Edimax Technology ES-5240G+ User Manual

ES-5240G+

24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

User's Manual

Version 1.0 / June 2007

Copyright© 2007 Edimax. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Edimax. Edimax makes no representations or warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the contents hereof and specifically disclaims any warranties, merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Any software described in this manual is sold or licensed "as is". Should the programs prove defective following their purchase, the buyer (and not Edimax, its distributor, or its dealer) assumes the entire cost of all necessary servicing, repair, and any incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defect in the software. Further, Edimax this company reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the contents thereof without obligation to notify any person of such revision or changes.

Table of Contents

Caution ..................................................................................................................................v

Electronic Emission Notices .................................................................................................. v

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................1

1-1. Overview of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch ................................................................1

1-2. Checklist.........................................................................................................................2

1-3. Features .........................................................................................................................2

1-4. View of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch........................................................................4

1-4-1. User Interfaces on the Front Panel (Button, LEDs and Plugs)...............................4

1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel ......................................................................... 5

1-5. View of the Optional Modules ........................................................................................6

2. Installation .........................................................................................................................7

2-1. Starting 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch Up..................................................................7

2-1-1. Hardware and Cable Installation ............................................................................7

2-1-2. Cabling Requirements ............................................................................................8

2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch.............13

2-1-4. IP Address Assignment.........................................................................................15

2-2. Typical Applications......................................................................................................20

3. Basic Concept and Management....................................................................................22

3-1. What’s the Ethernet......................................................................................................22

3-2. Media Access Control (MAC).......................................................................................25

3-3. Flow Control .................................................................................................................31

3-4. How does a switch work?.............................................................................................34

3-5. Virtual LAN ...................................................................................................................38

3-6. Link Aggregation ..........................................................................................................44

4. Operation of Web-based Management .............................................................................46

4-1. Web Management Home Overview .............................................................................47

4-2. Configuration................................................................................................................49

4-2-1. System Configuration ...........................................................................................50

4-2-2. Ports Configuration...............................................................................................53

4-2-3. VLAN Mode Configuration....................................................................................54

4-2-4. VLAN Group Configuration...................................................................................56

4-2-5. Aggregation...........................................................................................................58

4-2-6. LACP ....................................................................................................................59

4-2-7. RSTP ....................................................................................................................60

4-2-8. 802.1X ..................................................................................................................62

4-2-9 IGMP Snooping .....................................................................................................69

4-2-10. Mirror Configuration............................................................................................70

4-2-11. QoS(Quality of Service) Configuration ...............................................................71

4-2-12 Filter.....................................................................................................................74

4-2-13 Rate Limit.............................................................................................................76

4-2-14 Storm Control.......................................................................................................77

4-2-15 SNMP ..................................................................................................................79

4-3. Monitoring ....................................................................................................................81

4-3-1. Statistics Overview ...............................................................................................82

4-3-2. Detailed Statistics .................................................................................................83

4-3-3. LACP Status .........................................................................................................87

4-3-4. RSTP Status ......................................................................................................... 88

iii

4-3-5. IGMP Status..........................................................................................................90

4-3-6. Ping Status............................................................................................................92

4-4. Maintenance.................................................................................................................94

4-4-1. Warm Restart........................................................................................................95

4-4-2. Factory Default .....................................................................................................96

4-4-3. Software Upgrade.................................................................................................97

4-4-4. Configuration File Transfer ...................................................................................98

4-4-5. Logout...................................................................................................................99

5. Maintenace .......................................................................................................................100

5-1. Resolving No Link Condition......................................................................................100

5-2. Q&A............................................................................................................................100

Appendix A Technical Specifications.....................................................................................101

Appendix B MIB Specifications..............................................................................................105

Caution

Circuit devices are sensitive to static electricity, which can damage their delicate electronics. Dry weather conditions or walking across a carpeted floor may cause you to acquire a static electrical charge.

To protect your device, always:

• Touch the metal chassis of your computer to ground the static electrical charge before you pick up the circuit device.

• Pick up the device by holding it on the left and right edges only.

