- Computer with web browser for access point configuration
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I-3. Hardware Overview
LED Color
LED Status
Description
Blue
On
The access point is starting up.
Purple
On
The access point is on.
Amber
Flashing
Error.
Off
Off
The access point is off.
Ethernet Port
Power Jack (DC IN)
I-4. LED Status
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I-5. Reset
If you experience problems with your access point, you can reset the device
back to its factory settings. This resets all settings back to default.
1. Press and hold the reset button on the access point for at least 10 seconds
then release the button.
You may need to use a pin or similar sharp object to push the
reset button.
2. Wait for the access point to restart. The access point is ready for setup
when the LED is Purple.
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I-6. Safety Information
In order to ensure the safe operation of the device and its users, please read
and act in accordance with the following safety instructions.
1. The access point is designed for indoor use only; do not place the access
point outdoors.
2. Do not place the access point in or near hot/humid places, such as a kitchen
or bathroom.
3. Do not pull any connected cable with force; carefully disconnect it from the
access point.
4. Handle the access point with care. Accidental damage will void the
warranty of the access point.
5. The device contains small parts which are a danger to small children under
3 years old. Please keep the access point out of reach of children.
6. Do not place the access point on paper, cloth, or other flammable materials.
The access point may become hot during use.
7. There are no user-serviceable parts inside the access point. If you
experience problems with the access point, please contact your dealer of
purchase and ask for help.
8. The access point is an electrical device and as such, if it becomes wet for
any reason, do not attempt to touch it without switching the power supply
off. Contact an experienced electrical technician for further help.
9. If you smell burning or see smoke coming from the access point or power
adapter, then disconnect the access point and power adapter immediately,
as far as it is safely possible to do so. Call your dealer of purchase for help.
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II. Quick Setup
Your access point can be up and running in just a few minutes. This quick
installation guide will help to set up your access point and configure its basic
settings. Please follow the instructions in the chapters below:
II-1. Initial Setup
1. Connect the access point to a computer via Ethernet cable.
2. Connect the power adapter to the access point’s 12VDC port and plug the
power adapter into a power supply using the included cable.
3. Please wait a moment for the access point to start up. The access point is
ready when the LED is Purple.
4.Set your computer’s IP address to 192.168.2.x where x is a number in the
range 3 – 100. If you are unsure how to do this, please refer to the user
manual for more information.
Please ensure there are no other active network connections on
your computer (disconnect Wi-Fi connections and Ethernet
cables).
5.Enter the access point’s default IP address 192.168.2.1 into the URL bar of
a web browser.
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6. You will be prompted for a username and password. Enter the default
username “admin” and the default password “admin”.
7. You will arrive the “System Information” screen shown below.
8. Next, please follow the instructions below in II-2. Basic Settings to
configure the access point’s basic settings.
For more advanced configurations, please refer to IV. Browser
Based Configuration Interface.
II-2. Basic Settings
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The instructions below will help you to configure the following basic settings
of the access point:
- LAN IP Address
- 2.4GHz & 5GHz SSID & Security
- Administrator Name & Password
- Time & Date
It is recommended you configure these settings before using the
access point.
1. To change the access point’s LAN IP address, go to “Network Settings” >
“LAN-side IP Address” and you will see the screen below.
2. Enter the IP address settings you wish to use for your access point. You
can use a dynamic (DHCP) or static IP address, depending on your network
environment. Click “Apply” to save the changes and wait a few moments
for the access point to reload.
When you change your access point’s IP address, you need to use
the new IP address to access the browser based configuration
interface instead of the default IP 192.168.2.1.
3. To change the SSID of your access point’s 2.4GHz wireless network(s), go
to “Wireless Setting” > “2.4GHz 11bgn” > “Basic”. Enter the new SSID for
your 2.4GHz wireless network in the “SSID1” field and click “Apply”.
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To utilize multiple 2.4GHz SSIDs, open the drop down menu
labelled “Enable SSID number” and select how many SSIDs you
require. Then enter a new SSID in the corresponding numbered
fields below, before clicking “Apply”.
4. To configure the security of your access point’s 2.4GHz wireless
network(s), go to “Wireless Setting” > “2.4GHz 11bgn” > “Security”. Select
an “Authentication Method” and enter a “Pre-shared Key” or “Encryption
Key” depending on your choice, then click “Apply”.
If using multiple SSIDs, specify which SSID to configure using the
“SSID” drop down menu.
5. Go to “Wireless Setting” > “5GHz 11ac 11an” and repeat steps 3 & 4 for
the access point’s 5GHz wireless network.
6. To change the administrator name and password for the browser based
configuration interface, go to “Management” > “Admin”.
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7. Complete the “Administrator Name” and “Administrator Password” fields
and click “Apply”.
8. To set the correct time for your access point, go to “Management” >
“Date and Time”.
9. Set the correct time and time zone for your access point using the drop
down menus. The access point also supports NTP (Network Time Protocol)
so alternatively you can enter the host name or IP address of a time server.
Click “Apply” when you are finished.
You can use the “Acquire Current Time from your PC” button if
you wish to set the access point to the same time as your PC.
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10. The basic settings of your access point are now configured. Please
refer to III. Hardware Installation for guidance on connecting your access
point to a router or PoE switch.
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III. Hardware Installation
III-1. Connecting the access point to a router or PoE switch
1. If you need to, remove the cap from the underside of the access point. This
creates extra space for your cables to pass through.
2. Connect a router or PoE switch to the access point’s LAN port using an
Ethernet cable.
3. If you are using a router, then connect the power adapter to the access
point’s 12V DC port and plug the power
adapter into a power supply.
4. If you are using a PoE (Power over
Ethernet) switch then it is not
necessary to use the included power
adapter, the access point will be
powered by the PoE switch.
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III-2. Mounting the access point to a ceiling
To mount the access point to a ceiling, please follow the instructions below
and refer to diagram A & B.
For Wooden Ceilings (refer to diagram A):
1. Place the ceiling mount bracket to a ceiling in your desired location and
insert screw iii through hole i (x 2)and tighten to fix the bracket in place.
2. When the ceiling bracket is in place, inset screw iv into hole v (x 2) on the
access point.
3. Fix the access point to the ceiling bracket by inserting the attached screws
iv into hole vi and twisting the access point.
4. Lock the access point firmly into place when by twisting it to align screws
iv with the grooves in the ceiling mount.
