ECS P5TX-AR P5TX-AR User's manual

P5TX-AR Mainboard

User’s Manual

Version 1.1
Copyright © July 1997 All rights reserved

This publication may not be copied, reproduced, translated, transmitted or reduced to any printed
or electronic medium or to any machine readable form, or stored in a retrieval system, either in
whole or in part without the written consent of the copyright holders.

The contents of this publication are subject to change. The manufacturer reserves the right to
alter the contents of this publication at any time and without notice. The contents of this publica­tion may contain inaccuracies or typographical errors and is supplied for informational use only.

Products are noted in this publication for identification purposes only. Microsoft is a registered
trademark and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Pentium is a trademark of Intel
Corporation. All other product names or brands may be trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective holders.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

Table Of Contents – III

Section 1: P5TX-AR Package & Product Information.............................1 - 1

Manual Features.......................................................................................................... 1 - 1

Package Contents .............................................................................................. 1 - 3

Mainboard Features ...........................................................................................1 - 4

Component Information .....................................................................................1 - 6

Expansion Cards & Slots ............................................................................................ 1 - 6

Memory Sockets & Modules.......................................................................................1 - 7

CPU Socket & CPU.......................................................................................................1 - 7

Port & Controller Connections.................................................................................... 1 - 8

Section 2: Using Your Mainboard ......................................................... 2 - 1

System Controls.................................................................................................. 2 - 1

Hardware Controls & Indicators ................................................................................ 2 - 1

CMOS Setup Utility Controls .......................................................................................2 - 3

Hardware Features............................................................................................ 2 - 6

Onboard Ports ............................................................................................................2 - 6

Connectors..................................................................................................................2 - 6

Optional Hardware Connectors.................................................................................2 - 9

Firmware & Software .......................................................................................2 - 10

How To Use The CMOS Setup Utility........................................................................ 2 - 10

Clearing CMOS ......................................................................................................... 2 - 10

Flashing The BIOS ..................................................................................................... 2 - 12

Bus Master Drivers ................................................................................................... 2 - 12

ATi Display Drivers..................................................................................................... 2 - 12

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

Table Of Contents – IV

Section 3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard ........................................... 3 - 1

Installing Expansion Cards .................................................................................. 3 - 1

ISA Cards & Slots ........................................................................................................ 3 - 1

Configuring Expansion Card Resources In CMOS Setup ..........................................3 - 2

Adding System Memory .................................................................................... 3 - 6

Memory Configurations .............................................................................................3 - 6

Installing A CPU Upgrade .................................................................................. 3 - 9

The Basic Procedure...................................................................................................3 - 9

Configuring External Clock Speed & Factor............................................................. 3 - 10

Configuring CPU Voltage .......................................................................................... 3 - 10

CPU Jumper Tables & Illustrations........................................................................... 3 - 12

Adding An IDE Peripheral ................................................................................. 3 - 16

IDE Transfer Modes................................................................................................... 3 - 16

Installing IDE Devices ................................................................................................ 3 - 18

Adding Display Memory ................................................................................... 3 - 19

Disabling The Onboard Video Display.............................................................. 3 - 20

Section 4: P5TX–AR Reference Information.........................................4 - 1

Using This Section...............................................................................................4 - 1

Jumper Configuration Summary........................................................................4 - 3

Supported CPUs ................................................................................................ 4 - 8

Interpreting CPU Markings.........................................................................................4 - 9

System Memory Specifications..........................................................................4 - 11

Memory Configurations ............................................................................................ 4 - 11

CMOS Setup Utility Summary...........................................................................4 - 12

Using the CMOS Setup Utility ................................................................................... 4 - 12

Accessing The CMOS Setup Utility ........................................................................... 4 - 12

Standard CMOS Setup.............................................................................................. 4 - 16

BIOS Features Setup ................................................................................................ 4 - 20

Chipset Features Setup............................................................................................ 4 - 25

Power Management Setup......................................................................................4 - 27

PNP/PCI Configuration ............................................................................................ 4 - 34

P5TX-AR User’s Manual

1: Package & Product Information – 1.1

In This Section:

About This Manual
Package Contents
Mainboard Features
Component Information

P5TX-AR Package & Product Information

This manual contains all the information you’ll need to use
the P5TX-AR mainboard. Please take a moment to familiarize
yourself with the design and organization of the manual.

Manual Features

This manual is divided into four sections:

• Section 1: Package & Product Information

A brief overview of what comes in the mainboard package, its

basic features, layout and component information.

• Section 2: Using Your Mainboard

Information on mainboard features that you may make use of

in operating your computer.

• Section 3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard

How to change or upgrade the mainboard configuration.

• Section 4: Reference Information

A summary of the mainboard’s settings and specifications.

P5TX-AR User’s Manual

1: Package & Product Information – 1.2

tant information. The icons appear in the sidebar and represent
the following:

The manual uses some icons to call your attention to impor-

G

C

D

N

• Important information

• A recommendation or good idea

• A warning or bad idea

• Danger warning

Online Manual Format

If the support disk for your mainboard is a CD-ROM disc, a
copy of the printed manual may be stored on the disc in Adobe
Acrobat format. If so, it requires Adobe Acrobat Reader version

3.0 or later to view it. Acrobat Reader for Microsoft Windows95
may also be supplied on the Support Disk. If not, you can obtain
a free copy of the Reader software from the Abobe web site which
is currently at www.adobe.com as well as other locations.

If you have the online manual, you may want to install Acro­bat Reader on your system hard disk. You can copy the manual
over as well so that the manual is readily available without hav­ing to hunt up the Support Disk when you want to view it.

