EnerSys Genesis EP, Genesis XE User manual

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XE & EP BATTERIES APPLICATION MANUAL

RESERVE POWER

Genesis®XE & EP Application Manual

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 2

Chapter 1: Introducing the Genesis

Battery 3

1.1 Background 3

1.2 Transportation classification 3

1.3 UL component recognition 3

1.4 Non-halogenated plastics 3

1.5 Key Genesis benefits 3

Chapter 2: Technical Information 4

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Choosing the right Genesis version 4

2.3 Battery life 4

2.4 Constant-power and constant-current discharge performance 5

2.5 Charging characteristics & requirements 6

2.6 Constant-voltage (CV) regime 7

2.7 Constant-current (CC) regime 7

2.8 Three-step (IUU) charge profile 8

2.9 Storage characteristics 9

2.10 Self discharge 9

2.11 Open circuit voltage (OCV) and state of charge (SOC) 10

2.12 Procedure to recover overdischarged batteries 10

Chapter 3: General Test Data 11

3.1 Introduction 11

3.2 Thermal runaway test 11

3.3 Gassing test 11

3.4 DIN standard overdischarge recovery test 12

3.5 High temperature storage recovery test 12

3.6 Altitude test 12

3.7 Accelerated float life test 12

3.8 Performance test at different temperatures 13

Chapter 4: Installation, Operation & Maintenance 13

4.1 Introduction 13

4.2 Receiving the shipment 13

4.3 Storage 13

4.4 Installation 13

4.4.1 Temperature 14

4.4.2 Ventilation 14

4.4.3 Security 14

4.4.4 Mounting 14

4.4.5 Torque 14

4.5 Parallel strings 14

4.6 Discharging 14

Appendix A: Genesis

XE Discharge Characteristics 15-24

Appendix B: Genesis

EP Discharge Characteristics 25-31

Preface

This European edition of the Genesis Application Manual introduces the Genesis XE range of batteries, packaged to offer the same superior performance characteristics as the Genesis EP battery in more physically demanding applications such as high temperature and high vibration environments.

Appendix A offers constant current (CC) and constant power (CP) performance data and graphs for the full range of Genesis XE batteries to several end voltages. Appendix B offers the same information for the EP series.

Chapter 4 offers guidelines on the installation, operation and maintenance of Genesis batteries, with the goal of maximising performance and service life.

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Chapter 1: Introducing the Genesis Battery

1.1 Background

Since its introduction in the early 1990s, the Genesis

thin plate pure lead-tin (TPPL) battery has established itself as a premium high performance battery suitable for a wide range of demanding applications. Today, TPPL technology can be found in applications as diverse as emergency power, avionics, medical, military and consumer equipment.

The Genesis TPPL battery is offered in either the EP or XE version, and Table 2.2.1 shows the differences between the two versions.

1.2 Transportation classification

Effective September 30, 1995, Genesis batteries were classified as "nonspillable batteries", and are excepted from the Department of Transportation’s comprehensive packaging requirements if the following conditions are satisfied:

(1)

The battery is protected against short circuits

and is securely packaged and

(2)

The battery and outer packaging must be plainly and durably marked "NONSPILLABLE" or "NONSPILLABLE BATTERY".

Genesis batteries have been tested and determined to be in compliance with the vibration and pressure differential tests contained in 49 CFR § 173.159(d).

Because Genesis batteries are classified as "Nonspillable" and meet the conditions above, [from §

173.159(d)] they do not have an assigned UN number nor do they require additional DOT hazard labelling.

1.3 UL component recognition

All Genesis batteries are recognised as UL components.

1.4 Non-halogenated plastics

As the world becomes more environmentally aware, EnerSys

is striving to provide the most environmentally friendly products possible. With this in mind, we are proud to say that the plastics used in our Genesis product line are non-halogenated and therefore do not contain any of the following materials:

Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)

Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBBE)

Polybrominated biphenyloxides (PBBO)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDPE)

Polybrominated diphenyl oxides (PBDPO)

Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBA)

Deca-bromo biphenyl ethers (DBBPE’s).

The battery meets the non-halogenated flame retardancy requirements of UL 94V-0 by using plastics with nonhalogenated flame retardants. Finally, the plastic material used in the manufacturing of Genesis batteries is in full compliance with the German Dioxin Ordinance of 1994.

1.5 Key Genesis benefits

Table 1.5.1 lists some of this battery’s features and benefits. The Genesis battery is well suited for any application - high rate, low rate, float or deep discharge cycling.

Chapter 1:

Introducing the Genesis®Battery

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Feature Benefit

High volumetric and gravimetric power densities More power in less space and weight Thin-plate design Superior high rate discharge capability Low internal resistance Flatter voltage profile under high-rate discharge;

excellent low temperature performance

Negligible gassing under normal charge Safe for use in human environments such as offices and

hospitals. Must be installed in non-gastight enclosures

100% maintenance-free terminals True fit-and-forget battery Flexible mounting orientation Battery may be installed in any position except inverted Rugged construction Tolerant of high shock and vibration environments, especially the

XE version

Advanced manufacturing techniques High reliability and consistency Very high purity lead-tin grid Lower corrosion rates and longer life Non-halogenated flame retardant case and cover Meets UL 94 V-0 requirement, with an LOI >28% Excellent high-rate recharge capability Allows >95% recharge in under an hour Low self-discharge Longest shelf life among VRLA batteries (2 years at 25ºC) Wide operating temperature -40ºC to +80ºC

Table 1.5.1: Key features and benefits of the Genesis battery

1 See Table 2.4.1 and Figure 2.4.1 in Section 2.4 of Chapter 2 2 The XE version of the Genesis battery may be used at 80ºC when fitted with a metal jacket

2.3 Battery life

The life expectancy of a Genesis battery depends on the specific application. It is expressed in terms of either cycles or years. While life in years is self-explanatory, a cycle refers to a sequence in which a charged battery is discharged and then charged back up. One complete sequence constitutes one cycle. In general, if the battery is to be discharged frequently, cycle life rather than calendar life is more relevant. On the other hand, if the battery is to be used primarily as power backup, calendar life of the battery should be considered.

In situations where one is not quite sure whether the application is cyclic or standby (float), the following criteria may be used to determine the application category:

If the average time on charge between two successive discharges is thirty (30) days, the application may be considered to be of a standby (float) nature.

The minimum time between two successive discharges must not be less than fourteen (14) days.

If either of these two criteria is not satisfied, the application should be considered cyclic.

Chapter 2: Technical Information

2.1 Introduction

We have divided this chapter into small sections allowing you to locate the information quickly and easily.

2.2 Choosing the right Genesis

version

As mentioned before, the Genesis

pure lead-tin

battery is available in EP and XE versions.

The EP battery is adequate under most operating conditions. Special application situations such as high ambient temperature or high shock and vibration require the XE version.

Table 2.2.1 summarises the differences between the two versions and is designed to help you choose the right version for your application. In this table, the differences are highlighted in red boldfaced.

Feature Genesis®EP Genesis®XE

Technology Pure lead-tin absorbed glass mat (AGM)

Float life @ 2.27 volts per cell (Vpc) charge 10 years @ 25ºC 12 years @ 25ºC

Cycle life 400 to 80% depth of discharge (DOD)

Shock & vibration tolerance Good Better

Operating temperature range • -40ºC to +45ºC • -40ºC to +45ºC

• -40ºC to +60ºC • -40ºC to +80ºC with metal jacket (denoted EPX) with metal jacket (denoted XEX)

Shelf life @ 25ºC 2 years from 100% charged down to 12V per block

Capacity @ 10-hr. rate 100% (reference) ≈ 95%

Weight 100% (reference) ≈ 105%

Dimensions Same footprint

Quick charge 6C to 8C charge acceptance at 25ºC

Overdischarge abuse tolerance Exceeds DIN standard for overdischarge recovery

High-rate discharge 100% (reference) ≈ 95%

Flame retardant rating V-0 rated case and cover

Case & cover colour Black Orange

Shipping Air shippable with no restrictions

Table 2.2.1: Choosing the right Genesis

version

Chapter 2:

Technical Information

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While several factors affect the life of a battery, cycle life depends primarily on the depth of discharge (DOD). At a DOD of 80%, the Genesis

battery will deliver 400 cycles;

at 100% DOD, that number decreases to 320 cycles

All cycle life estimates assume adequate full recharge.

Figure 2.3.1 shows the relationship between DOD and cycle life.

Figure 2.3.1: Cycle life and depth of discharge (DOD)

In contrast to cycle life, ambient temperature dramatically affects float life. For roughly every 8°C rise in ambient temperature above 25ºC, the float life of a VRLA battery is cut in half. In other words, a 10-year battery at 25°C) is only a 5-year battery at 33°C. Additionally, float life is cut in half for every 100mV per cell over the recommended float charge voltage.

The relationship between ambient temperature and expected float life is given by the Arrhenius equation. The equation defines the relationship between the ambient temperature and the rate of internal positivegrid corrosion of the battery, which is the normal process of battery aging.

A key point to note is that the temperature in question is the battery ambient temperature. If the system is in a 25°C environment and the battery is installed next to a power transformer where the temperature averages 32°C, then all battery calculations must be based on 32°C.

The Arrhenius equation is the theoretical foundation for the relationship used in practice to derive the acceleration factor for a given temperature. The equation is shown below, in which AF is the acceleration factor and T is the battery ambient temperature in ºC.

As an example, consider a battery in a float application at an ambient temperature of 37ºC. Replacing T with 37 in the equation above the acceleration factor (AF) in this case would be 2

(1.5)

or 2.83. A 10-year battery in this

situation should be expected to last only about

3.5 years (10/2.83 =3.5). Figure 2.3.2 graphically shows the relationship between temperature and float life for the EP and XE series batteries, assuming temperature compensation and a reference temperature of 25ºC.

Figure 2.3.2: Battery temperature and float life

2.4 Constant-power and constant-current discharge performance

Batteries are generally required to support either constant-power (CP) or constant-current (CC) loads. CP and CC discharge curves are provided in Appendix A for Genesis

XE and in Appendix B for Genesis EP batteries. The information is provided in both tabular and graphical formats, with each curve representing the discharge profile for a specific model to a specific end voltage.

If intermediate run times are required, such as

watts per

battery

for 7 minutes to 1.67 volts per cell, the graphs

may be used to estimate the

watts per battery

available.

Generally speaking, most battery systems for indoor applications are in temperature-regulated environments. However, there are occasions when this is not the case. This can happen when the batteries are installed in close proximity to heat generating sources such as transformers. In such cases, the user should know what kind of life to expect from the batteries, since it is well established that a battery’s overall life is sensitive to ambient temperature.

In addition to the dependence of battery life on ambient temperature, battery capacity also varies with temperature. Table 2.4.1 shows the variation in battery capacity as a function of the ambient temperature. The capacity at 25ºC is taken as 100%.

(0.125T-3.125)

AF = 2

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1000000

Charge profile: CV@2.45 VPC for 16 hours

100000

10000

Current limit at 1C

100

Years to 80% capacity

Genesis EP Genesis XE

Nunmber of cycles

1000

100

Depth of discharge, DOD%

100

30 35

40 45

Temperature, °C

Temperature -20ºC 0ºC 25ºC 40ºC 55ºC

Capacity @ 15 min. rate 65% 84% 100% 110% 120%

Table 2.4.1: Effect of temperature on 15-minute discharge

A graph of capacity as a function of temperature for the Genesis

battery is shown in Figure 2.4.1 for various

rates of discharge.

Figure 2.4.1: Capacity as a function of temperature

Although the Genesis battery may be used, with appropriate derating, from -40°C to 80°C, it is strongly recommended that every effort be made to install them in temperature-regulated environments. Metal jackets are required for temperatures exceeding 45°C continuous.

All battery temperatures refer to the temperatures experienced by the active materials

inside

the battery. The time required by the active materials to reach thermal equilibrium within the battery environment may be considerable.

2.5 Charging characteristics & requirements

A constant-voltage (CV) regime is the preferred method of charging these batteries, although a constant-current (CC) charger with appropriate controls may also be used.

There is no limit on the magnitude of the charge current during a CV charge. Because of the Genesis battery’s low internal resistance, it is able to accept any level of inrush current provided by a constant-voltage charger.

Note:

The following paragraphs on battery charging have been considerably simplified for better understanding. For example, no account has been taken of the polarisation voltage. Second, the battery resistance has been assumed to be static. This is a simplifying assumption since the battery’s internal resistance will change continuously during the charge cycle.

This dynamism in the internal resistance occurs because of the changing state of charge and the fact that the temperature of the active materials within the battery is dynamic.

Owing to these simplifications, the current magnitudes obtained in the sample calculations are exaggerated. However, if one remembers that assumptions have been made and that the

mathematical steps are for illustration

only

, then the actual current values calculated become

immaterial.

It is known from basic electric-circuit theory that the current in any circuit is directly proportional to the voltage differential in the circuit (Ohm’s Law). Therefore, as charging continues at a constant voltage, the charging current decreases due to the decreasing difference between the charger-output voltage and the batteryterminal voltage. Expressed differently, the charging current is at its highest value at the beginning of the charge cycle and at its lowest value at the end of the charge cycle.

