an unknown material is extremely dangerous unless they are rst properly cleaned. Enough combustible or poten­tially toxic material may remain to be an explosion, re, or poison hazard when the material is vaporized by heat from the welding or cutting torch. Ventilating ducts exhausting ammable or toxic gases should be considered as a hazardous container. Make sure surrounding pipelines or containers are protected before striking a ame.
For additional information on welding and cutting containers and piping, refer to AWS F4.1, “Recom­mended Safe Practices for the Preparation for Welding and Cutting of Containers and Piping That Have Held Hazardous Substances”, published by the American Welding Society.
OXYGEN
Oxygen causes re to burn more rapidly. Anything that burns in air burns violently in oxygen.
1. Avoid oxygen regulator res (ORF). USE NO OIL! Keep regulators, hoses, torches and other oxy-fuel gas equipment free of grease, oil, and other combustibles. Oil grease, coal dust, and
similar combustible materials once ignited bum violently in the presence of oxygen and may cause serious bums or explosions. Never handle oxygen cylinders or equipment in the same areas with grease or oil. The results of an uncontained ORF can be a catastrophic explosion. The explosive burning of materials can cause injury, burns, or death.
2. Never use lubricants on oxy-fuel gas equipment. Connections are designed for seating leak tight without sealants or lubricants.
3. Never substitute oxygen for compressed air. “Oxygen” should never be called “air”. Oxygen should never be used in pneumatic tools, in oil preheating burners, to start internal combustion engines, to blow out pipelines, to dust clothing or work, for pressure tests of any kind, or for ventila­tion. Using oxygen for air may result in serious burns or explosions.
11
8. Inspect the work area after completing operations. Make sure there are no hot sparks or hot metal which could start a re later.
9. Before welding or cutting in a new location for the rst time, always check with the nearest foreman or superintendent in authority. They may know of some serious re hazard that might
otherwise be overlooked.
WELDING AND CUTTING OF CONTAINERS AND PIPING
Containers and piping can explode by heat of welding or cutting unless properly cleaned and vented. Toxic fumes can be formed when welding, cutting or heating metal which has been in contact with an unknown material. Do not weld or cut any material or container unless it has been cleaned by qualied personnel.
The welding or cutting of containers or piping which previously held ammable liquid or an unknown material is extremely dangerous unless they are rst properly cleaned. Enough combustible or poten­tially toxic material may remain to be an explosion, re, or poison hazard when the material is vaporized by heat from the welding or cutting torch. Ventilating ducts exhausting ammable or toxic gases should be considered as a hazardous container. Make sure surrounding pipelines or containers are protected before striking a ame.
For additional information on welding and cutting containers and piping, refer to AWS F4.1, “Recom­mended Safe Practices for the Preparation for Welding and Cutting of Containers and Piping That Have Held Hazardous Substances”, published by the American Welding Society.
OXYGEN
Oxygen causes re to burn more rapidly. Anything that burns in air burns violently in oxygen.
1. Avoid oxygen regulator res (ORF). USE NO OIL! Keep regulators, hoses, torches and other oxy-fuel gas equipment free of grease, oil, and other combustibles. Oil grease, coal dust, and
similar combustible materials once ignited bum violently in the presence of oxygen and may cause serious bums or explosions. Never handle oxygen cylinders or equipment in the same areas with grease or oil. The results of an uncontained ORF can be a catastrophic explosion. The explosive burning of materials can cause injury, burns, or death.
2. Never use lubricants on oxy-fuel gas equipment. Connections are designed for seating leak tight without sealants or lubricants.
3. Never substitute oxygen for compressed air. “Oxygen” should never be called “air”. Oxygen should never be used in pneumatic tools, in oil preheating burners, to start internal combustion engines, to blow out pipelines, to dust clothing or work, for pressure tests of any kind, or for ventila­tion. Using oxygen for air may result in serious burns or explosions.
11
12
11
4. Never allow oxygen or oxygen-rich air to saturate your clothing. A
Materials that can be ignited in air have lower ignition temperatures in oxy­gen.
FUEL GASES
ignition source.
such as propane, butane, propylene (FG-2, etc.) and MAPP* are commonly used gases in gas welding, cutting, and heating processes. These gases can displace the oxygen required for normal breathing. An atmosphere with less than 18% oxygen can cause rapid dizziness, unconsciousness, or even death. Therefore, be aware of the following precautions:
1. doubt, check area with an oxygen analyzer to be sure it contains a life supporting atmosphere. Otherwise, wear an air-supplied respirator. A second person, similarly equipped, should be standing by.
2.
3.
4.
-
refer to a particular fuel gas.
relative vapor density of fuel gases with
that of air:
Natural Gas ..............................................................0.55
Acetylene .................................................................0.91
LIGHTER than Air
Air ................................................................................ 1.00
Propylene .................................................................1.42
MAPP* .......................................................................1.48 HEAVIER than Air
Propane ....................................................................1.56
Butane .......................................................................2.05
It is important to note that acetylene and natural gas being lighter than air will rise in air. They can collect in high places as well as in closed in areas. Be sure to provide enough ventilation to disperse the lighter than air vapors. Propylene, butane, propane, and MAPP being heavier than air may spread to poorly venti-
protect against unexpected release of the heavier fuel gases.
*Registered trademark of Air Reduction Co.
11
4. Never allow oxygen or oxygen-rich air to saturate your clothing. A
Materials that can be ignited in air have lower ignition temperatures in oxy­gen.
FUEL GASES
ignition source.
such as propane, butane, propylene (FG-2, etc.) and MAPP* are commonly used gases in gas welding, cutting, and heating processes. These gases can displace the oxygen required for normal breathing. An atmosphere with less than 18% oxygen can cause rapid dizziness, unconsciousness, or even death. Therefore, be aware of the following precautions:
1. doubt, check area with an oxygen analyzer to be sure it contains a life supporting atmosphere. Otherwise, wear an air-supplied respirator. A second person, similarly equipped, should be standing by.
2.
3.
4.
-
refer to a particular fuel gas.
relative vapor density of fuel gases with
that of air:
Natural Gas ..............................................................0.55
Acetylene .................................................................0.91
LIGHTER than Air
Air ................................................................................ 1.00
Propylene .................................................................1.42
MAPP* .......................................................................1.48 HEAVIER than Air
Propane ....................................................................1.56
Butane .......................................................................2.05
It is important to note that acetylene and natural gas being lighter than air will rise in air. They can collect in high places as well as in closed in areas. Be sure to provide enough ventilation to disperse the lighter than air vapors. Propylene, butane, propane, and MAPP being heavier than air may spread to poorly venti-
protect against unexpected release of the heavier fuel gases.
*Registered trademark of Air Reduction Co.
12
5. Never release fuel gas where it might cause a re or explosion. Fuel gases should never be re­leased into the air near other welding or cutting work, near sparks or ame caused by other means, nor in conned spaces. Sparks from circuit breakers, thermostats, etc. can also cause ignition. If necessary to release fuel gas, release it outdoors. Choose a place where there is least likely to be a signicant hazard, and where the ammable gas will soon dissipate. Keep in mind the density considerations mentioned on Page 11.
Fuel Gases should be considered ammable within the following ranges of concentration when
mixed with air:
Natural Gas .........................Between 2.8% and 17%
Acetylene ...........................Between 2.3% and 80%
Propylene ...........................Between 2.0% and 11.1%
Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Between 2.1% and 9.5%
Butane ..............................Between 1.9% and 8.5%
MAPP ...............................Between 3.4% and 10.8%
Hydrogen ...........................Between 4.0% and 75%
Such concentrations in air, given a source of ignition, will burn or, if con-ned, will explode.
6. Never use acetylene at pressures above 15 psi. Using acetylene at pressures in excess of 15 psi gauge pressure (or about 30 psi absolute pressure) is a hazardous practice. To do so is contrar y to insurance regulations and is prohibited by law in many places. Free gaseous acetylene, depending upon connement conditions, is potentially unstable at pressures above 15 psig. Some conditions can cause the acetylene to decompose with explosive violence. Experience indicates 15 psig is gen­erally acceptable as a safe upper pressure limit. The 30 psi absolute pressure limit is intended to pre­vent unsafe use of acetylene in pressurized chambers such as caissons, underground excavations, and tunnel construction. (Absolute pressure is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure, which at sea level averages 14.7 lb. per sq. in. Thus, at sea level, a gauge pressure reading of 15 lb. per sq. in. is equal to an absolute pressure of 29.7 lb. per sq. in.) Note that under no ow conditions some regulators will indicate up to 24 psig on its delivery pressure gauge, but as soon as the gas valve is turned on, the delivery pressure will return to 15 psig or less. This is an acceptable condition.
For more specic safety information on any gas, see your gas supplier.
HANDLING, STORAGE, AND USE OF CYLINDERS
Cylinders, if mishandled, can rupture and violently release gas. Handle all cylinders with care. Misuse can cause injury or death.
Gas cylinders are constructed and maintained in accordance with the regulations of the Federal De­partment of Transportation (DOT). Gases may be compressed to 2000 to 5600 psig in high pressure cylinders. Liquid oxygen can be as cold as -361°F (-218°C).
13
5. Never release fuel gas where it might cause a re or explosion. Fuel gases should never be re­leased into the air near other welding or cutting work, near sparks or ame caused by other means, nor in conned spaces. Sparks from circuit breakers, thermostats, etc. can also cause ignition. If necessary to release fuel gas, release it outdoors. Choose a place where there is least likely to be a signicant hazard, and where the ammable gas will soon dissipate. Keep in mind the density considerations mentioned on Page 11.
Fuel Gases should be considered ammable within the following ranges of concentration when
mixed with air:
Natural Gas .........................Between 2.8% and 17%
Acetylene ...........................Between 2.3% and 80%
Propylene ...........................Between 2.0% and 11.1%
Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Between 2.1% and 9.5%
Butane ..............................Between 1.9% and 8.5%
MAPP ...............................Between 3.4% and 10.8%
Hydrogen ...........................Between 4.0% and 75%
Such concentrations in air, given a source of ignition, will burn or, if con-ned, will explode.
6. Never use acetylene at pressures above 15 psi. Using acetylene at pressures in excess of 15 psi gauge pressure (or about 30 psi absolute pressure) is a hazardous practice. To do so is contrar y to insurance regulations and is prohibited by law in many places. Free gaseous acetylene, depending upon connement conditions, is potentially unstable at pressures above 15 psig. Some conditions can cause the acetylene to decompose with explosive violence. Experience indicates 15 psig is gen­erally acceptable as a safe upper pressure limit. The 30 psi absolute pressure limit is intended to pre­vent unsafe use of acetylene in pressurized chambers such as caissons, underground excavations, and tunnel construction. (Absolute pressure is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure, which at sea level averages 14.7 lb. per sq. in. Thus, at sea level, a gauge pressure reading of 15 lb. per sq. in. is equal to an absolute pressure of 29.7 lb. per sq. in.) Note that under no ow conditions some regulators will indicate up to 24 psig on its delivery pressure gauge, but as soon as the gas valve is turned on, the delivery pressure will return to 15 psig or less. This is an acceptable condition.
For more specic safety information on any gas, see your gas supplier.
HANDLING, STORAGE, AND USE OF CYLINDERS
Cylinders, if mishandled, can rupture and violently release gas. Handle all cylinders with care. Misuse can cause injury or death.
Gas cylinders are constructed and maintained in accordance with the regulations of the Federal De­partment of Transportation (DOT). Gases may be compressed to 2000 to 5600 psig in high pressure cylinders. Liquid oxygen can be as cold as -361°F (-218°C).
13
If the gas is ammable, an explosion hazard can exist. Sudden rupture of a cylinder, valve, or relief device can injure or kill as well as cause property damage. Therefore, it is essential to un­derstand all of the following precautions.
1. Always read the cylinder label. Cylinders should be clearly labeled with the name of the gas to identify the contents. The cylinder contents may have their own unique hazards. Know and follow the information on the cylinder label. If the cylinder does not bear a gas label, or if the label is not legible, DO NOT USE THE CYLINDER. Do not assume the identity of the gas by the cylinder paint color or other means. Return the cylinder to the gas supplier for gas identica­tion or cylinder replacement.
2. Handle, store, and use cylinders In an upright and secured position. Prevent cylinder dam­age; secure cylinders by chain or strap to suitable cylinder carts, benches, wall, post, or racks. Never secure cylinders to electrical lines or conduits. If transporting cylinders in vehicles such as pick-up trucks, secure other cargo as well so it cannot roll or slide and damage the cylinders. Transport with the regulator removed, cylinder valve closed, and cap in place. Prevent explo­sions, never transport cylinders in the trunk of a car or other conned spaces. Do not place cylinders in conned unventilated spaces such as closets, drawers, cabinets, or tool boxes. Always provide plenty of ventilation. Ventilation will prevent the accumulation of hazardous
quantities of gas in case of a leak. If stored outside, prevent ice or snow from collecting on cylinders with recessed tops.
WHEN MOVING CYLINDERS
14
If the gas is ammable, an explosion hazard can exist. Sudden rupture of a cylinder, valve, or relief device can injure or kill as well as cause property damage. Therefore, it is essential to un­derstand all of the following precautions.
1. Always read the cylinder label. Cylinders should be clearly labeled with the name of the gas to identify the contents. The cylinder contents may have their own unique hazards. Know and follow the information on the cylinder label. If the cylinder does not bear a gas label, or if the label is not legible, DO NOT USE THE CYLINDER. Do not assume the identity of the gas by the cylinder paint color or other means. Return the cylinder to the gas supplier for gas identica­tion or cylinder replacement.
2. Handle, store, and use cylinders In an upright and secured position. Prevent cylinder dam­age; secure cylinders by chain or strap to suitable cylinder carts, benches, wall, post, or racks. Never secure cylinders to electrical lines or conduits. If transporting cylinders in vehicles such as pick-up trucks, secure other cargo as well so it cannot roll or slide and damage the cylinders. Transport with the regulator removed, cylinder valve closed, and cap in place. Prevent explo­sions, never transport cylinders in the trunk of a car or other conned spaces. Do not place cylinders in conned unventilated spaces such as closets, drawers, cabinets, or tool boxes. Always provide plenty of ventilation. Ventilation will prevent the accumulation of hazardous
quantities of gas in case of a leak. If stored outside, prevent ice or snow from collecting on cylinders with recessed tops.
WHEN MOVING CYLINDERS
14
3. Use suitable hand trucks or racks for moving cylinders. Properly capped, cylinders may be moved for short distances by rolling them on their base. Care must be taken to prevent the cylin­der from rolling or sliding out of control. Avoid rough handling. Do not slide or drag cylinders. Do not bump cylinders. Do not allow cylinders to drop or tip over. Do not roll cylinders on a wet oor or steel dock plate.
4. Never use or transport a leaking cylinder. If leakage is noted with valve opened or closed, or around safety-relief devices, immediately move the cylinder out-doors, well away from any source of ignition. Notify the supplier immediately for instructions as to further handling of the cylinder and to its return. Before you start welding or cutting operations, leak test the cylinder valve pack­ing gland (see pg. 20, item I I) and all hose and regulator connections. Make sure there are no leaks. Remember, ammable gases can explode.
5. Unless in use, cylinder valves should be kept closed at all times. This will prevent accidental release of gas.
6. When manually lifting cylinders, do not raise them by the valve-protection cap. The cap may accidently and suddenly come loose. The cylinder may fall and rupture.
7. Never use slings or electromagnets for lifting and transporting cylinders. Use a cradle or suit­able platform when transporting them by crane or derrick.
8. Never tamper with safety-relief devices on gas cylinders. They are provided to vent the con­tents to relieve excessive pressure within the cylinders if the cylinders are exposed to re or excess temperatures. When fuse plugs melt, escaping fuel gases may ignite and cause a re or explosion.