For Other Ceilings (refer to diagram B):
1. Place the ceiling mount bracket to a ceiling in your desired location and
Insert screw ii through hole i (x 2) and tighten to fix the bracket in place, as
shown in A.
2. Insert screw iii through hole i and into the rear of screw ii and tighten to
provide additional strength.
3. When the ceiling bracket is in place, insert screw iv into hole v (x 2) on the
access point.
4. Fix the access point to the ceiling bracket by inserting the attached screws
iv into hole vi and twisting the access point.
5. Lock the access point firmly into place by twisting it to align screws iv with
the grooves in the ceiling mount.
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A
i
ii
iii
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B
B
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III-3. T-Rail Mount
C
To mount the access point to a T-Rail, please follow the instructions below
and refer to diagram C, D & E.
1. Select the correct size T-Rail bracket from the two sizes which are
included in the package contents.
2. Attach the T-Rail bracket i to hole ii using screw iii (x 2) as shown in C.
If you need more space between the access point and the T-Rail,
then additionally use bracket iv between bracket i and hole ii (x 2),
and use the longer screws (x 2) included in the package contents.
3. Clip the access point onto your T-Rail using the now attached T-Rail
bracket.
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D
E
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IV. Browser Based Configuration Interface
The browser-based configuration interface enables you to configure the
access point’s advanced features. The device features a range of advanced
functions such as MAC filtering, MAC RADIUS authentication, VLAN
configurations, up to 32 SSIDs and many more. To access the browser based
configuration interface:
1. Connect a computer to your access point using an Ethernet cable.
2. Enter your access point’s IP address in the URL bar of a web browser. The
access point’s default IP address is 192.168.2.1.
3. You will be prompted for a username and password. The default
username is “admin” and the default password is “1234”, though it was
recommended that you change the password during setup (see II-2. Basic Settings).
If you cannot remember your password, reset the access point
back to its factory default settings. Refer to I-5. Reset
4. You will arrive at the “System Information” screen shown below.
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5. Use the menu across the top and down the left side to navigate.
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6. Click “Apply” to save changes and reload the access point, or “Cancel” to
cancel changes.
Please wait a few seconds for the access point to reload after you
“Apply” changes, as shown below.
7. Please refer to the following chapters for full descriptions of the browser
based configuration interface features.
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IV-1. Information
Screenshots displayed are examples. The information shown on
your screen will vary depending on your configuration.
IV-1-1. System Information
The “System Information” page displays basic
system information about the access point.
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System
Model
Displays the model number of the access
point.
Product Name
Displays the product name for reference,
which consists of “AP” plus the MAC address.
Uptime
Displays the total time since the device was
turned on.
Boot From
Displays information for the booted
hardware.
Version
Displays the firmware version.
MAC Address
Displays the access point’s MAC address.
Management VLAN
ID
Displays the management VLAN ID.
IP Address
Displays the IP address of this device. Click
“Refresh” to update this value.
Default
Gateway
Displays the IP address of the default
gateway.
DNS
IP address of DNS (Domain Name Server).
DHCP Server
IP address of DHCP Server.
Wired LAN Port Settings
Wired LAN Port
Specifies which LAN port.
Status
Displays the status of the LAN port (connected
or disconnected).
VLAN Mode/ID
Displays the VLAN mode (tagged or untagged)
and VLAN ID for the LAN port. See IV-2-3. VLAN
Wireless 2.4GHz (5GHz)
Status
Displays the status of the 2.4GHz or 5GHz
wireless (enabled or disabled).
MAC Address
Displays the access point’s MAC address.
Channel
Displays the channel number the specified
wireless frequency is using for broadcast.
Transmit Power
Displays the wireless radio transmit power
level as a percentage.
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Wireless 2.4GHz (5GHz) / SSID
SSID
Displays the SSID name(s) for the specified
frequency.
Authentication
Method
Displays the authentication method for the
specified SSID. See IV-3. Wireless Settings
Encryption Type
Displays the encryption type for the specified
SSID. See IV-3. Wireless Settings
VLAN ID
Displays the VLAN ID for the specified SSID.
See IV-2-3. VLAN
Additional
Authentication
Displays the additional authentication type for
the specified SSID. See IV-3. Wireless Settings
Wireless Client
Isolation
Displays whether wireless client isolation is in
use for the specified SSID. See IV-2-3. VLAN
Wireless 2.4GHz (5GHz) / WDS Status
MAC Address
Displays the peer access point’s MAC address.
Encryption Type
Displays the encryption type for the specified
WDS. See IV-3-1-4. WDS
VLAN Mode/ID
Displays the VLAN ID for the specified WDS.
See IV-3-1-4. WDS
Refresh
Click to refresh all information.
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IV-1-2. Wireless Clients
Refresh time
Auto Refresh Time
Select a time interval for the client table list to
automatically refresh.
Manual Refresh
Click refresh to manually refresh the client
table.
2.4GHz (5GHz) WLAN Client Table
SSID
Displays the SSID which the client is
connected to.
MAC Address
Displays the MAC address of the client.
Tx
Displays the total data packets transmitted by
the specified client.
Rx
Displays the total data packets received by
the specified client.
Signal (%)
Displays the wireless signal strength for the
specified client.
The “Wireless Clients” page displays
information about all wireless clients
connected to the access point on the 2.4GHz or 5GHz frequency.
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Connected Time
Displays the total time the wireless client has
been connected to the access point.
Idle Time
Client idle time is the time for which the client
has not transmitted any data packets i.e. is
idle.
Vendor
The vendor of the client’s wireless adapter is
displayed here.
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IV-1-3. Wireless Monitor
Wireless Monitor
Site Survey
Select which frequency (or both) to scan, and
click “Scan” to begin.
Channel Survey
Result
After a scan is complete, click “Export” to save
the results to local storage.
Site Survey Results
Ch
Displays the channel number used by the
specified SSID.
SSID
Displays the SSID identified by the scan.
MAC Address
Displays the MAC address of the wireless
router/access point for the specified SSID.
Security
Displays the authentication/encryption type
of the specified SSID.
Wireless Monitor is a tool built into the access
point to scan and monitor the surrounding
wireless environment. Select a frequency and click “Scan” to display a list of
all SSIDs within range along with relevant details for each SSID.
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Signal (%)
Displays the current signal strength of the
SSID.