Thus, in a CV charge circuit, the battery is the current regulating device in the circuit. It will draw only that amount of current as necessary to reach full charge. Once it attains 100% state of charge, it continues to draw small currents in order to compensate for standing/parasitic losses.

Assume that the battery under consideration has an internal resistance of 4mΩ (0.004Ω) when fully charged. Also, assume that it has an internal resistance of 8mΩ (0.008Ω) when discharged to an end voltage of 10.5 volts. However, the instant the load is removed from the battery, its voltage jumps back up to 12 volts, and this is the initial back electromotive force (EMF) the charger output terminals will see. The influence of this voltage on the charge-current inrush is illustrated in the initial and final charging magnitudes.

It is now decided to recharge the battery at a constant voltage of 2.27 volts per cell or 13.62 volts per battery. Further, assume that when the battery reaches a state of full charge, the internal resistance reduces to 4mΩ and the terminal voltage rises to 13.60V.

For illustrative purposes, this final end-of-charge terminal voltage has been kept deliberately slightly lower than the charging voltage.

In reality, the charging process is dynamic. As soon as a charging source is placed across the terminals of a discharged battery, its voltage begins rising in an attempt to match the charger-output voltage. Given enough time, one would expect that the battery voltage at some point would exactly equal the charger voltage, thereby reducing the voltage difference in the charging circuit to zero and thus forcing the charge current to zero. However, this does not happen because of the internal electrochemistry, which ensures that the battery will keep drawing small charging currents even when fully charged.

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0.1

Discharge time, hours

0.01

-30

-40

15 min. rate

-20

-10 0

Temperature, °C

IC rate 0.2C rate

However, almost immediately, the battery selfdischarges, depressing its terminal voltage below the charger voltage, thereby initiating a current flow once again. The entire process, as outlined in the previous paragraph, will then repeat itself.

Applying Ohm’s Law, which states that

the current in a circuit is equal to the voltage gradient (difference) in the circuit divided by the total resistance in the circuit

, and substituting the various parameters’ assumed values, we have the following charging currents. Note that all connection resistances, such as those for cables, are neglected for simplicity. This omission does not affect the outcome since its influence would be the same in both cases, neglecting changes due to electrical heating.

Initial charging current = = 202.5A

Final charging current = = 5A

This example shows how the battery acts as a current regulator in a CV charge circuit, decreasing the current flow in the circuit to suit its own state of charge. Thus, even if the current limit on the charger were 250 amperes, the battery would see an inrush current of

202.5 amperes, before it tapered off and finally dropped to its lowest value at the end of the charge cycle.

Although the 250A figure is impractical because of prohibitive charger costs, it serves to drive home the point that as far as the battery is concerned, a specific current limit is not necessary for Genesis

batteries under CV charging. In reality, the current limit would be dictated by a combination of technical and economic considerations. Note also that, in general, most other battery manufacturers recommend current limits based on battery capacity, usually 0.25C

10, where C10 is the

10-hour rating.

Increasing the current limit will reduce the total recharge time, but at greater cost. The reduction in recharge time occurs mainly up to the 90% state of charge level; the impact on total recharge time is much less. The chargeroutput voltage exercises a much greater influence on the total recharge time.

The question then becomes whether the reduction in the time needed for a recharge can justify the additional costs. In some critical applications, this may be the case, while in other situations the added cost may not be justifiable.

The time to recharge a battery under float charge is shown in Figure 2.5.1. The graphs show the time taken to reach three different states of charge. For example, with a charge current of 0.2C

10 amps the battery will get

to 100% SOC in about 12 hours when charged at 13.62V (2.27 Vpc).

Figure 2.5.1: Recharge times under float charge

2.6 Constant-voltage (CV) regime

In a float or standby application the CV charger should be set at 13.5V to 13.8V at 25ºC. For a cyclic application, the charge voltage should be set between 14.4V and 15V at 25ºC. In both cases, the linearised temperature compensation factor is ±24mV per battery per ºC variation from 25ºC. The higher the temperature the lower the charge voltage should be and vice versa.

Figure 2.6.1 shows the temperature compensation factor for float and cyclic applications. Equations representing the compensation curves are also shown in this figure. Note that for both types of application there is no limit on the inrush current. We recommend the highest practical and economical current limit possible.

Figure 2.6.1: Temperature compensation graph

2.7 Constant-current (CC) regime

Unlike CV charging, CC charging requires the charge current to be limited to 0.33C

10 to avoid damaging the

battery. Once 100% of previously discharged capacity has been returned the overcharge should be continued at a much lower rate, such as 0.002C

10, i.e., at the

500-hour rate.

13.62 - 12.00

0.008

13.62 - 13.60

0.004

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80% SOC

Time in hours at 2.27 VPC & 25°

0.2

Recharge current in multiple of rated capacity

90% SOC

0.4 0.6

100% SOC

0.8 1

2.90

2.80

2.70

2.60

2.50

2.40

Theoretical float (ideal)

Charge voltage, Vpc

2.30

V = 0.00004T and 2.20VPC minium

2.20

2.10

-40

-30 -20

Theoretical cycling (ideal) V = 0.00004T

- 0.006T + 2.3945

-10 0

- 0.006T + 2.5745

Temperature, °C

50 60

70 80

When using a CC-charge regime, the charge current must switch from a high (starting) rate to a low (finishing) rate when the battery reaches 100% state of charge. The point at which this switch occurs may be determined by using a timer or by sensing the battery voltage.

The timer setting can be determined by calculating the time needed to return 105% to 110% of the amperehours drawn out. However, this method should not be used unless the previously discharged capacity can be reliably and consistently measured.

Alternatively, the battery-terminal voltage can be used to trigger the transition from a high charge current to a low charge current. As the battery charges up, its voltage reaches a peak value and then begins to decline to the steady-state, fully charged value. The point at which this drop (point of inflection) begins depends on the charge current’s magnitude, as shown in Figure 2.7.1. Since the charge voltages in Figure 2.7.1 are on a per cell basis, simply multiply the numbers by 6 as all Genesis

batteries are 12V units.

The inflection point may be used to switch the current from a high rate (≤ 0.33C

10) to a low rate (≈0.002C10).

This is a more reliable method than amp-hour counting, as it is independent of the previously discharged capacity.

Figure 2.7.1: CC charging curves at 25ºC

The Genesis battery may be recharged using either a constant-current (CC) or constant-voltage (CV) charger,

although the CV regime is the preferred method

. This flexibility in the charging scheme is an advantage, since it is easy for the user to replace existing batteries with Genesis without having to alter the charging circuitry.

Because of the thin plate pure lead-tin technology used in this battery, the internal resistance is significantly lower than that of conventional VRLA batteries. For example, the 26EP battery has an internal resistance of about 5mΩ when fully charged. This compares very favourably with a typical value of 10 to 15mΩ for competitive products of equal capacity.

The low internal resistance helps the Genesis battery accept large inrush currents without any harmful effects. The heat generated by the charge current is kept at a low

level because of the very low internal resistance value. The very high recharge efficiency of this battery also allows high inrush currents. In tests performed on the 26Ah product, the initial current drawn by the battery was 175 amperes. The Genesis battery may be recharged much more rapidly than conventional VRLA batteries because of its ability to safely accept very high currents. Table 2.7.1 demonstrates this quick charge capability when using a CV charge of 14.7V.

Table 2.7.1: Inrush current and charge time

This fast-charge capability is remarkable in a VRLA battery. This feature makes the Genesis battery competitive with a nickel-cadmium battery, which traditionally had an advantage over lead acid batteries due to its short charge times.

The quick charge capability of the Genesis battery makes it particularly suitable for applications where the battery has to be returned quickly to a high state of charge after a discharge.

2.8 Three-step (IUU) charge profile

A three-step charge profile developed for use with the Genesis TPPL battery is shown in Figure 2.8.1. The first step (bulk charge) is a constant current (CC) charge with a minimum current of 40% of the 10-hour (C

10) rating of

the battery. For example, to use this profile effectively on the 16Ah battery, the minimum charge current must be

6.4 amps.

Bulk charge continues until the battery voltage reaches

14.7V. The charger then switches to a constant voltage (CV) mode at 14.7V and the absorption charge phase begins.

The charger switches to the temperature-compensated float phase when either the current drops to 25% of the bulk charge current (0.1C

10 amps) or the time in the

absorption phase reaches 8 hours, whichever occurs first.

If the charger has a timer override so that the absorption phase does not exceed 8 hours, the threshold current at which the charger switches from absorption phase to float phase should be reduced to 0.001C

10. This equals

16mA for the 16Ah battery discussed in the earlier example.

If the charger does not have a timer the trigger to switch from absorption phase to float phase should be set at

0.1C

10.

Magnitude of inrush current Capacity returned 0.8C

1.6C

3.1C

60% 44 min. 20 min. 10 min.

80% 57 min. 28 min. 14 min.

100% 1.5 hrs. 50 min. 30 min.

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Voltage Profiles at 25C

C/5

Constant Current Charging

C/15

C/10

Time (Hours)

C/20

2015

3025

Voltage

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

1.8

Note:

The battery will not be fully charged when a switch from absorption to float charge is made when the current drops to 0.1C

. The battery will need a minimum of 16-24 hours on float charge before it is fully charged. The battery may be used as soon as the switch to float is made, but repeatedly cycling it without the necessary 16-24 hours’ on float charge will cause premature failure of the battery.

Alternatively, the charger can stay in the absorption phase for a fixed 8 hours. Once this absorption charge time is over, the charger can switch to a temperaturecompensated float voltage. The advantage with this design is a less complex circuit because it is not necessary to monitor the charge current in the absorption phase.

Table 2.8.1 lists the different IUU charge profile options. A check mark indicates the feature is available in the charger, while X indicates a charger that does not have the feature. Note that all three designs have bulk, absorption and float charge phases. The differences between the three designs are limited to (a) whether a timer is available, (b) whether the circuit monitors the charge current and (c) the magnitude of the threshold current, if it is used to trigger the switch from absorption charge to float charge.

Table 2.8.1: IUU charger design options

Design 1:

The charger has a timer and a current threshold that triggers the switch from absorption charge to float charge. Since the timer is present, the trigger current is set low. If the current does not drop to 0.001C

amps within 8 hours on absorption charge, the timer will force the switch to a temperature-compensated float charge.

Design 2:

The charger does not switch to a float charge based on a preset charge current. Rather, the timer stays in the absorption phase for 8 hours before switching to a temperature-compensated float charge.

Design 3:

The charger has no timer. Since switching depends solely on the charge current dropping to a set level, the threshold is set high enough to ensure the charger will always switch to a float charge. In this design the battery will not be fully charged at the start of the float charge.

A minimum of 16-24 hours on float will be required to complete the charge.

Figure 2.8.1: Three-step (IUU) charge profile

2.9 Storage characteristics

Improper storage is a common form of battery misuse. High storage temperature and inadequate frequency of freshening charges are examples of improper storage. In order to better understand the various mechanisms influencing sealed-lead batteries kept in storage, the following paragraphs discuss in general terms several aspects of the batteries’ storage requirements.

2.10 Self discharge

All batteries lose charge over time when kept on open circuit. This phenomenon is termed

self-discharge

If the capacity loss due to self-discharge is not compensated by recharging in a timely fashion, the capacity loss may become irrecoverable due to irreversible sulphation, where the active materials (PbO

lead dioxide, at the positive plates and sponge lead at the negative plates) are gradually converted into an electroinactive form of lead sulphate, PbSO

4. If the

capacity loss associated with self-discharge is not replenished, the battery ultimately fails because storage is electrochemically equivalent to a very low rate of discharge.

Storage temperature is the key factor influencing the self-discharge rate because it plays a major role in determining the speed at which the internal chemical reaction proceeds. The higher the temperature, the faster the speed of chemical reactions.

Design 1 ✓✓✓0.001C10

amps ✓

Design 2 ✓✓✓X ✓

Design 3 ✓✓X 0.10C

amps ✓

Feature

Bulk Absorption Timer Trigger Float

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Bulk charge

Voltage

(RED)

NOTES:

1. Charger LED stays RED in bulk charge phase (DO NOT TAKE BATTERY OFF CHARGE)

2. LED changes to ORANGE in absorption charge phase (BATTERY AT 80% STATE OF CHARGE)

3. LED changes to GREEN in float charge phase (BATTERY FULLY CHARGED)

4. Charge voltage is temperature compensated at ±24mV per battery per ºC variation from 25ºC

8-hour absorption charge

(ORANGE)

Charge voltage

Charge current

14.7V

Continuous float charge

(GREEN)

13.6V

0.4C

Amps

10 min

Just as every 8°C rise in operating temperature cuts the battery’s life expectancy in half, so does every 8°C increase in ambient temperature reduce the storage life of a battery by 50%. Conversely, a reduction in storage temperature will have the reverse effect by increasing the allowable storage time.

2.11 Open circuit voltage (OCV) and state of charge (SOC)

Since most batteries are subject to some kind of storage, it is important for the user to have some method of accurately estimating the battery capacity after it has been in storage.