9. Never use any gas from a cylinder except through an approved pressure-reducing regulator. A regulator is designed for reducing the high pressure of the compressed cylinder contents to a constant, controllable working pressure for the equipment in use. A single approved regulator may, however, be connected to the outlet of manifolded cylinders sup
CYLINDER PRESSURE GAUGE
PRESSURE ADJUSTING SCREW
WORKING PRESSURE GAUGE
HOSE CONNECTOR
-LEFT-HAND THREAD FOR FUEL GAS
-RIGHT-HAND THREAD FOR OXYGEN
CGA CYLINDER CONNECTION
FILTER (inside nipple)
Typical Pressure-Reducing Regulator
15
3. Use suitable hand trucks or racks for moving cylinders. Properly capped, cylinders may be moved for short distances by rolling them on their base. Care must be taken to prevent the cylin­der from rolling or sliding out of control. Avoid rough handling. Do not slide or drag cylinders. Do not bump cylinders. Do not allow cylinders to drop or tip over. Do not roll cylinders on a wet oor or steel dock plate.
4. Never use or transport a leaking cylinder. If leakage is noted with valve opened or closed, or around safety-relief devices, immediately move the cylinder out-doors, well away from any source of ignition. Notify the supplier immediately for instructions as to further handling of the cylinder and to its return. Before you start welding or cutting operations, leak test the cylinder valve pack­ing gland (see pg. 20, item I I) and all hose and regulator connections. Make sure there are no leaks. Remember, ammable gases can explode.
5. Unless in use, cylinder valves should be kept closed at all times. This will prevent accidental release of gas.
6. When manually lifting cylinders, do not raise them by the valve-protection cap. The cap may accidently and suddenly come loose. The cylinder may fall and rupture.
7. Never use slings or electromagnets for lifting and transporting cylinders. Use a cradle or suit­able platform when transporting them by crane or derrick.
8. Never tamper with safety-relief devices on gas cylinders. They are provided to vent the con­tents to relieve excessive pressure within the cylinders if the cylinders are exposed to re or excess temperatures. When fuse plugs melt, escaping fuel gases may ignite and cause a re or explosion.
9. Never use any gas from a cylinder except through an approved pressure-reducing regulator. A regulator is designed for reducing the high pressure of the compressed cylinder contents to a constant, controllable working pressure for the equipment in use. A single approved regulator may, however, be connected to the outlet of manifolded cylinders sup
CYLINDER PRESSURE GAUGE
PRESSURE ADJUSTING SCREW
WORKING PRESSURE GAUGE
HOSE CONNECTOR
-LEFT-HAND THREAD FOR FUEL GAS
-RIGHT-HAND THREAD FOR OXYGEN
Typical Pressure-Reducing Regulator
15
CGA CYLINDER CONNECTION
FILTER (inside nipple)
plying one or more use points. Pressure-reducing regulators shall be used only for the gas and pres-
sures for which they are intended. Use no adapters. Never interchange regulators between gases. Use the proper gas pressures recommended for the equipment as furnished by the equipment manufacturer. Do not move, transport, or store any cylinder with regulator attached, except on an approved cart.
10. On cylinders equipped without handwheels, always use the special T-wrench or key for opening and closing acetylene cylinder valves. Leave the T-wrench or key in position, ready
for immediate use, so that the acetylene can be quickly turned o in case of emergency. This will reduce the chance of accidental res and explosions. If this wrench is lost, obtain a new one without delay from the acetylene supplier.
11. Do not open an acetylene cylinder valve more than one and one-half turns. This permits adequate ow of acetylene and allows ready closing of the valve in an emergency situation.
IF NOT EQUIPPED WITH HANDWHEEL, USE THE SPE­CIAL T-WRENCH TO OPEN ACETYLENE CYLINDER VALVES. DO NOT OPEN VALVE MORE THAN 1-1/2 TURNS.
12. Should the valve outlet of a cylinder become clogged with ice, thaw with warm — not boil­ing — water. Fusible plugs in the valve or cylinder head can melt as low as 1650 F (740 C) on
some cylinders. Never use a ame or other heating device for this purpose.
13. Do not use a hammer, wrench, or pliers for opening and closing cylinder valves equipped with handwheels. Using force, other than hand, may damage the valve and cause sudden re-
lease of pressure. If the valve cannot be readily opened or closed leak tight by hand, immediately notify your supplier to have it exchanged for a new cylinder. Store leaking cylinders outside in a safe place with plenty of ventilation.
14. Never let the recessed top of a cylinder become lled with water, or be used as a place for tools. Nothing should interfere with quick closing of the cylinder valve, or possibly damage the
fusible plugs or other safety-relief devices in the cylinder head.
15. Never use any cylinder, full or empty, as a roller or support. The cylinder walls may be dam­aged and result in rupture or explosion.
16. Never transfer any gas from one cylinder to another or attempt to mix any gases in a cylin­der. Any attempt to transfer or mix gases could result in a cylinder rupture or explosion.
17. Cylinders should not be placed where they might become part of an electrical circuit. They
must never be used as a grounding connection. Accidental arcing could cause a local defect (arc­burn) which could lead to eventual cylinder rupture.
16
plying one or more use points. Pressure-reducing regulators shall be used only for the gas and pres-
sures for which they are intended. Use no adapters. Never interchange regulators between gases. Use the proper gas pressures recommended for the equipment as furnished by the equipment manufacturer. Do not move, transport, or store any cylinder with regulator attached, except on an approved cart.
10. On cylinders equipped without handwheels, always use the special T-wrench or key for opening and closing acetylene cylinder valves. Leave the T-wrench or key in position, ready
for immediate use, so that the acetylene can be quickly turned o in case of emergency. This will reduce the chance of accidental res and explosions. If this wrench is lost, obtain a new one without delay from the acetylene supplier.
11. Do not open an acetylene cylinder valve more than one and one-half turns. This permits adequate ow of acetylene and allows ready closing of the valve in an emergency situation.
IF NOT EQUIPPED WITH HANDWHEEL, USE THE SPE­CIAL T-WRENCH TO OPEN ACETYLENE CYLINDER VALVES. DO NOT OPEN VALVE MORE THAN 1-1/2 TURNS.
12. Should the valve outlet of a cylinder become clogged with ice, thaw with warm — not boil­ing — water. Fusible plugs in the valve or cylinder head can melt as low as 1650 F (740 C) on
some cylinders. Never use a ame or other heating device for this purpose.
13. Do not use a hammer, wrench, or pliers for opening and closing cylinder valves equipped with handwheels. Using force, other than hand, may damage the valve and cause sudden re-
lease of pressure. If the valve cannot be readily opened or closed leak tight by hand, immediately notify your supplier to have it exchanged for a new cylinder. Store leaking cylinders outside in a safe place with plenty of ventilation.
14. Never let the recessed top of a cylinder become lled with water, or be used as a place for tools. Nothing should interfere with quick closing of the cylinder valve, or possibly damage the
fusible plugs or other safety-relief devices in the cylinder head.
15. Never use any cylinder, full or empty, as a roller or support. The cylinder walls may be dam­aged and result in rupture or explosion.
16. Never transfer any gas from one cylinder to another or attempt to mix any gases in a cylin­der. Any attempt to transfer or mix gases could result in a cylinder rupture or explosion.
17. Cylinders should not be placed where they might become part of an electrical circuit. They
must never be used as a grounding connection. Accidental arcing could cause a local defect (arc­burn) which could lead to eventual cylinder rupture.
16
18. Store all gas cylinders in a separate, dry, well-ventilated room. Do not let full or empty cylin­ders stand around and clutter up work areas. They may interfere with operations, and they may be subjected to damage.
19. Full and empty cylinders should be stored separately. Storage location should be arranged so that the old stock of cylinders can be removed rst. Cylinders should not be exposed to continuous dampness nor to grease and oil. They should not be stored near salt water or corrosive chemicals or fumes. Corrosion can weaken the cylinder. This can eventually lead to sudden rupture or explosion.
20. Store and use cylinders away from welding and cutting work. They should not be exposed to falling objects, moving machinery, and vehicular trac. Storage areas should be located where cylinders will not likely be knocked over. Cylinders should be secured by suitable means such as chains or straps.
21. Store cylinders at least 20 feet from any combustible materials. To prevent rupture due to gas or liquid expansion, the cylinders should not be subjected to temperatures above approximately 125° F (52° C). Flammable-gas cylinder storage areas should be heated by indirect means, and meet the design requirements of National Fire Protection Association NFPA Standard 51 or 58. Smoking, open ames, and other sources of ignition must be prohibited in areas where oxygen and ammable gases are stored.
NOTE: Refer to the latest NFPA Standards No. 51 and No. 58 for complete information on storage of cyl­inders and to Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Pamphlet P-1, “Safe Handling of Compressed Gases. “
22. Cylinders should be grouped by types of gas. Where gases of dierent types are stored at the same location, oxygen cylinders should be separated from ammable-gas cylinders a minimum distance of 20 feet or by a non-combustible barrier at least 5 feet high having a re-resistance rating of at least 1/2 hour. (Refer to NFPA Standard 51.)
23. Cylinders used in public areas or at construction sites should be located where they cannot be tampered with by unauthorized persons. Store cylinders in accordance with state and local
regulations and in accordance with appropriate standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
17
18. Store all gas cylinders in a separate, dry, well-ventilated room. Do not let full or empty cylin­ders stand around and clutter up work areas. They may interfere with operations, and they may be subjected to damage.
19. Full and empty cylinders should be stored separately. Storage location should be arranged so that the old stock of cylinders can be removed rst. Cylinders should not be exposed to continuous dampness nor to grease and oil. They should not be stored near salt water or corrosive chemicals or fumes. Corrosion can weaken the cylinder. This can eventually lead to sudden rupture or explosion.
20. Store and use cylinders away from welding and cutting work. They should not be exposed to falling objects, moving machinery, and vehicular trac. Storage areas should be located where cylinders will not likely be knocked over. Cylinders should be secured by suitable means such as chains or straps.
21. Store cylinders at least 20 feet from any combustible materials. To prevent rupture due to gas or liquid expansion, the cylinders should not be subjected to temperatures above approximately 125° F (52° C). Flammable-gas cylinder storage areas should be heated by indirect means, and meet the design requirements of National Fire Protection Association NFPA Standard 51 or 58. Smoking, open ames, and other sources of ignition must be prohibited in areas where oxygen and ammable gases are stored.
NOTE: Refer to the latest NFPA Standards No. 51 and No. 58 for complete information on storage of cyl­inders and to Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Pamphlet P-1, “Safe Handling of Compressed Gases. “
22. Cylinders should be grouped by types of gas. Where gases of dierent types are stored at the same location, oxygen cylinders should be separated from ammable-gas cylinders a minimum distance of 20 feet or by a non-combustible barrier at least 5 feet high having a re-resistance rating of at least 1/2 hour. (Refer to NFPA Standard 51.)
23. Cylinders used in public areas or at construction sites should be located where they cannot be tampered with by unauthorized persons. Store cylinders in accordance with state and local
regulations and in accordance with appropriate standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
17
MANIFOLDED CYLINDERS AND PIPING SYSTEMS
To avoid frequent changing of cylinders or if greater ow capacity is needed, such as with large heat­ing heads or nozzles requiring high ows, two or more cylinders of the same gas may be manifolded and provided with a common outlet for connecting a single approved regulator. Only approved mani­folds or connecting components should be used.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations or check with your fuel gas supplier for the minimum number of cylinders that should be manifolded for a particular high ow application. With acetylene, the recommended withdrawal rate on a continuous basis should not exceed 1/7 of the rated capacity of cylinder. (In other words, withdrawal rate from a 300 cu. ft. cylinder should not be greater than 43 cfh.) Withdrawal rates will dier with other fuel gases. Lack of fuel gas ow can overheat the tip or nozzle and cause a ashback.
Manifolded cylinder gas supply or bulk source of gas may also be distributed through a piping sys­tem to multiple station outlets. Such piping systems for oxygen and fuel gas must be designed and installed in compliance with existing NFPA, OSHA, Federal, state, and local regulations.
18
MANIFOLDED CYLINDERS AND PIPING SYSTEMS
To avoid frequent changing of cylinders or if greater ow capacity is needed, such as with large heat­ing heads or nozzles requiring high ows, two or more cylinders of the same gas may be manifolded and provided with a common outlet for connecting a single approved regulator. Only approved mani­folds or connecting components should be used.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations or check with your fuel gas supplier for the minimum number of cylinders that should be manifolded for a particular high ow application. With acetylene, the recommended withdrawal rate on a continuous basis should not exceed 1/7 of the rated capacity of cylinder. (In other words, withdrawal rate from a 300 cu. ft. cylinder should not be greater than 43 cfh.) Withdrawal rates will dier with other fuel gases. Lack of fuel gas ow can overheat the tip or nozzle and cause a ashback.
Manifolded cylinder gas supply or bulk source of gas may also be distributed through a piping sys­tem to multiple station outlets. Such piping systems for oxygen and fuel gas must be designed and installed in compliance with existing NFPA, OSHA, Federal, state, and local regulations.
18
SETTING UP AND OPERATING OXYGEN-FUEL GAS SYSTEMS
Cylinders and Equipment
Here is a list of steps and important things to check when hooking up cylinders and equipment. They are intended to help prevent possible injury or death to you and your fellow workers. They should also prevent possible equipment and property damage. Even small gas leaks can cause injury or death due to res, explosions, or asphyxiation.
1. Fasten the cylinders to be used in an upright position. If cylinders are not on a suitable cylinder cart, they should be securely chained or strapped to a workbench, wall, or post so that they cannot be accidentally knocked or pulled over. Do not fasten cylinders to electrical lines or conduits.
2. Be sure to keep a clear space between cylinders and the work. This is important so that cylinders and pressure-reducing regulators can always be reached quickly. Carefully examine cylinders for defects or oil and grease. Do not use if present.
3. “Crack” the cylinder valve. Remove the protective cap from cylinder, if provided. Stand at one side or rear of the cylinder outlet. Open the cylinder valve slightly for an instant, and then close it. This will clean the valve of dust or dirt which may have accumulated during storage. Dirt or other contaminants can damage critical parts of a regulator, and may cause a re or explosion.
NOTE: Valves on ammable -gas cylinders should NOT be “cracked” near welding or cutting work in prog­ress, or near sparks, ame, or other possible sources of ignition.
CRACKING CYLINDER VALVE
open ­counterclockwise
close ­clockwise
19
SETTING UP AND OPERATING OXYGEN-FUEL GAS SYSTEMS
Cylinders and Equipment
Here is a list of steps and important things to check when hooking up cylinders and equipment. They are intended to help prevent possible injury or death to you and your fellow workers. They should also prevent possible equipment and property damage. Even small gas leaks can cause injury or death due to res, explosions, or asphyxiation.
1. Fasten the cylinders to be used in an upright position. If cylinders are not on a suitable cylinder cart, they should be securely chained or strapped to a workbench, wall, or post so that they cannot be accidentally knocked or pulled over. Do not fasten cylinders to electrical lines or conduits.
2. Be sure to keep a clear space between cylinders and the work. This is important so that cylinders and pressure-reducing regulators can always be reached quickly. Carefully examine cylinders for defects or oil and grease. Do not use if present.
3. “Crack” the cylinder valve. Remove the protective cap from cylinder, if provided. Stand at one side or rear of the cylinder outlet. Open the cylinder valve slightly for an instant, and then close it. This will clean the valve of dust or dirt which may have accumulated during storage. Dirt or other contaminants can damage critical parts of a regulator, and may cause a re or explosion.
NOTE: Valves on ammable -gas cylinders should NOT be “cracked” near welding or cutting work in prog­ress, or near sparks, ame, or other possible sources of ignition.