If you are unfamiliar with Acrobat Reader, please take a mo­ment to view the Reader Online Guide which is available under
the Help menu when you run Reader.

P5TX-AR User’s Manual

1: Package & Product Information – 1.3

Package Contents

items. Please inspect the package contents and confirm that ev­erything is there. If anything is missing or damaged, call your
vendor for instructions before proceeding. The package includes:

• P5TX–AR Mainboard

• Cable Pack:

• Support Disk:

eral Operating Systems. The drivers are organized in individual
folders by OS. In each folder there is a “readme” file that explains
how to install the driver. Please locate the folder for the driver
you need and check this file.

The P5TX–AR mainboard package contains the following

– 1 Floppy Controller Cable

– 1 IDE Controller Cable

– 1 COM2 & TV Out Port Bracket with attached cable

– Bus Master Drivers

– Video Display Drivers

– Audio Drivers

– Infrared Module utility

The mainboard comes with IDE Bus Master drivers for sev-

P5TX-AR User’s Manual

1: Package & Product Information – 1.4

Mainboard Features

porates many features on the board. The mainboard includes the
following features:

• Socket 7 CPU socket supports Pentium and compatible CPUs

• Intel 82439TX (MTXC) and 82371AB (PIIX4) chipsets

• Super I/O chip

• NS LM78/LM75 Microprocessor System Hardware Monitor

• 512KB Pipeline Burst SRAM Level 2 cache

• Memory module sockets:

• Onboard Audio

• Onboard Video Display

• External Ports

• Expansion Card Slots

This mainboard is a highly integrated ATX design that incor-

up to 233MHz

– 3 DIMM sockets support up to 256MB

– SODIMM socket for display memory upgrade

– Crystal CS4237B 3D Sound audio

– Crystal CS9236 hardware wavetable

– Supports ‘Surround-sound’ via audio driver

– External mini-jack Mic, Line-In and Line-Out connectors

– ATI Rage II+ 3D video chip

– 2MB display memory standard, upgrade to 4MB

– Display drivers for multiple Operating Systems

– VGA display, COM1 serial port, Parallel port

– PS/2 Mouse & Keyboard connectors, dual USB ports

– Game/Joystick port, Mic, Line-In and Line-Out connectors

– Three PCI 2.1–compliant PCI slots

– Three 16-bit ISA slots

P5TX-AR User’s Manual

1: Package & Product Information – 1.5

J21

J22

JP11

J19

Audio Ports: Mic, Line In, Line Out

Game Keybd

CD-In

VGA Feature/AMC

TV-Out

ATi Mem. Socket

J18

Floppy

JP9

J16

IDE1

J20

DIMM3,2,1

IDE2

VGA

COM1

Parallel

COM2

Mouse

USB

ATX Power

Socket 7

CPU Socket 7

P5TX-AR Layout

The illustration above shows
the connectors, sockets and
ports and the mainboard.

The COM1 and VGA ports are
underneath the Parallel port.
The USB ports and the PS/2
Keyboard (lower) and Mouse
(upper) ports are stacked one
above the other.

The onboard audio connec­tors are under the game port.
COM2 and TV Out ports are
on a port bracket with cables
that connect to their respec­tive connectors on the board.

P5TX-AR User’s Manual

1: Package & Product Information – 1.6

Component Information

mainboard that you might need to know about if you want to
upgrade or change your system configuration. If your mainboard
is already installed in a system, it isn’t necessary for you to re­view this section.

grates many features onto the board including some number of
external ports.

Expansion Cards & Slots

or ‘add-on’ cards. Three are ISA slots, the others are PCI slots.
When you get an expansion card, it must use one of these to
connect to the computer.

A T design. They are 16-bit slots that run at a moderate bus speed.
There are many kinds of expansion cards that use this slot design
to connect to the computer, some of the most common being
sound and modem cards.

tem expansion cards. They operate at a faster speed and have a
greater data throughput than ISA cards.

requires managing the system resource configuration. Most newer
expansion cards support the ‘Plug and Play’ standard that allows
an Operating System like Windows95 to automatically detect
them and configure system resources as needed. Some older ISA
designs may not support this standard and may therefore require
manual configuration. You should consult the specifications or
documentation for a card to determine if this is the case and what
needs do be done to properly configure the card.

This section is a brief description of the components on the

This mainboard uses the A TX ‘form factor’, a design that inte-

The mainboard has six expansion slots for system expansion

The ISA expansion slots are a legacy of the original IBM PC/

PCI slots are the current high-speed 32-bit standard for sys-

Expansion cards often make use of system resources, which

P5TX-AR User’s Manual

1: Package & Product Information – 1.7

Memory Sockets & Modules

They use 168-pin DIMM memory modules. The sockets func­tion independently of each other. This mainboard has a very flex­ible memory design that allows the use of a variety of memory
options up to a total of 256MB. There is more information about
this in Adding System Memory section of Section 3: Reconfiguring
Your Mainboard.

Video Display Memory Socket

board. The display memory can be upgraded to 4MB by install­ing an SGRAM memory module in the display memory upgrade
socket on the mainboard. See Section 3 for more information.

CPU Socket & CPU

class CPUs including MMX Pentiums
socket is easy . The lever at the side of the socket latches the CPU
in place when it is down and releases it when raised.

on the board for the first time, please refer to ‘Installing a CPU’ in
Section 3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard.

There are three memory module sockets on the mainboard.

