Edimax Technology ES-516G+ User Manual

24 / 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch

User's Manual

R el eas e 1 .0 3

T a bl e of Cont ent s

CAUTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV ELECTRONIC EMISSION NOTICE S-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV

CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

1-1. OVERVIEW OF 16 GIGABIT WEB SMART SWIT CH ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 1-2. CHECKLIST ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

1-3. FEATURES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1-4. VIEW OF 16 GIGABIT WEB SMART SWIT CH ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5

1-4-1 . User Interfaces on the Front Panel (Button , LEDs and Plugs)---------------------------- 5 1-4-2 . User Interfaces on the Rear Panel------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

1-5. VIEW OF THE OPTIONA L MODULES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

CHAPTER 2 . INSTALLATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

2-1. STARTIN G 16 GIGABIT WEB SMART SWITCH UP------------------------------------------------------------ 8

2-1-1 . Hardware and Cable Installation---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2-1-2 . Cabling Requi rem ents------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9

2-1-2 -1 . Cabling Requ i rements fo r TP Ports--------------------------------------------------------- 10 2-1-2 -2 . Cabling Requ i rements fo r 1000SX/LX SFP Mo dule --------------------------------- 10

2-1-2 -3. Swi tch Cascading i n Topology-----------------------------------------------------------------11

2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of 16 Gi gabit Web Sma rt Switch -------------- 14

2-1-3-1. Configuring Management Agent of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch through Et herne t Port----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

2-1-4 . IP Addre ss A ssignme nt--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

2-2. TYPICAL APPLIC ATIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

CHAPTER 3 . BAS IC CONCEP T AND MANAGEMENT-------------------------------------------------- 23

3-1. WHAT’S THE ETHERNET------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 3-2. MEDIA ACC ESS CONT ROL (M AC) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

3-3. FLOW CONTROL---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 3-4. HOW DOES A SWITC H WORK? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

3-5. VIRTU AL LA N ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 3-6. LINK AGGR EGATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

CHAPTER 4 . OPE RATI ON OF WE B-BASE D MANAGEMENT-------------------------------------- 47

4-1. WEB MAN AGEM ENT HOME OVERVI EW ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 4-2. CONFIGURATION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

4-2-1 . System Configuration ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 4-2-2 . Port s Con figurati on--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54

4-2-3 . VLA N Mode Con fi guration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 4-2-4 . VLA N Grou p Co nfigu ra tion --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

4-2-5 . PVID Configura tion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 4-2-6 . Agg regation Configu ratio n---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

4-2-7 . Mirror Configura tion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 4-2-8 . Quali t y of Service Configu ration-------------------------------------------------------------------- 65

4-2-9 . Band wid th Management------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 4-2-1 0 . Trap E ven t Con figurati on ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76

4-2-11 . Max. Packet Leng th------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77

4-3. MONITORIN G -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78

4-3-1 . Statisti cs Overvi e w--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 8 4-3-2 . Detail ed St ati sti cs----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 9

4-4. MAINTEN ANC E ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 2

4-4-1 . Statu s---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2

4-4-1 -1.Switch S tatus----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 3 4-4-1 -2 . TP / Fibe r Ports Statu s--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85

4-4-1 -3. Aggregati on ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87 4-4-1 -4. VL AN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 8

4-4-1 -5. Mirror --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 4-4-1 -6. Trap Event-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1

4-4-1 -7 . Maximum Packet Length ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 92

4-4-2 . Warm Restart----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 4-4-3 . Fa ctory De fault -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94

4-4-4 . Logo ut--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 5

CHAPTER 5 . MAINTENANCE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96

5-1. RESOLVING NO LINK CONDITION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 96 5-2. Q&A------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96

APPE NDIX A TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS---------------------------------------------------------------97 APPENDIX B MIB SPECIFICATIONS--------------------------------------------------------------------------101

Revisi on Hist ory

Release Date Revision

0.99 12/30/2004 A1

1.03 01/20/2005 A1

1.03 01/26/2005 A1

iii

Caution

Circuit devices are sensitive to static electricity, which can damage their delicate

electronics. Dry weather conditions or walking across a carpeted floor may cause you to acquire a static electrical charge.