CRACKING CYLINDER VALVE
open ­counterclockwise
close ­clockwise
19
4. Always attach a regulator to the gas supply. A pressure-reducing regulator must be connected at the cylinder valve. Make certain that the regulator is proper for the particular gas and service pressure. Make sure the regulator is clean and has a clean lter installed in its inlet nipple. Examine regulator for defects, oil or grease. Do not use if present.
5. Do not use adapters. The various Compressed Gas Association (CGA) designated cylinder and hose connections are designed for your protection. Refer to CGA pamphlet V-1 and E-1.
6. Never force connections that do not t properly. This can strip the threads on ttings and result in leaky connections. Do not use lubricants or pipe tting compound for making connections. To prevent leakage, all seating surfaces should be clean and smooth. Be sure the regulator and hose nuts are pulled up wrench-tight, not merely handtight. Do not tighten the connections exces­sively. Use a proper regulator wrench. Do not use vise grips or pipe wrench. If the connection still leaks after reasonable torque has been used in tightening the nuts, stop and repair the connec­tion.
7. Only use hoses tted with connections made esp ecially for oxygen-fuel gas equipment. Oxy­gen hose is usually green with right-hand threaded connections; red hose with left-hand threaded connections (indicated by a groove-about the nut) is used with any fuel gas. They are designed to prevent improper connections between the regulators and the torch. The hoses should be free of oil and grease, in good condition, and free of cuts and heavy abrasions. Support hose out of trac path so that fork lift trucks and other vehicles do not run over them. Use grade R and RM hose for acetylene. Use grade T for acetylene and other fuel gases.
NOTE: New hoses may contain some loose talc resulting from the manufacturing process. The talc should be blown out of both oxygen and gas hoses using about 5 psi of oxygen for a few seconds. Do not use compressed air or fuel gas for this purpose. After blowing out the fuel gas hose with oxygen, purge the hose of concentrated oxygen by blowing from your mouth or using dry nitrogen.
TORCH OXYGEN VALVE
RIGHT-HAND THREADED NUT
GREEN OXYGEN HOSE
TORCH FUEL - GAS VALVE
8. Before opening a cylinder valve, make sure the regulator pressure-adjusting screw is re­leased by rotating it counterclockwise until it turns freely. This closes the regulator valve and
prevents a sudden surge of pressure from possibly damaging components in the system, or caus­ing an oxygen regulator re.
RED FUEL-GAS HOSE
LEFT-HAND THREADED NUT
20
4. Always attach a regulator to the gas supply. A pressure-reducing regulator must be connected
at the cylinder valve. Make certain that the regulator is proper for the particular gas and service pressure. Make sure the regulator is clean and has a clean lter installed in its inlet nipple. Examine regulator for defects, oil or grease. Do not use if present.
5. Do not use adapters. The various Compressed Gas Association (CGA) designated cylinder and
hose connections are designed for your protection. Refer to CGA pamphlet V-1 and E-1.
6. Never force connections that do not t properly. This can strip the threads on ttings and result
in leaky connections. Do not use lubricants or pipe tting compound for making connections. To prevent leakage, all seating surfaces should be clean and smooth. Be sure the regulator and hose nuts are pulled up wrench-tight, not merely handtight. Do not tighten the connections exces­sively. Use a proper regulator wrench. Do not use vise grips or pipe wrench. If the connection still leaks after reasonable torque has been used in tightening the nuts, stop and repair the connec­tion.
7. Only use hoses tted with connections made esp ecially for oxygen-fuel gas equipment. Oxy-
gen hose is usually green with right-hand threaded connections; red hose with left-hand threaded connections (indicated by a groove-about the nut) is used with any fuel gas. They are designed to prevent improper connections between the regulators and the torch. The hoses should be free of oil and grease, in good condition, and free of cuts and heavy abrasions. Support hose out of trac path so that fork lift trucks and other vehicles do not run over them. Use grade R and RM hose for acetylene. Use grade T for acetylene and other fuel gases.
NOTE: New hoses may contain some loose talc resulting from the manufacturing process. The talc should be blown out of both oxygen and gas hoses using about 5 psi of oxygen for a few seconds. Do not use compressed air or fuel gas for this purpose. After blowing out the fuel gas hose with oxygen, purge the hose of concentrated oxygen by blowing from your mouth or using dry nitrogen.
TORCH OXYGEN VALVE
RIGHT-HAND THREADED NUT
GREEN OXYGEN HOSE
TORCH FUEL - GAS VALVE
8. Before opening a cylinder valve, make sure the regulator pressure-adjusting screw is re-
leased by rotating it counterclockwise until it turns freely. This closes the regulator valve and
prevents a sudden surge of pressure from possibly damaging components in the system, or caus­ing an oxygen regulator re.
RED FUEL-GAS HOSE
LEFT-HAND THREADED NUT
20
9. While opening a cylinder valve, stand to one side of the regulator. Do not stand in line with the front or back of the pressure-adjusting screw or gauges. SLOWLY open the cylinder valve. NEVER open a cylinder valve suddenly. A sudden surge of high pressure gas can weaken or damage critical components in the regulator, or even cause an oxygen regulator re. Do not open the acetylene cylinder valve more than 1-1/2 turns. Leave the T-wrench in place.
BACK OUT PRESSURE ADJUSTING SCREW. SLOWLY OPEN CYLINDER VALVE....
10. Always make sure there is enough oxygen and fuel gas available in the cylinders to complete your welding, cutting, or heating work. If you run out of one gas while operating and you must
change cylinders, it is imperative that the hose lines be thoroughly purged, for several seconds at least, before an attempt is made to relight the torch. Never allow the oxygen cylinder pressure to fall below 100-125 psig. Start again with step 8 when replacing cylinders.
NOTE: Reverse ow check valves are available for mounting on torch hose connections. They are de­signed to provide a certain amount of protection against the back ow of one gas into the hose of the other in the event of sudden loss of pressure of the one gas. These check valves are designed to prevent a reverse ow of gas. They are NOT designed for stopping ashbacks. Careless use, abuse or accumulated dirt can shorten check valve service considerably. They should be checked regularly for back ow leak­age, as directed by the valve manufacturer. Check valves will restrict ow and should not be used with large heating heads.
11. Check all connections and joints for leaks. After making all connections, close the torch or down­stream valve. Then, turn in (clockwise) the regulator pressure-adjusting screw to the desired operat­ing pressure. Using a suitable leak test solution, check every connection and joint from the cylinder to the torch. Correct any leakage before starting operation. Do NOT use any equipment in need of repair. Do NOT check for leaks with a ame. Leak test one gas line at a time to prevent backow into the hose lines.
21
9. While opening a cylinder valve, stand to one side of the regulator. Do not stand in line with the front or back of the pressure-adjusting screw or gauges. SLOWLY open the cylinder valve. NEVER open a cylinder valve suddenly. A sudden surge of high pressure gas can weaken or damage critical components in the regulator, or even cause an oxygen regulator re. Do not open the acetylene cylinder valve more than 1-1/2 turns. Leave the T-wrench in place.
BACK OUT PRESSURE ADJUSTING SCREW. SLOWLY OPEN CYLINDER VALVE....
10. Always make sure there is enough oxygen and fuel gas available in the cylinders to complete your welding, cutting, or heating work. If you run out of one gas while operating and you must
change cylinders, it is imperative that the hose lines be thoroughly purged, for several seconds at least, before an attempt is made to relight the torch. Never allow the oxygen cylinder pressure to fall below 100-125 psig. Start again with step 8 when replacing cylinders.
NOTE: Reverse ow check valves are available for mounting on torch hose connections. They are de­signed to provide a certain amount of protection against the back ow of one gas into the hose of the other in the event of sudden loss of pressure of the one gas. These check valves are designed to prevent a reverse ow of gas. They are NOT designed for stopping ashbacks. Careless use, abuse or accumulated dirt can shorten check valve service considerably. They should be checked regularly for back ow leak­age, as directed by the valve manufacturer. Check valves will restrict ow and should not be used with large heating heads.
11. Check all connections and joints for leaks. After making all connections, close the torch or down­stream valve. Then, turn in (clockwise) the regulator pressure-adjusting screw to the desired operat­ing pressure. Using a suitable leak test solution, check every connection and joint from the cylinder to the torch. Correct any leakage before starting operation. Do NOT use any equipment in need of repair. Do NOT check for leaks with a ame. Leak test one gas line at a time to prevent backow into the hose lines.
21
12. Never tighten a leaky connection between a regulator and cylinder when under pressure. Close the cylinder valve; allow the trapped gas to leak out; and then tighten the connection.
13. Attach the proper welding tip or cutting nozzle and use correct pressures. Always be sure you are using the correct gas pressure as recommended by manufacturer. If operating properly, the regulator maintains the pressure as set. The required pressure will vary according to the type of equipment. If reverse ow check valves are used, add enough pressure to make up for pressure drop through check valve.
14. Do not use matches for lighting torches. Hand burns may result from this practice. Use friction lighters, stationary pilot ames, or some other similar source of ignition.
15. If the ame goes out and burns back within the torch, producing a pronounced hissing or squealing noise, IMMEDIATELY shut o the torch; otherwise, the ame will burn through the torch and may cause injury. This is commonly called “ashback ”. It indicates a malfunction or in-
correct operation of the torch. Flashback should not be confused with “backre” in which a ame may go out with a loud snap or pop. After a backre a torch can be relit immediately. A backre may be caused by touching the tip or nozzle to work, an overheated tip or nozzle, a loosely connected tip or nozzle, dirt on the seat, but most likely by incorrect operating pressures. After a ashback, allow the torch to cool and recheck the operating pressures. Before relighting, allow oxygen (NOT fuel gas) to ow through the torch for several seconds to clear out soot that may have accumulated in the torch. If another ashback occurs or the torch repetitively backres, remove torch from ser­vice. Send the torch along with tip or nozzle in use to an authorized repair station.
16. Do not relight on hot work in a pocket or small conned space. Always relight with a friction lighter. In relighting a ame from hot metal, the gases do not always ignite instantly, and, if in a small pocket, ignition may be violent if it is delayed for even a second.
22
12. Never tighten a leaky connection between a regulator and cylinder when under pressure. Close the cylinder valve; allow the trapped gas to leak out; and then tighten the connection.
13. Attach the proper welding tip or cutting nozzle and use correct pressures. Always be sure you are using the correct gas pressure as recommended by manufacturer. If operating properly, the regulator maintains the pressure as set. The required pressure will vary according to the type of equipment. If reverse ow check valves are used, add enough pressure to make up for pressure drop through check valve.
14. Do not use matches for lighting torches. Hand burns may result from this practice. Use friction lighters, stationary pilot ames, or some other similar source of ignition.
15. If the ame goes out and burns back within the torch, producing a pronounced hissing or squealing noise, IMMEDIATELY shut o the torch; otherwise, the ame will burn through the torch and may cause injury. This is commonly called “ashback ”. It indicates a malfunction or in-
correct operation of the torch. Flashback should not be confused with “backre” in which a ame may go out with a loud snap or pop. After a backre a torch can be relit immediately. A backre may be caused by touching the tip or nozzle to work, an overheated tip or nozzle, a loosely connected tip or nozzle, dirt on the seat, but most likely by incorrect operating pressures. After a ashback, allow the torch to cool and recheck the operating pressures. Before relighting, allow oxygen (NOT fuel gas) to ow through the torch for several seconds to clear out soot that may have accumulated in the torch. If another ashback occurs or the torch repetitively backres, remove torch from ser­vice. Send the torch along with tip or nozzle in use to an authorized repair station.
16. Do not relight on hot work in a pocket or small conned space. Always relight with a friction lighter. In relighting a ame from hot metal, the gases do not always ignite instantly, and, if in a small pocket, ignition may be violent if it is delayed for even a second.
22
17. As soon as you have nished working, or if you are going to disconnect the regulator, do the following for each gas but one gas at a time: a. Close the cylinder valve. b. Open the torch valve to release all pressure from the hose and regulator. c. When the inlet gauge pressure drops to zero, turn out (counterclockwise) the pressure-adjusting
screw.
d. Check inlet gauge to make sure the cylinder is shut o.
This will prevent the release of gas and a possible accident caused by someone removing the regulator with the cylinder valve open.
Oxygen Regulators
There are many dierent types of oxygen regulators. They are designed to reduce the high pressure of the oxygen coming from the cylinder to the proper pressure needed for cutting and welding. Oxygen regula­tors can be damaged, and even burnout with explosive forces that can destroy the regulator when used improperly. Oxygen regulator res (ORF) can violently release the full cylinder pressure and contents. This release of contents and the accompanying oxygen enriched re can cause injury or death to you and your fellow workers, as well as damage to equipment and property. Here is an additional list of important steps to follow. They will minimize the chance of damage from the eects of an ORF.
1. We strongly recommend the use of oxygen regulators which have been designed to contain Oxygen Regulator Fires for all cylinder service. Our TRIMLINE oxygen regulators and the R-27 Se-
ries and R-22 Series oxygen regulators with ORF protection baes incorporate these patented design features. In fact, ALL cylinder oxygen regulators currently produced by ESAB incorporate ORF protec­tion devices.
2. “Crack” the oxygen cylinder valve before attaching the regulator. Stand to one side or the rear of the cylinder outlet. Open the cylinder valve slightly for an instant, and then close it. This will clean the valve of dust and dirt which may have accumulated during storage. Dirt can damage an oxygen regulator and may cause an ORF.
3. Use only regulators designed for oxygen service with oxygen. A pressure reducing regulator must be connected to the oxygen cylinder valve. Make certain the regulator is properly rated for the service pressure. Before installation make sure the regulator is clean, free of grease and oil, and has a clean lter installed in its inlet nipple. Oil, grease, coal dust and other combustibles can cause regulator res. Never use an oxygen regulator for other gases. Never connect a regulator that has been in non­oxygen service to oxygen service.
4. Before opening an oxygen cylinder valve make sure the oxygen regulator pressure-adjusting screw is released. This is done by rotating the screw counterclockwise until it turns freely. This closes
the regulator valve and prevents damage due to a sudden pressure surge.
23
17. As soon as you have nished working, or if you are going to disconnect the regulator, do the following for each gas but one gas at a time: a. Close the cylinder valve. b. Open the torch valve to release all pressure from the hose and regulator. c. When the inlet gauge pressure drops to zero, turn out (counterclockwise) the pressure-adjusting
screw.
d. Check inlet gauge to make sure the cylinder is shut o.
This will prevent the release of gas and a possible accident caused by someone removing the regulator with the cylinder valve open.
Oxygen Regulators
There are many dierent types of oxygen regulators. They are designed to reduce the high pressure of the oxygen coming from the cylinder to the proper pressure needed for cutting and welding. Oxygen regula­tors can be damaged, and even burnout with explosive forces that can destroy the regulator when used improperly. Oxygen regulator res (ORF) can violently release the full cylinder pressure and contents. This release of contents and the accompanying oxygen enriched re can cause injury or death to you and your fellow workers, as well as damage to equipment and property. Here is an additional list of important steps to follow. They will minimize the chance of damage from the eects of an ORF.
1. We strongly recommend the use of oxygen regulators which have been designed to contain Oxygen Regulator Fires for all cylinder service. Our TRIMLINE oxygen regulators and the R-27 Se-
ries and R-22 Series oxygen regulators with ORF protection baes incorporate these patented design features. In fact, ALL cylinder oxygen regulators currently produced by ESAB incorporate ORF protec­tion devices.
2. “Crack” the oxygen cylinder valve before attaching the regulator. Stand to one side or the rear of the cylinder outlet. Open the cylinder valve slightly for an instant, and then close it. This will clean the valve of dust and dirt which may have accumulated during storage. Dirt can damage an oxygen regulator and may cause an ORF.