Figure 2.11.1: Open circuit voltage and state of charge

Although efforts should be made to ensure that batteries are stored in temperature-controlled environments, a freshening charge should be applied once every twentyfour (24) months or when the open-circuit voltage (OCV) reading drops to 12V, whichever comes first. As shown in Figure 2.11.1, 12V corresponds to a 35% state of charge (SOC).

The battery may be permanently

damaged if the OCV is allowed to drop below 11.90V

Figure 2.11.1 shows the OCV and corresponding SOC for a Genesis battery. An OCV of 12.84V or more indicates a battery at 100% SOC. The figure is accurate to within 20% of the true SOC of the battery

if the battery has not been charged OR discharged in the 24 hours preceding the voltage measurement

. The accuracy improves to 5% if the period of inactivity before the voltage measurement is 5 days.

Capacity loss during storage is an important consideration, particularly in applications where performance loss due to storage is unacceptable. However, knowing how much charge is remaining in the battery at any point in its storage life is equally important as the battery must be maintained at a minimum charge level in order to prevent permanent damage. Figure 2.11.2 shows the relationship between storage time and remaining capacity at 25ºC, 45ºC and 65ºC.

Figure 2.11.2: Storage capacity at temperatures

2.12 Procedure to recover overdischarged batteries

There may be instances when a Genesis

battery is overdischarged to the point where a standard charger is unable to fully recharge the battery. In such cases, the following procedure may help recover the affected battery.

1. Bring the battery to room temperature (25°C).

2. Measure the OCV. Continue to step 3 if it is at least

12V; otherwise terminate the procedure and reject the battery.

3. Charge the battery using a 0.05C

10 constant current for

24 hours. The charger should be capable of providing a driving voltage as high as 36V. Monitor the battery temperature;

discontinue charging if the battery

temperature rises above 45ºC

4. Allow the charged battery to stand on open circuit for

a minimum of 1 hour before proceeding to Step 5.

5. Perform a capacity test on the battery and record the

amp-hours delivered. The longer the discharge the more reliable the result. This is Cycle 1.

6. Repeat steps (3) to (5). The capacity returned in step 5

is now Cycle 2. If Cycle 2 capacity is greater than Cycle 1 capacity proceed to step 7; otherwise reject the battery.

7. Repeat steps (3) to (5) to get Cycle 3 capacity. Proceed

to step 8 if Cycle 3 capacity is equal to or more than Cycle 2 capacity. Reject the battery if Cycle 3 capacity is less than Cycle 2 capacity.

8. If Cycle 3 capacity equals or exceeds Cycle 2 capacity,

recharge the battery and put it back in service.

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100

25°C

45°C

65°C

13.0

12.8

12.6

12.4

12.2

12.0

Open circuit voltage (OCV), V

11.8

11.6 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

12.84V or higher indicates 100% SOC

State of Charge (SOC), %

Percent of 0.05C capacity

30 40

Open circuit storage time in weeks

60 70

Chapter 3: General Test Data

3.1 Introduction

This section’s purpose is to discuss actual data from various tests conducted on Genesis

batteries. These tests may be of particular interest to system designers and application engineers. Other test results serve to confirm the data published in the

Genesis Selection

Guide

Tests covered in this chapter include the following:

Thermal runaway test

Altitude test

Overdischarge recovery tests (DIN standard test and high temperature storage test)

Accelerated float life test

Gassing test

Performance test at different temperatures

3.2 Thermal runaway test

Thermal runaway (TR) describes a situation in which the battery is unable to maintain a steady current when connected to a CV charger. TR can also happen when the battery temperature increases rapidly due to inadequate heat dissipation from the battery.

As the battery draws current, its internal temperature rises. If the heat generated is not dissipated, the internal reaction rate of the battery will increase, forcing the battery to draw more current. This in turn generates more heat. The increasing heat generation and attendant higher current draw feed on each other which, if allowed to escalate will trigger TR.

Figure 3.2.1 shows the result of TR tests conducted on a 12V, 26EP Genesis TPPL battery that had been cycled 10 times to age it. After the tenth discharge the battery was fully charged using normal charging parameters, then put on a gross overcharge at 15.9V (2.65 VPC) at 25ºC.

The threshold criterion for initiation of TR was set at a charge current of 4.5 amps or a battery temperature of 60ºC. In other words, the battery was considered to be in TR when either the charge current reached 4.5 amps or the battery case temperature rose to 60ºC. As shown in Figure 3.2.1 the battery reached the temperature threshold first, after the battery had been on overcharge for 370.9 hours, or over 15 days.

Two points are noteworthy here. First, it took over 15 days on gross overcharge (remember, the battery was fully charged when it was placed on a 15.9V charge) before it showed signs of going into TR. The battery received a staggering 565.7 amp-hours (over 2,000% of its rated capacity) during the test.

Second, there was no catastrophic failure of the battery and its case temperature rose gradually. It took over a

week (169 hours) for the temperature to rise from 45ºC to 60ºC. The results of this test clearly show that even in the unlikely event of a Genesis battery going into TR, its behaviour does not raise safety issues.

Figure 3.2.1: TR test at 15.9V (2.65Vpc) charge

3.3 Gassing test

The Genesis battery is safe for use in human environments, such as offices and hospitals. A test was developed to determine how much hydrogen gas is evolved under normal operating conditions. This test’s assumption is that any weight loss suffered by the battery can be attributed to the water lost by the battery. Knowing the amount of water lost by the battery and the chemical composition of water, a relatively straightforward calculation yields the amount of emitted hydrogen gas. Table 3.3.1 summarises the test data on a Genesis 26Ah battery.

Table 3.3.1: Gassing test data

The oxygen evolved is recombined, while the rate of hydrogen emission is negligible, as Table 3.3.1 shows. Nevertheless, the battery should not be recharged in a gas-tight container. Ventilation must always be provided in the charging area.

Test temperature 60ºC

Charge voltage 2.30 Vpc

Duration of test at temperature 180 days

Weight loss at 65.6 grams end of test period = 3.65 moles (gram equiv.) H

= 3.65 moles H2 and 1.82 moles O2

Gas evolved Total 122.6 litres

Duration of test at 25ºC 2,880 days (4,147,200 minutes)

Gassing rate Total 0.03 cc/min

Hydrogen (H2): 0.02 cc/min.

Chapter 3:

General Test Data

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12V, 26Ah Pure Lead-tin VRLA

Temperature, °C

Test ends when temperature reached 60°C or current rises to 4.5A

Battery temperature at 60°C after 370.9 hours

Total input amp-hours: 565.7

Charge current

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Hours on charge at 2.65Vpc

Amps

3.4 DIN standard overdischarge recovery test

This German standard test was designed to determine the ability of batteries to recover from overdischarge using standard chargers. In addition, the test also gives an indication of the resistance of the battery to permanent damage caused by sulphation, a phenomenon that occurs when a battery is left in a discharged condition for an extended length of time.

The test began by discharging a fully charged 26Ah battery at the 20-hour rate to 1.70 Vpc. Following the discharge, a 5Ω resistor was connected across the battery terminals and left connected for 28 days. At the end of this 28-day period, the battery was recharged at a constant voltage of 2.25 Vpc for only 48 hours.

The battery was tested for capacity after the 48-hour recharge, and 97% of the initial capacity was obtained. A subsequent recharge/discharge cycle yielded a capacity of 94% of the initial capacity. The overdischarge test exercise is summarised in Table 3.4.1 below.

Table 3.4.1: DIN standard overdischarge recovery test result

3.5 High temperature storage recovery test

This test demonstrates the deep discharge recovery capability of the Genesis

battery. Since the test involves storing the battery in a discharged state for 4 weeks at 50ºC it is a more difficult test than the previously described German DIN standard test. Figure 3.5.1 summarises the test results.

Figure 3.5.1: Recovery from discharged storage at 50ºC

Both samples were discharged at the 1-hour rate to an end of discharge voltage of 9V, then stored in a discharged condition for 4 weeks at 50ºC. The batteries were then charged at 14.7V with a current limit of 0.125C

10 for the first two cycles and 1C10 for

cycles 3 through 17.

It is clear that the charge current was too low for the first two cycles, as evident from the rapid loss in capacity. Boosting the charge current to 1C

10 brought both

batteries back to full capacity.

3.6 Altitude test

This test was designed to prove that the Genesis battery is capable of operating safely and without performance loss at any altitude. Since the design of the Genesis battery’s Bunsen valve does not rely on atmospheric pressure to operate, the battery will operate over a wide range of external pressure, from vacuum to as much as 100 feet under water.

These batteries have also passed the pressure differential test required to comply with the requirements of DOT HMR 49 Non-Hazardous Materials, International Civil Aeronautics Organisation (ICAO) and International Air Transport Association (IATA) Packing Instruction 806 and Special Provision A67.

In the pressure differential test, the battery is placed in a temperature-controlled altitude chamber at 24°C. It is then subjected to 6 hours of differential pressure at a minimum of 88 kPa (equivalent to an altitude of 50,000 feet). The test is repeated for each of three mutually perpendicular orientations, including the inverted position. A visual inspection showed no acid leakage, indicating the battery passed the test.

Section 3.7: Accelerated float life test

Figure 3.7.1 shows the results of accelerated float life (AFL) tests conducted on three samples of the Genesis 16Ah battery. In AFL tests, high temperatures accelerate the aging process of the batteries. At an AFL test temperature of 55ºC, the acceleration factor (AF) is

13.454, which means that every day at 55ºC is electrochemically equivalent to 13.454 days at 25ºC. This is a conservative AF because the charge voltage used in the test is not temperature-compensated, as it should be. No account is taken of the accelerated aging of the battery due to a higher-than-recommended charge voltage.

As shown in Figure 3.7.1 the three batteries were at 109%, 108% and 110% of their rated capacity after 270 days on test at 55ºC. This is electrochemically equivalent to 9.95

years on float at 25ºC. Since end of life is defined as the failure to deliver 80% of its rated capacity, none of these batteries is close to the end of its design life of 10 years at 25ºC.

Conditions 0.05C10 rate discharge to 1.70 Vpc

Followed by 5Ω resistor connected across battery

terminals for 28 days

Recharge 2.25 Vpc CV charge for 48 hours

Results Initial capacity: 26.8Ah

Recovered 25.9Ah (97%) on first cycle capacity 25.3Ah (94%) on second cycle

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Capacity at the 1-hr rate

86 420

Cycle number

Sample 1

Sample 2

14 16 18

Figure 3.7.1: AFL test data for Genesis®16EP batteries

Similar tests on the Genesis

XE batteries showed an

average float life of 454 days at 55ºC, or the equivalent of

16.7 years at 25ºC to 80% of rated capacity. These results validate the Genesis EP and XE published design life of 10 years and 12+ years, respectively, at 25ºC to 80% of rated capacity.

Section 3.8: Performance test at different temperatures

Figure 3.8.1 shows the effect of temperature on the discharge performance of Genesis batteries at three rates of discharge. The vertical broken line represents 25ºC, and its intersections with the graphs show the 100% capacity at the three rates of discharge.

At –40ºC, the battery will run for 2 hours at the C

5 rate

(60% of its 5-hour capacity), for 18 minutes at the C

1 rate

(30% of its 1-hour capacity) and for 4 minutes at the 15-minute rate (27% of its 15-minute capacity). These are excellent performance numbers, considering how low the ambient temperature is.

Figure 3.8.1: Effect of temperature on capacity

Chapter 4: Installation, Operation & Maintenance

4.1 Introduction

This chapter is designed to provide the user with guidelines to help get the most out these batteries. Even though VRLA batteries do not require the addition of water, periodic maintenance checks are strongly recommended. These are:

Individual unit voltages

Unit-to-unit connection resistances

Ambient temperature and battery temperat

ure

A load test can be carried out once or twice a year. The batteries must be fully charged before any capacity test is performed.

4.2 Receiving the shipment

All batteries must be carefully inspected upon arrival for any sign of damage during their transportation. Use rubber gloves when handling any that are broken or physically damaged in case of acid leakage.

4.3 Storage

All Genesis batteries must be stored in a clean and dry location, and preferably in a temperature-controlled environment. Although these batteries are shipped fully charged and may be stored for up to 2 years at 25ºC periodic checks of their open circuit voltages are recommended. The warmer the storage environment the more frequent the voltage checks should be.

The batteries must be given a freshening charge once every 2 years or when the OCV drops to 12.00V, whichever occurs earlier. The freshening charge should be for 96 hours at 13.62V at 25ºC or until the charge current does not vary over a 3-hour period. Alternatively, the freshening charge can be set at 14.4V for 16 to 24 hours or until the charge current does not vary over a 3hour period.

Failure to observe these conditions may result in greatly reduced capacity and service life. FAILURE TO CHARGE

AS NOTED VOIDS THE BATTERY’S WARRANTY.

4.4 Installation

Batteries must be installed in a clean, dry area. Genesis batteries release negligible amounts of gas during normal operation (gas recombination efficiency ≥99%), making them safe for installation near main equipment and in close proximity to humans. Batteries must be installed in accordance with BS 6133 or EN 50272.