To protect your device, always:

Touch the metal chassi s of your computer to ground the static electrical charge before you pick up the circuit device.

Pick up the device by holding it on the left and right edges only.

El ect roni c E missio n Notices

Federal Communi ca tions Commi ss i on (FCC) Sta te ment

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class A

computing device pursuant to Subpart J of part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial

environment.

European Community (CE) Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the protection requirements

of European Emission Standard EN55022/EN60555-2 and the Generic European Immunity Standard EN50082-1.

EMC:

EN55022(1988)/CISP

EN60555-2(1995) class A EN60555-3 IEC1000-4-2(1995) 4K V CD, 8KV, AD IEC1000-4-3(1995) 3V/m IEC1000-4-4(1995) 1KV – (power line), 0.5KV – (signal line)

22(1985) class A

About this user’s manual

In this user’s manual, it will not only tell you how to install and connect your

network system but configure and monitor the 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch through the built-in console and web by RS-232 serial interface and Ethernet ports

step-by-step. Many explanation in detail of hardware and software functions are shown as well as the examples of the operation for web-based interface and text-

based menu-driven console interface.

Overview of this user’s manual

Chapter 1 “Introduction” describes the features of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch

Chapter 2 “Installation” Chapter 3 “Operating Concept and Management”

Chapter 4 “Operation of Web-based Management” Chapter 5 “Maintenance”

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1. Introduction

1-1. Overview o f Gi gabi t Web S mart S wi t ch

24/ 16-port Gigabit Web Smart Switch is a standard switch that meets all

IEEE 802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. The switch included 22 or 14-Port 10/100/1000Mbps TP and 2-Port Gigabit TP/SFP Fiber Web Smart

management Ethernet Switch. The switch can be managed through Ethernet port using Web-based management unit, associated with web-based management, the

network administrator can logon the switch to monitor, configure and control each port’s activity. In addition, the switch implements the QoS (Quality of Service),

VLAN, and Trunking. It is suitable for office application.

In this swi tch, l ast two ports i n clude s two types of media --- TP and SFP

Fiber (LC, BiDi-SC…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for high-

speed connection expansion.

1000Mbps LC, Multi-Mode, SFP Fiber transceiver 1000Mbps LC, 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver

1000Mbps LC, 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver 1000Mbps LC, 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver

1000Mbps BiDi-SC, 20km, 1550nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver 1000Mbps BiDi-SC, 20km, 1310nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

10/100/1000Mbps TP is a standard Ethernet port that meets all IEEE

802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is a Gigabit Ethernet port that fully complies with all IEEE 802.3z and 1000Base-

SX/LX standards.

1000Mbps Single Fiber WDM (BiDi) transceiver is designed with an optic

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology that transports bi-directional full duplex signal over a single fiber simultaneously.

• K ey Feat ures in the Device

QoS:

The switch offers powerful QoS function. This function supports TOS field of IP header (equal DSCP low 3 bits) on Layer 3 of network framework and 6

kinds of special network transmission events on Layer 4.

VLAN:

Supports Port-based VLAN, IEEE802.1Q Tag VLAN. And supports 16 active VLANs and VLAN ID 1~4094.

Port T runking:

Allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a Link Aggregation Group by the static setting.

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1-2. Checklist

Before you start installing the switch, verify that the package contains the

following :

A set of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch

Modules (optional) Mounting Accessory (for 19” Rack Shelf)

This User' s Ma nual in CD-ROM AC Power Cord

Please notify your sales representative immediately if any of the aforementioned items is missing or damaged.

1-3. Featu res

The 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch, a standalone off-the-shelf switch,

provides the comprehensive features listed below for users to perform system network administration and efficiently and securely serve your network.