3. Use only regulators designed for oxygen service with oxygen. A pressure reducing regulator must be connected to the oxygen cylinder valve. Make certain the regulator is properly rated for the service pressure. Before installation make sure the regulator is clean, free of grease and oil, and has a clean lter installed in its inlet nipple. Oil, grease, coal dust and other combustibles can cause regulator res. Never use an oxygen regulator for other gases. Never connect a regulator that has been in non­oxygen service to oxygen service.
4. Before opening an oxygen cylinder valve make sure the oxygen regulator pressure-adjusting screw is released. This is done by rotating the screw counterclockwise until it turns freely. This closes
the regulator valve and prevents damage due to a sudden pressure surge.
23
5. While opening the oxygen cylinder valve, stand by the cylinder valve side of the oxygen regulator. Never stand facing the pressure adjusting screw or pressure gauges of the regulator
while opening the cylinder valve. Open the cylinder valves as SLOWLY as possible, until the high pressure gauge reaches cylinder pressure. Never open a cylinder valve suddenly. Sudden surges of high pressure can cause an oxygen regulator re.
CONFINED SPACES
1. Introduction/Denition
Many dierent places require welding, cutting, and heating work. Some of these places lack
room and become “conned spaces.” Conned spaces have the following characteristics:
• Limitedspace,entry,orexit.
• Poorventilation-lackofsafebreathingairpossiblebuildupofhazardousgases,fumes,and
particles.
2. Examples of Conned Spaces
•Smallrooms •Unventilated •Degreasers
•Processvessels cornersofa •Boilers
•Pits room •Compartmentsof
•Tunnels •Furnaces ships
•Vats •Storagetanks •Ventilationand
•Reactorvessels •Pipelines exhaustducts
•Underground •Sewers utilityvaults •Silos
3. Reasons For Deaths and Serious Injuries From Welding In Conned Spaces
•Fire •Exposuretohazardousaircontaminants
•Explosion •Electricshock •Asphyxiation
4. Actions Required Before Approving Start of Work In A Conned Space
• Openallcoversandsecurethemfromclosing
• Testconnedspaceatmospherefor
(1) suitable oxygen content, (2) no combustibles or reactives, (3) no toxics.
Note: The testing requires special equipment and training.
•Isolatelinesbycappingordoublevalvingandventing,iffeasible-keepventsopenandvalves
lead-free.
•Lockoutallsystemsnotrequiredduringwelding,cuttingorheating.Providemeansforreadily
turning o power, gas and other supplies from outside the conned space.
•Protect or removeany hazardous materials or materials which maybecome a physical or
health risk when heated or exposed to an arc.
5. Required Actions During Work In A Conned Space
Continuously ventilate and monitor conned space to ensure that fumes and gases do not exceed safe exposure limits as found in OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
regulations•Title29.CFRPart1910,1000.
24
5. While opening the oxygen cylinder valve, stand by the cylinder valve side of the oxygen regulator. Never stand facing the pressure adjusting screw or pressure gauges of the regulator
while opening the cylinder valve. Open the cylinder valves as SLOWLY as possible, until the high pressure gauge reaches cylinder pressure. Never open a cylinder valve suddenly. Sudden surges of high pressure can cause an oxygen regulator re.
CONFINED SPACES
1. Introduction/Denition
Many dierent places require welding, cutting, and heating work. Some of these places lack
room and become “conned spaces.” Conned spaces have the following characteristics:
• Limitedspace,entry,orexit.
• Poorventilation-lackofsafebreathingairpossiblebuildupofhazardousgases,fumes,and
particles.
2. Examples of Conned Spaces
•Smallrooms •Unventilated •Degreasers
•Processvessels cornersofa •Boilers
•Pits room •Compartmentsof
•Tunnels •Furnaces ships
•Vats •Storagetanks •Ventilationand
•Reactorvessels •Pipelines exhaustducts
•Underground •Sewers utilityvaults •Silos
3. Reasons For Deaths and Serious Injuries From Welding In Conned Spaces
•Fire •Exposuretohazardousaircontaminants
•Explosion •Electricshock •Asphyxiation
4. Actions Required Before Approving Start of Work In A Conned Space
• Openallcoversandsecurethemfromclosing
• Testconnedspaceatmospherefor
(1) suitable oxygen content, (2) no combustibles or reactives, (3) no toxics.
Note: The testing requires special equipment and training.
•Isolatelinesbycappingordoublevalvingandventing,iffeasible-keepventsopenandvalves
lead-free.
•Lockoutallsystemsnotrequiredduringwelding,cuttingorheating.Providemeansforreadily
turning o power, gas and other supplies from outside the conned space.
•Protect or removeany hazardous materials or materials which maybecome a physical or
health risk when heated or exposed to an arc.
5. Required Actions During Work In A Conned Space
Continuously ventilate and monitor conned space to ensure that fumes and gases do not exceed safe exposure limits as found in OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
regulations•Title29.CFRPart1910,1000.
24
• UseNIOSH/MSHA (NationalInstitute forOccupational Safetyand Health/MineSafety andHealth
Administration) approved breathing device when required by code, instruction, or good practice.
• Keepunnecessarypersonsandequipmentoutofandawayfromtheconnedspace.
• Donotallowequipmenttoblockexitorpossiblerescueeorts.
• Placeasmuchequipmentaspossibleoutsidetheconnedspace.
• Donotgointoaconnedspaceunlessawatchperson,properlyequippedandtrainedforrescue,is
outside and maintaining continuous communications with worker inside.
• Providemeans forturning o power,gases, andfuel frominside the connedspace, iffeasible,
especially if outside turn-o means are not provided, feasible, or certain.
6. Information Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria For A Recommended Standard - Working In Conned Spaces, NIOSH Publication No. 80-106. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Code Of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Chapter XVII, Part 1910. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Oce.
De Reamer, R. Modern Safety And Health Technology, New York , New York: John Wiley & Sons.
American National Standards Institute. Safety Requirements For Working In Tanks And Other Conned spaces, ANSI Z117.1-1977. New York: American National Standards Institute.
Mine Safety And Health Administration (MSHA). Code Of Federal Regulations, Title 30 Mineral Resources. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Oce.
OTHER RECOMMENDED SAFE PRACTICES
1. Make sure that jacketed containers or other hollow parts are suciently vented before heating, weld­ing or cutting. Air, gas, or liquid which is conned inside of a hollow part will expand greatly when heated. The internal pressure created may cause violent rupture of the part. A metal part which is suspiciously light is probably hollow and should be drilled to vent it before heating. Every possible precaution should be taken with jacketed vessels, tanks or containers to vent them suciently before doing any hot work.
25
• UseNIOSH/MSHA (NationalInstitute forOccupational Safetyand Health/MineSafety andHealth
Administration) approved breathing device when required by code, instruction, or good practice.
• Keepunnecessarypersonsandequipmentoutofandawayfromtheconnedspace.
• Donotallowequipmenttoblockexitorpossiblerescueeorts.
• Placeasmuchequipmentaspossibleoutsidetheconnedspace.
• Donotgointoaconnedspaceunlessawatchperson,properlyequippedandtrainedforrescue,is
outside and maintaining continuous communications with worker inside.
• Providemeans forturning o power,gases, andfuel frominside the connedspace, iffeasible,
especially if outside turn-o means are not provided, feasible, or certain.
6. Information Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria For A Recommended Standard - Working In Conned Spaces, NIOSH Publication No. 80-106. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Code Of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Chapter XVII, Part 1910. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Oce.
De Reamer, R. Modern Safety And Health Technology, New York , New York: John Wiley & Sons.
American National Standards Institute. Safety Requirements For Working In Tanks And Other Conned spaces, ANSI Z117.1-1977. New York: American National Standards Institute.
Mine Safety And Health Administration (MSHA). Code Of Federal Regulations, Title 30 Mineral Resources. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Oce.
OTHER RECOMMENDED SAFE PRACTICES
1. Make sure that jacketed containers or other hollow parts are suciently vented before heating, weld­ing or cutting. Air, gas, or liquid which is conned inside of a hollow part will expand greatly when heated. The internal pressure created may cause violent rupture of the part. A metal part which is suspiciously light is probably hollow and should be drilled to vent it before heating. Every possible precaution should be taken with jacketed vessels, tanks or containers to vent them suciently before doing any hot work.
25
JACKETED CONTAINERS OR OTHER HOLLOW PARTS SHOULD BE VENTED BEFORE WELDING. THE VENT HOLE CAN BE TAPPED AND PLUGGED AFTER WELD­ING WORK IS COMPLETED.
2. Do not drop stub ends of welding rods on the oor. Put them in a suitable container. Aside from the re hazard created by carelessly dropped stub ends, a serious fall might result from stepping on them. A container partly lled with water and within easy reach is a good place to dispose of these short ends.
3. Bushings in castings should be either removed or securely fastened in place before heating the cast­ing. Bronze bushings expand more than cast iron when heated. Besides the possibility of damaging the bushing if left in place, the greater expansion may cause it to y out, unexpectedly. If the bushing cannot be removed, it should be securely fastened in place. Bolting large washers or pieces of plate over the ends of the bushing is a suitable method.
IF BRONZE BUSHINGS CANNOT BE REMOVED,
THEY SHOULD BE SECURELY FASTENED IN PLACE
4. Tips and torches are precision tools. Do not use them as hammers. Damage to the equipment can cause ashbacks, backres, or gas leaks.
5. Do not cut over bare concrete. Concrete can spall with explosive violence from the heat of the ame or slag.
26
JACKETED CONTAINERS OR OTHER HOLLOW PARTS SHOULD BE VENTED BEFORE WELDING. THE VENT HOLE CAN BE TAPPED AND PLUGGED AFTER WELD­ING WORK IS COMPLETED.
2. Do not drop stub ends of welding rods on the oor. Put them in a suitable container. Aside from the re hazard created by carelessly dropped stub ends, a serious fall might result from stepping on them. A container partly lled with water and within easy reach is a good place to dispose of these short ends.
3. Bushings in castings should be either removed or securely fastened in place before heating the cast­ing. Bronze bushings expand more than cast iron when heated. Besides the possibility of damaging the bushing if left in place, the greater expansion may cause it to y out, unexpectedly. If the bushing cannot be removed, it should be securely fastened in place. Bolting large washers or pieces of plate over the ends of the bushing is a suitable method.
IF BRONZE BUSHINGS CANNOT BE REMOVED,
THEY SHOULD BE SECURELY FASTENED IN PLACE
4. Tips and torches are precision tools. Do not use them as hammers. Damage to the equipment can cause ashbacks, backres, or gas leaks.
5. Do not cut over bare concrete. Concrete can spall with explosive violence from the heat of the ame or slag.
26
MAINTENANCE PRECAUTIONS
Faulty or improperly maintained equipment can cause property damage, physical injury, or possibly death by re or explosion. Here is a list of some important guidelines to follow when maintaining equip­ment.
1. Stop operating IMMEDIATELY if equipment is malfunctioning. Notify your supervisor of the mal­function. Do not perform any further operations until the problem is corrected.
2. Do not per form any equipment maintenance unless you are qualied to perform such work. Only qualied personnel should install, maintain, and repair the equipment only in accordance with manufacturer’s maintenance instructions and use only genuine repair parts. This is necessary to com­ply with Underwriters Laboratories (UL) requirements.
3. Maintain regulators, torches, and hoses in safe working order. Do not operate equipment in faulty condition. The following should be checked or noted often:
a. Regulators must have a clean lter (usually sintered bronze material) instal-led in the nipple of the
cylinder (inlet) connection.
b. Regulators should not “creep” (indicated by delivery pressure rising slowly when torch valve is
closed) nor leak from any joints. Creeping delivery pressure indicates leakage past the regulator valve seat.
c. If metal-to-metal seating surfaces of torch heads, valve stems, or hose connections are causing
leakage, send the equipment to your distributor or to the manufacturer for reseating or replace-
ment. d. Replace valve stems if leakage cannot be stopped by tightening the packing nut. e. Maintain clean orices of welding tips, cutting nozzles, and torch or head mixer assemblies.
Clogged orices may cause ashbacks. Soot, particularly after a ashback, may collect on torch
mixer assemblies. Use proper tip cleaning tools or procedures as recommended by the manufac-
turer. f. Periodically immerse pressurized hoses in water and check for leakages. Do not repair hoses with
tape. Damaged nuts and nipples can be replaced using appropriate clamps (automotive clamps
are not appropriate) or ferrules. Damaged sections of a hose should be removed and discarded,
and then the good sections can be assembled with proper hose splice and clamps. (No more than
one splice per 25-ft. length of hose.) Check with your equipment supplier for additional informa-
tion. g. If hose was burnt internally due to a ashback, or damaged extensively from sparks, slag, abuse,
etc., discard the entire hose.
27
MAINTENANCE PRECAUTIONS
Faulty or improperly maintained equipment can cause property damage, physical injury, or possibly death by re or explosion. Here is a list of some important guidelines to follow when maintaining equip­ment.
1. Stop operating IMMEDIATELY if equipment is malfunctioning. Notify your supervisor of the mal­function. Do not perform any further operations until the problem is corrected.
2. Do not per form any equipment maintenance unless you are qualied to perform such work. Only qualied personnel should install, maintain, and repair the equipment only in accordance with manufacturer’s maintenance instructions and use only genuine repair parts. This is necessary to com­ply with Underwriters Laboratories (UL) requirements.
3. Maintain regulators, torches, and hoses in safe working order. Do not operate equipment in faulty condition. The following should be checked or noted often:
a. Regulators must have a clean lter (usually sintered bronze material) instal-led in the nipple of the
cylinder (inlet) connection.
b. Regulators should not “creep” (indicated by delivery pressure rising slowly when torch valve is
closed) nor leak from any joints. Creeping delivery pressure indicates leakage past the regulator valve seat.
c. If metal-to-metal seating surfaces of torch heads, valve stems, or hose connections are causing
leakage, send the equipment to your distributor or to the manufacturer for reseating or replace-
ment. d. Replace valve stems if leakage cannot be stopped by tightening the packing nut. e. Maintain clean orices of welding tips, cutting nozzles, and torch or head mixer assemblies.
Clogged orices may cause ashbacks. Soot, particularly after a ashback, may collect on torch
mixer assemblies. Use proper tip cleaning tools or procedures as recommended by the manufac-
turer. f. Periodically immerse pressurized hoses in water and check for leakages. Do not repair hoses with
tape. Damaged nuts and nipples can be replaced using appropriate clamps (automotive clamps
are not appropriate) or ferrules. Damaged sections of a hose should be removed and discarded,
and then the good sections can be assembled with proper hose splice and clamps. (No more than
one splice per 25-ft. length of hose.) Check with your equipment supplier for additional informa-
tion. g. If hose was burnt internally due to a ashback, or damaged extensively from sparks, slag, abuse,
etc., discard the entire hose.
27
4. Do not abuse the equipment. Protect the equipment from heat, excessive wet conditions, oil or grease, corrosive atmospheres, and inclement weather.
5. Replace parts only with manufacturer’s recommended replacement parts.
The equipment is designed to work safely and eectively. Do not substitute, modify, or use un-
authorized parts. Use of the wrong part may cause the equipment to fail, regulators to bum out, or gases to leak. Read and under-stand the operating instructions provided by the manufacturer of the equipment before attempting to repair. Repairs or replacement of parts not covered by the instructions should be performed by an authorized repair station of the equipment manu­facturer or distributor. Appropriate literature may be obtained from your distributor.
The notice shown below may appear on the apparatus that you purchased. Please follow instruc­tions to maintain UL listing.
IMPORTANT NOTICE TO USERS
OSHA REGULATIONS STATE THAT ALL WELDING, CUTTING AND BRAZING APPARATUS MUST BE APPROVED OR LISTED BY A NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED TESTING LABORATORY. (SEE 29CFR1910 SUBPART 0).