Type
Displays the 802.11 wireless networking
standard(s) of the specified SSID.
Vendor
Displays the vendor of the wireless
router/access point for the specified SSID.
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IV-1-4. Log
Save
Click to save the log as a file on your local
computer.
Clear
Clear all log entries.
Refresh
Refresh the current log.
The system log displays system operation
information such as up time and connection
processes. This information is useful for network administrators.
When the log is full, old entries are overwritten.
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The following information/events are recorded by the log:
WLAN (2.4G] channel status and country/region status
WLAN (5G)
WLAN (5G) channel status and country/region status
ADT
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IV-2. Network Settings
LAN-side IP Address
IP Address
Assignment
Select “DHCP Client” for your access point to
be assigned a dynamic IP address from your
router’s DHCP server, or select “Static IP” to
manually specify a static/fixed IP address for
your access point (below).
IP Address
Specify the IP address here. This IP address
will be assigned to your access point and will
Screenshots displayed are examples. The information shown on
your screen will vary depending on your configuration.
IV-2-1. LAN-Side IP Address
The “LAN-side IP address” page allows you to
configure your access point on your Local Area
Network (LAN). You can enable the access point to dynamically receive an IP
address from your router’s DHCP server or you can specify a static IP address
for your access point, as well as configure DNS servers.
The access point’s default IP address is 192.168.2.1.
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replace the default IP address.
Subnet Mask
Specify a subnet mask. The default value is
255.255.255.0
Default Gateway
For DHCP users, select “From DHCP” to get
default gateway from your DHCP server or
“User-Defined” to enter a gateway manually.
For static IP users, the default value is blank.
Primary Address
DHCP users can select “From DHCP” to get
primary DNS server’s IP address from DHCP or
“User-Defined” to manually enter a value. For
static IP users, the default value is blank.
Secondary Address
Users can manually enter a value when DNS
server’s primary address is set to
“User-Defined”.
DHCP users can select to get DNS servers’ IP address from DHCP or manually
enter a value. For static IP users, the default value is blank.
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IV-2-2. LAN Port
Wired LAN Port
Identifies LAN port 1.
Enable
Enable/disable LAN port.
Speed & Duplex
Select a speed & duplex type for LAN port, or
use the “Auto” value. LAN ports can operate up
to 1000Mbps and full-duplex enables
simultaneous data packets transfer/receive.
Flow Control
Enable/disable flow control. Flow control can
pause new session request until current data
processing is complete, in order to avoid
device overloads under heavy traffic.
802.3az
Enable/disable 802.3az. 802.3az is an Energy
Efficient Ethernet feature which disables
unused interfaces to reduce power usage.
The “LAN Port” page allows you to
configure the settings for your access
point’s two wired LAN (Ethernet) ports.
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IV-2-3. VLAN
VLAN Interface
Wired LAN
Port/Wireless
Identifies LAN port 1 and wireless SSIDs
(2.4GHz or 5GHz).
VLAN Mode
Select “Tagged Port” or “Untagged Port” for
LAN interface.
VLAN ID
Set a VLAN ID for specified interface, if
“Untagged Port” is selected.
Management VLAN
VLAN ID
Specify the VLAN ID of the management VLAN.
Only the hosts belonging to the same VLAN can
manage the device.
The “VLAN” (Virtual Local Area Network)
enables you to configure VLAN settings. A
VLAN is a local area network which maps
workstations virtually instead of physically and allows you to group together
or isolate users from each other. VLAN IDs 1 – 4094 are supported.
VLAN IDs in the range 1 – 4094 are supported.
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IV-3. Wireless Settings
Screenshots displayed are examples. The information shown on
your screen will vary depending on your configuration.
IV-3-1. 2.4GHz 11bgn
The “2.4GHz 11bgn” menu allows you to view
and configure information for your access
point’s 2.4GHz wireless network across four
categories: Basic, Advanced, Security and WDS.
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IV-3-1-1. Basic
The “Basic” screen displays basic settings for
your access point’s 2.4GHz Wi-Fi network (s).
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Wireless
Enable or disable the access point’s 2.4GHz
wireless radio. When disabled, no 2.4GHz
SSIDs will be active.
Band
Select the wireless standard used for the
access point. Combinations of 802.11b,
802.11g & 802.11n can be selected.
Enable SSID Number
Select how many SSIDs to enable for the
2.4GHz frequency from the drop down menu.
A maximum of 16 can be enabled.
SSID#
Enter the SSID name for the specified SSID (up
to 16). The SSID can consist of any
combination of up to 32 alphanumeric
characters.
VLAN ID
Specify a VLAN ID for each SSID.
Auto Channel
Enable/disable auto channel selection. Auto
channel selection will automatically set the
wireless channel for the access point’s 2.4GHz
frequency based on availability and potential
interference. When disabled, select a channel
manually as shown in the next table.
Auto Channel Range
Select a range from which the auto channel
setting (above) will choose a channel.
Auto Channel
Interval
Specify a frequency for how often the auto
channel setting will check/reassign the
wireless channel. Check/uncheck the “Change
channel even if clients are connected” box
according to your preference.
Channel Bandwidth
Set the channel bandwidth: 20MHz (lower
performance but less interference), 40MHz
(higher performance but potentially higher
interference) or Auto (automatically select
based on interference level).
BSS BasicRateSet
Set a Basic Service Set (BSS) rate: this is a
series of rates to control communication
frames for wireless clients.
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Channel
Select a wireless channel from 1 – 11 (1-13).
Channel Bandwidth
Set the channel bandwidth: 20MHz (lower
performance but less interference), 40MHz
(higher performance but potentially higher
interference) or Auto (automatically select
based on interference level).
BSS BasicRate Set
Set a Basic Service Set (BSS) rate: this is a
series of rates to control communication
frames for wireless clients.
When auto channel is disabled, select a wireless channel manually:
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IV-3-1-2. Advanced
Contention Slot
Select “Short” or “Long” – this value is used for
contention windows in WMM (see IV-3-6.
WMM).
Preamble Type
Set the wireless radio preamble type. The
preamble type in 802.11 based wireless
communication defines the length of the CRC
(Cyclic Redundancy Check) block for
communication between the access point and
roaming wireless adapters. The default value is
“Short Preamble”.
Guard Interval
Set the guard interval. A shorter interval can
improve performance.
These settings are for experienced users only.
Please do not change any of the values on this
page unless you are already familiar with these functions.