Electronic Emission Notices

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment.

European Community (CE) Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the protection requirements of European Emission Standard EN55022/EN60555-2 and the Generic European Immunity Standard EN50082-1.

EMC:

EN55022(1988)/CISPR-22(1985) class A EN60555-2(1995) class A EN60555-3 IEC1000-4-2(1995) 4K V CD, 8KV, AD IEC1000-4-3(1995) 3V/m IEC1000-4-4(1995) 1KV – (power line), 0.5KV – (signal line)

1. Introduction

1-1. Overview of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

24-port Gigabit Web Smart Switch is a standalone switch that meets IEEE

802.3/u/x/z standards. The switch is equipped with included 20 x 10/100/1000Mbps TP port and 4 x Gigabit TP/SFP Fiber auto-sense port Web Smart management Ethernet Switch. The switch is designed to incorporate a Web-based management unit that allows the network administrator to access the switch to monitor, configure and control the activity of each port. In addition, the switch implements the QoS (Quality of Service), VLAN, and Trunking features. It is suitable and optimized for office applications.

Port 21, 22, 23 and 24 are designed to support two types of connectors --TP and SFP Fiber (LC, BiDi-SC…). Each of these ports supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber with auto-sense function. The 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for high-speed connected expansion.

⎯ 　 1000Mbps LC, Multi-Mode, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 　 1000Mbps LC, 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 　 1000Mbps LC, 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 　 1000Mbps LC, 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 　 1000Mbps BiDi-SC, 20km, 1550nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

⎯ 　 1000Mbps BiDi-SC, 20km, 1310nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

The 10/100/1000Mbps TP is a standard Ethernet port that meets IEEE

802.3/u/x/z standards. The 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is a Gigabit Ethernet port that fully complies with all IEEE 802.3z and 1000Base-SX/LX standards.

1000Mbps Single Fiber WDM (BiDi) transceiver is designed with an optic Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology that transports bi-directional full duplex signal over a single fiber simultaneously.

•

Key Features in the Device

QoS:

Supports 802.1p VLAN tag priority and DSCP in Layer 3 network framework

VLAN:

Supports Port-based VLAN, IEEE802.1Q Tag VLAN, 24 active VLANs and VLAN ID 1~4094

Port Trunking:

Allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a Link Aggregation Group by the static setting

1-2. Checklist

Before you start installing the switch, verify that the package contains the following:

 　 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch  　 SFP Modules (optional)  　 Mounting Accessory (for 19＂ Rack Shelf)  　 CD-ROM with User's Manual  　 Power Adapter

Please notify your sales representative immediately if any of the aforementioned items is missing or damaged.

1-3. Features

The 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch is a standalone off-the-shelf switch. It securely serves your network and efficiently provides comprehensive features for the users to perform system network administration as listed below.

•

Hardware

• 20 10/100/1000Mbps Auto-negotiation Gigabit Ethernet TP ports

• 4 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber dual media auto sense

• 400KB on-chip frame buffer

• Jumbo frame support

• Programmable classifier for QoS (Layer 2/Layer 3)

• 8K MAC address and support VLAN ID (1~4094)

• Per-port shaping, policing, and Broadcast Storm Control

• IEEE802.1Q-in-Q VLAN support

• Full-duplex flow control (IEEE802.3x) and half-duplex backpressure

• Extensive front-panel diagnostic LEDs; System: Power, TP Port1-24: LINK/ACT, 10/100/1000Mbps, SFP Port 21, 22, 23,24: SFP(LINK/ACT)

• Management

• Supports concisely the status of port and easily port configuration

• Supports per port traffic monitoring counters

• Supports a snapshot of the system information when you login

• Supports port mirror function

• Supports the static trunk function

• Supports 802.1Q VLAN

• Supports user management and limits one user to login

• Maximal packet length can be up to 9600 bytes for jumbo frame application

• Supports Broadcasting Suppression to avoid network suspended or crashed

• Supports to send the trap event while monitored events happened

• Supports default configuration which can be restored to overwrite the current

configuration which is working on via Web UI and Reset button of the switch

• Supports hot swap plug/unplug SFP modules

• Supports Quality of Service (QoS) for real time applications based on the information taken from Layer 2 to Layer 3.