This torch or cutting attachment has been extensively tested with its nozzles/heads and earned the Underwriter’s Laboratories (UL) listing. This UL listing is not valid if the torch or cutting attachment is used with nozzles/heads produced by other than original manu­facturer.
28
4. Do not abuse the equipment. Protect the equipment from heat, excessive wet conditions, oil or grease, corrosive atmospheres, and inclement weather.
5. Replace parts only with manufacturer’s recommended replacement parts.
The equipment is designed to work safely and eectively. Do not substitute, modify, or use un-
authorized parts. Use of the wrong part may cause the equipment to fail, regulators to bum out, or gases to leak. Read and under-stand the operating instructions provided by the manufacturer of the equipment before attempting to repair. Repairs or replacement of parts not covered by the instructions should be performed by an authorized repair station of the equipment manu­facturer or distributor. Appropriate literature may be obtained from your distributor.
The notice shown below may appear on the apparatus that you purchased. Please follow instruc­tions to maintain UL listing.
IMPORTANT NOTICE TO USERS
OSHA REGULATIONS STATE THAT ALL WELDING, CUTTING AND BRAZING APPARATUS MUST BE APPROVED OR LISTED BY A NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED TESTING LABORATORY. (SEE 29CFR1910 SUBPART 0).
This torch or cutting attachment has been extensively tested with its nozzles/heads and earned the Underwriter’s Laboratories (UL) listing. This UL listing is not valid if the torch or cutting attachment is used with nozzles/heads produced by other than original manu­facturer.
28
APPENDIX
I. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND HEATING ENVIRONMENT.
INTRODUCTION
The information in this appendix is directed toward the health and medical professional. It is intended to instruct, as well as alert, the health and medical professional about potential health hazards in the gas welding, cutting, and heating environment.
When gas welding and cutting equipment is used as recommended and according to recognized and accepted sound industrial hygiene standards, as set forth in OSHA regulations and in American Na­tional Standard 249.1 “Safety in Welding and Cutting”, minimal or no adverse health eects should be expected.
Fumes, gases, ame radiation, and noise are created as by-products of most welding, cutting, and heat­ing processes. The type of process, in itself, is a major factor in determining the concentration of metal fumes and gases, and the intensity of ame radiation which may be produced. The composition of the fumes is dependent on the alloy being welded and the process and rods used. The health hazard poten­tial depends on the concentration and toxicity of the materials involved (types of metals, uxes, coat­ings, etc.), length of exposure, the relationship of the welder’s head with respect to the fumes, and the eectiveness of control measures, such as ventilation and personal protective equipment. Table 1 lists some common chemical and physical agents which may be produced as by products in some welding and cutting applications.
DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR HEALTH HAZARDS
1. Respiratory System
Acute — Gases, fumes, and dusts may cause irritation to the eyes, lungs, nose, and throat. Some toxic gases associated with welding may cause pulmonary edema (accumulation of uid in the air spaces of the lungs), asphyxiation, and death. Acute overexposure may include signs and symptoms such as watery eyes, nose and throat irritation, headache, dizziness, diculty breathing, frequent coughing, or chest pains.
Chronic — Protracted inhalation of air contaminants may lead to their accumulation in the lungs, a condition which may be seen as dense areas on chest x-rays. The severity of change is proportional to the length of exposure. The changes seen are not necessarily associated with symptoms or signs of reduced lung function or disease. In addition, the changes on x-rays may be caused by non-work related factors such as smoking, etc.
29
APPENDIX
I. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND HEATING ENVIRONMENT.
INTRODUCTION
The information in this appendix is directed toward the health and medical professional. It is intended to instruct, as well as alert, the health and medical professional about potential health hazards in the gas welding, cutting, and heating environment.
When gas welding and cutting equipment is used as recommended and according to recognized and accepted sound industrial hygiene standards, as set forth in OSHA regulations and in American Na­tional Standard 249.1 “Safety in Welding and Cutting”, minimal or no adverse health eects should be expected.
Fumes, gases, ame radiation, and noise are created as by-products of most welding, cutting, and heat­ing processes. The type of process, in itself, is a major factor in determining the concentration of metal fumes and gases, and the intensity of ame radiation which may be produced. The composition of the fumes is dependent on the alloy being welded and the process and rods used. The health hazard poten­tial depends on the concentration and toxicity of the materials involved (types of metals, uxes, coat­ings, etc.), length of exposure, the relationship of the welder’s head with respect to the fumes, and the eectiveness of control measures, such as ventilation and personal protective equipment. Table 1 lists some common chemical and physical agents which may be produced as by products in some welding and cutting applications.
DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR HEALTH HAZARDS
1. Respiratory System
Acute — Gases, fumes, and dusts may cause irritation to the eyes, lungs, nose, and throat. Some toxic gases associated with welding may cause pulmonary edema (accumulation of uid in the air spaces of the lungs), asphyxiation, and death. Acute overexposure may include signs and symptoms such as watery eyes, nose and throat irritation, headache, dizziness, diculty breathing, frequent coughing, or chest pains.
Chronic — Protracted inhalation of air contaminants may lead to their accumulation in the lungs, a condition which may be seen as dense areas on chest x-rays. The severity of change is proportional to the length of exposure. The changes seen are not necessarily associated with symptoms or signs of reduced lung function or disease. In addition, the changes on x-rays may be caused by non-work related factors such as smoking, etc.
29
Table 1 - Common Chemical and Physical Agents Which May be Produced as By-products in Some Gas Welding and Cutting Operations.
Fumes* and Gases
Aluminum Carbon Dioxide
Beryllium Carbon Monoxide
Cadmium N itrogen Oxides
Chromium Ozone
Copper Phosgene
Fluorides
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Nickel
Silica
Silicate
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
* Including the metals and their oxides. Some of the fumes and gases listed are covered in detail on
pages 29 through 31.
2. Eye
Eye injury may be caused by ying particles and ame radiation. Infrared radiation is emitted by
ames and hot parts. Infrared radiation penetrates the interior of the eye and can cause bums on the retina. Contact lenses should not be worn while welding or cutting.
3. Skin
Exposed skin is susceptible to cuts, scrapes and burns (electrical and thermal). Skin contact with
certain metal dusts, such as chromium and nickel, may cause a dermatitis characterized by dry, red, cracked itchy skin on the hands, forearms, and face. Passage of an electrical current into living tissues may cause electrical burns or fatal shock. Clinical manifestations usually depend on the amount of current that passes through the body. Respiratory paralysis or ventricular brillation, or both, may result.
4. Cardiovascular Disease
Carbon monoxide may be generated in operations in which a ame touches a surface that is
cooler than the ignition temperature of the gaseous part of the ame. It combines avidly with hemoglobin, reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Exposure to carbon monoxide
may present an added health risk to workers with heart disease.
Radiant Energy
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Other Agents
Electricity
Noise
Heat
Asphyxiants
Flames
30
Table 1 - Common Chemical and Physical Agents Which May be Produced as By-products in Some Gas Welding and Cutting Operations.
Fumes* and Gases
Aluminum Carbon Dioxide
Beryllium Carbon Monoxide
Cadmium N itrogen Oxides
Chromium Ozone
Copper Phosgene
Fluorides
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Nickel
Silica
Silicate
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
* Including the metals and their oxides. Some of the fumes and gases listed are covered in detail on
pages 29 through 31.
2. Eye
Eye injury may be caused by ying particles and ame radiation. Infrared radiation is emitted by
ames and hot parts. Infrared radiation penetrates the interior of the eye and can cause bums on the retina. Contact lenses should not be worn while welding or cutting.
3. Skin
Exposed skin is susceptible to cuts, scrapes and burns (electrical and thermal). Skin contact with
certain metal dusts, such as chromium and nickel, may cause a dermatitis characterized by dry, red, cracked itchy skin on the hands, forearms, and face. Passage of an electrical current into living tissues may cause electrical burns or fatal shock. Clinical manifestations usually depend on the amount of current that passes through the body. Respiratory paralysis or ventricular brillation, or both, may result.
4. Cardiovascular Disease
Carbon monoxide may be generated in operations in which a ame touches a surface that is
cooler than the ignition temperature of the gaseous part of the ame. It combines avidly with hemoglobin, reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Exposure to carbon monoxide
may present an added health risk to workers with heart disease.
Radiant Energy
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Other Agents
Electricity
Noise
Heat
Asphyxiants
Flames
30
5. Noise
Exposure to high noise levels for long periods of time may result in hearing loss. Exposed workers
should wear properly tted ear protection.
6. Carcinogenicity
Carcinogenicity depends upon many factors, including the properties of the materials of expo-
sure, the adequacy of protective equipment used, the individual’s susceptibility, and other factors. Certain metals, such as some chromium VI compounds and nickel, have been reported to cause cancer. The possible con-founding roles of cigarette smoking, environmental agents, and other non-work related factors must be considered.
7. Other Factors
In addition to any direct eects, heat and stress also increase the workers susceptibility to the
eects of other agents. Frequent physical examinations are recommended.
The following are brief descriptions of materials which may be found in some welding and cutting operations:
Acetylene and other Fuel Gases — Acetylene, propylene (FG-2), propane and butane at very high concentrations are simple asphyxiants, irritants, or anesthetics. Thus, depending on the concentration and exposure time, symptoms such as irritation to the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract; shortness of breath with rapid respiration; fatigue, dizziness, diminished mental alertness, and muscular incoordination, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, convulsions, and ­nally coma and death may occur.
Beryllium — Beryllium and its compounds are highly toxic. They can cause serious injury or death. Exposure is capable of producing chronic lung changes which are permanent in nature.
Cadmium — Cadmium fumes or ne dust are capable of causing serious injury or death when in­haled. It is easy to mistake cadmium-plated steel for galvanized steel. However, when heated, cad­mium leaves an olive-drab color as it oxidizes. Always know the metal you are working with. Cadmium oxide fumes often cause no symptoms until a few hours after exposure.
Carbon Monoxide — Carbon monoxide may cause illness or death. It is an odor-less, colorless, and toxic gas. Exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide may cause headache, metal dullness, and generalized fatigue. The toxic eects of carbon monoxide are similar to those of oxygen de­ciency. Loss of consciousness occurs at only very high concentrations.
Chromium — Acute exposure to chromium dust or fumes may cause coughing and wheezing, head­ache, shortness of breath, pain on deep breathing, and fever.
COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND THEIR
POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS
31
5. Noise
Exposure to high noise levels for long periods of time may result in hearing loss. Exposed workers
should wear properly tted ear protection.
6. Carcinogenicity
Carcinogenicity depends upon many factors, including the properties of the materials of expo-
sure, the adequacy of protective equipment used, the individual’s susceptibility, and other factors. Certain metals, such as some chromium VI compounds and nickel, have been reported to cause cancer. The possible con-founding roles of cigarette smoking, environmental agents, and other non-work related factors must be considered.
7. Other Factors
In addition to any direct eects, heat and stress also increase the workers susceptibility to the
eects of other agents. Frequent physical examinations are recommended.
The following are brief descriptions of materials which may be found in some welding and cutting operations:
Acetylene and other Fuel Gases — Acetylene, propylene (FG-2), propane and butane at very high concentrations are simple asphyxiants, irritants, or anesthetics. Thus, depending on the concentration and exposure time, symptoms such as irritation to the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract; shortness of breath with rapid respiration; fatigue, dizziness, diminished mental alertness, and muscular incoordination, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, convulsions, and ­nally coma and death may occur.
Beryllium — Beryllium and its compounds are highly toxic. They can cause serious injury or death. Exposure is capable of producing chronic lung changes which are permanent in nature.
Cadmium — Cadmium fumes or ne dust are capable of causing serious injury or death when in­haled. It is easy to mistake cadmium-plated steel for galvanized steel. However, when heated, cad­mium leaves an olive-drab color as it oxidizes. Always know the metal you are working with. Cadmium oxide fumes often cause no symptoms until a few hours after exposure.
Carbon Monoxide — Carbon monoxide may cause illness or death. It is an odor-less, colorless, and toxic gas. Exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide may cause headache, metal dullness, and generalized fatigue. The toxic eects of carbon monoxide are similar to those of oxygen de­ciency. Loss of consciousness occurs at only very high concentrations.
Chromium — Acute exposure to chromium dust or fumes may cause coughing and wheezing, head­ache, shortness of breath, pain on deep breathing, and fever.
COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND THEIR
POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS
31
Other symptoms may include irritation of the conjunctivae of the eye, nasal itch and soreness, ulcer­ation and perforation of the nasal septum, chronic bronchitis, and discoloration of the skin. Certain forms of chromium (VI) have been found to cause increased respiratory cancer among workers.
Copper — The fumes and dust cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, metal fume fever, and in some instances, discoloration of the skin and hair. Copper dust can act as an irritant to skin causing itching, redness, and dermatitis. It may also cause conjuncti­vitis and small ulcers of the cornea.
Fluorides — Fluoride fumes can be very irritating to eyes, nose, and throat. Some Fluorine compounds can cause death. Fluorides may be formed when welding with uoride containing rods, and with some uxes.
Iron Oxide — Inhalation of these fumes and dust may cause “metal fume fever” (an inuenza-like ill­ness lasting 24 to 48 hours), and may also cause a benign pneumoconiosis (siderosis). Pure iron oxide probably does not cause brotic pulmonary charges, whereas inhalation of iron oxide plus certain other sub-stances may cause lung injury.
Lead — Lead fumes or ne dust, when inhaled, can cause lead poisoning, anemia, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, colic, or death. Be careful to guard against lead poisoning when welding or cutting materials such as lead-coated containers and metals which have been painted. In all such cases, lead produces toxic fumes.
Manganese — Manganese dust and fumes are irritants to the eye and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Early recognition of chronic manganese poisoning is dicult. Progression of disease manifestations can vary widely among individuals. Signs and symptoms may include apathy, irritabil­ity, loss of appetite, headache, weakness of the muscles in the legs, and joint aches. Speech distur­bances are common. Chronic manganese poisoning, although disabling, is usually not fatal.
Nickel — Skin sensitization or “nickel itch” is a commonly seen toxic reaction to nickel dusts. Nickel dust and fumes may also irritate the conjunctivae of the eye and the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Nickel and its compounds have been reported to produce an increased incidence of cancer of the lung and nasal passages.
Nitrogen Oxides — Nitrogen oxides may irritate the eyes and mucous membranes. High concentra­tions may produce severe pulmonary irritation and methemoglobinemia. Acute exposure to high concentrations may produce immediate fatigue, cyanosis (“blue lips and skin”), cough, shortness of breath, chills, fever, head-ache, nausea, and vomiting. Collapse and death may occur if the exposure is suciently high. Survivors may develop severe and increasing shortness of breath due to chronic lung disease.
32
Other symptoms may include irritation of the conjunctivae of the eye, nasal itch and soreness, ulcer­ation and perforation of the nasal septum, chronic bronchitis, and discoloration of the skin. Certain forms of chromium (VI) have been found to cause increased respiratory cancer among workers.
Copper — The fumes and dust cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, metal fume fever, and in some instances, discoloration of the skin and hair. Copper dust can act as an irritant to skin causing itching, redness, and dermatitis. It may also cause conjuncti­vitis and small ulcers of the cornea.
Fluorides — Fluoride fumes can be very irritating to eyes, nose, and throat. Some Fluorine compounds can cause death. Fluorides may be formed when welding with uoride containing rods, and with some uxes.
Iron Oxide — Inhalation of these fumes and dust may cause “metal fume fever” (an inuenza-like ill­ness lasting 24 to 48 hours), and may also cause a benign pneumoconiosis (siderosis). Pure iron oxide probably does not cause brotic pulmonary charges, whereas inhalation of iron oxide plus certain other sub-stances may cause lung injury.