There is 2MB of video display memory mounted on the main-

The Socket 7 CPU socket supports the full range of Pentium®-

®

. Installing a CPU in the

If you want to install a CPU upgrade or are installing a CPU

P5TX-AR User’s Manual

1: Package & Product Information – 1.8

Port & Controller Connections

are external ports and others are internal connectors that connect
to other parts of the computer or internal options.

External Ports

cluding the COM2 serial port, a Parallel port, a VGA display con­nector, a Game port for connecting a Joystick, PS/2-type key­board and mouse ports and several audio ports. The audio ports
include Mic, Line-In and Line-Out connectors for the onboard
sound card. These external ports are all accessible at the rear of
the computer when the mainboard is installed.

Internal Connectors

including connectors for four Enhanced IDE devices in two chan­nels, two floppy disk drives, the COM2 serial port and the TV
Out option. There are also connectors for a CPU cooling fan,
chassis intrusion alert cable and modem ring wake-up cable.

formation.

There are several ports and connectors on the mainboard. Some

This mainboard has several external ports and connectors in-

There are also several connectors built onto the mainboard,

Details about these connectors are in Section 4: Reference In-

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.1

In This Section:

Using Your Mainboard

This section covers the following topics:

• System Controls & Indicators

• Hardware Features

• Firmware & Software

They go over the system control features and status indicators
that connect from the mainboard and explain the software that
comes with or is built-into the mainboard.

System Controls
Hardware Features
Firmware & Software

System Controls

There are two topics in this section, a explanation of the hard­ware controls and status indicators that connect from the main­board to your system case and some information about the parts
of the CMOS Setup Utility that allow you customize some sys­tem features.

Hardware Controls & Indicators

There are some control features and status indicators that con­nect from the mainboard to your system case, which is some­times called the ‘Enclosure’ or ‘Chassis.’ These are:

• Power Switch

• Power Status Indicator

• Suspend Switch

• Suspend Status Indicator

• Reset Switch

• Hard Disk Drive Activity Indicator

• Keyboard Lock

All of these case features connect to the mainboard via con­nector J22. Not all system cases have all of these features, so
your system may not have all of them. The functions and op­tions for these are shown in the table on the next page.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.2

Hardware Control & Indicator Connectors
Feature Function

Power Status LED When lighted indicates that system is turned on
Suspend Switch Puts the system into Suspend state under Operating

Systems that support this power management feature
Suspend LED When lighted indicates the system is suspended
Reset Switch Pressing the Reset switch restarts the system
Keyboard Lock Disables keyboard via a lock mounted on front panel

of the case
Speaker Connects to the PC speaker mounted on the system case

HDD Activity LED Flashes when hard disk drive is active

Power Switch Turns the system power on and off. Default sets this

to dual function as power and suspend switch. Press

once for Suspend, hold for >4 seconds for Off. To set as

Power only, change setting in the Power Management

section of the CMOS Setup utility.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.3

CMOS Setup Utility Controls

T wo sections of the CMOS Setup Utility allow you to config-

ure how some of your system’s features work. These are:

• BIOS Features Setup

• Power Management Setup

The CMOS Setup Utility is a program that is permanently
stored in the BIOS chip on the mainboard. The utility creates a
system hardware configuration record that it stores in a small
amount of battery-supported memory on the board. The BIOS
uses this record to function as an interface between the system
hardware and the operating system. Most of the settings in the
CMOS Setup Utility are made automatically, so you won’t nor­mally need to use this program. You can, however, customize
some of the operational features to suit how you prefer to use
the system.

The screen illustrations on the next two pages show the Setup
Default settings for these two sections of the utility.

The CMOS Setup Utility Summary in Section 4: Reference
Information, lists the setting options for each section of the util­ity including the two noted above.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.4

CMOS Setup Utility –

BIOS Features Setup
This section of the setup util­ity allows you to configure
some system features includ­ing Virus Warning, Boot Se­quence and Security Option.

Virus Warning –
When enabled, monitors the
primary hard disk boot sec­tor and warns of any attempt
to write to it.
Boot Sequence –
Controls the order in which
the system checks disk drives
for a boot disk.

Security Option –
Sets the level of password
protection for the system.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.5

CMOS Setup Utility –

Power Management Setup
This section of the setup util­ity allows you to configure the
power management features
supported by the BIOS. These
can also operate in tandem
with Operating System power
management features.

You can use the Min Saving
or Max Saving default modes
or you can configure the
power management features
individually in the User Define
mode.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.6

Hardware Features

This section is a brief overview of information about the
mainboard’s hardware features.

Onboard Ports

There are several external ports on the mainboard. These are
ports standard to most personal computers:

• COM1 Serial Port

A high-speed serial port which can also be configured as the

COM3 port in the CMOS Setup Utility.

• COM2 Serial Port (on supplied Port Bracket)

A high-speed serial port which can also be configured as the

COM4 port in the CMOS Setup Utility.

• Parallel Port

The parallel port can be configured as a Standard, ECP or EPP

parallel port in the CMOS Setup Utility

• PS/2 Keyboard Port (lower) & PS/2 Mouse Port (upper)

• USB ports – two ports (stacked)

• Game Port for joystick or other game device

• Audio connectors – Mic, Line-In & Line-Out

• TV-Out jacks (on supplied Port Bracket)

Connectors

There are several connectors on the mainboard for connecting
additional ports and internal peripheral devices

• IDE 1 – Primary IDE Channel

Connector for the Primary Master and Slave IDE devices.

• IDE 2 – Secondary IDE Channel

Connector for the Secondary Master and Slave IDE devices.