Genesis® 16EP/AFL/55°C/2.27 VPC

Chapter 4:

Installation, Operation & Maintenance

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C/5 (3.0A) to 10.02V/15Ah = 100%; 12Ah = 80%

Acceleration factor for 55°C:13.454 Capacities after 270 days (9.95 years at 25°C):

Sample 1: 16.42Ah (109%) Sample 2: 16.22Ah (108%) Sample 3: 16.49Ah (110%)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Days at Temperature

0.1

Discharge time, hours

0.01

-40

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

15 min. rate

1 hr. rate

100% capacity at 25C

Temperature, C

5 hr. rate

0.1 Discharge time, hours

0.01

4.4.1 Temperature

Avoid placing batteries in areas of high temperature or in direct sunlight. The optimal temperature range for performance and service life of the Genesis

battery is 20ºC to 25ºC. These batteries can, however be used at temperatures ranging from -40ºC to 80ºC when fitted with a metal jacket.

4.4.2 Ventilation

As stated before, under normal operating conditions the gas emission from Genesis batteries is very low. Natural ventilation is adequate for cooling and to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas. This is why Genesis batteries may be used safely in offices, hospitals and other occupied environments.

When installing batteries in cabinets or other enclosures, care must be taken to ensure they are not sealed enclosures. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES

SHOULD THESE BATTERIES BE CHARGED IN A SEALED CONTAINER.

All installations and ventilation must comply with BS 6133 or EN 50272.

4.4.3 Mounting

Check that all contact surfaces are clean before making the interbattery connections.

Tighten the screws to the recommended torque value using insulated tools only and follow the polarities of individual batteries to avoid short circuits. Finally, connect the battery end terminals.

Since the Genesis battery has all of its electrolyte immobilised in its separators, it can be mounted on its sides without any performance degradation.

Note: The safety standards of EN 50272.

4.4.4 Torque

The recommended terminal torque for the full range is given in Table 4.4.5.1. A loose connector can cause problems in charger performance, erratic battery performance, possible damage to the battery and even personal injuries.

Only use insulated tools when working on batteries.

Table 4.4.5.1: Terminal torque values

4.5 Parallel strings

While there are no theoretical limits on the number of parallel battery strings, we recommend no more than 6 parallel strings per system, particularly for cyclic applications.

4.6 Discharging

It is strongly recommended that a low voltage cutoff be included in the battery load circuit to protect the battery from overdischarges. The setting for end of discharge voltage (EODV) is dependent on the rate of discharge, as shown in Table 4.6.1. For optimum battery life, we recommend that the battery be disconnected from the load when the appropriate voltage is reached and put back on charge as soon as possible after a discharge.

Table 4.6.1: Suggested battery cutoff voltages

Note:

Discharging the Genesis battery below these low voltage cutoff levels or leaving the battery connected to a load in a discharged state may impair the battery’s ability to accept a charge.

Battery model Terminal torque

13EP & XE13 5.6 Nm

16EP & XE16 5.6 Nm

26EP & XE30 6.8 Nm

42EP & XE40 6.8 Nm

70EP & XE70 6.8 Nm

- XE95 6.8 Nm

Discharge rate in amps Suggested

minimum EODV

0.05C

10 (C10/20) 10.50V

0.10C10 (C10/10) 10.20V

0.20C

10 (C10/5) 10.02V

0.40C10 (C10/2.5) 9.90V

1C10 9.60V

10 9.30V

>5C10 9.00V

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Appendix A

- Genesis®XE Discharge Rates

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Figure A-1: XE13 discharge data to 9.0V at 25°C

Figure A-2: XE13 discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

Figure A-3: XE13 discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

2 min. 1529 149.1 5.0 50.9 764.8 25.5 283.1 9.4 5 min. 760 71.2 5.9 63.3 400.2 33.3 140.7 11.7 10 min. 460 41.7 7.1 78.2 242.3 41.2 85.2 14.5 15 min. 339 30.2 7.6 84.8 178.8 44.7 62.8 15.7 20 min. 273 24.1 7.9 90.0 143.7 47.4 50.5 16.7 30 min. 199 17.4 8.7 99.4 104.7 52.4 36.8 18.4 45 min. 144 12.5 9.4 108.0 75.9 56.9 26.7 20.0 1 hr. 114 9.8 9.8 113.6 59.9 59.9 21.0 21.0 2 hr. 64 5.4 10.9 127.1 33.5 66.9 11.8 23.5 3 hr. 44 3.8 11.4 132.9 23.3 70.0 8.2 24.6 4 hr. 34 3.0 11.8 137.0 18.0 72.2 6.3 25.4 5 hr. 28 2.4 12.0 139.7 14.7 73.6 5.2 25.9 8 hr. 18 1.6 12.6 144.3 9.5 76.0 3.3 26.7 10 hr. 15 1.3 12.7 145.5 7.7 76.7 2.7 26.9 20 hr. 7 0.7 13.2 148.0 3.9 78.0 1.4 27.4

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1361 128.0 4.3 45.3 680.8 22.7 252.0 8.4 5 min. 701 64.4 5.4 58.4 369.4 30.8 129.8 10.8 10 min. 443 39.6 6.7 75.2 233.2 39.6 82.0 13.9 15 min. 330 29.2 7.3 82.6 174.1 43.5 61.2 15.3 20 min. 267 23.5 7.7 88.1 140.7 46.4 49.4 16.3 30 min. 195 16.9 8.5 97.5 102.7 51.4 36.1 18.1 45 min. 141 12.2 9.1 105.7 74.2 55.7 26.1 19.6 1 hr. 111 9.6 9.6 111.2 58.6 58.6 20.6 20.6 2 hr. 62 5.3 10.6 123.4 32.5 65.0 11.4 22.8 3 hr. 43 3.7 11.1 128.7 22.6 67.8 7.9 23.8 4 hr. 33 2.9 11.5 132.3 17.4 69.7 6.1 24.5 5 hr. 27 2.3 11.7 134.8 14.2 71.0 5.0 25.0 8 hr. 17 1.5 12.1 138.9 9.1 73.2 3.2 25.7 10 hr. 14 1.2 12.4 140.6 7.4 74.1 2.6 26.0 20 hr. 7 0.7 13.0 144.3 3.8 76.0 1.3 26.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1206 111.0 3.7 40.1 603.3 20.1 223.3 7.4 5 min. 662 58.9 4.9 55.2 348.9 29.1 122.6 10.2 10 min. 429 37.3 6.3 72.9 225.9 38.4 79.4 13.5 15 min. 323 28.0 7.0 80.7 170.2 42.5 59.8 15.0 20 min. 262 22.6 7.5 86.3 137.8 45.5 48.4 16.0 30 min. 191 16.5 8.3 95.6 100.8 50.4 35.4 17.7 45 min. 138 12.0 9.0 103.8 72.9 54.7 25.6 19.2 1 hr. 109 9.4 9.4 108.7 57.3 57.3 20.1 20.1 2 hr. 60 5.2 10.4 119.3 31.4 62.9 11.0 22.1 3 hr. 41 3.6 10.9 124.2 21.8 65.5 7.7 23.0 4 hr. 32 2.8 11.3 127.4 16.8 67.1 5.9 23.6 5 hr. 26 2.3 11.5 129.6 13.7 68.3 4.8 24.0 8 hr. 17 1.5 11.9 133.5 8.8 70.4 3.1 24.7 10 hr. 14 1.2 12.1 135.1 7.1 71.2 2.5 25.0 20 hr. 7 0.6 12.8 140.6 3.7 74.1 1.3 26.0

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE13 battery

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 9V at 25ºC

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE13 battery

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

100

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE13 battery

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

100

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure A-6: XE16 discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

2 min. 1486 143.0 4.8 49.5 638.8 21.3 232.1 7.7 5 min. 857 78.8 6.6 71.4 368.5 30.7 133.9 11.2 10 min. 546 49.3 8.4 92.9 234.9 39.9 85.3 14.5 15 min. 412 36.7 9.2 102.9 177.0 44.2 64.3 16.1 20 min. 335 29.6 9.8 110.4 143.9 47.5 52.3 17.2 30 min. 247 21.6 10.8 123.5 106.2 53.1 38.6 19.3 45 min. 180 15.6 11.7 135.1 77.5 58.1 28.2 21.1 1 hr. 143 12.3 12.3 142.8 61.4 61.4 22.3 22.3 2 hr. 81 6.9 13.7 161.6 34.7 69.5 12.6 25.3 3 hr. 57 4.8 14.4 170.5 24.4 73.3 8.9 26.6 4 hr. 44 3.7 14.8 176.8 19.0 76.0 6.9 27.6 5 hr. 36 3.0 15.2 181.0 15.6 77.8 5.7 28.3 8 hr. 24 2.0 15.7 189.3 10.2 81.4 3.7 29.6 10 hr. 19 1.6 16.0 193.2 8.3 83.1 3.0 30.2 20 hr. 10 0.8 16.7 201.8 4.3 86.8 1.6 31.5

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure A-4: XE13 discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

Figure A-5: XE16 discharge data to 9V at 25°C

2 min. 977 87.1 2.9 32.5 488.7 16.3 180.9 6.0 5 min. 612 51.1 4.3 51.0 322.6 26.9 113.4 9.4 10 min. 410 34.0 5.8 69.7 216.0 36.7 75.9 12.9 15 min. 312 26.0 6.5 78.0 164.4 41.1 57.8 14.4 20 min. 254 21.3 7.0 83.7 133.7 44.1 47.0 15.5 30 min. 186 15.8 7.9 93.1 98.1 49.1 34.5 17.2 45 min. 133 11.4 8.6 100.1 70.3 52.7 24.7 18.5 1 hr. 105 9.1 9.1 104.9 55.3 55.3 19.4 19.4 2 hr. 57 5.1 10.1 113.4 29.9 59.7 10.5 21.0 3 hr. 39 3.5 10.6 117.2 20.6 61.8 7.2 21.7 4 hr. 30 2.7 11.0 119.8 15.8 63.1 5.5 22.2 5 hr. 24 2.2 11.2 121.3 12.8 63.9 4.5 22.5 8 hr. 16 1.5 11.6 124.7 8.2 65.7 2.9 23.1 10 hr. 13 1.2 11.8 126.6 6.7 66.7 2.3 23.4 20 hr. 7 0.6 12.4 133.3 3.5 70.2 1.2 24.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1674 170.0 5.6 55.8 720.0 24.0 261.6 8.7 5 min. 915 87.9 7.3 76.3 393.6 32.8 143.0 11.9 10 min. 566 52.0 8.8 96.2 243.4 41.4 88.4 15.0 15 min. 422 38.0 9.5 105.4 181.4 45.3 65.9 16.5 20 min. 342 30.3 10.0 112.7 146.8 48.5 53.4 17.6 30 min. 251 22.0 11.0 125.4 107.8 53.9 39.2 19.6 45 min. 183 15.8 11.8 137.5 78.8 59.1 28.6 21.5 1 hr. 145 12.4 12.4 145.3 62.5 62.5 22.7 22.7 2 hr. 82 7.0 13.9 164.1 35.3 70.6 12.8 25.6 3 hr. 58 4.9 14.7 174.7 25.0 75.1 9.1 27.3 4 hr. 45 3.8 15.3 181.4 19.5 78.0 7.1 28.3 5 hr. 37 3.1 15.6 186.2 16.0 80.1 5.8 29.1 8 hr. 24 2.1 16.4 195.2 10.5 83.9 3.8 30.5 10 hr. 20 1.7 16.7 198.7 8.5 85.4 3.1 31.0 20 hr. 10 0.9 17.3 206.7 4.4 88.9 1.6 32.3

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE13 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE16 battery

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE16 battery

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

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Figure A-7: XE16 discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

2 min. 1312 124.9 4.2 43.7 564.3 18.8 205.1 6.8 5 min. 799 71.8 6.0 66.5 343.4 28.6 124.8 10.4 10 min. 522 46.5 7.9 88.8 224.6 38.2 81.6 13.9 15 min. 397 35.1 8.8 99.3 170.7 42.7 62.0 15.5 20 min. 324 28.6 9.4 106.9 139.3 46.0 50.6 16.7 30 min. 240 21.0 10.5 120.1 103.3 51.6 37.5 18.8 45 min. 176 15.2 11.4 131.8 75.6 56.7 27.5 20.6 1 hr. 140 12.0 12.0 139.7 60.1 60.1 21.8 21.8 2 hr. 78 6.7 13.3 156.7 33.7 67.4 12.2 24.5 3 hr. 55 4.7 14.0 166.1 23.8 71.4 8.6 25.9 4 hr. 43 3.6 14.4 172.1 18.5 74.0 6.7 26.9 5 hr. 35 2.9 14.7 176.1 15.1 75.7 5.5 27.5 8 hr. 23 1.9 15.2 183.9 9.9 79.1 3.6 28.7 10 hr. 19 1.6 15.5 187.7 8.1 80.7 2.9 29.3 20 hr. 10 0.8 16.1 196.9 4.2 84.7 1.5 30.8