Lead — Lead fumes or ne dust, when inhaled, can cause lead poisoning, anemia, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, colic, or death. Be careful to guard against lead poisoning when welding or cutting materials such as lead-coated containers and metals which have been painted. In all such cases, lead produces toxic fumes.
Manganese — Manganese dust and fumes are irritants to the eye and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Early recognition of chronic manganese poisoning is dicult. Progression of disease manifestations can vary widely among individuals. Signs and symptoms may include apathy, irritabil­ity, loss of appetite, headache, weakness of the muscles in the legs, and joint aches. Speech distur­bances are common. Chronic manganese poisoning, although disabling, is usually not fatal.
Nickel — Skin sensitization or “nickel itch” is a commonly seen toxic reaction to nickel dusts. Nickel dust and fumes may also irritate the conjunctivae of the eye and the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Nickel and its compounds have been reported to produce an increased incidence of cancer of the lung and nasal passages.
Nitrogen Oxides — Nitrogen oxides may irritate the eyes and mucous membranes. High concentra­tions may produce severe pulmonary irritation and methemoglobinemia. Acute exposure to high concentrations may produce immediate fatigue, cyanosis (“blue lips and skin”), cough, shortness of breath, chills, fever, head-ache, nausea, and vomiting. Collapse and death may occur if the exposure is suciently high. Survivors may develop severe and increasing shortness of breath due to chronic lung disease.
32
Oxygen — Oxygen toxicity occurs in persons exposed to high concentrations of oxygen for an ex­tended period of time and may include the following signs and symptoms: nausea, dizziness, muscu­lar twitching, irritability, chest pain, numbness, and visual disturbances.
Ozone — Ozone is a form of gaseous oxygen. It is produced around every electric arc, particularly when welding aluminum. It has a noticeable odor and exposure may produce irritations of the eyes, nose, and throat. Overexposure may cause death.
Phosgene — This highly toxic gas is formed when the ultraviolet rays from an electric arc contact chlorinated solvents, such as trichioroethylene. Material or equipment which has been degreased by chlorinated solvents should not be welded or cut until it has been thoroughly dried to remove the sol­vent. Welding or cutting should not be done near degreasing tanks containing chlorinated solvents. To avoid the formation of this hazardous gas, solvents should be stored and used in a separate room from welding operations. Do not leave chlorinated solvents lying around in open buckets or tanks. Keep solvent containers tightly covered when they are not in use. Inhalation of high concentrations of phosgene may produce pulmonary edema frequently preceded by a latent period of several hours’ duration. Death may result from respiratory or cardiac arrest.
Silica — The crystalline forms of silica are responsible for producing silicosis. However, attempts to locate crystalline phases of silica in welding fumes have so far been unsuccessful.
Zinc — Do not inhale fumes from welding or cutting galvanized sheet, brass, or other zinc alloys. Zinc can cause metal fume fever, commonly called “zinc chills” or “galo”. The symptoms usually occur a few hours after exposure and include metallic taste in the mouth, dryness of nose and throat, weakness, fatigue, muscle and joint pains, fever, chills, and nausea.
MEDICAL PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
1. Pre-employment medical examinations are recommended to insure that prospective employees are physically able to do the specic work. Periodic health examinations are recommended. The potential health eects of non-work related factors, such as smoking, must be considered.
2. An eective educational, training, and industrial hygiene program should be instituted. The pro­gram should cover the following: (a) the nature and potential hazards of welding and cutting; (b) proper and safe use of equipment; and (c) emergency and rst aid procedures.
3. Medical personnel should be available on-site or by phone for advice and consultation. Emer­gency phone numbers should be posted near the telephones. At least one person on each shift should be trained in rst aid, as well as qualied to administer oxygen and cardiopulmonary re­suscitation (CPR).
4. The following should be readily available: (a) rst aid supplies approved by a physician; (b) stretch­ers and blankets for transportation; (c) oxygen inhalation equipment; and (d) instant acting eye washes and showers.
33
Oxygen — Oxygen toxicity occurs in persons exposed to high concentrations of oxygen for an ex­tended period of time and may include the following signs and symptoms: nausea, dizziness, muscu­lar twitching, irritability, chest pain, numbness, and visual disturbances.
Ozone — Ozone is a form of gaseous oxygen. It is produced around every electric arc, particularly when welding aluminum. It has a noticeable odor and exposure may produce irritations of the eyes, nose, and throat. Overexposure may cause death.
Phosgene — This highly toxic gas is formed when the ultraviolet rays from an electric arc contact chlorinated solvents, such as trichioroethylene. Material or equipment which has been degreased by chlorinated solvents should not be welded or cut until it has been thoroughly dried to remove the sol­vent. Welding or cutting should not be done near degreasing tanks containing chlorinated solvents. To avoid the formation of this hazardous gas, solvents should be stored and used in a separate room from welding operations. Do not leave chlorinated solvents lying around in open buckets or tanks. Keep solvent containers tightly covered when they are not in use. Inhalation of high concentrations of phosgene may produce pulmonary edema frequently preceded by a latent period of several hours’ duration. Death may result from respiratory or cardiac arrest.
Silica — The crystalline forms of silica are responsible for producing silicosis. However, attempts to locate crystalline phases of silica in welding fumes have so far been unsuccessful.
Zinc — Do not inhale fumes from welding or cutting galvanized sheet, brass, or other zinc alloys. Zinc can cause metal fume fever, commonly called “zinc chills” or “galo”. The symptoms usually occur a few hours after exposure and include metallic taste in the mouth, dryness of nose and throat, weakness, fatigue, muscle and joint pains, fever, chills, and nausea.
MEDICAL PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
1. Pre-employment medical examinations are recommended to insure that prospective employees are physically able to do the specic work. Periodic health examinations are recommended. The potential health eects of non-work related factors, such as smoking, must be considered.
2. An eective educational, training, and industrial hygiene program should be instituted. The pro­gram should cover the following: (a) the nature and potential hazards of welding and cutting; (b) proper and safe use of equipment; and (c) emergency and rst aid procedures.
3. Medical personnel should be available on-site or by phone for advice and consultation. Emer­gency phone numbers should be posted near the telephones. At least one person on each shift should be trained in rst aid, as well as qualied to administer oxygen and cardiopulmonary re­suscitation (CPR).
4. The following should be readily available: (a) rst aid supplies approved by a physician; (b) stretch­ers and blankets for transportation; (c) oxygen inhalation equipment; and (d) instant acting eye washes and showers.
33
5. Good personal hygiene practices are very important. Employees should wash their face and
5
5
hands before eating, and it is recommended they not be permitted to eat, drink, or smoke in the work area. Food and beverages should not be stored in the work area. Contaminated clothing should be changed.
6. Protection against skin conditions, such as chemical burns, rashes, and dermatitis can be pro­vided by appropriate protective clothing and equipment, as well as the use of protective creams or lotions.
7. All employees should be protected from ultraviolet rays. Noncombustible or ame proof screens or shields, appropriate eye protection, and other protective equipment should be used.
8. Respirators may be needed where engineering and administrative controls do not provide ad­equate protection. If respirators are used, they should be approved by NIOSH, MSHA or other approving agency.
9. Emergency and rst aid procedures are given on the back cover of this booklet.
Threshold limit values (TLV) for materials may be found in the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists publication entitled “Thresh-old Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment,” (published annually). A selection of typical values for a variety of materials used in welding and cutting is listed in Table 2, which summarizes some of the health hazards which may be found in the welding environment. (These values are subject to change; therefore, refer to its latest publication.)
HEALTH HAZARDS REFERENCES
Some authoritative sources on health hazar ects include the following:
1. “Guide to Occupational Exposure Values” (latest edition), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45240-4148 (www.acgih.org)
2. “AWS Fumes and Gases in the Welding Environment” (1979), American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LaJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126 (www.acs.org)
3. “Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety ”, Vols. I & II, J. M. Stellman, Fourth Edition (1998), International Labour O org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/dbs.htm)
4. “Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology”, Fifth Edition (2000), John Wiley & Sons, New York
5. “Safety & Health in Arc Welding and Gas Welding & Cutting”, NIOSH Publication No. 78-138, (1978) U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing O aspx Use Product Code: PB83174920)
6. “Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials”, N. Irving Sax, Eleventh Edition (2004), John Wiley & Son. New York
7. “Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances and Biological Ex­posure Indices With Other Worldwide Occupational Exposure Values”, (latest edi­tion), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45240-4148 (www.acgih.org)
e, Washington, D.C. 20402 (www.ntis.gov/search/index.
e, Geneva, Switzerland (www.ilo.
34
5. Good personal hygiene practices are very important. Employees should wash their face and hands before eating, and it is recommended they not be permitted to eat, drink, or smoke in the work area. Food and beverages should not be stored in the work area. Contaminated clothing should be changed.
6. Protection against skin conditions, such as chemical burns, rashes, and dermatitis can be pro­vided by appropriate protective clothing and equipment, as well as the use of protective creams or lotions.
7. All employees should be protected from ultraviolet rays. Noncombustible or ame proof screens or shields, appropriate eye protection, and other protective equipment should be used.
8. Respirators may be needed where engineering and administrative controls do not provide ad­equate protection. If respirators are used, they should be approved by NIOSH, MSHA or other approving agency.
9. Emergency and rst aid procedures are given on the back cover of this booklet.
Threshold limit values (TLV) for materials may be found in the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists publication entitled “Thresh-old Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment,” (published annually). A selection of typical values for a variety of materials used in welding and cutting is listed in Table 2, which summarizes some of the health hazards which may be found in the welding environment. (These values are subject to change; therefore, refer to its latest publication.)
HEALTH HAZARDS REFERENCES
Some authoritative sources on health hazar ects include the following:
1. “Guide to Occupational Exposure Values” (latest edition), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45240-4148 (www.acgih.org)
2. “AWS Fumes and Gases in the Welding Environment” (1979), American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LaJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126 (www.acs.org)
3. “Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety ”, Vols. I & II, J. M. Stellman, Fourth Edition (1998), International Labour O org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/dbs.htm)
4. “Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology”, Fifth Edition (2000), John Wiley & Sons, New York
5. “Safety & Health in Arc Welding and Gas Welding & Cutting”, NIOSH Publication No. 78-138, (1978) U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing O aspx Use Product Code: PB83174920)
6. “Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials”, N. Irving Sax, Eleventh Edition (2004), John Wiley & Son. New York
7. “Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances and Biological Ex­posure Indices With Other Worldwide Occupational Exposure Values”, (latest edi­tion), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45240-4148 (www.acgih.org)
e, Washington, D.C. 20402 (www.ntis.gov/search/index.
e, Geneva, Switzerland (www.ilo.
34
Acute: Skin and upper respiratory tract irritation.
Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co 0.02 mg/m
3
0.1 mg/m
3
(Metal dust &
fume, as Co)
Acute: Allergic dermatitis and asthma.
Chronic: Lung inflammation, heart effects (myocardial)
Copper, Fume, as Cu 0.2 mg/m
3
0.1 mg/m
3
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Metal fume fever.
Chronic: Only in those with Wilson’s disease.
Fluorides, as F 2.5 mg/m
3
2.5 mg/m
3
Acute: Irritation of skin and mucous membranes. Increased
bone density.
Chronic: Bone damage, fluorisis.
Iron Oxide (Fe
2
O
3
)
(2)
5 mg/m
3
R 10 mg/m
3
(Fume) Acute: Metal fume fever.
Chronic: Benign pneumoconiosis.
Lead and inorganic compounds 0.05 mg/m
3
, as Pb 0.05mg/m
3
See 29 CFR 1910.1025
Acute: Systemic lead poisoning.
Chronic: Neurological and blood effects. Animal carcinogen. May also
affect the reproductive system.
Manganese and inorganic compounds,
as Mn
Manganese, Fume, as Mn
0.2 mg/m
3
(6) (2)
NIC-0.02 mg/m
3
R
(6) (4)
NIC-0.2 mg/m
3
I
(7)
NIC-A4
0.2 mg/m
3
(5)
C 5 mg/m
3
(5)
C 5 mg/m
3
Acute: Minor irritant.
Chronic: Irreversible damage to the central nervous system, including
the brain, symptoms of which may include slurred speech,
lethargy, tremor, muscular weakness, psychological
disturbances and spastic gait.
Mercury, Inorganic compounds, as Hg 0.025 mg/m
3 (5)
C 0.1 mg/m
3
Acute: Injury to respiratory, digestive, renal, and cardiovascular
system. May be fatal.
Chronic: Damage to central nervous system, gastro intestinal, renal,
respiratory system, and skin.
Molybdenum
Insoluble compounds, as Mo
Soluble compounds, as Mo
(4)
10 mg/m
3
I
(2)
3 mg/m
3
R
(2)
0.5 mg/m
3
R
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust)
5 mg/m
3
Acute: Mild irritant to mucous membranes.
Chronic: Lower respiratory tract irritation.
Nickel, Inorganic compounds
Insoluble compounds, as Ni
Soluble compounds, as Ni
(4)
0.2 mg/m
3
I
(4)
0.1 mg/m
3
I
1 mg/m
3
1 mg/m
3
Local: Skin sensitizer.
Systemic: Suspect carcinogen.
Nitrogen Dioxide 3 ppm
(5)
C 5 ppm Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung dysfunction.
Ozone
0.05 ppm (Heavy Work)
0.1 ppm (Light Work)
0.2 mg/m
3
Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung fibrosis.
Phosgene 0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
Acute: Lung damage may be fatal. Fibrosis and lung damage.
Phosphine 0.42 mg/m
3
(0.3 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.3 ppm)
Acute: Irritation of lungs, liver damage, and central nervous
System (CNS) depression. CNS impairment.
Sodium Fluoride-see Fluorides 2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and lungs.
Chronic: Nose bleeds and sinusitis.
Silica (Silicon Dioxide) –
Crystalline, alpha-Quartz
(2)
0.025 mg/m
3
R Use “Quartz” formulas in
“Health Hazards
References” 1.
Chronic: Can cause silicosis and may cause cancer. Pulmonary fibrosis.
Titanium Dioxide 10 mg/m
3
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust) Acute: Combined with chlorine, lung injury can occur.
Chronic: Possibly carcinogenic (animal carcinogen).
Welding fumes
(Not otherwise specified)
Withdrawn.
(Previously 5 mg/m
3
)
----- Acute: Respiratory irritation.
Chronic: Possible human carcinogen.
Zinc Oxide, Fume
Zinc Oxide
-----
(2)
2 mg/m
3
R
5 mg/m
3
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust)
5 mg/m
3
(Respirable
fraction)
Acute: Irritant to skin. Metal fume fever.
Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co 0.02 mg/m
3
0.1 mg/m
3
(Metal dust &
fume, as Co)
Acute: Allergic dermatitis and asthma.
Chronic: Lung inflammation, heart effects (myocardial)
Copper, Fume, as Cu 0.2 mg/m
3
0.1 mg/m
3
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Metal fume fever.
Chronic: Only in those with Wilson’s disease.
Fluorides, as F 2.5 mg/m
3
2.5 mg/m
3
Acute: Irritation of skin and mucous membranes. Increased
bone density.
Chronic: Bone damage, fluorisis.
Iron Oxide (Fe
2
O
3
)
(2)
5 mg/m
3
R 10 mg/m
3
(Fume) Acute: Metal fume fever.
Chronic: Benign pneumoconiosis.
Lead and inorganic compounds 0.05 mg/m
3
, as Pb 0.05mg/m
3
See 29 CFR 1910.1025
Acute: Systemic lead poisoning.
Chronic: Neurological and blood effects. Animal carcinogen. May also
affect the reproductive system.