Changing these settings can adversely affect the performance of
your access point.
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802.11g Protection
Enable/disable 802.11g protection, which
increases reliability but reduces bandwidth
(clients will send Request to Send (RTS) to
access point, and access point will broadcast
Clear to Send (CTS), before a packet is sent
from client.)
802.11n Protection
Enable/disable 802.11n protection, which
increases reliability but reduces bandwidth
(clients will send Request to Send (RTS) to
access point, and access point will broadcast
Clear to Send (CTS), before a packet is sent
from client.)
DTIM Period
Set the DTIM (delivery traffic indication
message) period value of the wireless radio.
The default value is 1.
RTS Threshold
Set the RTS threshold of the wireless radio. The
default value is 2347.
Fragment
Threshold
Set the fragment threshold of the wireless
radio. The default value is 2346.
Multicast Rate
Set the transfer rate for multicast packets or
use the “Auto” setting.
Tx Power
Set the power output of the wireless radio. You
may not require 100% output power. Setting a
lower power output can enhance security since
potentially malicious/unknown users in distant
areas will not be able to access your signal.
Beacon Interval
Set the beacon interval of the wireless radio.
The default value is 100.
Station idle
timeout
Set the interval for keepalive messages from
the access point to a wireless client to verify if
the station is still alive/active.
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IV-3-1-3. Security
The access point provides various security options
(wireless data encryption). When data is
encrypted, information transmitted wirelessly cannot be read by anyone who
does not know the correct encryption key.
It’s essential to configure wireless security in order to prevent
unauthorised access to your network.
Select hard-to-guess passwords which include combinations of
numbers, letters and symbols, and change your password
regularly.
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SSID Selection
Select which SSID to configure security settings
for.
Broadcast SSID
Enable or disable SSID broadcast. When
enabled, the SSID will be visible to clients as an
available Wi-Fi network. When disabled, the
SSID will not be visible as an available Wi-Fi
network to clients – clients must manually
enter the SSID in order to connect. A hidden
(disabled) SSID is typically more secure than a
visible (enabled) SSID.
Wireless Client
Isolation
Enable or disable wireless client isolation.
Wireless client isolation prevents clients
connected to the access point from
communicating with each other and improves
security. Typically, this function is useful for
corporate environments or public hot spots
and can prevent brute force attacks on clients’
usernames and passwords.
Load Balancing
Load balancing limits the number of wireless
clients connected to an SSID. Set a load
balancing value (maximum 50).
Authentication
Method
Select an authentication method from the drop
down menu and refer to the information
below appropriate for your method.
Additional
Authentication
Select an additional authentication method
from the drop down menu and refer to the
information below (IV-3-1-3-6.) appropriate for
your method.
IV-3-1-3-1. No Authentication
Authentication is disabled and no password/key is required to connect to the
access point.
Disabling wireless authentication is not recommended. When
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disabled, anybody within range can connect to your device’s SSID.
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IV-3-1-3-2. WEP
Key Length
Select 64-bit or 128-bit. 128-bit is more secure
than 64-bit and is recommended.
Key Type
Choose from “ASCII” (any alphanumerical
character 0-9, a-z and A-Z) or “Hex” (any
characters from 0-9, a-f and A-F).
Default Key
Select which encryption key (1 – 4 below) is the
default key. For security purposes, you can set
up to four keys (below) and change which is
the default key.
Encryption Key 1 –
4
Enter your encryption key/password according
to the format you selected above.
Key Length
Select 64-bit or 128-bit. 128-bit is more secure
than 64-bit and is recommended.
WPA Type
Select from WPA/WPA2 Mixed Mode-PSK,
WPA2 or WPA only. WPA2 is safer than WPA
only, but not supported by all wireless clients.
Please make sure your wireless client supports
your selection.
Encryption
Select “TKIP/AES Mixed Mode” or “AES”
encryption type.
Key Renewal
Interval
Specify a frequency for key renewal in
minutes.
Pre-Shared Key
Choose from “Passphrase” (8 – 63
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is a basic encryption type. For a higher
level of security consider using WPA encryption.
IV-3-1-3-3. IEEE802.1x/EAP
IV-3-1-3-4. WPA-PSK
WPA-PSK is a secure wireless encryption type with strong data
protection and user authentication, utilizing 128-bit encryption keys.
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Type
alphanumeric characters) or “Hex” (up to 64
characters from 0-9, a-f and A-F).
Pre-Shared Key
Please enter a security key/password according
to the format you selected above.
WPA Type
Select from WPA/WPA2 Mixed Mode-EAP,
WPA2-EAP or WPA-EAP.
Encryption
Select “TKIP/AES Mixed Mode” or “AES”
encryption type.
Key Renewal
Interval
Specify a frequency for key renewal in
minutes.
IV-3-1-3-5. WPA-EAP
WPA-EAP must be disabled to use MAC-RADIUS authentication.
IV-3-1-3-6. Additional Authentication
Additional wireless authentication methods can also be used:
MAC Address Filter
Restrict wireless clients access based on MAC address specified in the MAC
filter table.
See IV-3-5.MAC Filter to configure MAC filtering.
MAC Filter & MAC-RADIUS Authentication
Restrict wireless clients access using both of the above MAC filtering &
RADIUS authentication methods.
MAC-RADIUS Authentication
Restrict wireless clients access based on MAC address via a RADIUS server, or
password authentication via a RADIUS server.
See IV-3-4.RADIUS to configure RADIUS servers.
WPS must be disabled to use MAC-RADIUS authentication. See
IV-3-3. for WPS settings.
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MAC RADIUS
Password
Select whether to use MAC address or
password authentication via RADIUS server. If
you select “Use the following password”, enter
the password in the field below. The password
should match the “Shared Secret” used in
IV-3-4. RADIUS.
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IV-3-1-4. WDS
Wireless Distribution System (WDS) can
bridge/repeat access points together in an
extended network. WDS settings can be configured as shown below.
When using WDS, configure the IP address of each access point to
be in the same subnet and ensure there is only one active DHCP
server among connected access points, preferably on the WAN
side.
WDS must be configured on each access point, using correct MAC addresses.
All access points should use the same wireless channel and encryption
method.
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2.4GHz
WDS Functionality
Select “WDS with AP” to use WDS with access
point or “Dedicated WDS” to use WDS and also
block communication with regular wireless
clients. When WDS is used, each access point
should be configured with corresponding MAC
addresses, wireless channel and wireless
encryption method.