• Built-in web-based management instead of using CLI interface, providing a more convenient GUI for the user

1-4. View of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

Fig. 1-1 Full View of 24-PORT GBE WEB SMART SWITCH

1-4-1. User Interfaces on the Front Panel (Button, LEDs and Plugs)

There are 24 TP Gigabit Ethernet ports and 4 SFP fiber ports for optional removable modules on the front panel of the switch. LED display area. Locating on the left side of the panel, Power LED, which indicates the power status and 24 ports working status of the switch.

TP Port Status Indication LEDs

Power Indication LED

Fiber Port Status Indication LEDs

Fig. 1-2 Front View of 24-PORT GBE WEB SMART

Gigabit Ethernet Port

RESET Button:

RESET button is used to restore the system default setting.

SFP Fiber Port

• LED Indicators

LED Color Function

System LED

POWER Green

10/100/1000Ethernet TP Port 1 to 24 LED

LINK/ACT Green

10/100/1000Mbps

1000SX/LX Gigabit Fiber Port 21, 22, 23, 24 LED

SFP(LINK/ACT) Green

Green/ Amber

Lit when +3.3V power is coming up

Lit when connection with remote device is good Blinks when any traffic is present

Lit Green when TP link on 1000Mbps speed Lit Amber when TP link on 100Mbps speed Off when 10Mbps or no link occur Blinks when any traffic is present

Lit when SFP connection with remote device is good Blinks when any traffic is present

Table1-ES-5240G+ LED Indicators table

1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel

AC Line 100-240V 50/60 Hz

Fig. 1-3 Rear View of 24-PORT GBE WEB SMART SWITCH

1-5. View of the Optional Modules

Port 21~24 on this switch support two types of media --- TP and SFP Fiber (LC, BiDi-SC…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for highspeed connection expansion; nine optional SFP types provided for the switch are listed below:

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, MM, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 70km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 110km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps BiDi SC, type 1, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps BiDi SC, type 2, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver with DDM

Fig. 1-4 Front View of 1000Base-SX/LX LC, SFP Fiber Transceiver

Fig. 1-5 Front View of 1000Base-LX BiDi SC SFP Fiber Transceiver

2. Installation

2-1. Starting 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch Up

This section will give users a quick start for:

- Hardware and Cable Installation

- Management Station Installation

- Software booting and configuration

2-1-1. Hardware and Cable Installation

At the beginning, please do first:

ÆWear a grounding device to avoid the damage from electrostatic discharge. Be

sure that power switch is OFF before you plug in AC power source

ÆInstalling Optional SFP Fiber Transceivers to the 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

Note: If you do not have modules, please skip this section.

• Connecting the SFP Module to the Chassis:

The optional SFP modules are hot swappable, so you can plug or unplug before or

1. Verify that the SFP module is the right model and conform to the chassis

2. Slide the module along the slot. Also be sure that the module is properly

seated on the slot socket/connector

3. Install the media cable for network connection

4. Repeat the above steps, as needed, for each module to be installed into

slot(s)

5. Turn the power ON after the above procedures are done

Fig. 2-1 Installation of Optional SFP Fiber Transceive

them

while the power is turn on

• TP Port and Cable Installation

⇒ In the switch, TP port supports MDI/MDI-X auto-crossover, so both types of

cable, straight-through (Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 1, 2, 3, 6 in 10/100M TP; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 in Gigabit TP) and crossed-over (Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 3, 6, 1, 2) can be used.

⇒ Use Cat. 5 grade RJ-45 TP cable to connect to a TP port of the switch. Connect

the other end to a network-aware device, such as a workstation or a server.

⇒ Repeat the above steps as needed, for each RJ-45 port to be connected to a

Gigabit 10/100/1000 TP device.

The switch is now in operation.

• Power On

The switch supports 100-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz power sources.The power supply will automatically convert the local AC power source to DC power. After the power is on, all LED indicators will flash once except the power LED which will stay on. This represents a reset of the system.

