Elenco Electronics AK-510 Assembly And Instruction Manual

MOTION DETECTOR KIT

MODEL AK-510

Assembly and Instruction Manual

Elenco®Electronics, Inc.

ight © 2006, 1994 b

yr

Cop

t of this book shall be reproduced b

No par

y Elenco

®

Electronics

y means;

y an

, Inc.

electronic

ights reser

All r

, photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.

ved. Revised 2006 REV-N 753010

PARTS LIST

If you are a student, and any parts are missing or damaged, please see instructor or bookstore.
I

f you purchased this kit from a distributor, catalog, etc., please contact Elenco®E

mail is at the back of this manual) for additional assistance, if needed. DO NOT contact your place of purchase
as they will not be able to help you.

RESISTORS

Qty. Symbol Description Color Code Part #

1 R16 300Ω 5% 1/4W orange-black-brown-gold 133000
1 R15 5.6kΩ 5% 1/4W green-blue-red-gold 145600
1 R5 39kΩ 5% 1/4W orange-white-orange-gold 153900
4 R1, 2, 8, 9 47kΩ 5% 1/4W yellow-violet-orange-gold 154700
1 R3 75kΩ 5% 1/4W violet-green-orange-gold 157500
1 R14 270kΩ 5% 1/4W red-violet-yellow-gold 162700
2 R11, R12 300kΩ 5% 1/4W orange-black-yellow-gold 163000
1 R13 470kΩ 5% 1/4W yellow-violet-yellow-gold 164700
1 R10 510kΩ 5% 1/4W green-brown-yellow-gold 165100
1 R6 620kΩ 5% 1/4W blue-red-yellow-gold 166200
1 R7 1.2MΩ 5% 1/4W brown-red-green-gold 171200
1 R4 1.6MΩ 5% 1/4W brown-blue-green-gold 171600

CAPACITORS

Qty. Symbol Value Description Part #

1 C8 500pF (501) Discap 225080
1 C9 .01µF (103) Discap 241031
2 C2, C3 10µF 25V Electrolytic (Lytic) 271045
2 C4, C5 22µF 25V Electrolytic (Lytic) 272245
2 C1, C6 100µF 16V Electrolytic (Lytic) 281044

lectronics (address/phone/e-

SEMICONDUCTORS

Qty. Symbol Value Description Part #

1 D1 1N4148 Diode 314148
1 Q1 MPSA18 Transistor NPN 320018
1 IC1 LM324 Integrated Circuit 330324
1 IC2 HT2812G Integrated Circuit 332812
1 IC3 78L05 Integrated Circuit 338L05
1 S1 LHI-954 / KDS245 Infrared Detector 350954

MISCELLANEOUS

Qty. Description Part #

1 PC Board 517019
1 Speaker w/ Wires 520813
1 Switch Key 540105
1 SW1 - Slide Switch 541007
1 Battery Snap 590098
1 Front Cover 623104
1 Back Cover 623202
1 Mounting Bracket 626004

Resistor Battery Snap

Qty. Description Part #

1 Battery Cover 626005
2 Screw #4 x 1/4” 642430
2 Screw #4 x 5/8” 643450
2 Washer #4 (Fiber) 645404
1 Socket IC 8-Pin 664008
1 Socket IC 14-Pin 664014
1 Solder Tube 9ST4

Integrated Cir

cuit

Switch

PARTS

IDENTIFICATION

Note:

the LHI-954 Infrared
Detector is the date code

The text printed on

.

Capacitor

Electrolytic

Discap

Diode

Infrared Detector

Transistor

Integrated

Circuit

Socket

Speaker

-1-

IDENTIFYING RESISTOR VALUES

Use the following information as a guide in properly identifying the value of resistors.

BAND 1

1st Digit

Color Digit
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9

BAND 2

2nd Digit

Color Digit
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9

2 Multiplier Tolerance

1

Multiplier

Color Multiplier
Black 1
Brown 10
Red 100
Orange 1,000
Yellow 10,000
Green 100,000
Blue 1,000,000
Silver 0.01
Gold 0.1

BANDS

Resistance

Tolerance

Color Tolerance
Silver +
Gold +5%
Brown +1%
Red +2%
Orange +3%
Green +
Blue +.25%
Violet +.1%

10%

.5%

IDENTIFYING CAPACITOR VALUES

Capacitors will be identified by their capacitance value in pF (picofarads), nF (nanofarads), or µF (microfarads). Most
capacitors will have their actual value printed on them. Some capacitors may have their value printed in the following
manner. The maximum operating voltage may also be printed on the capacitor.