Local MAC Address
Displays the MAC address of your access point.
WDS Peer Settings
WDS #
Enter the MAC address for up to four other
WDS devices you wish to connect.
WDS VLAN
VLAN Mode
Specify the WDS VLAN mode to “Untagged
Port” or “Tagged Port”.
VLAN ID
Specify the WDS VLAN ID when “Untagged
Port” is selected above.
WDS Encryption method
Encryption
Select whether to use “None” or “AES”
encryption and enter a pre-shared key for AES
consisting of 8-63 alphanumeric characters.
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IV-3-2. 5GHz 11ac 11an
Wireless
Enable or disable the access point’s 5GHz
wireless radio. When disabled, no 5GHz SSIDs
The “5GHz 11ac 11an” menu allows you to view
and configure information for your access point’s
5GHz wireless network across four categories: Basic, Advanced, Security and
WDS.
IV-3-2-1. Basic
The “Basic” screen displays basic settings for
your access point’s 5GHz Wi-Fi network (s).
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will be active.
Band
Select the wireless standard used for the
access point. Combinations of 802.11a,
802.11n & 802.11ac can be selected.
Enable SSID Number
Select how many SSIDs to enable for the 5GHz
frequency from the drop down menu. A
maximum of 16 can be enabled.
SSID#
Enter the SSID name for the specified SSID (up
to 16). The SSID can consist of any
combination of up to 32 alphanumeric
characters.
VLAN ID
Specify a VLAN ID for each SSID.
Auto Channel
Enable/disable auto channel selection. Auto
channel selection will automatically set the
wireless channel for the access point’s 5GHz
frequency based on availability and potential
interference. When disabled, select a channel
manually as shown in the next table.
Auto Channel Range
Select a range from which the auto channel
setting (above) will choose a channel.
Auto Channel
Interval
Specify a frequency for how often the auto
channel setting will check/reassign the
wireless channel. Check/uncheck the “Change
channel even if clients are connected” box
according to your preference.
Channel Bandwidth
Set the channel bandwidth: 20MHz (lower
performance but less interference), Auto
40/20MHz or Auto 80/40/20MHz
(automatically select based on interference
level).
BSS BasicRate Set
Set a Basic Service Set (BSS) rate: this is a
series of rates to control communication
frames for wireless clients.
Channel
Select a wireless channel.
Channel Bandwidth
Set the channel bandwidth: 20MHz (lower
performance but less interference), Auto
40/20MHz or Auto 80/40/20MHz
When auto channel is disabled, select a wireless channel manually:
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(automatically select based on interference
level).
BSS BasicRate Set
Set a Basic Service Set (BSS) rate: this is a
series of rates to control communication
frames for wireless clients.
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IV-3-2-2. Advanced
Guard Interval
Set the guard interval. A shorter interval can
improve performance.
802.11n Protection
Enable/disable 802.11n protection, which
increases reliability but reduces bandwidth
(clients will send Request to Send (RTS) to
access point, and access point will broadcast
Clear to Send (CTS), before a packet is sent
from client.)
DTIM Period
Set the DTIM (delivery traffic indication
message) period value of the wireless radio.
The default value is 1.
RTS Threshold
Set the RTS threshold of the wireless radio. The
default value is 2347.
Fragment
Threshold
Set the fragment threshold of the wireless
radio. The default value is 2346.
Multicast Rate
Set the transfer rate for multicast packets or
use the “Auto” setting.
These settings are for experienced users only.
Please do not change any of the values on this
page unless you are already familiar with these functions.
Changing these settings can adversely affect the performance of
your access point.
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Tx Power
Set the power output of the wireless radio. You
may not require 100% output power. Setting a
lower power output can enhance security since
potentially malicious/unknown users in distant
areas will not be able to access your signal.
Beacon Interval
Set the beacon interval of the wireless radio.
The default value is 100.
Station idle
timeout
Set the interval for keepalive messages from
the access point to a wireless client to verify if
the station is still alive/active.
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IV-3-2-3. Security
SSID Selection
Select which SSID to configure security settings
for.
Broadcast SSID
Enable or disable SSID broadcast. When
enabled, the SSID will be visible to clients as an
available Wi-Fi network. When disabled, the
SSID will not be visible as an available Wi-Fi
network to clients – clients must manually
enter the SSID in order to connect. A hidden
(disabled) SSID is typically more secure than a
visible (enabled) SSID.
The access point provides various security options
(wireless data encryption). When data is
encrypted, information transmitted wirelessly
cannot be read by anyone who does not know the correct encryption key.
It’s essential to configure wireless security in order to prevent
unauthorised access to your network.
Select hard-to-guess passwords which include combinations of
numbers, letters and symbols, and change your password
regularly.
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Wireless Client
Isolation
Enable or disable wireless client isolation.
Wireless client isolation prevents clients
connected to the access point from
communicating with each other and improves
security. Typically, this function is useful for
corporate environments or public hot spots
and can prevent brute force attacks on clients’
usernames and passwords.
Load Balancing
Load balancing limits the number of wireless
clients connected to an SSID. Set a load
balancing value (maximum 50).
Authentication
Method
Select an authentication method from the drop
down menu and refer to the information
below appropriate for your method.
Additional
Authentication
Select an additional authentication method
from the drop down menu and refer to the
information below appropriate for your
method.
Please refer back to IV-3-1-3. Security for more information on authentication
and additional authentication types.
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IV-3-2-4. WDS
Wireless Distribution System (WDS) can
bridge/repeat access points together in an
extended network. WDS settings can be
configured as shown below.
When using WDS, configure the IP address of each access point to
be in the same subnet and ensure there is only one active DHCP
server among connected access points, preferably on the WAN
side.
WDS must be configured on each access point, using correct MAC addresses.
All access points should use the same wireless channel and encryption
method.
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5GHz WDS Mode
WDS Functionality
Select “WDS with AP” to use WDS with access
point or “Dedicated WDS” to use WDS and also
block communication with regular wireless
clients. When WDS is used, each access point
should be configured with corresponding MAC
addresses, wireless channel and wireless
encryption method.
Local MAC Address
Displays the MAC address of your access point.
WDS Peer Settings
WDS #
Enter the MAC address for up to four other
WDA devices you wish to connect.