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure A-8: XE16 discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

Figure A-9: XE30 discharge data to 9V at 25°C

2 min. 1058 100.4 3.3 35.2 454.8 15.1 165.3 5.5 5 min. 721 62.1 5.2 60.0 309.9 25.8 112.6 9.4 10 min. 485 42.2 7.2 82.4 208.5 35.4 75.8 12.9 15 min. 374 32.5 8.1 93.4 160.6 40.2 58.4 14.6 20 min. 307 26.7 8.8 101.4 132.2 43.6 48.0 15.9 30 min. 230 19.9 9.9 114.7 98.7 49.3 35.9 17.9 45 min. 168 14.4 10.8 126.2 72.4 54.3 26.3 19.7 1 hr. 134 11.5 11.5 134.1 57.7 57.7 21.0 21.0 2 hr. 75 6.4 12.7 150.5 32.4 64.7 11.8 23.5 3 hr. 53 4.4 13.3 159.3 22.8 68.5 8.3 24.9 4 hr. 41 3.4 13.7 164.7 17.7 70.8 6.4 25.7 5 hr. 34 2.8 13.9 168.5 14.5 72.4 5.3 26.3 8 hr. 22 1.8 14.4 176.1 9.5 75.7 3.4 27.5 10 hr. 18 1.5 14.7 179.1 7.7 77.0 2.8 28.0 20 hr. 9 0.8 15.3 188.3 4.0 81.0 1.5 29.4

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 2837 283.4 9.4 94.5 768.7 25.6 267.6 8.9 5 min. 1694 160.1 13.3 141.1 459.2 38.2 159.9 13.3 10 min. 1062 95.6 16.3 180.5 287.7 48.9 100.2 17.0 15 min. 793 69.8 17.4 198.2 214.8 53.7 74.8 18.7 20 min. 638 55.6 18.3 210.4 172.8 57.0 60.1 19.8 30 min. 463 39.9 20.0 231.4 125.4 62.7 43.7 21.8 45 min. 333 28.4 21.3 249.7 90.2 67.7 31.4 23.6 1 hr. 262 22.3 22.3 262.1 71.0 71.0 24.7 24.7 2 hr. 144 12.1 24.3 288.7 39.1 78.2 13.6 27.2 3 hr. 101 8.5 25.4 302.3 27.3 81.9 9.5 28.5 4 hr. 78 6.6 26.2 311.8 21.1 84.5 7.4 29.4 5 hr. 64 5.3 26.7 318.6 17.3 86.3 6.0 30.1 8 hr. 41 3.5 27.9 331.1 11.2 89.7 3.9 31.2 10 hr. 34 2.8 28.3 337.5 9.1 91.5 3.2 31.8 20 hr. 18 1.5 30.0 357.1 4.8 96.8 1.7 33.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE16 battery

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE16 battery

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE30 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure A-11: XE30 discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

Figure A-12: XE30 discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

2 min. 2129 195.7 6.5 70.9 576.8 19.2 200.8 6.7 5 min. 1454 130.9 10.9 121.1 391.1 32.8 137.2 11.4 10 min. 972 85.5 14.5 165.3 263.4 44.8 91.7 15.6 15 min. 742 64.5 16.1 185.5 201.1 50.3 70.0 17.5 20 min. 603 52.1 17.2 198.9 163.3 53.9 56.9 18.8 30 min. 444 38.0 19.0 222.0 120.3 60.1 41.9 20.9 45 min. 321 27.3 20.5 240.8 87.0 65.2 30.3 22.7 1 hr. 253 21.4 21.4 252.7 68.5 68.5 23.8 23.8 2 hr. 139 11.7 23.4 278.8 37.8 75.5 13.2 26.3 3 hr. 97 8.1 24.3 291.2 26.3 78.9 9.2 27.5 4 hr. 75 6.2 25.0 299.5 20.3 81.2 7.1 28.3 5 hr. 61 5.1 25.4 306.3 16.6 83.0 5.8 28.9 8 hr. 40 3.3 26.4 317.4 10.8 86.0 3.7 29.9 10 hr. 32 2.7 26.9 324.0 8.8 87.8 3.1 30.6 20 hr. 17 1.4 28.7 347.3 4.7 94.1 1.6 32.8

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1801 160.1 5.3 60.0 487.9 16.2 169.9 5.7 5 min. 1298 113.6 9.5 108.2 351.8 29.3 122.5 10.2 10 min. 895 77.6 13.2 152.2 242.6 41.3 84.5 14.4 15 min. 698 59.6 14.9 174.4 189.0 47.3 65.8 16.5 20 min. 571 48.7 16.1 188.3 154.6 51.0 53.8 17.8 30 min. 425 36.1 18.0 212.2 115.0 57.5 40.0 20.0 45 min. 309 26.1 19.6 231.9 83.8 62.8 29.2 21.9 1 hr. 245 20.6 20.6 244.7 66.3 66.3 23.1 23.1 2 hr. 135 11.3 22.6 270.2 36.6 73.2 12.7 25.5 3 hr. 94 7.9 23.6 282.0 25.5 76.4 8.9 26.6 4 hr. 72 6.1 24.2 289.7 19.6 78.5 6.8 27.3 5 hr. 59 4.9 24.7 296.5 16.1 80.3 5.6 28.0 8 hr. 39 3.2 25.6 308.1 10.4 83.5 3.6 29.1 10 hr. 31 2.6 26.1 314.3 8.5 85.2 3.0 29.6 20 hr. 17 1.4 27.7 336.3 4.6 91.1 1.6 31.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure A-10: XE30 discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

2 min. 2381 224.8 7.5 79.3 645.3 21.5 224.7 7.5 5 min. 1565 142.8 11.9 130.3 424.0 35.3 147.6 12.3 10 min. 1017 90.6 15.4 172.9 275.6 46.8 95.9 16.3 15 min. 767 67.4 16.9 191.8 207.9 52.0 72.4 18.1 20 min. 622 54.2 17.9 205.4 168.6 55.7 58.7 19.4 30 min. 455 39.2 19.6 227.6 123.4 61.7 42.9 21.5 45 min. 328 28.1 21.0 245.9 88.9 66.6 30.9 23.2 1 hr. 258 21.9 21.9 258.3 70.0 70.0 24.4 24.4 2 hr. 142 11.9 23.8 283.7 38.4 76.9 13.4 26.8 3 hr. 98 8.3 24.8 294.9 26.6 79.9 9.3 27.8 4 hr. 76 6.4 25.5 304.4 20.6 82.5 7.2 28.7 5 hr. 62 5.2 25.9 309.4 16.8 83.8 5.8 29.2 8 hr. 41 3.4 27.0 323.8 11.0 87.7 3.8 30.5 10 hr. 33 2.75 27.5 330.8 9.0 89.6 3.1 31.2 20 hr. 18 1.5 29.6 354.6 4.8 96.1 1.7 33.5

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE30 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE30 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE30 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

Figure A-13: XE40 discharge data to 9V at 25°C

Figure A-14: XE40 discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

Figure A-15: XE40 discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

2 min. 4338 436.6 14.5 144.4 777.0 25.9 269.4 9.0 5 min. 2370 226.1 18.8 197.4 424.5 35.4 147.2 12.3 10 min. 1497 136.5 23.2 254.4 268.1 45.6 93.0 15.8 15 min. 1123 100.3 25.1 280.6 201.1 50.3 69.7 17.4 20 min. 909 80.2 26.5 299.9 162.8 53.7 56.5 18.6 30 min. 665 58.0 29.0 332.3 119.1 59.5 41.3 20.6 45 min. 484 41.6 31.2 362.8 86.7 65.0 30.0 22.5 1 hr. 383 32.7 32.7 382.5 68.5 68.5 23.8 23.8 2 hr. 213 18.1 36.2 426.8 38.2 76.5 13.3 26.5 3 hr. 150 12.6 37.8 449.7 26.9 80.6 9.3 27.9 4 hr. 116 9.8 39.1 464.0 20.8 83.1 7.2 28.8 5 hr. 95 8.0 39.9 474.8 17.0 85.0 5.9 29.5 8 hr. 62 5.2 41.6 494.0 11.1 88.5 3.8 30.7 10 hr. 51 4.2 42.4 505.0 9.0 90.5 3.1 31.4 20 hr. 27 2.2 44.4 529.5 4.7 94.8 1.6 32.9

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 3580 337.9 11.3 119.2 641.2 21.4 222.3 7.4 5 min. 2155 199.1 16.6 179.5 386.1 32.2 133.9 11.2 10 min. 1426 127.9 21.7 242.5 255.5 43.4 88.6 15.1 15 min. 1085 96.0 24.0 271.1 194.3 48.6 67.4 16.8 20 min. 884 77.5 25.6 291.6 158.3 52.2 54.9 18.1 30 min. 652 56.6 28.3 326.0 116.8 58.4 40.5 20.3 45 min. 476 40.8 30.6 356.7 85.2 63.9 29.5 22.2 1 hr. 376 32.1 32.1 376.3 67.4 67.4 23.4 23.4 2 hr. 209 17.7 35.4 418.2 37.5 74.9 13.0 26.0 3 hr. 146 12.3 36.9 438.7 26.2 78.6 9.1 27.2 4 hr. 113 9.5 37.9 451.8 20.2 80.9 7.0 28.1 5 hr. 93 7.7 38.6 462.5 16.6 82.9 5.7 28.7 8 hr. 60 5.0 40.1 481.8 10.8 86.3 3.7 29.9 10 hr. 49 4.1 40.8 490.3 8.8 87.8 3.0 30.5 20 hr. 26 2.2 43.0 518.5 4.6 92.9 1.6 32.2

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 3232 296.4 9.9 107.6 578.9 19.3 200.7 6.7 5 min. 1987 179.6 15.0 165.5 355.9 29.6 123.4 10.3 10 min. 1350 119.4 20.3 229.4 241.7 41.1 83.8 14.2 15 min. 1010 90.9 22.7 260.0 186.3 46.6 64.6 16.2 20 min. 852 74.1 24.4 281.2 152.6 50.4 52.9 17.5 30 min. 633 54.7 27.3 316.6 113.4 56.7 39.3 19.7 45 min. 464 39.7 29.8 347.9 83.1 62.3 28.8 21.6 1 hr. 368 31.3 31.3 368.3 66.0 66.0 22.9 22.9 2 hr. 205 17.3 34.5 410.8 36.8 73.6 12.8 25.5 3 hr. 144 12.1 36.2 431.3 25.8 77.3 8.9 26.8 4 hr. 111 9.3 37.2 444.4 19.9 79.6 6.9 27.6 5 hr. 91 7.6 37.9 453.3 16.2 81.2 5.6 28.2 8 hr. 59 4.9 39.3 473.0 10.6 84.7 3.7 29.4 10 hr. 48 4.0 39.9 481.8 8.6 86.3 3.0 29.9 20 hr. 26 2.1 42.2 509.9 4.6 91.3 1.6 31.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE40 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE40 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE40 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure A-16: XE40 discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

2 min. 2814 249.4 8.3 93.7 504.1 16.8 174.8 5.8 5 min. 1753 153.6 12.8 146.0 314.0 26.2 108.9 9.1 10 min. 1234 106.6 18.1 209.9 221.1 37.6 76.7 13.0 15 min. 964 83.0 20.7 241.0 172.7 43.2 59.9 15.0 20 min. 802 68.5 22.6 264.5 143.6 47.4 49.8 16.4 30 min. 603 51.3 25.7 301.3 107.9 54.0 37.4 18.7 45 min. 445 37.6 28.2 333.8 79.7 59.8 27.6 20.7 1 hr. 355 29.9 29.9 354.6 63.5 63.5 22.0 22.0 2 hr. 200 16.8 33.5 399.7 35.8 71.6 12.4 24.8 3 hr. 140 11.7 35.0 420.2 25.1 75.3 8.7 26.1 4 hr. 109 9.0 36.2 434.6 19.5 77.8 6.7 27.0 5 hr. 89 7.4 36.9 444.1 15.9 79.6 5.5 27.6 8 hr. 58 4.8 38.3 461.2 10.3 82.6 3.6 28.6 10 hr. 47 3.9 38.9 469.6 8.4 84.1 2.9 29.2 20 hr. 25 2.1 41.0 495.2 4.4 88.7 1.5 30.8

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure A-17: XE70 discharge data to 9V at 25°C