• Hardw are

• 22 or 14 10/100/1000Mbps Auto-negotiation Gigabit Ethernet TP ports

• 2 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber dual media auto sense

• 400KB on-chip frame buffer

• Jumbo frame support

• Programmable classifier for QoS (Layer 4/Multimedia)

• 8K MAC address and 4K VLAN support (IEEE802.1Q)

• Per-port shaping, policing, and Broadcast Storm Control

• IEEE802.1Q-in-Q nested VLAN support

• Full-duplex flow control (IEEE802.3x) and half-duplex backpressure

• Extensive front-panel diagnostic LEDs; System: Power, TP Port, LINK/ACT, 10/100/1000Mbps, SFP Port 23, 24 or 15,16: SFP(LINK/ACT)

• Management

• Supports concisely the status of port and easily port configuration

• Supports per port traffic monitoring counters

• Supports a snapshot of the system Information when you login

• Supports port mirror function

• Supports the static trunk function

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• Supports 802.1Q VLAN

• Supports user management and limits one user to login

• Maximal packet length can be up to 9216 bytes for jumbo frame application

• Supports Broadcasting Suppression to avoid network suspended or crashed

• Supports to send the trap event while monitored events happened

• Supports default configuration which can be restored to overwrite the current

configuration which is working on via Web UI and Reset button of the switch

• Supports on-line plug/unplug SFP modules

• Supports Quality of Service (QoS) for real time applications based on the information taken from Layer 2 to Layer 4, such as VoIP

• Built-in web-based management instead of using CLI interface, providing a more convenient GUI for the user

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1-4. V iew o f 16 Gigab it Web Smart S wi tch

User Manual

Fig. 1-1 Full View of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch

1-4-1. User Interfaces on the Fron t Panel (Button, LEDs and P lugs)

There are 16 TP Gigabit Ethernet ports and 2 SFP fiber ports for optional

removable modules on the front panel of the switch. LED display area, locating on the left side of the panel, contains a Power LED, which indicates the power status

and 16 ports working status of the switch.

TP Port Status Indication LEDs

Gigabit Ethernet Port

SFP Fiber Port

Power Indication LED

Fiber Port Status Indication LEDs

RESET Bu tton:

RESET button is used to restore the sys tem default

setting.

Fig. 1-2 Front View of 16 Gigabit Web Sm art Switch

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• LED Indicators

LED Color Function

System LED

POWER Green Lit when +5V DC power is on and good

10/100/1000Ethernet TP Port LED

Lit when connection with remote device is good

LINK/ACT Green

10/100/1000Mbps

1000S X/LX Giga bi t Fi ber Port LED

SFP(LINK/ACT) Green

Green/ Ember

1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel

Blinks when any traffic is present Off when cable connection is not good Lit green when 1000Mbps speed is active

Lit ember when 100Mbps speed is active Off when 10Mbps speed is active

Lit when connection with the remote device is good Blinks when any traffic is present

Off when module connection is not good

Table1-1

C Line 100-240V 50/60 Hz

Fig. 1-3 Rear View of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch

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1-5. V iew o f t he Op t io nal Mod ul es

In the switch, Port 15~16 in clude s two types of media --- TP and SFP Fiber

(LC, BiDi-SC…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for high-

speed connection expansion; nine optional SFP types provided for the switch are listed below:

1000Mbps LC, MM, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.202)

1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.10)

1000Mbps LC, SM 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.30)

1000Mbps LC, SM 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.50)

1000Mbps LC, SM 70km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.70)

1000Mbps LC, SM 110km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.B0)

1000Mbps BiDi SC, type 1, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver (SFP.0BS.621.201)

1000Mbps BiDi SC, type 2, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver (SFP.0BS.621.202)

1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver with DDM (SFP.DLC.212.10)

Fig. 1-4 Front View of 1000Base-SX/LX LC, SFP Fiber Transceiv er

Fig. 1-5 Front View of 1000Bas e-LX BiDi SC SF P Fiber Transceiv er

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2. Installation

2-1. S t art ing Gig abit Web S mart S wi t ch Up

This secti on will g i ve users a quick start for:

- Hard ware an d Cabl e I n stall ation

- Management Station Installation

- Software booting and configuration

2-1-1. Hard ware and Cable Installation

At the beginning, please do first:

Wear a grounding device to avoid the damage from electrostatic discharge

Be sure that power switch is OFF before you insert the power cord to power

source

• Installing Opti onal SFP Fiber Transceivers to the Gigabit Web Smart Switch

Note: If you have no modules, please skip this section.