• Firmware Loading

Once reset, the bootloader will load the firmware into the memory. It will take about 30 seconds. once and automatically perform a self test and then in ready state.

Once firmware loading is finished the switch will flash all LEDs

2-1-2. Cabling Requirements

To help ensure a successful installation and optimize the network performance, please carefully follow the cabling requirements. Using cables under the requirement.

2-1-2-1. Cabling Requirements for TP Ports

⇒ For Fast Ethernet TP network connection

⎯ The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of

100 meters.

⇒ Gigabit Ethernet TP network connection

⎯ The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of

100 meters. Cat. 5e is recommended.

2-1-2-2. Cabling Requirements for 1000SX/LX SFP Module

It is more complex and comprehensive contrast to TP cabling in the fiber media. Basically, there are two categories of fiber, multi mode (MM) and single mode (SM). The later is categorized into several classes by the distance it supports. They are SX, LX, LHX, XD, and ZX. From the viewpoint of connector type, there are mainly LC and BIDI SC.

⎯ Gigabit Fiber with multi-mode LC SFP module

⎯ Gigabit Fiber with single-mode LC SFP module

⎯ Gigabit Fiber with BiDi SC 1310nm SFP module

⎯ Gigabit Fiber with BiDi SC 1550nm SFP module

The following table lists the types of fiber that we support and those else not listed here are available upon request.

Multi-mode Fiber Cable and Modal Bandwidth

IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet 1000SX 850nm

1000BaseLX/LHX/XD/ZX

1000Base-LX Single Fiber (BIDI SC)

Table2-1

Multi-mode 62.5/125µm Multi-mode 50/125µm

Modal

Bandwidth

160MHz-Km 220m 400MHz-Km 500m

200MHz-Km 275m 500MHz-Km 550m

Single-mode Fiber 9/125µm

Single-mode transceiver 1310nm 10Km

Single-mode transceiver 1550nm 30, 50Km

Single-Mode

Distance

*20Km

Modal Bandwidth

TX(Transmit) 1310nm

RX(Receive) 1550nm

TX(Transmit) 1550nm

RX(Receive) 1310nm

Distance

2-1-2-3. Switch Cascading in Topology

• Takes the Delay Time into Account

Theoretically, the switch partitions the collision domain for each port in switch cascading that you may up-link the switches unlimitedly. In practice, the network extension (cascading levels & overall diameter) must follow the constraint of the IEEE 802.3/802.3u/802.3z and other 802.1 series protocol specifications. In which the limitations are the timing requirement from physical signals defined by 802.3 series specification of Media Access Control (MAC) and PHY, and timer from some OSI layer 2 protocols such as 802.1d, 802.1q, LACP and so on.

The fiber, TP cables and devices’ bit-time delay (round trip) are as follows:

1000Base-X TP, Fiber 100Base-TX TP 100Base-FX Fiber

Round trip Delay: 4096 Round trip Delay: 512

Cat. 5 TP Wire: 11.12/m Cat. 5 TP Wire: 1.12/m Fiber Cable: 1.0/m

Fiber Cable : 10.10/m TP to fiber Converter: 56

Bit Time unit : 1ns (1sec./1000 Mega bit)

Bit Time unit: 0.01µs (1sec./100 Mega bit)

Table 2-2

Sum up all elements’ bit-time delay, the overall bit-time delay of wires/devices must be within Round Trip Delay (bit times) in a half-duplex network segment (collision domain). For full-duplex operation, this will not be applied. You may use the TP-Fiber module to extend the TP node distance over fiber optic and provide the long haul connection.

• Typical Network Topology in Deployment

A hierarchical network with minimum levels of switch may reduce the timing delay between server and client stations. Basically, this approach will minimize the number of switches in any one path; thus lower the possibility of network loop and will improve network efficiency. If more than two switches are connected in the same network, select one switch as Level 1 switch and connect all other switches to it at Level 2. Server/Host is recommended to connect to the Level 1 switch. This is general if no VLAN or other special requirements are applied.