• Floppy Connector

Connector for two floppy disk drives.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.7

CMOS Setup Utility –

Integrated Peripherals
This section of the setup util­ity configures the IDE and
Floppy controllers and the
settings for the external ports

This section enables and con­figures the optional USB and
Infrared features.

The screen illustration shows
the settings when Optimum
Settings are loaded.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.8

Case Security

The mainboard has a case security feature that will warn if the
system case or ‘chassis’ has been opened since the last time the
system was used. There is a photoelectric cell mounted on the
mainboard that is active when the system is turned off and will
detect the case being opened. The next time you turn the system
on a warning message will appear on screen during the POST
(Power On Self Test) before the Operating System loads.

The J21 connector on the mainboard connects to a chassis
intrusion signal cable.

Cooling Fan Connectors

The is a cooling fan power connector on the mainboard that
supports a CPU cooling fan with power management features. If
you connect this type of fan, and the ‘CPU F AN Off In Suspend’
line in the CMOS Setup utility’s Power Management Setup sec­tion is set to Enabled, the system will turn the fan off when the
system is in Suspend mode.

Modem Wake-Up

The JP11 connector on the mainboard is for connecting a sig­nal cable from a modem that supports a modem ring system wake
up feature. With such a modem installed and connected to the
mainboard via this connector, the system will wake up from Sus­pend mode when an incoming call is received by the modem.

The ‘Ring-In Event’ line in the CMOS Setup utility’s Power
Management Setup section must be set to Enabled for this fea­ture to function.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.9

ATX Power Supply

With an ATX power supply, the system will turn the power
off automatically when exiting Windows95.

UltraDMA Hard Disk Drive Support

This mainboard supports hard disks that use UltraDMA data
transfer. You attach an UltraDMA drive to one of the IDE cables.
If you use the Optimum Settings feature in the CMOS Setup
utility the system will automatically detect the drive and config­ure the system to use it.

Optional Hardware Connectors

There are additional feature connectors on the mainboard for
optional ports. These require optional external port hardware.

TV-Out Connectors

This mainboard has an optional feature which allows you to
use a television as the display monitor. You can connect a TV to
one of the TV-Out connectors on the combined COM2/TV-Out
port bracket. There are two connectors, one for a standard RCA
jack and the other for an S-Video jack.

The TV-Out cable from the combined COM2/TV-Out port
bracket connects to the J15 connector on the mainboard.

IR Ports

There is one standard and one optional connector on the main­board which support an IR (infrared) port module that enables
wireless communication between the computer and other com­puters and devices with an infrared port. The default IR connec­tor, J18, is for IrDA or ASKIR infrared modules and the optional
J17 connector is for Fast IR.

The infrared port module is an optional component. If it is
installed, you must set the UART 2 line in the Integrated Periph­erals section of the CMOS Setup utility to the appropriate IR
mode used by the module.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.10

Firmware & Software

The mainboard hardware is supported by both firmware and
software components. Firmware is software that is stored on a
chip on the board rather than on disk media.

The firmware component you interface with on this main­board is the CMOS Setup Utility. This utility establishes various
settings used by the BIOS, the basic software that is an interface
between the system hardware and software.

The software component is comprised of software drivers that
support the PCI IDE controller and some of the other hardware
features.

How To Use The CMOS Setup Utility

The CMOS Setup Utility options are listed in detail in Section
4: Reference Information. This section is just a brief explanation
of how to run the program to adjust settings as noted in this and
the next section.

To run the CMOS Setup Utility, press the Del or Delete key
while the computer is starting up, before the operating starts to
load. The utility’s main screen will appear as shown on the next
page. To navigate the program, use the controls shown on the
screen. The utility has several sections. Many of the features con­figured by the utility are set to operate automatically when the
‘Setup Defaults’, the recommended mode, are used. With Setup
Defaults loaded you can still customize various settings.

Clearing CMOS

Under some unusual circumstances the configuration record
created by the CMOS Setup utility and stored on the mainboard
can become corrupted and unusable, possibly leading to the board
being unable to operate properly. If this happens, the CMOS
record can be cleared by setting jumper JP10 to the clear setting
for a moment and then setting it back to the Normal setting. Re­fer to Section 4 for more information.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.11

CMOS Setup Utility –

This is the main screen for the
setup utility from which you
access its various sections.
The function and use of each
section is covered in Section
4: Reference Information.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

2: Using Your Mainboard – 2.12

Flashing The BIOS

This mainboard uses the Award BIOS. The BIOS is stored on
a programmable flash memory chip on the mainboard. Updates
to the BIOS can be installed by installing a new BIOS file on the
flash chip, which replaces the existing one. You do this using
software that comes on the Support Disk. There is an explana­tion of how to install a BIOS update in a ‘readme’ text file in­cluded with the program.

Bus Master Drivers

This mainboard comes with software drivers, for various Op­erating Systems, that enable the PCI controller to operate in ‘Bus
Master’ mode. The drivers are on the Support Disk. The included
‘readme’ file has information on the drivers and installation in­formation.

AT i Display Drivers

The display drivers for the onboard ATi 3D Rage II+ display
card support a variety of color display modes and screen resolu­tions. The A Ti display drivers provided on the Support Disk come
with extensive documentation that explains their installation and
use. Please review the relevant documentation for information
on using the ATi display card features.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.1

In This Section:

Installing Expansion Cards
Adding System Memory
Installing A CPU Upgrade
Adding An IDE Peripheral

Adding Display Memory
Disabling Onboard Display

Reconfiguring Your Mainboard

This section explains how to install new hardware on your
mainboard. It covers installing expansion cards, adding system
memory , changing the CPU and installing additional IDE periph­eral devices such as a hard disk or a CD-ROM drive.