• Connecting the SFP Module to the Cha ssis:

The optional SFP modules are hot swappable, so you can plug or unplug it before or after powering on.

1. Verify that the SFP module is the right model and conforms to the chassi s

2. Slide the module along the slot. Also be sure that the module is properly seated against the slot socket/connector

3. Install the media cable for network connection

4. Repeat the above steps, as needed, for each module to be installed into

slot(s)

5. Have the power ON after the above procedures are done

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Fig. 2-1 Installation of Optional SFP Fiber

ransceiv er

User Manual

• TP Port and Cable Installation

In the switch, TP port supports MDI/MDI-X auto-crossover, so both types of cable,

straight-through (Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 1, 2, 3, 6 in 10/100M TP; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 in Gigabit TP) and crossed-over

(Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 3, 6, 1, 2) can be used. It means you do not have to tell from them, just plug it.

Use Cat. 5 grade RJ-45 TP cable to connect to a TP port of the switch and the

other end is connected to a network-aware device such as a workstation or a se rv er.

Repeat the above steps, as needed, for each RJ-45 port to be connected to a

Gigabit 10/100/1000 TP device.

Now, you can start having the switch in operation.

• Po wer On

The switch supports 100-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz power supply. The power

supply will automatically convert the local AC power source to DC power. It does not matter whether any connection plugged into the switch or not when power on, even

modules as well. After the power is on, all LED indicators will light up immediately and then all off except the power LED still keeps on. This represents a reset of the

sy st em .

• Fir mware Loa ding

Afte r resetting, the bootloader will load the firmware i n to the memory. It will

take about 30 seconds, after tha t, the switch will flash al l the LED on ce and automatically performs self-test and is in ready state.

2-1-2. Ca bling Requirements

To help ensure a successful installation and keep the network performance

good, please take a care on the cabling requirement. Cables with worse specification will render the LAN to work poorly.

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2-1-2-1. Cabling Requirements for TP Ports

For Fast Ethernet TP network connection

The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of 100 me ters.

Gigabit Ethernet TP network connection

The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of 100 meters. Cat. 5e is recommended.

2-1 -2-2. Cabling Re quirements for 1000SX/LX SFP Module

It is more complex and comprehensive contrast to TP cabling in the fiber

media. Basically, there are two categories of fiber, multi mode (MM) and single mode (SM). The later is categorized into several classe s by the distance it supports.

They are SX, LX, LHX, XD, and ZX. From the viewpoint of connector type, there mainly are LC and BIDI SC.

Gigabit Fiber with multi-mode LC SFP module

Gigabit Fiber with single-mode LC SFP module

Gigabit Fiber with BiDi SC 1310nm SFP module

Gigabit Fiber with BiDi SC 1550nm SFP module

The following table lists the types of fiber that we support and those else not

listed here are available upon request.

Multi-mode Fiber Cable and Modal Bandwidth

IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet

1000SX 850nm

1000BaseLX/LHX/ XD/ZX

1000Base-LX Single Fiber (BIDI SC)

Table2-1

Multi-mode 62.5/125μm Multi-mode 50/125μm

Modal

Bandwidth

160MHz-Km 220m 400MHz-Km 500m

200MHz-Km 275m 500MHz-Km 550m

Single-mode Fiber 9/125μm

Single-mode transceiv er 1310nm 10Km

Single-mode transceiv er 1550nm 30, 50Km

Single-Mode

Distance

*20Km

Modal Bandwidth

TX(Transm it) 1310nm

RX(Receive) 1550nm

TX(Transm it) 1550nm

RX(Receive) 1310nm

Distance

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2-1 -2-3. Sw itc h Cascading in Topology