WDS VLAN
VLAN Mode
Specify the WDS VLAN mode to “Untagged
Port” or “Tagged Port”.
VLAN ID
Specify the WDS VLAN ID when “Untagged
Port” is selected above.
WDS Encryption
Encryption
Select whether to use “None” or “AES”
encryption and enter a pre-shared key for AES
with 8-63 alphanumeric characters.
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IV-3-3. WPS
Wi-Fi Protected Setup is a simple way to
establish connections between WPS
compatible devices. WPS can be activated on compatible devices by pushing a
WPS button on the device or from within the device’s firmware/configuration
interface (known as PBC or “Push Button Configuration”). When WPS is
activated in the correct manner and at the correct time for two compatible
devices, they will automatically connect. “PIN code WPS” is a variation of PBC
which includes the additional use of a PIN code between the two devices for
verification.
Please refer to manufacturer’s instructions for your other WPS
device.
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WPS
Check/uncheck this box to enable/disable WPS
functionality. WPS must be disabled when
using MAC-RADIUS authentication (see
IV-3-1-3-6 & IV-3-4).
Product PIN
Displays the WPS PIN code of the device, used
for PIN code WPS. You will be required to enter
this PIN code into another WPS device for PIN
code WPS. Click “Generate PIN” to generate a
new WPS PIN code.
Push-Button WPS
Click “Start” to activate WPS on the access
point for approximately 2 minutes. This has the
same effect as physically pushing the access
point’s WPS button.
WPS by PIN
Enter the PIN code of another WPS device and
click “Start” to attempt to establish a WPS
connection for approximately 2 minutes.
WPS Status
WPS security status is displayed here. Click
“Release” to clear the existing status.
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IV-3-4. RADIUS
The RADIUS sub menu allows you to configure the
access point’s RADIUS server settings, categorized
into three submenus: RADIUS settings, Internal Server and RADIUS accounts.
A RADIUS server provides user-based authentication to improve security and
offer wireless client control – users can be authenticated before gaining
access to a network.
The access point can utilize both a primary and secondary (backup) RADIUS
server for each of its wireless frequencies (2.4GHz & 5GHz). External RADIUS
servers can be used or the access point’s internal RADIUS server can be used.
To use RADIUS servers, go to “Wireless Settings” “Security” and
select “MAC RADIUS Authentication” “Additional Authentication” and select “MAC RADIUS Authentication” (see
IV-3-1-3. & IV-3-2-3).
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IV-3-4-1. RADIUS Settings
Configure the RADIUS server settings for
2.4GHz & 5GHz. Each frequency can use an
internal or external RADIUS server.
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RADIUS Type
Select “Internal” to use the access point’s
built-in RADIUS server or “external” to use an
external RADIUS server.
RADIUS Server
Enter the RADIUS server host IP address.
Authentication
Port
Set the UDP port used in the authentication
protocol of the RADIUS server. Value must be
between 1 – 65535.
Shared Secret
Enter a shared secret/password between 1 –
99 characters in length. This should match the
“MAC-RADIUS” password used in IV-3-1-3-6 or
IV-3-2-3.
Session Timeout
Set a duration of session timeout in seconds
between 0 – 86400.
Accounting
Enable or disable RADIUS accounting.
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Accounting Port
When accounting is enabled (above), set the
UDP port used in the accounting protocol of
the RADIUS server. Value must be between 1 –
65535.
Internal Server
Check/uncheck to enable/disable the access
point’s internal RADIUS server.
EAP Internal
Authentication
Select EAP internal authentication type from
the drop down menu.
EAP Certificate File
Format
Displays the EAP certificate file format:
PCK#12(*.pfx/*.p12)
IV-3-4-2. Internal Server
The access point features a built-in RADIUS
server which can be configured as shown
below used when “Internal” is selected for “RADIUS Type” in the “Wireless
Settings” “RADIUS” “RADIUS Settings” menu.
To use RADIUS servers, go to “Wireless Settings” “Security” and
select “MAC RADIUS Authentication” “Additional
Authentication” and select “MAC RADIUS Authentication” (see
IV-3-1-3. & IV-3-2-3).
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EAP Certificate File
Click “Upload” to open a new window and
select the location of an EAP certificate file to
use. If no certificate file is uploaded, the
internal RADIUS server will use a self-made
certificate.
Shared Secret
Enter a shared secret/password for use
between the internal RADIUS server and
RADIUS client. The shared secret should be 1 –
99 characters in length. This should match the
“MAC-RADIUS” password used in IV-3-1-3-6 or
IV-3-2-3.
Session Timeout
Set a duration of session timeout in seconds
between 0 – 86400.
Termination Action
Select a termination-action attribute:
“Reauthentication” sends a RADIUS request to
the access point, “Not-Reathentication” sends
a default termination-action attribute to the
access point, “Not-Send” no
termination-action attribute is sent to the
access point.
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IV-3-4-3. RADIUS Accounts
User Name
Enter the user names here, separated by
commas.
The internal RADIUS server can authenticate
up to 256 user accounts. The “RADIUS
Accounts” page allows you to configure and manage users.
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Add
Click “Add” to add the user to the user
registration list.
Reset
Clear text from the user name box.
Select
Check the box to select a user.
User Name
Displays the user name.
Password
Displays if specified user name has a password
(configured) or not (not configured).
Customize
Click “Edit” to open a new field to set/edit a
password for the specified user name (below).
Delete Selected
Delete selected user from the user registration
list.
Delete All
Delete all users from the user registration list.
User Name
Existing user name is displayed here and can
be edited according to your preference.
Password
Enter or edit a password for the specified user.
Edit User Registration List
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IV-3-5. MAC Filter
Add MAC Address
Enter a MAC address of computer or network
device manually e.g. ‘aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-ff’ or
enter multiple MAC addresses separated with
Mac filtering is a security feature that can
help to prevent unauthorized users from
connecting to your access point.
This function allows you to define a list of network devices permitted to
connect to the access point. Devices are each identified by their unique MAC
address. If a device which is not on the list of permitted MAC addresses
attempts to connect to the access point, it will be denied.
To enable MAC filtering, go to “Wireless Settings” “2.4GHz
11bgn/5GHz 11ac 11an” “Security” “Additional
Authentication” and select “MAC Filter” (see IV-3-1-3. & IV-3-2-3).
The MAC address filtering table is displayed below:
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commas, e.g.