Installing Expansion Cards

There are seven expansion card slots on the mainboard, three
ISA slots and four PCI slots. When you get an expansion card, it
will come with instructions on how to install it, so this section
covers relevant information from the mainboard side only.

ISA Cards & Slots

ISA expansion cards often use system resources in the form of
IRQs and DMA channels. Newer cards that comply with the Plug
and Play (PnP) standard are designed to allow the Operating Sys­tem to automatically configure system resources. Cards that do
not support PnP may require manual configuration of both the
card hardware and settings in the CMOS Setup Utility.

If you have a PnP-compliant card to install there should be
little to do other than follow the installation instructions. If, how­ever, you have a non-PnP card and it requires configuring system
resources, you may need to review the third part of this section,
Configuring Expansion Card Resources In CMOS Setup.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.2

Running CMOS Setup

To run the CMOS Setup utility,
press the Delete or the Del
key while your computer is
first starting up. Select the
‘PNP/PCI CONFIGURATION’
item on the main screen and
press the Enter key to open it.
When you are finished, press
the Esc key once to return to
the main screen and then
select ‘SAVE & EXIT SETUP’ and
press the Enter key to save the
new configuration. For more
information on this see Sec­tion 4: Reference Information.

PCI Cards & Slots

With very few exceptions, any PCI expansion card you are
likely to get will be Plug an Play compliant. If you are using an
Operating System that supports PnP, such as Windows 95, you
should be able to follow the installation instructions that come
with the card and have the Operating System automatically rec­ognize and configure the card.

The PCI slots on the mainboard all have ‘Bus Master’ capabil­ity. For installed PCI cards to use this feature an Operating Sys­tem-specific Bus Master software driver that comes with this main­board must be installed under your Operating System. These
drivers are located on the Support Disk.

Configuring Expansion Card Resources In CMOS Setup

The CMOS Setup Utility , which is covered in detail in Section
4: Reference Information, has a section called PNP/PCI Configu­ration. The default settings in this section allow the Operating
System to automatically configure IRQ resources for PnP com­pliant ISA and PCI Cards.

If you need to install a non-PnP card, you will need to config­ure any IRQ and DMA settings manually, both on the card and
in the CMOS Setup Utility . The following three pages show how
to do this.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.3

CMOS Setup Utility –

PnP/PCI Configuration
This is the default screen for
this section when Setup De­faults are loaded. If you need
to manually configure the IRQ
settings, set the first item on
the screen to the ‘Manual’
setting. See the next page.

If you install an Operating Sys­tem that supports Plug and
Play, such as Windows95,
you should set the first line,
‘PNP OS Installed’ to ‘Yes’.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.4

CMOS Setup Utility –

PnP/PCI Configuration
When ‘Resources Controlled
By’ is set to ‘Manual’ you can
individually configure the IRQ
& DMA channel settings. The
individual defaults are for PnP
cards and will still use all the
items listed to automatically
assign resources as needed.

If you are installing a ‘legacy’
ISA card that requires manual
configuration, you can manu­ally assign the required re­sources as needed. See the
next page for an example.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.5

CMOS Setup Utility –

PnPPCI Configuration
This screen shows an ex­ample of a manually config­ured IRQ setting for a “Legacy’
ISA expansion card. Legacy
cards, by definition, are not
PnP compliant and must be
manually configured if they
require an IRQ or DMA chan­nel. See the card manual for
specifics.

When an item in the list is con­figured this way, it is no longer
part of the pool of automati­cally configurable resources.
For this reason, don’t config­ure ISA cards this way unless
they are Legacy cards.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.6

Adding System Memory

install system memory. The memory subsystem has three 168­pin DIMM sockets which function independently. This main­board supports both EDO DRAM and SDRAM (Synchronous
DRAM) modules. You can use module sizes from 8MB to 128MB,
either single or double-sided. The total supported memory ca­pacity for this mainboard is 256MB.

some amount of memory installed on the board. You can tell
how much by checking the configuration screen that appears
when the computer is starting up. With some memory installed,
there may be one or two sockets available to add additional
memory.

Memory Configurations

you follow these requirements:

variety of combinations, so they are not listed here. We recom­mend using one type of DRAM, either EDO or Synchronous.
SDRAM is faster than EDO.

supports. Do not install more than 256MB on this mainboard,
the system will ignore additional memory.

There are some requirements you must follow if you want to

If your mainboard is already installed in a system, it will have

You can install any combination of module sizes as long as

• All modules must be 3.3–Volt

• All modules should have the same operating speed,
e.g. 60ns (nanoseconds)

• DIMM3 can not install any module larger than 32MB

Other than these requirements, there is no limitation on the

Note: It is possible to install more memory than the board

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.7

Retaining Clamp

Socket 7

DIMM1,2,3

DIMM Sockets

The picture above shows the
memory module sockets in
detail. The sockets are num­bered DIMM1 to DIMM3 start­ing from the left socket in the
picture.

Modules press into place
and are held in position by a
retaining clamp at each end
of the socket.
When you want to remove a
module, press down on the
retaining clamps to push the
module out of the socket.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.8

D

G

The DIMM3 socket does not
support modules larger than
32MB.
Do not install any module
larger than 32MB in this
socket.