Multiplier

10µF 16V

For the No. 01234589
Multiply By 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k .01 0.1

Note: The letter “R” may be used at times
to signify a decimal point; as in 3R3 = 3.3

The letter M indicates a toler
The letter K indicates a tolerance of +
The letter J indicates a toler

103K

100V

First Digit
Second Digit
Multiplier

olerance

T

Maximum Working Voltage

ance of +20%

10%

ance of +5%

The value is 10 x 1,000 = 10,000pF or .01µF 100V

METRIC UNITS AND CONVERSIONS

viation Means Multiply Unit By Or

Abbre

p Pico .000000000001 10
n
µ micro .000001 10

m milli .001 10

– unit 1 10
k kilo 1,000 10

M

nano

mega

.000000001

1,000,000

10

10

1,000 pico units

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

1.

2. 1,000 nano units = 1 micro unit

3. 1,000 micro units = 1 milli unit
1,000 milli units

4.

5. 1,000 units = 1 kilo unit

6. 1,000 kilo units = 1 mega unit

= 1 nano unit

= 1 unit

-2-

CONSTRUCTION

Introduction

The most important factor in assembling your AK-510 Motion Detector Kit is good soldering techniques. Using
the proper soldering iron is of prime importance. A small pencil type soldering iron of 25 - 40 watts is
recommended. The tip of the iron must be kept clean at all times and well tinned.

Safety Procedures

• Wear eye protection when soldering.
Locate soldering iron in an area where you do not have to go around it or reach over it.

•

• Do not hold solder in your mouth. Solder contains lead and is a toxic substance. Wash your hands
thoroughly after handling solder.

• Be sure that there is adequate ventilation present.

Assemble Components

In all of the following assembly steps, the components must be installed on the top side of the PC board unless
otherwise indicated. The top legend shows where each component goes. The leads pass through the
corresponding holes in the board and are soldered on the foil side.

Use only rosin core solder of 63/37 alloy.
DO NOT USE ACID CORE SOLDER!

What Good Soldering Looks Like

A good solder connection should be bright, shiny,
smooth, and uniformly flowed over all surfaces.

1. Solder all components from

the copper foil side only.
Push the soldering iron tip
against both the lead and
the circuit board foil.

2. Apply a small amount of

solder to the iron tip. This
allows the heat to leave the
iron and onto the f
Immediately apply solder to
the opposite side of the
connection, away from the
iron. Allow the heated
component and the circuit

oil to melt the solder.

f

Allow the solder to flo

3.

around the connection.
Then, remove the solder
and the iron and let the
connection cool.
solder should have flowed
smoothly and not lump
around the wire lead.

4.

Here is what a good solder
connection looks like.

oil.

The

Component Lead

Foil

Solder

Foil

w

Solder

F

oil

Soldering Iron

Circuit Board

Soldering Iron

Soldering Iron

Types of Poor Soldering Connections

1. Insufficient heat - the

solder will not flow onto the
lead as shown.

2. Insufficient solder - let the

solder flow over the
connection until it is

vered. Use just enough

co
solder to co
connection.

3. Excessive solder - could

make connections that you
did not intend to between
adjacent foil areas or

minals.

ter

4. Solder bridges - occur

when solder runs between
circuit paths and creates a
short circuit. This is usually
caused by using too much
solder. To correct this,
simply dr
iron across the solder
bridge as shown.

ag y

ver the

our solder

ing

Rosin

Soldering iron positioned
incorrectly.

Solder

Component Lead

Solder

Solder

Foil

ing Iron

Dr

Gap

ag

-3-

INTRODUCTION

The AK-510 is an infrared motion detector kit. The objective of the kit is to teach the operations of the four
sections that make up the kit. The four sections are shown in the block diagram below.

POWER

SUPPLY

INFRARED

DETECTOR

OPERATIONAL

AMPLIFIERS

TONE

GENERATOR

FILTERS

There are many applications for the use of the detector. The most common is in the alarm system industry.
Some of the new applications are automatic door openers, light switches in hallways, stairways and areas that
increase safety for the public. Further applications can be seen in automatic production lines, switching of
sanitary facilities, monitors and intercoms. With the ease of installation and the low suspectibility to interference
from other forms of radiation, such as heaters or windows, the IR detectors are ideal devices.