‘aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-ff,aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-gg’
Add
Click “Add” to add the MAC address to the
MAC address filtering table.
Reset
Clear all fields.
Select
Delete selected or all entries from the table.
MAC Address
The MAC address is listed here.
Delete Selected
Delete the selected MAC address from the
list.
Delete All
Delete all entries from the MAC address
filtering table.
Export
Click “Export” to save a copy of the MAC
filtering table. A new window will pop up for
you to select a location to save the file.
MAC address entries will be listed in the “MAC Address Filtering Table”. Select
an entry using the “Select” checkbox.
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IV-3-6. WMM
Background
Low
Priority
High throughput, non time sensitive bulk
data e.g. FTP
Best Effort
Medium
Priority
Traditional IP data, medium throughput and
delay.
Video
High
Priority
Time sensitive video data with minimum
time delay.
Voice
High
Priority
Time sensitive data such as VoIP and
streaming media with minimum time delay.
Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) is a Wi-Fi Alliance
interoperability certification based on the
IEEE 802.11e standard, which provides
Quality of Service (QoS) features to IEEE 802.11 networks. WMM prioritizes
traffic according to four categories: background, best effort, video and voice.
Configuring WMM consists of adjusting parameters on queues for different
categories of wireless traffic. Traffic is sent to the following queues:
Queues automatically provide minimum transmission delays for video, voice,
multimedia and critical applications. The values can further be adjusted
manually:
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CWMin
Minimum Contention Window (milliseconds):
This value is input to the initial random
backoff wait time algorithm for retry of a data
frame transmission. The backoff wait time will
be generated between 0 and this value. If the
frame is not sent, the random backoff value is
doubled until the value reaches the number
defined by CWMax (below). The CWMin value
must be lower than the CWMax value. The
contention window scheme helps to avoid
frame collisions and determine priority of
frame transmission. A shorter window has a
higher probability (priority) of transmission.
CWMax
Maximum Contention Window (milliseconds):
This value is the upper limit to random
backoff value doubling (see above).
AIFSN
Arbitration Inter-Frame Space (milliseconds):
Specifies additional time between when a
channel goes idle and the AP/client sends
data frames. Traffic with a lower AIFSN value
has a higher priority.
TxOP
Transmission Opportunity (milliseconds): The
maximum interval of time an AP/client can
transmit. This makes channel access more
efficiently prioritized. A value of 0 means only
one frame per transmission. A greater value
effects higher priority.
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IV-4. Management
Screenshots displayed are examples. The information shown on
your screen will vary depending on your configuration.
IV-4-1. Admin
You can change the password used to login to
the browser-based configuration interface here.
It is advised to do so for security purposes.
If you change the administrator password, please make a note
of the new password. In the event that you forget this
password and are unable to login to the browser based
configuration interface, see I-5. Reset for how to reset the
access point.
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Account to Manage This Device
Administrator
Name
Set the access point’s administrator name.
This is used to log in to the browser based
configuration interface and must be between
4-16 alphanumeric characters (case sensitive).
Administrator
Password
Set the access point’s administrator password.
This is used to log in to the browser based
configuration interface and must be between
4-32 alphanumeric characters (case sensitive).
Advanced Settings
Product Name
Edit the product name according to your
preference consisting of 1-32 alphanumeric
characters. This name is used for reference
purposes.
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Management
Protocol
Check/uncheck the boxes to enable/disable
specified management interfaces (see below).
When SNMP is enabled, complete the SNMP
fields below.
SNMP Version
Select SNMP version appropriate for your
SNMP manager.
SNMP Get
Community
Enter an SNMP Get Community name for
verification with the SNMP manager for
SNMP-GET requests.
SNMP Set
Community
Enter an SNMP Set Community name for
verification with the SNMP manager for
SNMP-SET requests.
SNMP Trap
Enable or disable SNMP Trap to notify SNMP
manager of network errors.
SNMP Trap
Community
Enter an SNMP Trap Community name for
verification with the SNMP manager for
SNMP-TRAP requests.
SNMP Trap
Manager
Specify the IP address or sever name (2-128
alphanumeric characters) of the SNMP
manager.
HTTP
Internet browser HTTP protocol management interface
HTTPS
Internet browser HTTPS protocol management interface
TELNET
Client terminal with telnet protocol management interface
SSH
Client terminal with SSH protocol version 1 or 2 management interface
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol. SNMPv1, v2 & v3 protocol supported.
SNMPv2 can be used with community based authentication. SNMPv3 uses
user-based security model (USM) architecture.
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IV-4-2. Date and Time
Date and Time Settings
Local Time
Set the access point’s date and time manually
using the drop down menus.
Acquire Current
Time from your PC
Click “Acquire Current Time from Your PC” to
enter the required values automatically
according to your computer’s current time and
date.
NTP Time Server
Use NTP
The access point also supports NTP (Network
Time Protocol) for automatic time and date
setup.
You can configure the time zone settings of your
access point here. The date and time of the
device can be configured manually or can be synchronized with a time server.
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Server Name
Enter the host name or IP address of the time
server if you wish.
Update Interval
Specify a frequency (in hours) for the access
point to update/synchronize with the NTP
server.
Time Zone
Time Zone
Select the time zone of your country/ region. If
your country/region is not listed, please select
another country/region whose time zone is the
same as yours.
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IV-4-3. Syslog Server
Transfer Logs
Check/uncheck the box to enable/disable the
use of a syslog server, and enter a host
name, domain or IP address for the server,
consisting of up to 128 alphanumeric
characters.
The system log can be sent to a server.
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IV-4-4. I’m Here
Duration of Sound
Set the duration for which the buzzer will
sound when the “Sound Buzzer” button is
clicked.
Sound Buzzer
Activate the buzzer sound for the above
specified duration of time.
The access point features a built-in buzzer
which can sound on command using the “I’m
Here” page. This is useful for network administrators and engineers working
in complex network environments to locate the access point.
The buzzer is loud!
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IV-5. Advanced
Power LED
Select on or off.
Diag LED
Select on or off.
Screenshots displayed are examples. The information shown on
your screen will vary depending on your configuration.
IV-5-1. LED Settings
preference.
The access point’s LEDs can be manually
enabled or disabled according to your
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IV-5-2. Update Firmware
Update Firmware
From
Select “a file on your PC” to upload firmware
from your local computer.