2 min. 6597 644.0 21.4 219.7 674.0 22.4 256.7 8.5 5 min. 4051 388.4 32.4 337.4 413.9 34.5 157.6 13.1 10 min. 2565 235.6 40.0 436.0 262.0 44.5 99.8 17.0 15 min. 1909 172.3 43.1 477.2 195.0 48.8 74.3 18.6 20 min. 1540 137.8 45.5 508.2 157.3 51.9 59.9 19.8 30 min. 1122 98.5 49.3 561.2 114.7 57.3 43.7 21.8 45 min. 804 70.0 52.5 603.1 82.2 61.6 31.3 23.5 1 hr. 627 54.7 54.6 627.2 64.1 64.1 24.4 24.4 2 hr. 342 29.6 59.2 683.4 34.9 69.8 13.3 26.6 3 hr. 235 20.5 61.4 705.9 24.0 72.1 9.2 27.5 4 hr. 181 15.7 62.6 721.8 18.4 73.7 7.0 28.1 5 hr. 146 12.8 63.8 729.0 14.9 74.5 5.7 28.4 8 hr. 93 8.2 65.7 743.5 9.5 76.0 3.6 28.9 10 hr. 75 6.7 66.6 752.0 7.7 76.8 2.9 29.3 20 hr. 38 3.5 69.3 764.3 3.9 78.1 1.5 29.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure A-18: XE70 discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

2 min. 5942 569.8 19.0 197.9 607.0 20.2 231.2 7.7 5 min. 3636 337.6 28.1 302.8 371.4 30.9 141.5 11.8 10 min. 2411 218.5 37.2 409.9 246.3 41.9 93.8 16.0 15 min. 1833 163.8 41.0 458.2 187.2 46.8 71.3 17.8 20 min. 1490 132.6 43.7 491.6 152.2 50.2 58.0 19.1 30 min. 1091 96.0 48.0 545.5 111.5 55.7 42.5 21.2 45 min. 786 68.6 51.4 589.1 80.2 60.2 30.6 22.9 1 hr. 615 53.6 53.6 615.4 62.9 62.9 23.9 23.9 2 hr. 333 28.9 57.8 666.1 34.0 68.1 13.0 25.9 3 hr. 229 19.9 59.6 687.5 23.4 70.2 8.9 26.8 4 hr. 175 15.2 61.0 699.7 17.9 71.5 6.8 27.2 5 hr. 142 12.4 61.8 707.6 14.5 72.3 5.5 27.5 8 hr. 90 8.0 63.6 719.0 9.2 73.5 3.5 28.0 10 hr. 73 6.5 64.5 727.6 7.4 74.3 2.8 28.3 20 hr. 37 3.4 67.9 748.4 3.8 76.5 1.5 29.1

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE40 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE70 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE70 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure A-19: XE70 discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

2 min. 5140 480.8 16.0 171.2 525.1 17.5 200.0 6.7 5 min. 3317 301.9 25.1 276.3 338.9 28.2 129.1 10.8 10 min. 2258 201.5 34.3 383.8 230.7 39.2 87.9 14.9 15 min. 1738 154.3 38.6 434.4 177.5 44.4 67.6 16.9 20 min. 1420 125.2 41.3 468.7 145.1 47.9 55.3 18.2 30 min. 1053 92.0 46.0 526.7 107.6 53.8 41.0 20.5 45 min. 761 66.3 49.7 570.4 77.7 58.3 29.6 22.2 1 hr. 600 52.1 52.1 599.9 61.3 61.3 23.3 23.3 2 hr. 327 28.4 56.7 653.8 33.4 66.8 12.7 25.4 3 hr. 225 19.6 58.7 674.6 23.0 68.9 8.7 26.2 4 hr. 172 15.0 60.2 687.5 17.6 70.2 6.7 26.7 5 hr. 139 12.2 60.7 695.3 14.2 71.0 5.4 27.1 8 hr. 89 7.8 62.6 709.2 9.1 72.5 3.4 27.6 10 hr. 72 6.4 63.5 715.3 7.3 73.1 2.8 27.8 20 hr. 37 3.3 66.4 730.0 3.7 74.6 1.4 28.4

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure A-20: XE70 discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

2 min. 3911 351.5 11.7 130.2 399.5 13.3 152.2 5.1 5 min. 2870 254.3 21.2 239.0 293.2 24.4 111.7 9.3 10 min. 2028 177.0 30.1 344.7 207.1 35.2 78.9 13.4 15 min. 1586 137.4 34.4 396.4 162.0 40.5 61.7 15.4 20 min. 1313 113.6 37.5 433.3 134.1 44.3 51.1 16.9 30 min. 984 85.2 42.6 492.2 100.6 50.3 38.3 19.2 45 min. 723 62.4 46.8 542.4 73.9 55.4 28.1 21.1 1 hr. 574 49.5 49.5 574.4 58.7 58.7 22.4 22.4 2 hr. 317 27.5 54.9 634.1 32.4 64.8 12.3 24.7 3 hr. 219 19.1 57.1 658.0 22.4 67.2 8.5 25.6 4 hr. 168 14.7 58.9 672.7 17.2 68.7 6.5 26.2 5 hr. 136 12.0 59.7 680.0 13.9 69.5 5.3 26.5 8 hr. 86 7.7 61.4 689.7 8.8 70.5 3.4 26.8 10 hr. 69 6.2 62.2 697.0 7.1 71.2 2.7 27.1 20 hr. 35 3.2 64.4 701.9 3.6 71.7 1.4 27.3

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure A-21: XE95 discharge data to 9V at 25°C

2 min. 8787 903.7 30.1 292.9 696.5 23.2 250.3 8.3 5 min. 5263 491.0 40.9 438.6 417.2 34.8 149.9 12.5 10 min. 3371 304.5 50.8 561.8 267.2 44.5 96.0 16.0 15 min. 2578 228.8 57.2 644.6 204.4 51.1 73.5 18.4 20 min. 2089 183.5 61.2 696.4 165.6 55.2 59.5 19.8 30 min. 1539 133.5 66.8 769.5 122.0 61.0 43.8 21.9 45 min. 1112 95.5 71.6 833.9 88.1 66.1 31.7 23.8 1 hr. 885 75.5 75.5 885.0 70.1 70.1 25.2 25.2 2 hr. 486 41.1 82.2 972.0 38.5 77.0 13.8 27.7 3 hr. 342 28.6 85.8 1026.0 27.1 81.3 9.7 29.2 4 hr. 264 22.3 89.2 1056.0 20.9 83.7 7.5 30.1 5 hr. 216 18.2 91.0 1080.0 17.1 85.6 6.2 30.8 8 hr. 142 12.0 96.0 1132.8 11.2 89.8 4.0 32.3 10 hr. 116 9.8 98.0 1158.0 9.2 91.8 3.3 33.0 20 hr. 63 5.3 106.0 1260.0 5.0 100.0 1.8 35.9

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE70 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE70 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE95 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure A-22: XE95 discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

Figure A-23: XE95 discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

2 min. 7390 707.0 23.6 246.3 585.8 19.5 210.5 7.0 5 min. 4883 449.5 37.5 407.0 387.1 32.3 139.1 11.6 10 min. 3242 290.7 48.5 540.3 257.0 42.8 92.4 15.4 15 min. 2482 219.5 54.9 620.4 196.7 49.2 70.7 17.7 20 min. 2020 177.0 59.0 673.2 160.1 53.4 57.5 19.2 30 min. 1494 129.5 64.8 747.0 118.4 59.2 42.6 21.3 45 min. 1082 92.8 69.6 811.4 85.7 64.3 30.8 23.1 1 hr. 862 73.5 73.5 861.6 68.3 68.3 24.5 24.5 2 hr. 478 40.2 80.4 955.2 37.9 75.7 13.6 27.2 3 hr. 335 28.1 84.3 1004.4 26.5 79.6 9.5 28.6 4 hr. 260 21.8 87.2 1039.2 20.6 82.4 7.4 29.6 5 hr. 212 17.8 89.0 1062.0 16.8 84.2 6.1 30.3 8 hr. 140 11.7 93.6 1118.4 11.1 88.7 4.0 31.9 10 hr. 114 9.6 96.0 1140.0 9.0 90.4 3.2 32.5 20 hr. 61 5.2 104.0 1224.0 4.9 97.0 1.7 34.9

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 6300 585.0 19.5 210.0 499.4 16.6 179.5 6.0 5 min. 4427 399.9 33.3 368.9 350.9 29.2 126.1 10.5 10 min. 3036 268.9 44.8 506.0 240.7 40.1 86.5 14.4 15 min. 2358 206.6 51.7 589.5 186.9 46.7 67.2 16.8 20 min. 1935 168.3 56.1 645.0 153.4 51.1 55.1 18.4 30 min. 1445 124.5 62.3 722.7 114.6 57.3 41.2 20.6 45 min. 1054 90.0 57.5 790.2 83.5 62.6 30.0 22.5 1 hr. 842 81.6 71.6 842.4 66.8 66.8 24.0 24.0 2 hr. 469 39.4 78.8 938.4 37.2 74.4 13.4 26.7 3 hr. 329 27.6 82.8 988.2 26.1 78.3 9.4 28.2 4 hr. 256 21.4 85.6 1022.4 20.3 81.0 7.3 29.1 5 hr. 209 17.5 87.5 1047.0 16.6 83.0 6.0 29.8 8 hr. 137 11.5 92.0 1099.2 10.9 87.1 3.9 31.3 10 hr. 112 9.4 94.0 1122.0 8.9 88.9 3.2 32.0 20 hr. 61 5.1 102.0 1212.0 4.8 96.1 1.7 34.5

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure A-24: XE95 discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

2 min. 4810 431.9 14.4 160.3 381.3 12.7 137.0 4.6 5 min. 3681 323.1 26.9 306.8 291.8 24.3 104.9 8.7 10 min. 2656 229.8 38.3 442.7 210.5 35.1 75.7 12.6 15 min. 2115 181.6 45.4 528.8 167.6 41.9 60.3 15.1 20 min. 1762 150.6 50.2 587.4 139.7 46.6 50.2 16.7 30 min. 1341 113.9 57.0 670.5 106.3 53.1 38.2 19.1 45 min. 993 83.9 62.9 744.8 78.7 59.0 28.3 21.2 1 hr. 801 67.5 67.5 801.0 63.5 63.5 22.8 22.8 2 hr. 453 37.9 75.8 906.0 35.9 71.8 12.9 25.8 3 hr. 320 26.7 80.1 959.4 25.3 76.0 9.1 27.3 4 hr. 248 20.8 83.2 993.6 19.7 78.8 7.1 28.3 5 hr. 203 17.0 85.0 1017.0 16.1 80.6 5.8 29.0 8 hr. 133 11.1 88.8 1065.6 10.6 84.5 3.8 30.4 10 hr. 109 9.1 91.0 1086.0 8.6 86.1 3.1 30.9 20 hr. 58 4.8 96.0 1164.0 4.6 92.3 1.7 33.2

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE95 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE95 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per XE95 battery

0.01

0.1

Watts

1 10 100

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure B-1: 13EP discharge data to 9V at 25°C

Figure B-2: 13EP discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

2 min. 1437 149.6 5.0 47.9 756.2 25.2 293.3 9.8 5 min. 791 76.7 6.4 65.9 416.3 34.7 161.4 13.4 10 min. 488 45.3 7.7 83.0 256.8 43.7 99.6 16.9 15 min. 364 33.0 8.3 91.0 191.6 47.9 74.3 18.6 20 min. 293 26.2 8.7 97.6 154.2 51.3 59.8 19.9 30 min. 215 18.9 9.5 107.5 113.1 56.6 43.9 21.9 45 min. 156 13.5 10.1 117.0 82.1 61.6 31.8 23.9 1 hr. 124 10.6 10.6 124.0 65.3 65.3 25.3 25.3 2 hr. 69 5.8 11.6 138.0 36.3 72.6 14.1 28.2 3 hr. 49 4.1 12.3 147.0 25.8 77.4 10.0 30.0 4 hr. 38 3.2 12.8 152.0 20.0 80.0 7.8 31.0 5 hr. 31 2.6 13.0 155.0 16.3 81.6 6.3 31.6 8 hr. 20 1.7 13.6 160.0 10.5 84.2 4.1 32.7 10 hr. 16 1.4 14.0 160.0 8.4 84.2 3.3 32.7 20 hr. 8 0.7 14.0 160.0 4.2 84.2 1.6 32.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1268.0 123.9 4.1 42.2 667.3 22.2 258.8 8.6 5 min. 758.0 70.8 5.9 63.1 398.9 33.2 154.7 12.9 10 min. 482.0 43.6 7.4 81.9 253.7 43.1 98.4 16.7 15 min. 361.0 32.2 8.1 90.3 190.0 47.5 73.7 18.4 20 min. 292.0 25.7 8.6 97.2 153.7 51.2 59.6 19.8 30 min. 214.0 18.6 9.3 107.0 112.6 56.3 43.7 21.8 45 min. 154.0 13.2 9.9 115.5 81.0 60.8 31.4 23.6 1 hr. 121.0 10.4 10.4 121.0 63.7 63.7 24.7 24.7 2 hr. 67.0 5.7 11.4 134.0 35.3 70.5 13.7 27.3 3 hr. 47.0 3.9 11.7 141.0 24.7 74.2 9.6 28.8 4 hr. 36.0 3.0 12.0 144.0 18.9 75.8 7.3 29.4 5 hr. 29.0 2.5 12.5 145.0 15.3 76.3 5.9 29.6 8 hr. 19.0 1.6 12.8 152.0 10.0 80.0 3.9 31.0 10 hr. 16.0 1.3 13.0 160.0 8.4 84.2 3.3 32.7 20 hr. 8.0 0.7 14.0 160.0 4.2 84.2 1.6 32.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure B-3: 13EP discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