Installing Memory Modules

To install a DIMM module, look at the module and note the
position of the shorter section of the connector edge that plugs
into the DIMM socket. Note the position of the shorter section
of the socket. Orient the module so that these match and press
the module into the socket at a 90° angle. The retaining clamps at
each end of the socket will rotate upwards automatically to se­cure the module in place.

Modules are designed so that they will only insert in one ori­entation. If you have trouble inserting the connector edge of the
module into the socket, it may be oriented the wrong way. Turn
the module around and try again. You shouldn’t need to force it.

If All Sockets Are Occupied

If you want to install more memory and there are no sockets
available, you must remove some installed modules and replace
them with the upgrade modules.

If you have to do this, make sure to identify what type of
memory is already installed. In some cases, there may be a mix
of module types. You can tell this by checking the configuration
screen that appears while the computer is starting up. Press the
Pause key to temporarily interrupt the start-up process while the
screen is visible so that you have more time to read it. When
you’re done press any key to resume.

Remove the lowest performance and smallest size modules
and replace them with the upgrade.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.9

Installing A CPU Upgrade

installed unless your vendor installed one when you purchased
the board. If the mainboard is installed in a system, there will
already be a CPU installed. In either case the information and
procedure for installing a CPU is the same. Since the more likely
scenario is that you are installing an upgrade, this section assumes
that is what you are doing.

The Basic Procedure

board for a specific CPU by doing the following:

on the board. In order to do this, you will need to know some
information about the CPU you plan to install. This should be
provided by the CPU vendor or by the vendor you buy the chip
from. You’ll need the following information:

process data and is the one used by CPU manufacturers to indi­cate the speed of the chip, for example, a 133MHz Intel Pentium
The CPU also has an external clock speed which is the speed at
which it interacts with external components.

or it may be split, depending on the CPU design. Some proces­sors use one voltage for the ‘core’ (Vcore) and another for input/
output (Vio).

If you are installing this mainboard it will not have a CPU

To install a CPU on this mainboard you need to set up the

• Set the External Clock Speed

• Set the Clock Multiplier Factor

• Set the CPU Voltage

You configure the CPU settings by adjusting jumper settings

• CPU Internal Clock Speed

• CPU Voltage

The internal clock speed is the speed the CPU operates at to

®

CPU voltage may either be the same internally and externally

.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.10

Configuring External Clock Speed & Factor

have to set the external clock speed (sometimes referred to as the
bus speed) and the clock factor so that the result is the internal
clock speed of the CPU you are installing. For example, the de­fault setting for these is:

at is fixed, the two factors, external clock and clock factor, are the
variables. The CPU manufacturer or vendor’s information should
tell you what these factors should be.

P Rated CPUs

performance rated at an Intel Pentium
tually have a slower internal clock speed. This ‘P’ rating is used
to indicate the CPU’s performance rather than its internal clock
speed. For example, the Cyrix/IBM P166 has an actual internal
clock speed of 133MHz. If you install a CPU of this type, make
sure you set the mainboard for the actual internal clock speed of
the CPU, not its P rating.

To configure the board for a CPU’s internal clock speed, you

66.6MHZ [external clock] x 2.0 [clock factor] =133.2MHz

or, an effective setting of 133MHz.

Since the internal clock speed the CPU is supposed to operate

Cyrix, IBM and AMD all make Pentium®-class CPUs that are

®

equivalent speed but ac-

Configuring CPU Voltage

The CPU voltage specification should also be provided in in­formation from the manufacturer or vendor. Standard Pentium
CPUs are single voltage. MMX Pentiums® are dual-voltage. You
should set the CPU Voltage jumpers according to the specifica­tions you get with the CPU.

®

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.11

CPU Settings
Intel Pentium CPUs

Internal Clock External Clock Clock Factor
75MHz 50MHz 1.5
90MHz 60MHz 1.5
100MHz 66.6MHz 1.5
120MHz 60MHz 2.0
133MHz 66.6MHz 2.0
150MHz 60MHz 2.5
166MHz 66.6MHz 2.5
200MHz 66.6MHz 3.0
233MHz 66.6MHz 3.5

Cyrix/IBM CPUs

6X86
P120+ (100MHz) 50MHz 2.0
P133+ (110MHz) 55MHz 2.0
P150+ (120MHz) 60MHz 2.0
P166+ (133MHz) 66.6MHz 2.0
P200+ (150MHz) 75MHz 2.0
6X86MX
150MHz 75MHz 2.0

AMD CPUs

K5
PR75 (75MHz) 50MHz 1.5
PR90 (90MHz) 60MHz 1.5
PR100 (100MHz) 66.6MHz 1.5
PR120 (90MHz) 60MHz 1.5
PR133 (100MHz) 66.6MHz 1.5
PR150 (120MHz) 60MHz 2.0
PR166 (133MHz) 66.6MHz 2.0
K6
PR200 (200MHz) 66.6MHz 3.0
PR233 (233MHz) 66.6MHz 3.5

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.12

C

In practice, for an Off setting
on a two-pin jumper, place
the cap over one pin so that it
doesn’t get lost.

CPU Jumper Tables & Illustrations

The next few pages show the CPU jumper settings. The set­tings are listed in the tables as follows:

• Where two pins are shorted (connected) by a jumper cap on a

three-or-more-pin jumper the shorted pins are listed, e.g. 1-2

or

• For a two-pin jumper, On, if the cap is in place, and Off, if the

cap is not in place.