Firmware Update File
Click “Browse” to open a new window to
locate and select the firmware file in your
computer.
Update
Click “Update” to upload the specified
firmware file to your access point.
The “Firmware” page allows you to update
the system firmware to a more recent
version. Updated firmware versions often
offer increased performance and security, as well as bug fixes. You can
download the latest firmware from the website.
Do not switch off or disconnect the access point during a firmware
upgrade, as this could damage the device.
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IV-5-3. Save/Restore Settings
Save / Restore Settings
Using Device
Select “Using your PC” to save the access
point’s settings to your local computer.
Save Settings to PC
Save Settings
Click “Save” to save settings and a new
window will open to specify a location to
save the settings file. You can also check the
“Encrypt the configuration file with a
password” box and enter a password to
protect the file in the field underneath, if you
wish.
The access point’s “Save/Restore Settings”
page enables you to save/backup the access
point’s current settings as a file to your local computer, and restore the access
point to previously saved settings.
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Restore Settings from PC
Restore Settings
Click the browse button to find a previously
saved settings file on your computer, then
click “Restore” to replace your current
settings. If your settings file is encrypted with
a password, check the “Open file with
password” box and enter the password in
the field underneath.
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IV-5-4. Factory Default
Factory Default
Click “Factory Default” to restore settings to
the factory default. A pop-up window will
appear and ask you to confirm.
If the access point malfunctions or is not
responding, then it is recommended that you
reboot the device (see IV-5.5) or reset the device back to its factory default
settings. You can reset the access point back to its default settings using this
feature if the location of the access point is not convenient to access the reset
button.
After resetting to factory defaults, please wait for the access
point to reset and restart.
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IV-5-5. Reboot
Reboot
Click “Reboot” to reboot the device. A
countdown will indicate the progress of the
reboot.
If the access point malfunctions or is not
responding, then it is recommended that
you reboot the device or reset the access point back to its factory default
settings (see IV-5-4). You can reboot the access point remotely using this
feature.
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V. Appendix
V-1. Configuring your IP address
The access point uses the default IP address 192.168.2.1. In order to access
the browser based configuration interface, you need to modify the IP address
of your computer to be in the same IP address subnet e.g. 192.168.2.x (x = 3 –
254).
The procedure for modifying your IP address varies across different operating
systems; please follow the guide appropriate for your operating system.
In the following examples we use the IP address 192.168.2.10 though you can
use any IP address in the range 192.168.2.x (x = 3 – 254).
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V-1-1. Windows XP
1. Click the “Start” button (it should be located in the lower-left corner of
your computer), then click “Control Panel”. Double-click the “Network and
Internet Connections” icon, click “Network Connections”, and then
double-click “Local Area Connection”. The “Local Area Connection Status”
window will then appear, click “Properties”.
2. Select “Use the following IP address”, then input the following values:
IP address: 192.168.2.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Click ‘OK’ when finished.
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V-1-2. Windows Vista
1. Click the “Start” button (it should be located in the lower-left corner of
your computer), then click “Control Panel”. Click “View Network Status and
Tasks”, then click “Manage Network Connections”. Right-click “Local Area
Network”, then select “Properties”. The “Local Area Connection Properties”
window will then appear, select “Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP / IPv4)”,
and then click “Properties”.
2. Select “Use the following IP address”, then input the following values:
IP address: 192.168.2.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Click ‘OK’ when finished.
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V-1-3. Windows 7
1. Click the “Start” button (it should be located in the lower-left corner of
your computer), then click “Control Panel”.
2. Under “Network and Internet” click “View network status and tasks”.
3. Click “Local Area Connection”.
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4. Click “Properties”.
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5. Select “Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then click “Properties”.
6. Select “Use the following IP address”, then input the following values:
IP address: 192.168.2.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Click ‘OK’ when finished.
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V-1-4. Windows 8
1. From the Windows 8 Start screen, you need to switch to desktop mode.
Move your curser to the bottom left of the screen and click.
2. In desktop mode, click the File Explorer icon in the bottom left of the
screen, as shown below.
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3. Right click “Network” and then select “Properties”.
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4. In the window that opens, select “Change adapter settings” from the left
side.
5. Choose your connection and right click, then select “Properties”.
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6. Select “Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then click “Properties”.
7. Select “Use the following IP address”, then input the following values:
IP address: 192.168.2.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Click ‘OK’ when finished.
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V-1-5. Mac
1. Have your Macintosh computer operate as usual, and click on “System
Preferences”
2. In System Preferences, click on “Network”.
3. Click on “Ethernet” in the left panel.
4. Open the drop-down menu labeled “Configure IPv4” and select
“Manually”.
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5. Enter the IP address 192.168.2.10 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0. Click
on “Apply” to save the changes.
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V-1-6. Glossary
Default Gateway (Access point): Every non-access point IP device needs to
configure a default gateway’s IP address. When the device sends out an IP
packet, if the destination is not on the same network, the device has to send
the packet to its default gateway, which will then send it out towards the
destination.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. This protocol automatically gives
every computer on your home network an IP address.
DNS Server IP Address: DNS stands for Domain Name System, which allows
Internet servers to have a domain name (such as www.Broadbandaccess
point.com) and one or more IP addresses (such as 192.34.45.8). A DNS server
keeps a database of Internet servers and their respective domain names and
IP addresses, so that when a domain name is requested (as in typing
"Broadbandaccess point.com" into your Internet browser), the user is sent to
the proper IP address. The DNS server IP address used by the computers on
your home network is the location of the DNS server your ISP has assigned to
you.
DSL Modem: DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. A DSL modem uses your
existing phone lines to transmit data at high speeds.
Ethernet: A standard for computer networks. Ethernet networks are
connected by special cables and hubs, and move data around at up to 10/100
million bits per second (Mbps).
IP Address and Network (Subnet) Mask: IP stands for Internet Protocol. An IP
address consists of a series of four numbers separated by periods, that
identifies a single, unique Internet computer host in an IP network. Example:
192.168.2.1. It consists of 2 portions: the IP network address, and the host
identifier.
The IP address is a 32-bit binary pattern, which can be represented as four
cascaded decimal numbers separated by “.”: aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa, where each
“aaa” can be anything from 000 to 255, or as four cascaded binary numbers
separated by “.”: bbbbbbbb.bbbbbbbb.bbbbbbbb.bbbbbbbb, where each “b”
can either be 0 or 1.
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