• Takes the Delay Time into Account

Theoretically, the switch partitions the collision domain for each port in switch

cascading that you may up-link the switches unlimitedly. In practice, the network extension (cascading levels & overall diameter) must follow the constraint of the

IEEE 802.3/802.3u/802.3z and other 802.1 series protocol specifications, in which the limitations are the timing requirement from physical signals defined by 802.3

series specification of Media Access Control (MAC) and PHY, and timer from some OSI layer 2 protocols such as 802.1d, 802.1q, LACP and so on.

The fiber, TP cables and devices’ bit-time delay (round trip) are as follows:

1000Base-X TP, Fiber 100Base-TX TP 100Base-FX Fiber

Round trip Delay: 4096 Round trip Delay: 512

Cat. 5 TP Wire: 11.12/m C at. 5 TP Wire: 1.12/m Fiber Cable: 1.0/m

Fiber Cable : 10.10/m TP to fiber Conv erter: 56

Bit Time unit : 1ns (1sec./1000 Mega bit) Bit Time unit: 0.01μ s (1sec./100 Mega bit)

Table 2-2

Sum up all elements’ bit-time delay and the overall bit-time delay of

wires/devices must be within Round Trip Delay (bit times) in a half-duplex network segment (collision domain). For full-duplex operation, this will not be applied. You

may use the TP-Fiber module to extend the TP node distance over fiber optic and provide the long haul connection.

• Typical Network Topology in Deployment

A hierarchical network with minimum levels of switch may reduce the timing

del ay between server and client statio n. Basically, with this approach, it will minimize the number of switches in any one path; will l ower the po ssi b ili ty of

network loop and will improve network efficiency. If more than two switches are connected in the same network, select one switch as Level 1 switch and connect all

other switches to it at Level 2. Server/Host is recommended to connect to the Level 1 switch. This is general if no VLAN or other special requirements are applied.

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Case1: All switch ports are in the same local area network. Every port can access

each other (See Fig. 2-2).

If VLAN is enabled and configured, each node in the network that can

communicate each other directly is bounded in the same VLAN area.

Here VLAN area is defined by what VLAN you are using. The switch

supports both port-based VLAN and tag-based VLAN. They are different in practical deployment, especially in physical location. The following diagram shows how it

works and what the difference they are.

Case2a: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-3).

Fig. 2-2 No VLAN Configuration Diagram

1. The same VLAN members could not be in different switches.

2. Every VLAN members could not access VLAN members each other.

3. The switch manager has to assign different names for each VLAN groups at one switch.

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Fig. 2-3 Port-based VLAN Diagram

Case 2b: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-4).

User Manual

Fig. 2-4 Port-based VLAN Diagram

1. VLAN1 members could not access VLAN2, VLAN3 and VLAN4 members.

2. VLAN2 members could not access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they could access VLAN4 members.

3. VLAN3 members could not access VLAN1, VLAN2 and VLAN4.

4. VLAN4 members could not access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they could access VLAN2 members.

Case3a: The same VLAN members can be at different switches with the same VID (See Fig. 2-5).

Fig. 2-5 Attribute-based VLAN Diagram

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2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of Gigabi t Web Smart Switch

In the way of web, user is allowed to startup the switch management function.

Users can use any one of them to monitor and configure the switch. You can touch them through the following procedures.

Section 2-1-3-1: Configuring Management Agent of 16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch

thro ug h E th e rnet Port

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2-1 -3-1. Configur i ng Management Agent of Gigabit Web S mart Switc h through

Ethe rnet Port

There are two ways to configure and monitor the switch through the switch’s

Ethernet port. They are Web browser and SNMP manager. The user interface for the last one is NMS dependent and does not cover here. We just introduce the first

type of management interface. Web-based UI for the switch is an interface in a highly friendly way.