2 min. 1153.0 108.6 3.6 38.4 606.8 20.2 235.3 7.8 5 min. 715.0 65.5 5.5 59.6 376.3 31.3 145.9 12.2 10 min. 463.0 41.4 7.0 78.7 243.7 41.4 94.5 16.1 15 min. 349.0 30.9 7.7 87.3 183.7 45.9 71.2 17.8 20 min. 283.0 24.8 8.3 94.2 148.9 49.6 57.8 19.2 30 min. 208.0 18.0 9.0 104.0 109.5 54.7 42.4 21.2 45 min. 151.0 12.9 9.7 113.3 79.5 59.6 30.8 23.1 1 hr. 119.0 10.1 10.1 119.0 62.6 62.6 24.3 24.3 2 hr. 66.0 5.5 11.0 132.0 34.7 69.5 13.5 26.9 3 hr. 46.0 3.8 11.4 138.0 24.2 72.6 9.4 28.2 4 hr. 36.0 3.0 12.0 144.0 18.9 75.8 7.3 29.4 5 hr. 29.0 2.4 12.0 145.0 15.3 76.3 5.9 29.6 8 hr. 19.0 1.6 12.8 152.0 10.0 80.0 3.9 31.0 10 hr. 16.0 1.3 13.0 160.0 8.4 84.2 3.3 32.7 20 hr. 8.0 0.7 14.0 160.0 4.2 84.2 1.6 32.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Appendix B

- Genesis®EP Discharge Rates

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 13EP

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 13EP

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

100

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 13EP

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

100

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure B-4: 13EP discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

Figure B-5: 16EP discharge data to 9V at 25°C

Figure B-6: 16EP discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

2 min. 1001.0 89.2 3.0 33.3 526.8 17.5 204.3 6.8 5 min. 647.0 57.8 4.8 53.9 340.5 28.4 132.0 11.0 10 min. 428.0 37.9 6.4 72.8 225.2 38.3 87.3 14.8 15 min. 328.0 28.8 7.2 82.0 172.6 43.2 66.9 16.7 20 min. 268.0 23.3 7.8 89.2 141.0 47.0 54.7 18.2 30 min. 199.0 17.1 8.6 99.5 104.7 52.4 40.6 20.3 45 min. 145.0 12.4 9.3 108.8 76.3 57.2 29.6 22.2 1 hr. 115.0 9.7 9.7 115.0 60.5 60.5 23.5 23.5 2 hr. 64.0 5.3 10.6 128.0 33.7 67.4 13.1 26.1 3 hr. 45.0 3.7 11.1 135.0 23.7 71.0 9.2 27.6 4 hr. 35.0 2.9 11.6 140.0 18.4 73.7 7.1 28.6 5 hr. 29.0 2.3 11.5 145.0 15.3 76.3 5.9 29.6 8 hr. 19.0 1.5 12.0 152.0 10.0 80.0 3.9 31.0 10 hr. 15.0 1.2 12.0 150.0 7.9 78.9 3.1 30.6 20 hr. 8.0 0.7 14.0 160.0 4.2 84.2 1.6 32.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1900 195.7 6.5 63.3 817.0 27.2 311.5 10.4 5 min. 1028 98.4 8.2 85.6 442.0 36.8 168.5 14.0 10 min. 624 57.2 9.5 104.0 268.3 44.7 102.3 17.1 15 min. 460 41.3 10.3 115.0 197.8 49.5 75.4 18.9 20 min. 368 32.7 10.9 122.7 158.2 52.7 60.3 20.1 30 min. 268 23.4 11.7 134.0 115.2 57.6 43.9 22.0 45 min. 192 16.6 12.5 144.0 82.6 61.9 31.5 23.6 1 hr. 151 13.0 13.0 151.0 64.9 64.9 24.8 24.8 2 hr. 83 7.1 14.2 166.0 35.7 71.4 13.6 27.2 3 hr. 58 4.9 14.7 174.0 24.9 74.8 9.5 28.5 4 hr. 45 3.8 15.2 180.0 19.4 77.4 7.4 29.5 5 hr. 37 3.1 15.5 185.0 15.9 79.6 6.1 30.3 8 hr. 24 2.0 16.0 192.0 10.3 82.6 3.9 31.5 10 hr. 19 1.6 16.0 190.0 8.2 81.7 3.1 31.1 20 hr. 10 0.8 16.0 200.0 4.3 86.0 1.6 32.8

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1674 161.2 5.4 55.7 719.8 24.0 274.4 9.1 5 min. 976 90.0 7.5 81.3 419.7 35.0 160.0 13.3 10 min. 610 54.8 9.1 101.7 262.3 43.7 100.0 16.7 15 min. 454 40.1 10.0 113.5 195.2 48.8 74.4 18.6 20 min. 364 32.0 10.7 121.3 156.5 52.2 59.7 19.9 30 min. 265 23.0 11.5 132.5 114.0 57.0 43.4 21.7 45 min. 190 16.3 12.2 142.5 81.7 61.3 31.1 23.4 1 hr. 149 12.7 12.7 149.0 64.1 64.1 24.4 24.4 2 hr. 82 6.9 13.8 164.0 35.3 70.5 13.4 26.9 3 hr. 57 4.8 14.4 171.0 24.5 73.5 9.3 28.0 4 hr. 44 3.7 14.8 176.0 18.9 75.7 7.2 28.9 5 hr. 36 3.0 15.0 180.0 15.5 77.4 5.9 29.5 8 hr. 23 2.0 16.0 184.0 9.9 79.1 3.8 30.2 10 hr. 19 1.6 16.0 190.0 8.2 81.7 3.1 31.1 20 hr. 10 0.8 16.0 200.0 4.3 86.0 1.6 32.8

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 13EP

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

100

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 16EP

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 16EP

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

100

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure B-7: 16EP discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

Figure B-8: 16EP discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

2 min. 1502 140.0 4.7 50.0 645.9 21.5 246.2 8.2 5 min. 919 83.0 6.9 76.6 395.2 32.9 150.7 12.5 10 min. 587 52.0 8.7 97.9 252.4 42.1 96.2 16.0 15 min. 441 38.6 9.7 110.3 189.6 47.4 72.3 18.1 20 min. 356 30.9 10.3 118.7 153.1 51.0 58.4 19.5 30 min. 260 22.3 11.2 130.0 111.8 55.9 42.6 21.3 45 min. 187 15.9 11.9 140.3 80.4 60.3 30.7 23.0 1 hr. 147 12.5 12.5 147.0 63.2 63.2 24.1 24.1 2 hr. 81 6.8 13.6 162.0 34.8 69.7 13.3 26.6 3 hr. 56 4.7 14.1 168.0 24.1 72.2 9.2 27.5 4 hr. 43 3.6 14.4 172.0 18.5 74.0 7.0 28.2 5 hr. 35 3.0 15.0 175.0 15.1 75.3 5.7 28.7 8 hr. 23 1.9 15.2 184.0 9.9 79.1 3.8 30.2 10 hr. 19 1.6 16.0 190.0 8.2 81.7 3.1 31.1 20 hr. 10 0.8 16.0 200.0 4.3 86.0 1.6 32.8

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1267 113.2 3.8 42.2 544.8 18.1 207.7 6.9 5 min. 832 72.9 6.1 69.3 357.8 29.8 136.4 11.4 10 min. 551 47.6 7.9 91.9 236.9 39.5 90.3 15.1 15 min. 419 36.0 9.0 104.8 180.2 45.0 68.7 17.2 20 min. 341 29.1 9.7 113.7 146.6 48.9 55.9 18.6 30 min. 251 21.3 10.7 125.5 107.9 54.0 41.1 20.6 45 min. 181 15.3 11.5 135.8 77.8 58.4 29.7 22.3 1 hr. 143 12.0 12.0 143.0 61.5 61.5 23.4 23.4 2 hr. 79 6.6 13.2 158.0 34.0 67.9 13.0 25.9 3 hr. 55 4.6 13.8 165.0 23.7 71.0 9.0 27.0 4 hr. 43 3.5 14.0 172.0 18.5 74.0 7.0 28.2 5 hr. 35 2.9 14.5 175.0 15.1 75.3 5.7 28.7 8 hr. 23 1.9 15.2 184.0 9.9 79.1 3.8 30.2 10 hr. 19 1.5 15.0 190.0 8.2 81.7 3.1 31.1 20 hr. 10 0.8 16.0 200.0 4.3 86.0 1.6 32.8

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure B-9: 26EP discharge data to 9V at 25°C

2 min. 2898 302.4 10.1 96.5 785.3 26.2 286.9 9.6 5 min. 1674 162.2 13.5 139.4 453.6 37.8 165.7 13.8 10 min. 1045 96.9 16.2 174.2 283.2 47.2 103.5 17.2 15 min. 778 70.6 17.7 194.5 210.8 52.7 77.0 19.3 20 min. 625 56.0 18.7 208.3 169.4 56.4 61.9 20.6 30 min. 454 40.0 20.0 227.0 123.0 61.5 45.0 22.5 45 min. 326 28.4 21.3 244.5 88.3 66.3 32.3 24.2 1 hr. 256 22.1 22.1 256.0 69.4 69.4 25.3 25.3 2 hr. 140 11.9 23.8 280.0 37.9 75.9 13.9 27.7 3 hr. 97 8.3 24.9 291.0 26.3 78.9 9.6 28.8 4 hr. 75 6.3 25.2 300.0 20.3 81.3 7.4 29.7 5 hr. 61 5.1 25.5 305.0 16.5 82.6 6.0 30.2 8 hr. 39 3.3 26.4 312.0 10.6 84.5 3.9 30.9 10 hr. 32 2.7 27.0 320.0 8.7 86.7 3.2 31.7 20 hr. 16 1.4 28.0 320.0 4.3 86.7 1.6 31.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 16EP

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

100

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 16EP

0.1

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 26EP

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

100

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure B-10: 26EP discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

2 min. 2419 235.8 7.9 80.6 655.5 21.8 239.5 8.0 5 min. 1532 143.4 11.9 127.6 415.1 34.6 151.7 12.6 10 min. 995 90.7 15.1 165.9 269.6 44.9 98.5 16.4 15 min. 751 67.4 16.9 187.8 203.5 50.9 74.4 18.6 20 min. 607 54.1 18.0 202.3 164.5 54.8 60.1 20.0 30 min. 444 39.0 19.5 222.0 120.3 60.2 44.0 22.0 45 min. 319 27.8 20.9 239.3 86.4 64.8 31.6 23.7 1 hr. 251 21.7 21.7 251.0 68.0 68.0 24.9 24.9 2 hr. 137 11.7 23.4 274.0 37.1 74.2 13.6 27.1 3 hr. 95 8.0 24.0 285.0 25.7 77.2 9.4 28.2 4 hr. 73 6.1 24.4 292.0 19.8 79.1 7.2 28.9 5 hr. 59 5.0 25.0 295.0 16.0 79.9 5.8 29.2 8 hr. 38 3.2 25.6 304.0 10.3 82.4 3.8 30.1 10 hr. 31 2.6 26.0 310.0 8.4 84.0 3.1 30.7 20 hr. 16 1.4 28.0 320.0 4.3 86.7 1.6 31.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure B-11: 26EP discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

Figure B-12: 26EP discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

2 min. 2141 200.9 6.7 71.3 580.2 19.3 212.0 7.1 5 min. 1424 129.9 10.8 118.6 385.9 32.1 141.0 11.7 10 min. 947 84.7 14.1 157.9 256.6 42.8 93.8 15.6 15 min. 721 63.8 16.0 180.3 195.4 48.8 71.4 17.8 20 min. 587 51.5 17.2 195.6 159.1 53.0 58.1 19.4 30 min. 431 37.5 18.8 215.5 116.8 58.4 42.7 21.3 45 min. 311 26.9 20.2 233.3 84.3 63.2 30.8 23.1 1 hr. 245 21.0 21.0 245.0 66.4 66.4 24.3 24.3 2 hr. 134 11.3 22.6 268.0 36.3 72.6 13.3 26.5 3 hr. 93 7.8 23.4 279.0 25.2 75.6 9.2 27.6 4 hr. 71 6.0 24.0 284.0 19.2 77.0 7.0 28.1 5 hr. 58 4.9 24.5 290.0 15.7 78.6 5.7 28.7 8 hr. 37 3.1 24.8 296.0 10.0 80.2 3.7 29.3 10 hr. 31 2.5 25.0 310.0 8.4 84.0 3.1 30.7 20 hr. 16 1.3 26.0 320.0 4.3 86.7 1.6 31.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