Manganese and inorganic compounds,
as Mn
Manganese, Fume, as Mn
0.2 mg/m
3
(6) (2)
NIC-0.02 mg/m
3
R
(6) (4)
NIC-0.2 mg/m
3
I
(7)
NIC-A4
0.2 mg/m
3
(5)
C 5 mg/m
3
(5)
C 5 mg/m
3
Acute: Minor irritant.
Chronic: Irreversible damage to the central nervous system, including
the brain, symptoms of which may include slurred speech,
lethargy, tremor, muscular weakness, psychological
disturbances and spastic gait.
Mercury, Inorganic compounds, as Hg 0.025 mg/m
3 (5)
C 0.1 mg/m
3
Acute: Injury to respiratory, digestive, renal, and cardiovascular
system. May be fatal.
Chronic: Damage to central nervous system, gastro intestinal, renal,
respiratory system, and skin.
Molybdenum
Insoluble compounds, as Mo
Soluble compounds, as Mo
(4)
10 mg/m
3
I
(2)
3 mg/m
3
R
(2)
0.5 mg/m
3
R
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust)
5 mg/m
3
Acute: Mild irritant to mucous membranes.
Chronic: Lower respiratory tract irritation.
Nickel, Inorganic compounds
Insoluble compounds, as Ni
Soluble compounds, as Ni
(4)
0.2 mg/m
3
I
(4)
0.1 mg/m
3
I
1 mg/m
3
1 mg/m
3
Local: Skin sensitizer.
Systemic: Suspect carcinogen.
Nitrogen Dioxide 3 ppm
(5)
C 5 ppm Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung dysfunction.
Ozone
0.05 ppm (Heavy Work)
0.1 ppm (Light Work)
0.2 mg/m
3
Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung fibrosis.
Phosgene 0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
Acute: Lung damage may be fatal. Fibrosis and lung damage.
Phosphine 0.42 mg/m
3
(0.3 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.3 ppm)
Acute: Irritation of lungs, liver damage, and central nervous
System (CNS) depression. CNS impairment.
Sodium Fluoride-see Fluorides 2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and lungs.
Chronic: Nose bleeds and sinusitis.
Silica (Silicon Dioxide) –
Crystalline, alpha-Quartz
(2)
0.025 mg/m
3
R Use “Quartz” formulas in
“Health Hazards
References” 1.
Chronic: Can cause silicosis and may cause cancer. Pulmonary fibrosis.
Titanium Dioxide 10 mg/m
3
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust) Acute: Combined with chlorine, lung injury can occur.
Chronic: Possibly carcinogenic (animal carcinogen).
Welding fumes
(Not otherwise specified)
Withdrawn.
(Previously 5 mg/m
3
)
----- Acute: Respiratory irritation.
Chronic: Possible human carcinogen.
Zinc Oxide, Fume
Zinc Oxide
-----
(2)
2 mg/m
3
R
5 mg/m
3
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust)
5 mg/m
3
(Respirable
fraction)
Acute: Irritant to skin. Metal fume fever.
Chronic: Animal carcinogen via inhalation.
Chronic: Unknown-possible pneumoconiosis.
Possible neurological effects.
(Respirable
3
fraction)
5 mg/m
compounds
(NIOSH REL)
3
5 mg/m
-----
Aluminum, Welding fumes, as Al
3
3
0.5 mg/m
Antimony & compounds, as Sb 0.5 mg/m
Acute: Irritation of skin and mucous membranes.
(Organic
3
0.5 mg/m
3
0.01 mg/m
Arsenic & inorganic compounds,
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
(Total dust)
3
15 mg/m
R
3
1 mg/m
(2)
TLV-TWA OSHA PELs-TWA Potential Health Hazard
(1)
Chemical Substance
Aluminum, Metal and insoluble
Chronic: Carcinogenic.
(Inorganic
3
compounds)
compounds)
0.01 mg/m
(3)
(except arsine), as As
carboxyhemoglobin formation.
No demonstrated health hazard.
Chronic: Animal carcinogen although no human evidence.
3
3.5 mg/m
3
Carbon Black 3.5 mg/m
Carbon Dioxide 5,000 ppm 5,000 ppm Acute: Mild to severe asphyxia. Toxic in high concentrations.
Carbon Monoxide 25 ppm 50 ppm Acute: Mild to severe asphyxia. Can be fatal if inhaled causing
Chronic: None known.
Acute: Narcotic.
Chronic: Liver & kidney damage.
See “Health Hazards
References” 1. for specific
References” 1. for specific
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvent See “Health Hazards
Acute: Allergen to skin. Irritant to skin, eyes, mucous
membranes and lungs. Nose bleeds, ulceration
3
1 mg/m
compound.
3
0.5 mg/m
compound.
Chromium metal
and perforation of nasal septum.
Chronic: Carcinogenic.
, as Cr(VI)
3
3
0.005 mg/m
, as Cr
3
3
0.05 mg/m
Chromium inorganic compounds, as Cr
Hexavalent, water soluble
3
, as Cr(VI)
0.5 mg/m
0.005 mg/m
3
, as Cr
0.5 mg/m
0.01 mg/m
Hexavalent, certain water insoluble
Trivalent
Acute: Lung edema which may be fatal.
Chronic: Kidney and lung damage. May have latent interval
and be progressive. Carcinogenic.
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Chronic: Muscular stimulation.
Chronic: Fibrosis of lungs and reduced lung function;
Carcinogenic.
Acute: Lung inflammation which may be fatal.
Chronic: Pneumonitis which may be fatal. Suspected human carcinogen.
Chronic beryllium disease.
3
3
3
3
0.5 mg/m
0.005 mg/m
C 0.005 mg/m
C 1 f/cc (30 min.)
(5)
(5)
I 0.002 mg/m
3
R
3
3
3
0.1 f/cc (F) 0.1 f/cc
Asbestos, All forms
35
Barium and soluble compounds, as Ba 0.5 mg/m
0.00005 mg/m
(4)
Beryllium and compounds, as Be
0.002 mg/m
(2)
Cadmium and compounds, as Cd 0.01 mg/m
carboxyhemoglobin formation.
No demonstrated health hazard.
Chronic: Animal carcinogen although no human evidence.
3
3.5 mg/m
3
Carbon Black 3.5 mg/m
Carbon Dioxide 5,000 ppm 5,000 ppm Acute: Mild to severe asphyxia. Toxic in high concentrations.
Carbon Monoxide 25 ppm 50 ppm Acute: Mild to severe asphyxia. Can be fatal if inhaled causing
Chronic: None known.
Acute: Narcotic.
Chronic: Liver & kidney damage.
See “Health Hazards
References” 1. for specific
References” 1. for specific
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvent See “Health Hazards
Acute: Allergen to skin. Irritant to skin, eyes, mucous
3
1 mg/m
compound.
3
0.5 mg/m
compound.
Chromium metal
membranes and lungs. Nose bleeds, ulceration
and perforation of nasal septum.
Chronic: Carcinogenic.
, as Cr(VI)
3
0.005 mg/m
, as Cr
3
0.05 mg/m
Chromium inorganic compounds, as Cr
Hexavalent, water soluble
3
, as Cr(VI)
3
0.5 mg/m
0.005 mg/m
3
, as Cr
3
0.5 mg/m
0.01 mg/m
Hexavalent, certain water insoluble
Trivalent
Acute: Lung edema which may be fatal.
Chronic: Kidney and lung damage. May have latent interval
Acute: Skin and upper respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Animal carcinogen via inhalation.
Chronic: Fibrosis of lungs and reduced lung function;
Carcinogenic.
Acute: Irritation of skin and mucous membranes.
Possible neurological effects.
fraction)
(NIOSH REL)
3
5 mg/m
-----
Aluminum, Welding fumes, as Al
3
3
0.5 mg/m
Antimony & compounds, as Sb 0.5 mg/m
Chronic: Carcinogenic.
(Organic
(Inorganic
3
3
compounds)
0.5 mg/m
0.01 mg/m
3
0.01 mg/m
Arsenic & inorganic compounds,
(except arsine), as As
compounds)
C 1 f/cc (30 min.)
(5)
0.1 f/cc (F) 0.1 f/cc
(3)
Asbestos, All forms
35
3
3
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Chronic: Unknown-possible pneumoconiosis.
(Total dust)
(Respirable
3
3
5 mg/m
15 mg/m
R
(1)
3
1 mg/m
(2)
TLV-TWA OSHA PELs-TWA Potential Health Hazard
Chemical Substance
Aluminum, Metal and insoluble
compounds
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Chronic: Muscular stimulation.
0.5 mg/m
Barium and soluble compounds, as Ba 0.5 mg/m
Acute: Lung inflammation which may be fatal.
Chronic: Pneumonitis which may be fatal. Suspected human carcinogen.
Chronic beryllium disease.
3
3
3
C 0.005 mg/m
(5)
I 0.002 mg/m
3
3
0.00005 mg/m
(4)
Beryllium and compounds, as Be
and be progressive. Carcinogenic.
0.005 mg/m
R
3
0.002 mg/m
(2)
Cadmium and compounds, as Cd 0.01 mg/m
Trivalent
0.5 mg/m
0.5 mg/m
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Metal fume fever.
Ozone
0.05 ppm (Heavy Work)
0.1 ppm (Light Work)
0.2 mg/m
3
Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung fibrosis.
Phosgene 0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
Acute: Lung damage may be fatal. Fibrosis and lung damage.
Phosphine 0.42 mg/m
3
(0.3 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.3 ppm)
Acute: Irritation of lungs, liver damage, and central nervous
System (CNS) depression. CNS impairment.
Sodium Fluoride-see Fluorides 2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and lungs.
Chronic: Nose bleeds and sinusitis.
Silica (Silicon Dioxide) –
Crystalline, alpha-Quartz
(2)
0.025 mg/m
3
R Use “Quartz” formulas in
“Health Hazards
References” 1.
Chronic: Can cause silicosis and may cause cancer. Pulmonary fibrosis.
Titanium Dioxide 10 mg/m
3
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust) Acute: Combined with chlorine, lung injury can occur.
Chronic: Possibly carcinogenic (animal carcinogen).
Welding fumes
(Not otherwise specified)
Withdrawn.
(Previously 5 mg/m
3
)
----- Acute: Respiratory irritation.
Chronic: Possible human carcinogen.
Zinc Oxide, Fume
Zinc Oxide
-----
(2)
2 mg/m
3
R
5 mg/m
3
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust)
5 mg/m
3
(Respirable
fraction)
Acute: Irritant to skin. Metal fume fever.
Trivalent
0.5 mg/m
0.5 mg/m
3
3
Ozone
0.05 ppm (Heavy Work)
0.1 ppm (Light Work)
0.2 mg/m
3
Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung fibrosis.
Phosgene 0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
Acute: Lung damage may be fatal. Fibrosis and lung damage.
Phosphine 0.42 mg/m
3
(0.3 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.3 ppm)
Acute: Irritation of lungs, liver damage, and central nervous
System (CNS) depression. CNS impairment.
Sodium Fluoride-see Fluorides 2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and lungs.
Chronic: Nose bleeds and sinusitis.
Silica (Silicon Dioxide) –
Crystalline, alpha-Quartz
(2)
0.025 mg/m
3
R Use “Quartz” formulas in
“Health Hazards
References” 1.
Chronic: Can cause silicosis and may cause cancer. Pulmonary fibrosis.
Titanium Dioxide 10 mg/m
3
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust) Acute: Combined with chlorine, lung injury can occur.
Chronic: Possibly carcinogenic (animal carcinogen).
Welding fumes
(Not otherwise specified)
Withdrawn.
(Previously 5 mg/m
3
)
----- Acute: Respiratory irritation.
Chronic: Possible human carcinogen.
Zinc Oxide, Fume
Zinc Oxide
-----
(2)
2 mg/m
3
R
5 mg/m
3
15 mg/m
3
(Total dust)
5 mg/m
3
(Respirable
fraction)
Acute: Irritant to skin. Metal fume fever.
Chronic: Only in those with Wilson’s disease.
Acute: Irritation of skin and mucous membranes. Increased
bone density.
Chronic: Lung inflammation, heart effects (myocardial)
3
0.1 mg/m
fume, as Co)
Chronic: Bone damage, fluorisis.
3
(Fume) Acute: Metal fume fever.
3
2.5 mg/m
Acute: Allergic dermatitis and asthma.
(Metal dust &
3
0.1 mg/m
3
3
3
R 10 mg/m
3
5 mg/m
Copper, Fume, as Cu 0.2 mg/m
Fluorides, as F 2.5 mg/m
(2)
)
3
O
2
Iron Oxide (Fe
TLV-TWA OSHA PELs-TWA Potential Health Hazard
(1)
Chemical Substance
Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co 0.02 mg/m
Acute: Systemic lead poisoning.
Chronic: Neurological and blood effects. Animal carcinogen. May also
affect the reproductive system.
Chronic: Benign pneumoconiosis.
3
3
(5)
See 29 CFR 1910.1025
3
, as Pb 0.05mg/m
3
Lead and inorganic compounds 0.05 mg/m
Acute: Minor irritant.
Chronic: Irreversible damage to the central nervous system, including
C 5 mg/m
R
3
3
0.2 mg/m NIC-0.02 mg/m
(6) (4)
(6) (2)
Manganese and inorganic compounds,
as Mn
the brain, symptoms of which may include slurred speech,
I
NIC-0.2 mg/m
lethargy, tremor, muscular weakness, psychological
NIC-A4
(7)
disturbances and spastic gait.
36
3
C 5 mg/m
(5)
3
0.2 mg/m
Manganese, Fume, as Mn
Acute: Injury to respiratory, digestive, renal, and cardiovascular
system. May be fatal.
Chronic: Damage to central nervous system, gastro intestinal, renal,
respiratory system, and skin.
3
C 0.1 mg/m
3 (5)
Mercury, Inorganic compounds, as Hg 0.025 mg/m
Acute: Mild irritant to mucous membranes.
Chronic: Lower respiratory tract irritation.
(Total dust)
3
15 mg/m
I
3
3
10 mg/m
(2)
(4)
Molybdenum
Insoluble compounds, as Mo
R
3 mg/m
3
5 mg/m
R
3
0.5 mg/m
(2)
Soluble compounds, as Mo
Local: Skin sensitizer.
Systemic: Suspect carcinogen.
3
3
1 mg/m
1 mg/m
I
I
3
3
0.1 mg/m
0.2 mg/m
(4)
(4)
Nickel, Inorganic compounds
Insoluble compounds, as Ni
Soluble compounds, as Ni
(5)
C 5 ppm Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
Nitrogen Dioxide 3 ppm
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung dysfunction.
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Metal fume fever.
Chronic: Only in those with Wilson’s disease.
Acute: Irritation of skin and mucous membranes. Increased
bone density.
Chronic: Lung inflammation, heart effects (myocardial)
3
0.1 mg/m
fume, as Co)
Chronic: Bone damage, fluorisis.
3
(Fume) Acute: Metal fume fever.
3
2.5 mg/m
Acute: Allergic dermatitis and asthma.
(Metal dust &
0.1 mg/m
3
3
R 10 mg/m
3
5 mg/m
Copper, Fume, as Cu 0.2 mg/m
Fluorides, as F 2.5 mg/m
(2)
)
3
O
2
Iron Oxide (Fe
TLV-TWA OSHA PELs-TWA Potential Health Hazard
(1)
Chemical Substance
Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co 0.02 mg/m
Acute: Systemic lead poisoning.
Chronic: Neurological and blood effects. Animal carcinogen. May also
affect the reproductive system.
Chronic: Benign pneumoconiosis.
3
3
(5)
See 29 CFR 1910.1025
3
, as Pb 0.05mg/m
3
Lead and inorganic compounds 0.05 mg/m
Acute: Minor irritant.