Case1: All switch ports are in the same local area network. Every port can access

each other (See Fig. 2-2).

Fig. 2-2 No VLAN Configuration Diagram

If the VLAN is enabled and configured, each node in the network that can communicate each other directly is bounded to the same VLAN area.

The VLAN area is defined by which VLAN you are on. The switch supports both port-based VLAN and tag-based VLAN. They are different in practical deployment, especially in physical location. The following diagram shows how it works and what the differences are.

Case2a: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-3).

Fig. 2-3 Port-based VLAN Diagram

1. The same VLAN members can not be connected to different switches.

2. Every VLAN member can not access VLAN members from other VLAN group.

3. The network administrator has to assign different names for every VLAN group on one switch.

Case 2b: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-4).

Fig. 2-4 Port-based VLAN Diagram

1. VLAN1 members can not access VLAN2, VLAN3 and VLAN4 members.

2. VLAN2 members can not access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they can access VLAN4 members.

3. VLAN3 members can not access VLAN1, VLAN2 and VLAN4.

4. VLAN4 members can not access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they can access VLAN2 members.

Case3a: The same VLAN members can be at different switches with the same VID (See Fig. 2-5).

Fig. 2-5 Attribute-based VLAN Diagram

2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of 24-Port GbE Web Smart

Switch

Just like browsing on the Internet, this switch is designed to allow users to access and manage its functions through its web-based interface. Users can monitor the status of the switch, as well as to configure the switch through this webbased interface. Here we will guide you through how to access this web based management interface.

Section 2-1-3-1: Configuring Management Agent of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

through Ethernet Port

2-1-3-1. Management through Ethernet Port

There are two ways to configure and monitor the switch through its Ethernet port – using a web browser and an SNMP manager program. The later one is RubyView dependant which is not covered here. Using a web browser to access the switch’s web-based management UI is highly user friendly so that we will only introduce this method here.

24-PORT GBE WEB SMART SWITCH Default IP Setting: IP = 192.168.1.1 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway = 192.168.1.254

Ethernet LAN

Assign a reasonable IP address, For example: IP = 192.168.1.100 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway = 192.168.1.254

Fig. 2-6

• Managing 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch through Ethernet Port

Before you can communicate with the switch, you should have had

configured the IP address for the switch and have the IP information ready. Then, follow the procedures listed below.

1. Set up a physical path between the configured switch and a PC with a qualified UTP Cat. 5 cable with RJ-45 connectors.

Note: If the PC directly connects to the switch, you will have to set up

same subnet mask for both of them. However, the subnet mask may have to be different for the PC when it is at a remote site. Please refer to Fig. 2-6 about the 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch default IP address information.

2. Run web browser and follow. However, the subnet mask may have to be different for the PC when it is at a remote site. Please refer to Chapter 4

Fig. 2-7 the Login Screen for Web

2-1-4. IP Address Assignment

For IP address configuration,

address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS.

four parameters are required. They are IP

IP address:

The IP address of the network device in a network is used for internetworking communication. The IP address is structured as shown in Fig. 2-8. It is classified into predefined address classes or categories.

Each class has its own network range. Each IP address comprises two parts: network identifier (address) and host identifier (address). The former indicates the network where the addressed host resides, and the latter indicates the individual host in the network which the address refers to the host identifier must be unique in the same LAN. The terms of IP address we used here is version 4, known as IPv4.

32 bits

Network identifier Host identifier

Fig. 2-8 IP address structure

According to IPv4, the IP addressed are divided three classes, class A, class B and class C. The rest of IP addresses are for multicast and broadcast. The bit length of the network prefix is the same as that of the subnet mask and is denoted as IP address/X, for example, 192.168.1.0/24. Each class has its address range as described below.

Class A:

Address is less than 126.255.255.255. There are a total of 126 networks can be defined because the address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for default route and

127.0.0.0/8 is reserved for loopback function.

Bit # 0 1 7 8 31

Network address Host address

Class B:

The IP address range in between 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.255.255. Each class B network has a 16-bit network prefix followed by a 16-bit host address. There are 16,384 (2^14)/16 networks available to be defined with a maximum of 65534 (2^16 –2) hosts per network.