In the jumper illustrations, the Pin 1 position is shaded and
the jumpers, shown in a “bird’s eye” view, look like this:

A jumper with a cap in position looks like this:

The default settings are noted in the tables.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.13

CPU Jumper Settings
Function Jumper Settings

External Clock JP4-6 Ext. Clock

55MHz JP4: 2-3, JP5: 1-2, JP6: 2-3
60MHz JP4: 1-2, JP5: 1-2, JP6: 2-3

66.6MHz JP4: 1-2, JP5: 1-2, JP6: 1-2

68.5MHz JP4: 1-2, JP5: 2-3, JP6: 1-2
75MHz JP4: 2-3, JP5: 1-2, JP6: 1-2

Internal Clock Factor JP2 & JP3 1.5x & 3.5x JP2: 1-2, JP3: 1-2

2.0x JP2: 1-2, JP3: 2-3

2.5x JP2: 2-3, JP3: 2-3

3.0x JP2: 2-3, JP3: 1-2

CPU Core Voltage JP7 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
On= Cap On 2.5V On
(One cap for this jumper) 2.8V On

2.9V On

3.2V On

3.3V On

Other Jumper Settings

Onboard VGA JP8 Default Enable Open

Disable Short

Clear CMOS JP10 Default Normal 2-3

Clear 1-2*

* Put cap on jumper for a moment and then remove to clear current settings

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.14

External Clock Speed Internal Clock Factor

55MHz

JP4
JP5
JP6

60MHz

JP4
JP5
JP6

66.6MHz
JP4

JP5
JP6

68.5MHz
JP4

JP5
JP6

75MHz

JP4
JP5
JP6

1.5x & 3.5x
JP1

JP2
JP3

2.0x
JP1

JP2
JP3

2.5x
JP1

JP2
JP3

3.0x
JP1

JP2
JP3

CPU Core Voltage (Vcore)

2.5V
1

JP7

2

2.8V

Onboard VGA

Enable

JP8

Disable

JP8

Clear CMOS

Normal

JP10

Clear

JP10

2.9V

JP7

1

2

JP7

1

2

9

3.2V
1

9

JP7

10

2

10

9

3.3V
1

9

JP7

10

2

10

9

10

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.15

JP7

Socket 7

JP1-3

JP8

JP10

Jumper Locations

The illustration above shows
the location of the jumpers il­lustrated on the previous
page.

JP4-6

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.16

Adding An IDE Peripheral

ripheral devices as they relate to the mainboard. The onboard
Enhanced IDE controller supports up to four devices, two per
IDE channel. The primary hard disk drive in most systems is an
IDE device. You may want to install more hard disks, a CD-ROM
drive or combination of these and other devices. This mainboard
supports both PIO and UltraDMA modes, which it can detect
automatically. You can install a mix of devices. With the Setup
Defaults loaded in the CMOS Setup utility , the system will auto­matically detect and configure multiple devices of whatever mode.

IDE Transfer Modes

board chipset. The transfer of data between the hard disk and the
system takes place using one of a number of transfer modes –
either one of several PIO modes or UltaDMA mode.

mainboard supports all of them, most current hard disk and CD­ROM drives use either Mode 3 or 4. The greater the mode num­ber, the faster the transfer rate, so you should use the fastest mode
the device can operate at. With Optimum Settings loaded in the
CMOS Setup Utility, the system will automatically detect the
fastest mode a device can use and set it for that mode.

data transfer than PIO modes. To use it you must install a drive
that uses this transfer method. Drives that use PIO Mode transfer
can not use the UltraDMA setting.

section of the CMOS Setup utility . The screen illustration at right
shows the Setup Defaults settings.

This section covers some aspects of installing internal IDE pe-

Hard disk read and write operations are executed via the main-

Although there are several PIO Modes (0 through 4), and this

UltraDMA is another transfer method that provides even faster

The settings for drive modes are in the Integrated Peripherals

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.17

CMOS Setup Utility –

Integrated Peripherals
The illustration above shows
the Setup Defaults settings for
this screen. Y ou can install IDE
devices under these settings
and the system will automati­cally detect and set the best
mode for each device.

You can also set the transfer
mode for each device manu­ally, although we recom­mend using the default set­tings unless you have a rea­son not to and you know what
you are doing.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.18

Installing IDE Devices

vices in two channels, IDE1 and IDE2. These are called the Pri­mary and Secondary IDE channels.

the Master device and the second the Slave device. You must
configure any IDE device you install to operate as one or the
other. To find out how to configure the device you plan to install
you should refer to the manual that comes with the device. You
may need to set jumpers or switches to configure it.

IDE Cables

two devices to the mainboard. If you need to install devices on
the second channel you will need to get another IDE cable. These
are a standard and inexpensive item that you can generally find
at any computer supply store. One edge of the cable is colored to
indicate the Pin 1 side. When you connect the cable to the main­board and a device you must orient the cable so that this colored
edge is at the Pin 1 side of the connector you are attaching it to.

ensure correct orientation, and the supplied cable has an orienta­tion tab on the side of the connector. Some IDE cables do not
have this tab and therefore are not forced to use the correct orien­tation. You should check that any cable you buy has orientation
tabs on the side of the connectors. If you get a cable that does not
have them, make sure the cable is correctly oriented when you
attach it to the board and the device.

and one in-between, closer to one of the ends. When you install
a device on the second channel, attach the lone end to the IDE2
connector on the mainboard. The two connectors that are closer
to each other are for connecting to IDE devices. The connector
on the end is for the Master device and the connector in the middle
is for the Slave device.