POWER SUPPLY (see page 16)

A 9 volt battery is used to supply the DC v
the circuit. The battery voltage must be regulated
(held as close as possible) to 5 volts. This is done by
circuits called voltage regulators

In order to see how this is accomplished, let’s
consider the analogy of a water tower. Voltage in
electronics can be compared to water pressure in
a water system.
water tower, the pressure at the bottom of the
tower can be quite high. In order to keep a
constant pressure in the w
houses, the pressure must be lowered and held
constant.

When water is pumped into a

.

ater pipes that go to the

oltage to

Consider the system shown in Figure 1. As
people draw water into their homes, the pressure
on the low pressure side of the valve drops. The
spring pulls the valve arm inside the pipe up along
opening the v
the pipe. As the pressure on the low pressure
side increases, it pushes the valve arm inside the
pipe down closing the valve and stretching the
spring. By increasing the spring pressure on the

m, the pressure on the lo

ar
increase to close the v
of the spring, therefore sets the value of the
pressure on the low pressure side of the system.
The force of the spring is called the reference
pressure.

Voltage in electronics is the analogy to pressure in water pipes. A voltage greater than 7V is applied to the
input of high voltage side of the regulator. A fixed reference voltage inside the regulator will set the low voltage
output at 5 volts +5%. This is accomplished in a manner very similar to our water tower analogy. The output
voltage is filtered or made smooth (no ripples) by capacitor C6 (100

alve and allowing more water into

w side will ha

alve. The force or pressure

ve to

Figure 1

µF).

-4-

INFRARED DETECTOR

I

nfrared light was first discovered back in 1801 by W.
Herschel. Infrared is a form of radiated energy in
which the wavelength is longer than the wavelength
of visible light. A wavelength can best be understood
by the physical analogy shown in Figure 2.

w

hen it strikes a solid surface. All solid bodies at a
temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
radiation. As a body’s temperature rises, the shorter
the resulting wavelengths become. The human
body’s maximum thermal radiation is between 9µm
and 10µm in the infrared stage. Motion can be
detected by special elements which are highly
sensitive in the infrared range. Such devices are
called Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors.

PYROELECTRIC EFFECT

When certain materials change temperature, they
produce electricity. A Pyroelectric crystal is an
example of such a material. If a Pyroelectric crystal
has been at the same temperature for a period of
time, there will be no voltage across it’s electrodes.
When the crystal temperature changes, a voltage is
produced at the electrodes of the crystal element.
This type of crystal is used in this motion detector kit
inside the infrared (IR) detector.

Figure 2

If you w

ere standing at the beach w
waves come in to shore, you would be able to see
the peaks of each wave as they approached. If you
could measure the distance from one peak to the
next, you would know the “Wavelength” of those
waves. We will use the eleventh letter of the Greek
alphabet

“λ” (lambda) to represent the distance

between valleys to determine the length of the wave
(see Figure 2). A wavelength can be defined as the
distance between any two exactly equal points on
identically repeating waves.

What would happen if we reduced the distance

een the peaks to 1/2 the original distance.

betw

ould it not be true, the peaks would strike the

W
shore twice as often as before? The frequency of
the peaks reaching the shore would be twice that of
the longer wave. For people who like big words, we

ould sa

w

y “Frequency is inversely proportional to
the wavelength”. In simple words, “If the wavelength
goes up, the frequency goes down and if the
wavelength goes down, the frequency goes up”.
The mathematics of waves applies also to the
radiation of light. It is common practice, therefore, to

ves. The wavelength of

talk about light as lightw

ared light r

infr

anges from .78 micrometers (

a

100 (µm). A micrometer is one millionth of a meter.

Infrared can be thought of as heat radiation
because the radiant energy is transformed into heat

atching the

µm) to

INTERNAL DESIGN

The IR detector contains tw
with each other in opposite polarity and with a 1
millimeter (mm) optical spacing.
are located behind an optical filter or lens (see
Figure 3). The output power of the crystals is very

w. A special device called the Field Effect

lo
Transistor (FET) is used to increase the power
output. The FET can be compared to water pipes as
shown in Figure 4. The center of a small section of
pipe is made of thin, flexible r
water from a third pipe called the gate. When
pressure (voltage) is applied to the gate
tube closes and pinches off the flo
(current) from source to drain. In a similar manner,
as infrared radiation is detected, the crystals
produce a voltage at the gate

Optical Filter

Crystals

Dual Element Detector Scheme

Infr

Gate

o crystals connected

These two crystals

ubber surrounded b

, the rubber

w of water

of the FET.

ared Rays

Drain

Source
Resistor
Ground

Figure 3

y

-5-