2 min. 1795 159.4 5.3 59.8 486.4 16.2 177.7 5.9 5 min. 1273 111.4 9.3 106.0 345.0 28.7 126.0 10.5 10 min. 876 75.8 12.6 146.0 237.4 39.6 86.7 14.5 15 min. 677 58.2 14.6 169.3 183.5 45.9 67.0 16.8 20 min. 555 47.5 15.8 185.0 150.4 50.1 55.0 18.3 30 min. 412 35.0 17.5 206.0 111.6 55.8 40.8 20.4 45 min. 299 25.3 19.0 224.3 81.0 60.8 29.6 22.2 1 hr. 236 19.9 19.9 236.0 64.0 64.0 23.4 23.4 2 hr. 130 10.8 21.6 260.0 35.2 70.5 12.9 25.7 3 hr. 90 7.5 22.5 270.0 24.4 73.2 8.9 26.7 4 hr. 69 5.7 22.8 276.0 18.7 74.8 6.8 27.3 5 hr. 56 4.7 23.5 280.0 15.2 75.9 5.5 27.7 8 hr. 37 3.0 24.0 296.0 10.0 80.2 3.7 29.3 10 hr. 29 2.4 24.0 290.0 7.9 78.6 2.9 28.7 20 hr. 16 1.3 26.0 320.0 4.3 86.7 1.6 31.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 26EP

0.01

Watts

0.1

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

110

100

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 26EP

0.01

Watts

0.1

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

110

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 26EP

0.01

Watts

0.1

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

110

100

www.enersys-emea.com

Figure B-13: 42EP discharge data to 9V at 25°C

2 min. 4046 417.0 13.9 134.7 724.8 24.1 271.5 9.0 5 min. 2498 240.5 20.0 208.1 447.5 37.3 167.7 14.0 10 min. 1607 148.3 24.7 267.9 287.9 48.0 107.9 18.0 15 min. 1210 109.2 27.3 302.5 216.7 54.2 81.2 20.3 20 min. 979 87.2 29.1 326.3 175.4 58.5 65.7 21.9 30 min. 716 62.7 31.4 358.0 128.3 64.1 48.1 24.0 45 min. 516 44.6 33.5 387.0 92.4 69.3 34.6 26.0 1 hr. 406 34.8 34.8 406.0 72.7 72.7 27.2 27.2 2 hr. 223 18.8 37.6 446.0 39.9 79.9 15.0 29.9 3 hr. 155 13.1 39.3 465.0 27.8 83.3 10.4 31.2 4 hr. 119 10.0 40.0 476.0 21.3 85.3 8.0 31.9 5 hr. 98 8.2 41.0 490.0 17.6 87.8 6.6 32.9 8 hr. 64 5.3 42.4 512.0 11.5 91.7 4.3 34.4 10 hr. 52 4.3 43.0 520.0 9.3 93.1 3.5 34.9 20 hr. 28 2.3 46.0 560.0 5.0 100.3 1.9 37.6

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure B-14: 42EP discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

2 min. 3317 322.3 10.7 110.5 594.2 19.8 222.6 7.4 5 min. 2291 212.0 17.7 190.8 410.4 34.2 153.8 12.8 10 min. 1540 138.4 23.1 256.7 275.9 46.0 103.4 17.2 15 min. 1173 104.1 26.0 293.3 210.1 52.5 78.7 19.7 20 min. 953 83.8 27.9 317.6 170.7 56.9 64.0 21.3 30 min. 698 60.8 30.4 349.0 125.0 62.5 46.8 23.4 45 min. 502 43.3 32.5 376.5 89.9 67.4 33.7 25.3 1 hr. 394 33.8 33.8 394.0 70.6 70.6 26.4 26.4 2 hr. 215 18.2 36.4 430.0 38.5 77.0 14.4 28.9 3 hr. 149 12.6 37.8 447.0 26.7 80.1 10.0 30.0 4 hr. 115 9.7 38.8 460.0 20.6 82.4 7.7 30.9 5 hr. 94 7.9 39.5 470.0 16.8 84.2 6.3 31.5 8 hr. 62 5.1 40.8 496.0 11.1 88.8 4.2 33.3 10 hr. 51 4.2 42.0 510.0 9.1 91.4 3.4 34.2 20 hr. 28 2.3 46.0 560.0 5.0 100.3 1.9 37.6

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure B-15: 42EP discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

2 min. 2978 279.9 9.3 99.2 533.5 17.8 199.9 6.7 5 min. 2130 193.0 16.1 177.4 381.6 31.8 143.0 11.9 10 min. 1461 129.4 21.6 243.5 261.7 43.6 98.1 16.3 15 min. 1124 98.5 24.6 281.0 201.3 50.3 75.4 18.9 20 min. 919 80.0 26.7 306.3 164.6 54.9 61.7 20.6 30 min. 678 58.5 29.3 339.0 121.5 60.7 45.5 22.8 45 min. 491 42.0 31.5 368.3 88.0 66.0 33.0 24.7 1 hr. 386 32.9 32.9 386.0 69.1 69.1 25.9 25.9 2 hr. 212 17.9 35.8 424.0 38.0 76.0 14.2 28.5 3 hr. 147 12.4 37.2 441.0 26.3 79.0 9.9 29.6 4 hr. 113 9.5 38.0 452.0 20.2 81.0 7.6 30.3 5 hr. 93 7.7 38.5 465.0 16.7 83.3 6.2 31.2 8 hr. 61 5.0 40.0 488.0 10.9 87.4 4.1 32.8 10 hr. 50 4.1 41.0 500.0 9.0 89.6 3.4 33.6 20 hr. 28 2.3 46.0 560.0 5.0 100.3 1.9 37.6

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 42EP

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

100

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 42EP

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 42EP

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

100

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Figure B-16: 42EP discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

Figure B-17: 70EP discharge data to 9V at 25°C

Figure B-18: 70EP discharge data to 10.02V at 25°C

2 min. 2581 231.2 7.7 85.9 462.3 15.4 173.2 5.8 5 min. 1901 167.4 13.9 158.4 340.5 28.4 127.6 10.6 10 min. 1338 116.1 19.4 223.0 239.7 40.0 89.8 15.0 15 min. 1046 90.0 22.5 261.5 187.4 46.8 70.2 17.6 20 min. 863 73.9 24.6 287.6 154.6 51.5 57.9 19.3 30 min. 646 54.9 27.5 323.0 115.7 57.9 43.4 21.7 45 min. 473 39.9 29.9 354.8 84.7 63.5 31.7 23.8 1 hr. 376 31.5 31.5 376.0 67.4 67.4 25.2 25.2 2 hr. 208 17.3 34.6 416.0 37.3 74.5 14.0 27.9 3 hr. 145 12.1 36.3 435.0 26.0 77.9 9.7 29.2 4 hr. 112 9.3 37.2 448.0 20.1 80.3 7.5 30.1 5 hr. 91 7.6 38.0 455.0 16.3 81.5 6.1 30.5 8 hr. 59 4.9 39.2 472.0 10.6 84.6 4.0 31.7 10 hr. 48 4.0 40.0 480.0 8.6 86.0 3.2 32.2 20 hr. 26 2.2 44.0 520.0 4.7 93.1 1.7 34.9

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

2 min. 6186 655.5 21.8 206.0 632.0 21.0 254.6 8.5 5 min. 3924 380.3 31.7 326.9 400.9 33.4 161.5 13.5 10 min. 2552 235.0 39.2 425.4 260.7 43.5 105.0 17.5 15 min. 1926 173.1 43.3 481.5 196.8 49.2 79.3 19.8 20 min. 1560 138.2 46.1 519.9 159.4 53.1 64.2 21.4 30 min. 1143 99.6 49.8 571.5 116.8 58.4 47.0 23.5 45 min. 822 70.7 53.0 616.5 84.0 63.0 33.8 25.4 1 hr. 644 55.0 55.0 644.0 65.8 65.8 26.5 26.5 2 hr. 349 29.5 59.0 698.0 35.7 71.3 14.4 28.7 3 hr. 241 20.3 60.9 723.0 24.6 73.9 9.9 29.8 4 hr. 185 15.6 62.4 740.0 18.9 75.6 7.6 30.5 5 hr. 151 12.6 63.0 755.0 15.4 77.1 6.2 31.1 8 hr. 97 8.1 64.8 776.0 9.9 79.3 4.0 31.9 10 hr. 79 6.6 66.0 790.0 8.1 80.7 3.3 32.5 20 hr. 41 3.5 70.0 820.0 4.2 83.8 1.7 33.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

2 min. 4938 476.2 15.9 164.4 504.5 16.8 203.2 6.8 5 min. 3525 325.6 27.1 293.6 360.1 30.0 145.1 12.1 10 min. 2416 217.2 36.2 402.7 246.8 41.1 99.4 16.6 15 min. 1858 164.8 41.2 464.5 189.8 47.5 76.5 19.1 20 min. 1517 133.4 44.5 505.6 155.0 51.7 62.4 20.8 30 min. 1118 97.2 48.6 559.0 114.2 57.1 46.0 23.0 45 min. 806 69.5 52.1 604.5 82.3 61.8 33.2 24.9 1 hr. 633 54.2 54.2 633.0 64.7 64.7 26.0 26.0 2 hr. 343 29.1 58.2 686.0 35.0 70.1 14.1 28.2 3 hr. 237 20.0 60.0 711.0 24.2 72.6 9.8 29.3 4 hr. 182 15.2 60.8 728.0 18.6 74.4 7.5 30.0 5 hr. 148 12.4 62.0 740.0 15.1 75.6 6.1 30.5 8 hr. 95 7.9 63.2 760.0 9.7 77.6 3.9 31.3 10 hr. 77 6.5 65.0 770.0 7.9 78.7 3.2 31.7 20 hr. 41 3.4 68.0 820.0 4.2 83.8 1.7 33.7

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 42EP

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

100

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 70EP

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 9V at 25°C (77°F)

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 70EP

0.01

0.1

Watts

110

Hours to 10.02V at 25°C (77°F)

100

www.enersys-emea.com

2 min. 4328 404.1 13.5 144.1 442.2 14.7 178.1 5.9 5 min. 3241 293.3 24.4 270.0 331.1 27.6 133.4 11.1 10 min. 2279 202.2 33.7 379.9 232.8 38.8 93.8 15.6 15 min. 1773 155.6 38.9 443.3 181.1 45.3 73.0 18.2 20 min. 1458 127.1 42.4 486.0 149.0 49.6 60.0 20.0 30 min. 1082 93.5 46.8 541.0 110.5 55.3 44.5 22.3 45 min. 785 67.3 50.5 588.8 80.2 60.1 32.3 24.2 1 hr. 619 52.8 52.8 619.0 63.2 63.2 25.5 25.5 2 hr. 337 28.5 57.0 674.0 34.4 68.9 13.9 27.7 3 hr. 233 19.6 58.8 699.0 23.8 71.4 9.6 28.8 4 hr. 179 14.9 59.6 716.0 18.3 73.1 7.4 29.5 5 hr. 145 12.1 60.5 725.0 14.8 74.1 6.0 29.8 8 hr. 94 7.8 62.4 752.0 9.6 76.8 3.9 30.9 10 hr. 76 6.3 63.0 760.0 7.8 77.6 3.1 31.3 20 hr. 40 3.3 66.0 800.0 4.1 81.7 1.6 32.9

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Figure B-19: 70EP discharge data to 10.5V at 25°C

Figure B-20: 70EP discharge data to 11.1V at 25°C

2 min. 3791 326.1 10.9 126.2 387.3 12.9 156.0 5.2 5 min. 2846 251.8 21.0 237.1 290.8 24.2 117.1 9.8 10 min. 2071 180.3 30.1 345.2 211.6 35.3 85.2 14.2 15 min. 1638 141.4 35.4 409.5 167.3 41.8 67.4 16.9 20 min. 1361 116.9 39.0 453.6 139.0 46.3 56.0 18.7 30 min. 1024 87.3 43.7 512.0 104.6 52.3 42.1 21.1 45 min. 751 63.6 47.7 563.3 76.7 57.5 30.9 23.2 1 hr. 595 50.2 50.2 595.0 60.8 60.8 24.5 24.5 2 hr. 328 27.4 54.8 656.0 33.5 67.0 13.5 27.0 1 hr. 227 18.9 56.7 681.0 23.2 69.6 9.3 28.0 4 hr. 174 14.5 58.0 696.0 17.8 71.1 7.2 28.6 5 hr. 141 11.8 59.0 705.0 14.4 72.0 5.8 29.0 8 hr. 91 7.5 60.0 728.0 9.3 74.4 3.7 30.0 10 hr. 74 6.1 61.0 740.0 7.6 75.6 3.0 30.5 20 hr. 39 3.2 64.0 780.0 4.0 79.7 1.6 32.1

Time Watts Amps Capacity Energy

(W) (A) (Ah) (Wh) W/litre Wh/litre W/kg Wh/kg

ENERGY AND POWER DENSITIES

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 70EP

0.01

Watts

0.1

Hours to 10.5V at 25°C (77°F)

110

100

Amps

10000

1000

100

Watts or amps per 70EP

0.01

Watts

0.1

Hours to 11.1V at 25°C (77°F)

110

100

www.enersys-emea.com

Notes

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Notes

Publication No: EN-GPL-AM-005 - September 2011 - Subject to revisions without prior notice. E.&O.E.

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