Bit # 01 2 15 16 31

Network address Host address

Class C:

The IP addresses range in between 192.0.0.0 and 223.255.255.255. Each class C network has a 24-bit network prefix followed an 8-bit host address. There are 2,097,152 (2^21)/24 networks available to be defined with a maximum of 254 (2^8 –2) hosts per network.

Bit # 0 1 2 3 23 24 31

110

Network address Host address

Class D and E:

Class D is a class with first 4 MSB (Most significance bit) set to 1-1-1-0 and is used for IP Multicast. See also RFC 1112. Class E is a class with first 4 MSB set to 1-1-1-1 and is used for IP broadcast.

According to IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), there are three specific IP address blocks reserved and to be used for extending internal network. We call them private IP addresses and they are listed below:

Class A 10.0.0.0 --- 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 --- 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 --- 192.168.255.255

Please refer to RFC 1597 and RFC 1466 for more information.

Subnet mask:

It means the sub-division of a class-based network or a CIDR block. The subnet is used to determine how to split an IP address to the network prefix and the host address in bitwise basis. It is designed to utilize IP address more efficiently and ease the IP network management task.

For a class B network, 128.1.2.3, it may have a subnet mask 255.255.0.0 by default, in which the first two bytes are with all 1s. This means more than 60 thousands of nodes in flat IP address will be at the same network. It’s too large to manage practically. Now if we divide it into smaller network by extending network prefix from 16 bits to, say 24 bits, that’s using its third byte to subnet this class B network. Now it has a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, in which each bit of the first three bytes are 1s. It’s now clear that the first two bytes are used to identify the class B network, the third byte is used to identify the subnet within this class B network and, of course, the last byte is the host number.

Not all IP address is available in the sub-netted network. Two special addresses are reserved. They are the ones which their host number are all zeros and all ones. itself, the IP address is 128.1.2.128; and for IP broadcasting, the address used would be 128.1.2.255.

10000000.00000001.00000010.1 0000000

or example, an IP address 128.1.2.128/25; to represent the network

etwor

25 bits

All 0s = 128.1.2.128

All 1s= 128.1.2.255

Subne

1 0000000 1 1111111

In this diagram, you can see the subnet mask with 25-bit long,

255.255.255.128, contains 126 members in the sub-netted network. Another is that the length of network prefix equals the number of the bit with 1s in that subnet mask. With this, you can easily count the number of IP addresses matched. The following table shows the result.

Prefix Length No. of IP matched No. of Addressable IP

/32 1 -

/31 2 -

/30 4 2

/29 8 6

/28 16 14

/27 32 30

/26 64 62

/25 128 126

/24 256 254

/23 512 510

/22 1024 1022

/21 2048 2046

/20 4096 4094

/19 8192 8190

/18 16384 16382

/17 32768 32766

/16 65536 65534

Table 2-3

There will be a maximum of 254 effective nodes exist along the sub-netted network. This network is considered to be a physical autonomous network that it owns a network IP address which may look like 168.1.2.0.

With the subnet mask, a big network can be divided into smaller pieces of network. If we want to have more than two independent networks in a worknet, a partition to the network must be performed. In this case, subnet mask must be applied.

For different network applications, the subnet mask may look like

255.255.255.240. This means it is a small network accommodating a maximum of 15 nodes in the network.

Default gateway:

When the destination of a routed packet not listed in the routing table, all traffic will be put into a device with this designated IP address, which is known as the default router. This is a routing policy.

For assigning an IP address to the switch, you need to check what the IP address of the network will be connected to the switch. Use the same network address and append your host address to it.

Fig. 2-9

First, IP Address: as shown in the Fig. 2-9, enter “192.168.1.1”. Assign an IP address of 192.168.1.x to you PC

Second, Subnet Mask: as shown in the Fig. 2-9, enter “255.255.255.0”. Any subnet mask such as 255.255.255.x is allowed in this case.