16 Gigabit Web Smart Switch Def ault IP Setting:

IP = 192.168.1.1 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

Default Gateway = 192.168.1.254

ssign a reasonable IP address, For example: IP = 192.168.1.100

Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway = 192.168.1.254

Fig. 2-6

Ethernet LAN

• M anagi ng Gigabit Web Smart Switc h through Ethernet Port

Before you communicate with the switch, you have to finish first the

configuration of the IP address or to know the IP address of the switch. Then, follow the procedures listed below.

Set up a physical path between the configured the switch and a PC by a qualified UTP Cat. 5 cable with RJ-45 connector.

Note: If PC directly connects to the switch, you have to setup the

same subnet mask between them. But, subnet mask may be different for the PC in the remote site. Please refer to Fig. 2-6 about

the Gigabit Web Smart Switch default IP address information.

Run web browser and follow the menu. Please refer to Chapter 4.

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Fig. 2-7 the Login Screen f or Web

2-1-4. IP Address Assignment

For IP address configuration, there are three parameters needed to be filled

in. They are IP address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS.

IP address:

The address of the network device in the network is used for internetworking

communication. Its address structure looks is shown in the Fig. 2-8. It is “classful” because it is split into predefined address classes or categories.

Each class has its own network range between the network identifier and

host identifier in the 32 bits address. Each IP address comprises two parts: network identifier (address) and host identifier (address). The former indicates the network

where the addressed host resides, and the latter indicates the individual host in the network which the address of host refers to. And the host identifier must be unique

in the same LAN. Here the term of IP address we used is version 4, known as IPv4.

32 bits

Ne two rk i den ti fi e r Ho st i d en ti fi er

Fig. 2-8 IP address structure

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With the classful addressing, it divides IP address into three classes, class A,

class B and class C. The rest of IP addresses are for multicast and broadcast. The bit length of the network prefix is the same as that of the subnet mask and is

denoted as IP address/X, for example, 192.168.1.0/24. Each class has its address range described below.

Cl ass A :

Address is less than 126.255.255.255. There are a total of 126 networks can

be defined because the address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for default route and

127.0.0.0/8 is reserved for loopback function.

Bit # 0 1 7 8 31

etwork addre ss Host address

Cl a ss B :

IP address range between 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.255.255. Each class B

network has a 16-bit network prefix followed 16-bit host address. There are 16,384 (2^14)/16 networks able to be defined with a maximum of 65534 (2^16 –2) hosts

per network.

Bit # 01 2 15 16 31

etwork addre ss Host address

Class C:

IP address range between 192.0.0.0 and 223.255.255.255. Each class C

network has a 24-bit network prefix followed 8-bit host address. There are 2,097,152 (2^21)/24 networks able to be defined with a maximum of 254 (2^8 –2)

hosts per network.

Bit # 0 1 2 3 23 24 31

110

etwork addre ss Host address

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Class D and E:

Class D is a class with first 4 MSB (Most significance bit) set to 1-1-1-0 and

is used for IP Multicast. See also RFC 1112. Class E i s a class with first 4 MSB set to 1-1-1-1 and is used for IP broadcast.

According to IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), there are three

specific IP address blocks reserved and able to be used for extending internal network. We call it Private IP address and list below:

Cl ass A 10.0.0 .0 --- 10.255.255.255 Cl ass B 172.16.0 .0 --- 172.31.255.255

Cl ass C 19 2.1 68.0.0 --- 192 .168.255.255

Plea se re fer to RFC 15 97 and RFC 1466 for mo re information.

Subnet mask:

It means the sub-division of a class-based network or a CIDR block. The

subnet is used to determine how to split an IP address to the network prefix and the host address in bitwise basis. It is designed to utilize IP address more efficiently and

ease to manage IP network.