Chronic: Irreversible damage to the central nervous system, including
C 5 mg/m
R
3
3
0.2 mg/m NIC-0.02 mg/m
(6) (4)
(6) (2)
Manganese and inorganic compounds,
as Mn
the brain, symptoms of which may include slurred speech,
I
NIC-0.2 mg/m
lethargy, tremor, muscular weakness, psychological
NIC-A4
(7)
disturbances and spastic gait.
3
(5)
3
36
C 5 mg/m
0.2 mg/m
Manganese, Fume, as Mn
Acute: Injury to respiratory, digestive, renal, and cardiovascular
system. May be fatal.
Chronic: Damage to central nervous system, gastro intestinal, renal,
respiratory system, and skin.
3
C 0.1 mg/m
3 (5)
Mercury, Inorganic compounds, as Hg 0.025 mg/m
Acute: Mild irritant to mucous membranes.
3
3
(4)
Molybdenum
Chronic: Lower respiratory tract irritation.
(Total dust)
15 mg/m
I
R
3
3 mg/m
10 mg/m
(2)
Insoluble compounds, as Mo
3
5 mg/m
R
3
0.5 mg/m
(2)
Soluble compounds, as Mo
Local: Skin sensitizer.
Systemic: Suspect carcinogen.
3
3
1 mg/m
1 mg/m
I
I
3
3
0.1 mg/m
0.2 mg/m
(4)
(4)
Nickel, Inorganic compounds
Insoluble compounds, as Ni
Soluble compounds, as Ni
C 5 ppm Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
(5)
Nitrogen Dioxide 3 ppm
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung dysfunction.
Acute: Lung damage may be fatal. Fibrosis and lung damage.
3
Acute: Irritation of lungs, liver damage, and central nervous
System (CNS) depression. CNS impairment.
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and lungs.
3
0.4 mg/m
3
Phosgene 0.4 mg/m
(0.1 ppm)
(0.1 ppm)
3
0.4 mg/m
3
Phosphine 0.42 mg/m
Chronic: Nose bleeds and sinusitis.
3
(as F)
(0.3 ppm)
2.5 mg/m
3
(as F)
(0.3 ppm)
Sodium Fluoride-see Fluorides 2.5 mg/m
Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
in breathing.
Chronic: Lung fibrosis.
3
0.2 mg/m
TLV-TWA OSHA PELs-TWA Potential Health Hazard
(1)
0.1 ppm (Light Work)
0.05 ppm (Heavy Work)
Chemical Substance
Ozone
Chronic: Can cause silicosis and may cause cancer. Pulmonary fibrosis.
“Health Hazards
R Use “Quartz” formulas in
3
0.025 mg/m
(2)
Silica (Silicon Dioxide) –
Crystalline, alpha-Quartz
Chronic: Possibly carcinogenic (animal carcinogen).
(Total dust) Acute: Combined with chlorine, lung injury can occur.
3
References” 1.
15 mg/m
3
Titanium Dioxide 10 mg/m
37
Chronic: Possible human carcinogen.
----- Acute: Respiratory irritation.
)
3
Withdrawn.
(Previously 5 mg/m
Welding fumes
(Not otherwise specified)
Acute: Irritant to skin. Metal fume fever.
3
5 mg/m
-----
Zinc Oxide, Fume
(Total dust)
(Respirable
3
3
fraction)
5 mg/m
15 mg/m
R
3
2 mg/m
(2)
Zinc Oxide
Threshold Limit Values-Time Weighted Average (2009 ACGIH Guide to Occupational Exposure Limits)
“I” - Measured as Inhalable fraction of the aerosol.
“R” - Measured as respirable fraction of the aerosol.
“(F)” - Respirable fibers: length> 5µ; aspect ratio> or = 3:1, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450x magnification (4-mm objective),
“C” - Threshold Limit Ceiling Value – The concentration that should not be exceeded even instantaneously.
“NIC” - Notice of Intended Change
“NIC-A4” - Notice of Intended Change-“Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen”
using phase-contrast illumination.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Acute: Lung damage may be fatal. Fibrosis and lung damage.
Acute: Irritation of lungs, liver damage, and central nervous
System (CNS) depression. CNS impairment.
Acute: Irritant to eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and lungs.
Chronic: Lung fibrosis.
3
(0.1 ppm)
0.4 mg/m
3
(0.1 ppm)
Phosgene 0.4 mg/m
3
0.4 mg/m
3
Phosphine 0.42 mg/m
Chronic: Nose bleeds and sinusitis.
Chronic: Can cause silicosis and may cause cancer. Pulmonary fibrosis.
3
(as F)
(0.3 ppm)
2.5 mg/m “Health Hazards
R Use “Quartz” formulas in
3
3
(as F)
(0.3 ppm)
0.025 mg/m
(2)
Sodium Fluoride-see Fluorides 2.5 mg/m
Silica (Silicon Dioxide) –
Crystalline, alpha-Quartz
Acute: Severe irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. Difficulty
in breathing.
0.2 mg/m
TLV-TWA OSHA PELs-TWA Potential Health Hazard
(1)
0.1 ppm (Light Work)
0.05 ppm (Heavy Work)
Chemical Substance
Ozone
Chronic: Possibly carcinogenic (animal carcinogen).
(Total dust) Acute: Combined with chlorine, lung injury can occur.
3
References” 1.
15 mg/m
3
Titanium Dioxide 10 mg/m
37
----- Acute: Respiratory irritation.
3
Withdrawn.
Welding fumes
Acute: Irritant to skin. Metal fume fever.
Chronic: Possible human carcinogen.
3
5 mg/m
)
-----
(Previously 5 mg/m
(Not otherwise specified)
Zinc Oxide, Fume
(Total dust)
(Respirable
3
3
fraction)
5 mg/m
15 mg/m
R
3
2 mg/m
(2)
Zinc Oxide
Threshold Limit Values-Time Weighted Average (2009 ACGIH Guide to Occupational Exposure Limits)
“I” - Measured as Inhalable fraction of the aerosol.
“R” - Measured as respirable fraction of the aerosol.
“(F)” - Respirable fibers: length> 5µ; aspect ratio> or = 3:1, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450x magnification (4-mm objective),
“C” - Threshold Limit Ceiling Value – The concentration that should not be exceeded even instantaneously.
“NIC” - Notice of Intended Change
“NIC-A4” - Notice of Intended Change-“Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen”
using phase-contrast illumination.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
RECOMMENDED REFERENCES
The following nationally recognized publications on safety in welding and cutting operations are recommended to the reader. These publications have been prepared for the protection of persons from injury and illness and the protection of property from damage by re and other causes arising from welding and cutting.
A. Publications available from the American Welding Society, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, FL 33135;
1. “Welding Safety and Health Information Packet” - SHP
2. “Safety in Welding and Cutting” - ANSI Z49.1.
3. “Recommended Safe Practices for the Preparation for Welding and Cutting of Containers and Piping That Have Held Hazardous Substances” - AWS F4.1.
4. “Method for Sampling Airborne Particulates Generated by Welding and Allied Processes” - ANSI AWS F1.1.
5. “Fumes and Gases in the Welding Environment, 1979”.
6. “Eects of Welding on Health” - EWH.
7. “Operator’s Manual for Oxy Fuel Gas Cutting” - AWS C4.2
8. “Safety and Health Fact Sheets” - SHF
B. Publications available from the National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box
9101, Quincy, MA 02269
1. “Cutting and Welding Processes” - NFPA 51 B.
2. “Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes” - NFPA 51.
3. “Standard for Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites” - NFPA No. 50.
4. “Storage and Handling of Liqueed Petroleum Gases” - NFPA No. 58.
5. “National Electrical Code” - NFPA 70.
C. Publications available from the Compressed Gas Association Inc., 1235 Jeerson Davis Highway,
Arlington, VA 22202.
1. “Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Cylinders” — CGA P-1.
2. “Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections” — CGA V-1.
3. “Specications for Rubber Welding Hose.”
4. “Acetylene,” Pamphlet G-1.
5. “Oxygen,”Pamphlet G-4.
6. “Handbook of Compressed Gases.”
38
RECOMMENDED REFERENCES
The following nationally recognized publications on safety in welding and cutting operations are recommended to the reader. These publications have been prepared for the protection of persons from injury and illness and the protection of property from damage by re and other causes arising from welding and cutting.
A. Publications available from the American Welding Society, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, FL 33135;
1. “Welding Safety and Health Information Packet” - SHP
2. “Safety in Welding and Cutting” - ANSI Z49.1.
3. “Recommended Safe Practices for the Preparation for Welding and Cutting of Containers and Piping That Have Held Hazardous Substances” - AWS F4.1.
4. “Method for Sampling Airborne Particulates Generated by Welding and Allied Processes” - ANSI AWS F1.1.
5. “Fumes and Gases in the Welding Environment, 1979”.
6. “Eects of Welding on Health” - EWH.
7. “Operator’s Manual for Oxy Fuel Gas Cutting” - AWS C4.2
8. “Safety and Health Fact Sheets” - SHF
B. Publications available from the National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box
9101, Quincy, MA 02269
1. “Cutting and Welding Processes” - NFPA 51 B.
2. “Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes” - NFPA 51.
3. “Standard for Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites” - NFPA No. 50.
4. “Storage and Handling of Liqueed Petroleum Gases” - NFPA No. 58.
5. “National Electrical Code” - NFPA 70.
C. Publications available from the Compressed Gas Association Inc., 1235 Jeerson Davis Highway,
Arlington, VA 22202.
1. “Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Cylinders” — CGA P-1.
2. “Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections” — CGA V-1.
3. “Specications for Rubber Welding Hose.”
4. “Acetylene,” Pamphlet G-1.
5. “Oxygen,”Pamphlet G-4.
6. “Handbook of Compressed Gases.”
38
D. Publications available from your products supplier or from ESAB Welding and Cutting Products,
P.O. Box 100545, Florence, SC 29501-0545.
1. “Precautions and Safe Practices for Arc Welding, Cutting and Gouging,” Form 52-529.
2. Material Safety Data Sheets for various products.
3. The Oxy-Acetylene Handbook” - P/N 781 F00.
E. Other Publications:
1. “Safe Practices for Occupation and Educational Eye and Face Protection” - ANSI Z87.1, American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
2. “Occupational Safety and Health Standards” - 29 CFR 1910, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupa­tional Safety and Health Administration, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print­ing Oce, Washington, D.C. 29402.
39
D. Publications available from your products supplier or from ESAB Welding and Cutting Products,
P.O. Box 100545, Florence, SC 29501-0545.
1. “Precautions and Safe Practices for Arc Welding, Cutting and Gouging,” Form 52-529.
2. Material Safety Data Sheets for various products.
3. The Oxy-Acetylene Handbook” - P/N 781 F00.
E. Other Publications:
1. “Safe Practices for Occupation and Educational Eye and Face Protection” - ANSI Z87.1, American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
2. “Occupational Safety and Health Standards” - 29 CFR 1910, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupa­tional Safety and Health Administration, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print­ing Oce, Washington, D.C. 29402.
39
First aid is immediate, temporary treatment given in the event of accident or ill­ness. Immediate rst aid (within four minutes) may be the dierence between complete recovery, permanent impairment, or death.
INHALATION — Workers with symptoms of exposure to fumes and gases should go to an uncontaminated area and inhale fresh air or oxygen. If uncon­scious, immediately remove to an uncontaminated area and call a physician. Administer oxygen by mask if the person is breathing. If breathing has stopped, administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), preferably with simultaneous administration of oxygen. Keep the victim warm and at rest.
EYE - Contact lenses, if worn, should be removed. Irrigate the eyes immediately with large amounts of water for 15 minutes. Occasionally hold the eyelids apart to insure complete irrigation. Apply a dry protective dressing. Call for emer­gency medical assistance.
Don’t remove dust from the eyes yourself. Get medical assistance.
For arc welding “Flash burns” cover the eye with cold (preferably iced) com­presses for 5 to 10 minutes; then repeat. Apply a dry protective dressing. Call for emergency medical assistance. Don’t rub the eye. Don’t use ointments or drops unless prescribed by a physician.
SKIN — For skin contact with irritants, ush the areas with large amounts of water, and then wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. If mucous membranes are irritated, ush with water. Wash cuts and scrapes with mild soap and ‘water. Avoid contamination. Apply a dry sterile dressing.
For thermal burns, cold water is an eective rst aid measure. If skin is not bro­ken, immerse burn part in clean cold water or apply clean ice to relieve pain. Do not disturb or open blisters. Prevent contamination. Bandage loosely with a clean dry dressing. Call for emergency medical assistance.
ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND ELECTRICAL BURNS — Disconnect and turn o power. Remove victim from contact. Use nonconducting materials if the res­cuer must resort to pulling the victim from the live contact. Rescuers must rst protect them-selves by use of insulated materials such as gloves. If the victim is not breathing, administer CPR as soon as contact is broken. Call for emergency medical assistance. Continue CPR until spontaneous breathing has been restored or until a physician arrives. Administer oxygen. Keep comfort­ably warm. Keep horizontal until there is no further evidence of shock. Treat electrical burns as thermal burns. For electrical burns apply clean, cold (iced) compresses. Prevent contamination. Cover with a clean dry dressing. Call for emergency medical assistance.
EMERGENCY AND FIRST-AID PROCEDURES
First aid is immediate, temporary treatment given in the event of accident or ill­ness. Immediate rst aid (within four minutes) may be the dierence between complete recovery, permanent impairment, or death.
INHALATION — Workers with symptoms of exposure to fumes and gases should go to an uncontaminated area and inhale fresh air or oxygen. If uncon­scious, immediately remove to an uncontaminated area and call a physician. Administer oxygen by mask if the person is breathing. If breathing has stopped, administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), preferably with simultaneous administration of oxygen. Keep the victim warm and at rest.
EYE - Contact lenses, if worn, should be removed. Irrigate the eyes immediately with large amounts of water for 15 minutes. Occasionally hold the eyelids apart to insure complete irrigation. Apply a dry protective dressing. Call for emer­gency medical assistance.
Don’t remove dust from the eyes yourself. Get medical assistance.
For arc welding “Flash burns” cover the eye with cold (preferably iced) com­presses for 5 to 10 minutes; then repeat. Apply a dry protective dressing. Call for emergency medical assistance. Don’t rub the eye. Don’t use ointments or drops unless prescribed by a physician.
SKIN — For skin contact with irritants, ush the areas with large amounts of water, and then wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. If mucous membranes are irritated, ush with water. Wash cuts and scrapes with mild soap and ‘water. Avoid contamination. Apply a dry sterile dressing.
For thermal burns, cold water is an eective rst aid measure. If skin is not bro­ken, immerse burn part in clean cold water or apply clean ice to relieve pain. Do not disturb or open blisters. Prevent contamination. Bandage loosely with a clean dry dressing. Call for emergency medical assistance.
ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND ELECTRICAL BURNS — Disconnect and turn o power. Remove victim from contact. Use nonconducting materials if the res­cuer must resort to pulling the victim from the live contact. Rescuers must rst protect them-selves by use of insulated materials such as gloves. If the victim is not breathing, administer CPR as soon as contact is broken. Call for emergency medical assistance. Continue CPR until spontaneous breathing has been restored or until a physician arrives. Administer oxygen. Keep comfort­ably warm. Keep horizontal until there is no further evidence of shock. Treat electrical burns as thermal burns. For electrical burns apply clean, cold (iced) compresses. Prevent contamination. Cover with a clean dry dressing. Call for emergency medical assistance.
EMERGENCY AND FIRST-AID PROCEDURES
OXWELD® / PUROX® / PREST-O-LITE
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
®/
SabreCut
TM
OXWELD® / PUROX® / PREST-O-LITE
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
®/
SabreCut
TM
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