2-2. Typical Applications

The 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch implements 24 Gigabit Ethernet TP ports with auto MDIX and four slots for removable modules Comprehensive fiber types of connection including LC and BiDi-LC SFP modules are supported. For more detailed specifications of the switch, please refer to Appendix A.

The switch is suitable for the following applications.

⎯ Central Site/Remote Site is used in carrier or ISP applications. (See Fig. 2-10) ⎯ Peer-to-peer is used for applications in between two remote offices. (See Fig.

2-11)

⎯ Office network(See Fig. 2-12)

Central Site

Fig. 2-10 Network Connection between Remote Site and Central Site

Fig. 2-10 is the reference diagram of a basic system wide connection scheme. This diagram demonstrates how this switch connects network devices and hosts.

Fig. 2-11 Peer-to-peer Network Connection

Fig. 2-12 Office Network Connection

3. Basic Concept and Management

In this chapter we are going to introduce you the basic concepts and features of Ethernet, and how to work with the management features provided by this switch.

3-1. What’s the Ethernet

Ethernet originated and was implemented at Xerox in Palo Alto, CA in 1973 and was successfully commercialized by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel and Xerox (DIX) in 1980. In 1992, Grand Junction Networks unveiled a new high speed Ethernet with the same characteristics of the original Ethernet but operated at 100Mbps, which is now called Fast Ethernet. This means Fast Ethernet inherits the same frame format, CSMA/CD and software interface. In 1998, Gigabit Ethernet rolled out and provided 1000Mbps. Now 10G/s Ethernet is under evaluation and may soon to be approved for practices. Although these Ethernet standards have different speed, same basic functions still apply. Same basic functions still apply. They are compatible in software and can connect each other almost without an issue. The transmission media may be the only limitation.

Fig. 3-1 IEEE 802.3 reference model vs. OSI reference mode

In Fig. 3-1, we can see that Ethernet locates at the Data Link layer and Physical layer and comprises three portions, including logical link control (LLC), media access control (MAC), and physical layer. The first two comprises Data link layer, which performs splitting data into frames for transmitting, receiving acknowledge frame, error checking and re-transmitting frames if not received correctly

The Data link layer also provides an error-free channel upward to network layer.

Data Link

Layer

IEEE802.3 CSMA/CD MAC

IEEE 802.2 LLC

Physical

Layer

IEEE 802.3 PLS

IEEE 802.3

MAU

ANSI X3T9.5 PMD

MII

Coaxial/STP/UTP

Fiber

The above diagram shows the Ethernet architecture in OSI model. LLC sublayer and MAC sub-layer will respond to the Data Link layer, and the transceivers will respond to the Physical layer.

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Data link layer is composed of both the sub-layers of MAC and MAC-client.

Here MAC client may be logical link control or bridge relay entity.

Logical link control acts as the interface between the Ethernet MAC and upper layers in the protocol stack, usually Network layer. Network layer has nothing to do with the nature of the LAN, so it operates over other different LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and so on. Likewise, as for the interface to the MAC layer, LLC defines the services provided by the interface independent medium access technology, which some natures of the medium itself apply.

The table 3-1 is the format of LLC PDU. It comprises four fields, DSAP, SSAP, Control and Information. The DSAP address field identifies the one or more service access points, in which the I/G bit indicates it is individual or group address. If all bits of DSAP are 1s, it’s a global address. The SSAP address field identifies the specific services indicated by C/R bit (command or response). The DSAP and SSAP pair with certain reserved values indicates some well-known services listed in the table below.

Table 3-1 LLC Format

0xAAAA SNAP 0xE0E0 Novell IPX 0xF0F0 NetBios 0xFEFE IOS network layer PDU 0xFFFF Novell IPX 802.3 RAW packet 0x4242 STP BPDU 0x0606 IP 0x9898 ARP

Table 3-2

LLC type 1 connectionless service, LLC type 2 connection-oriented service and LLC type 3 acknowledge connectionless service are three types of LLC frame for all classes of service. In Fig 3-2, it shows the format of Service Access Point (SAP). Please refer to IEEE802.2 for more details.

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