For a class B network, 128.1.2.3, it may have a subnet mask 255.255.0.0 in

default, in which the first two bytes is with all 1s. This means more than 60 thousands of nodes in flat IP address will be at the same network. It’s too large to

manage practically. Now if we divide it into smaller network by extending network prefix from 16 bits to, say 24 bits, that’s using its third byte to subnet this class B

network. Now it has a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, in which each bit of the first three bytes is 1. It’s now clear that the first two bytes is used to identify the class B

network, the third byte is used to identify the subnet within this class B network and, of course, the last byte i s the host number.

Not all IP address i s available in the sub-netted network. Two special

addresses are reserved. They are the addresses with all zero’s and all one’s host number. For example, an IP address 128.1.2.128, what IP address reserved will be

looked like? All 0s mean the network itself, and all 1s mean IP broadcast.

128.1.2.128/25

10000000.00000001. 00000010. 1 0000000

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etwork Subnet

25 bits

All 0s = 128.1.2.128

All 1s= 128.1.2. 255

1 0000000 1 1111111

User Manual

In this diagram, you can see the subnet mask with 25-bit long,

255.255.255.128, contains 126 members in the sub-netted network. Another is that the length of network prefix equals the number of the bit with 1s in that subnet mask.

With this, you can easily count the number of IP addresse s matched. The following table shows the result.

Prefix Length No. of IP matc hed No. of Addressa ble IP

/32 1 -

/31 2 -

/30 4 2 /29 8 6

/28 16 14

/27 32 30 /26 64 62

/25 128 126

/24 256 254 /23 512 510

/22 1024 1022

/21 2048 2046 /20 4096 4094

/19 8192 8190

/18 16384 16382 /17 32768 32766

/16 65536 65534

Table 2-3

According to the scheme above, a subnet mask 255.255.255.0 will partition a

ne twork with the class C. It means the re will have a ma ximum of 254 effective nodes existed in this sub-netted network and is considered a physical network in an

autonomous network. So it owns a network IP address which may looks like

168.1.2.0.

With the subnet mask, a bigger network can be cut into small pieces of

network. If we want to have more than two independent networks in a worknet, a partition to the network must be performed. In this case, subnet mask must be

applied.

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For different network applications, the subnet mask may look like

255.255.255.240. This means it is a small network accommodating a maximum of 15 nodes in the network.

Default gateway:

For the routed packet, if the destination is not in the routing table, all the

traffic is put into the device with the designated IP address, known as default router. Basically, it is a routing policy.

For assigning an IP address to the switch, you just have to check what the IP

address of the network will be connected with the switch. Use the same network address and append your host address to it.

Fig. 2-9

First, IP Address: as shown in the Fig. 2-9, enter “192.168.1.1”, for instance.

For sure, an IP address such as 192.168.1.x must be set on your PC.

Second, Subnet Mask: as shown in the Fig. 2-9, enter “255.255.255.0”. Any

subnet mask such as 255.255.255.x is allowable in this case.

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2-2. Ty pi cal App lications

T he Gigabi t Web Smart Switch i mp lements Gigabi t E t he rnet TP p o rts with

auto MDIX and two slots for the removable module supporting comprehensive fiber types of connection, including LC and BiDi-LC SFP modules. For more details on

the specification of the switch, please refer to Appendix A.

The switch is suitable for the following applications.

Central Site/Remote site application is used in carrier or ISP (See Fig. 2-10) Peer-to-peer application is used in two remote offices (See Fig. 2-11)

Office network(See Fig. 2-12)

Central Site

Fig. 2-10 Network Connection between Remote Site and C entral Site

Fig. 2-10 is a system wide basic reference connection diagram. This diagram

demonstrates how the switch connects with other network devices and hosts.

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Fig. 2-11 Peer-to-peer Network Connection

Fig. 2-12 Office Network C onnection

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3. Basic Co ncept and M anagement

This chapter will tell you the basic concept of features to manage this switch

and how they work.

3-1. Wh at ’s the Ethernet

Ethernet originated and was implemented at Xerox in Palo Alto, CA in 1973

and was successfully commercialized by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel and Xerox (DIX) in 1980. In 1992, Grand Junction Networks unveiled a new high

speed Ethernet with the same characteristic of the original Ethernet but operated at 100Mbps, called Fast Ethernet now. This means Fast Ethernet inherits the same

frame format, CSMA/CD, software interface. In 1998, Gigabit Ethernet was rolled out and provided 1000Mbps. Now 10G/s Ethernet is under approving. Although

these Ethernet have different speed, they still use the same basic functions. So they are compatible in software and can connect each other almost without limitation.

The transmission media may be the only problem.

Fig. 3-1 IEEE 802.3 ref erence model vs. OSI reference mode

In Fig. 3-1, we can see that Ethernet locates at the Data Link layer and

Physical layer and comprises three portions, including logical link control (LLC), media access control (MAC), and physical layer. The first two comprises Data link

layer, which performs splitting data into frame for transmitting, receiving acknowledge frame, error checking and re-transmitting when not received correctly

as well as provides an error-free channel upward to network layer.

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Data Link

Layer

IEEE802.3 CSMA/CD MAC

IEEE 802. 2 LLC

Physical

Layer

IEEE 802. 3 PLS

MII

IEEE 802.

MAU

AN SI X3T9.5 PMD

Coaxial/STP/UTP

Fiber

This above diagram shows the Ethernet architecture, LLC sub-layer and

MAC sub-layer, which are responded to the Data Link layer, and transceivers, which are responded to the Physical layer in OSI model. In this section, we are mainly

describing the MAC sub-layer.

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Data link layer is composed of both the sub-layers of MAC and MAC-client.

Here MAC client may be logical link control or bridge relay entity.

Logical link control supports the interface between the Ethernet MAC and

upper layers in the protocol stack, usually Network layer, which is nothing to do with the nature of the LAN. So it can operate over other different LAN technology such

as Token Ring, FDDI and so on. Likewise, for the interface to the MAC layer, LLC defines the services with the interface independent of the medium access

technology and with some of the nature of the medium itself.

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able 3-1 LLC Format

The table 3-1 is the format of LLC PDU. It comprises four fields, DSAP, SSAP,

Control and Information. The DSAP address field identifies the one or more service access points, in which the I/G bit indicates it is individual or group address. If all bit

of DSAP is 1s, it’s a global address. The SSAP address field identifies the specific services indicated by C/R bit (command or response). The DSAP and SSAP pair

with some reserved values indicates some well-known services listed in the table below.

0xAAAA SNAP 0xE0E0 Novell IPX

0xF0 F0 NetBios 0xFEFE IOS network l ayer PDU 0xFFFF Novell IPX 802.3 RAW packet 0x4242 STP BPDU 0x0606 IP 0x9898 ARP

Table 3-2

LLC type 1 connectionless service, LLC type 2 connection-oriented service

and LLC type 3 acknowledge connectionless service are three types of LLC frame for all classes of service. In Fig 3-2, it shows the format of Service Access Point

(SAP). Please refer to IEEE802.2 for more details.

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Fig. 3-2 SAP Format

3-2. M edia Access Control (MAC )

MAC Addressing

Because LAN is composed of many nodes, for the data exchanged among

these nodes, each node must have its own unique address to identify who should send the data or should receive the data. In OSI model, each layer provides its own

mean to identify the unique address in some form, for example, IP address in net wo rk layer.

The MAC is belonged to Data Link Layer (Layer 2), the address i s defined to

be a 48-bit long and locally unique address. Since this type of address is applied only to the Ethernet LAN media access control (MAC), they are referred to as MAC

addresses.

The first three bytes are Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI) code

assigned by IEEE. The last three bytes are the serial number assigned by the vendor of the network device. All these six bytes are stored in a non-volatile

m em ory in th e de vi ce. T hei r forma t i s as the fol lowing tabl e an d no rmall y wri t te n in the form as aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-ff, a 12 hexadecimal digits separated by hyphens, in

which the aa-bb-cc is the OUI code and the dd-ee-ff is the serial number assigned by manufacturer.

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