The mainboard’s Enhanced IDE controller supports four de-

Each channel supports two devices, the first device is called

The mainboard comes with one IDE ribbon cable to connect

The mainboard IDE connectors have an orientation cut-out to

IDE cables have three connectors on them, one at each end

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.19

IDE Devices & CMOS Setup

automatically detected by the BIOS and entered in the Standard
CMOS Setup section of the CMOS Setup utility if you use the
Optimum Settings, which automatically detect any new hard disk
drive. All other devices do not use drive parameters and will not
show up in the device list on this page.

Adding Display Memory

mounted on the board. There is an upgrade socket on the main­board for an upgrade display memory module. The module is a
proprietary upgrade module for the ATi Rage II+ onboard video
display card.

2MB upgrade module in the upgrade socket. T o install the mod­ule do as follows:

• Orient upgrade module

• Insert module in socket

• Press module into retaining clips to secure

play memory when you start it up. With additional display
memory installed there are more display configurations available.

When you install a new hard disk drive its parameters will be

The mainboard comes with 2MB of SGRAM display memory

You can upgrade the display memory to 4MB by installing a

The chips on the module should be face-up so that the mod­ule is correctly oriented. The connecting edge has two sec­tions that are different lengths, so you can not insert the mod­ule the wrong way.

Insert the module in the socket at an angle so that the con­necting edge inserts fully into the socket. You may need to
gently push it into the socket. Adjust the angle of the module
to the mainboard if it seems stuck and try again.

Press the outer edge of the module down toward the main­board so that the retaining clips at the side of the socket latch
over the edge of the module and secure it in place.

The system will automatically recognize the additional dis-

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

3: Reconfiguring Your Mainboard – 3.20

Disabling The Onboard Video Display

ATi Rage II+ you can disable the onboard display by putting a
jumper cap on jumper JP8. The location of the jumper and the
settings are shown on pages 14 and 15 of this section.

G

connector on the board is also disabled. Use the VGA connector
on the alternate display card you install to connect a monitor.

If you want to use a video display card other than the onboard

When you disable the onboard video display the external VGA

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.1

In This Section:

Jumper Summary
Connector Summary
CPU Information
Memory Configurations

P5TX–AR Reference Information

This section is a summary of the P5TX–AR’s specifications

and settings. It includes the following:

• Jumper Configuration Summary

• Connector Summary

• Supported CPUs

• System Memory Configuration Specifications

• CMOS Setup Utility Summary

CMOS Setup Utility

Using This Section

The information in this section is presented in a summary for­mat to make it easy to find specific information. If you need re­lated explanations, please refer to the topics earlier in the manual.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.2

J21

J22

JP11

JP10

J19

Audio Ports: Mic , Line In, Line Out

Game

CD-In

VGA Feature/AMC

TV-Out

JP8

ATi Mem. Socket

J18

Floppy

JP9

J16

IDE1

J20

DIMM3,2,1

IDE2

VGA

JP1-3

COM1

Parallel

COM2

JP7

JP4-6

USB

ATX Power

Socket 7

Mouse
Keybd

Jumper & Connectors

The illustration above shows
the location of the jumpers,
ports and other connectors
on the mainboard.

The COM1 and VGA ports are
underneath the Parallel port.
The USB ports and the PS/2
Keyboard and Mouse ports
are stacked.

The COM2 connector is on the
board and connects to the
COM2 cable from the combi­nation COM2 and TV Out port
bracket.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.3

C

In practice, for an Off setting
on a two-pin jumper, place
the cap over one pin so that it
doesn’t get lost.

Jumper Configuration Summary

This section lists the jumper setting options for this mainboard.
The settings are listed as follows:

• The two pins shorted by a jumper cap on a three-or-more-pin

jumper, e.g. 1-2

or

• For a two-pin jumper, On, if the cap is in place, and Off, if a

cap is not in place.

In the jumper illustrations, the Pin 1 position is shaded and
the jumpers, shown in a “bird’s eye” view, look like this:

A jumper with a cap in position looks like this:

The default settings are noted in the summary tables. Unless
you need to upgrade the CPU, disable the onboard VGA feature
or upgrade the BIOS, you should not need to change them.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.4

CPU Jumper Settings
Function Jumper Settings

External Clock JP4-6 Ext. Clock

55MHz JP4: 2-3, JP5: 1-2, JP6: 2-3
60MHz JP4: 1-2, JP5: 1-2, JP6: 2-3

66.6MHz JP4: 1-2, JP5: 1-2, JP6: 1-2

68.5MHz JP4: 1-2, JP5: 2-3, JP6: 1-2
75MHz JP4: 2-3, JP5: 1-2, JP6: 1-2

Internal Clock Factor JP2 & JP3 1.5x & 3.5x JP2: 1-2, JP3: 1-2

2.0x JP2: 1-2, JP3: 2-3

2.5x JP2: 2-3, JP3: 2-3

3.0x JP2: 2-3, JP3: 1-2

CPU Core Voltage JP7 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
On= Cap On 2.5V On
(One cap for this jumper) 2.8V On

2.9V On

3.2V On

3.3V On

Other Jumper Settings

Onboard VGA JP8 Default Enable Open

Disable Short

Clear CMOS JP10 Default Normal 2-3

Clear 1-2*

* Put cap on jumper for a moment and then remove to clear current settings

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.5

External Clock Speed Internal Clock Factor

55MHz

JP4
JP5
JP6

60MHz

JP4
JP5
JP6

66.6MHz
JP4

JP5
JP6

68.5MHz
JP4

JP5
JP6

75MHz

JP4
JP5
JP6

1.5x & 3.5x
JP1

JP2
JP3

2.0x
JP1

JP2
JP3

2.5x
JP1

JP2
JP3

3.0x
JP1

JP2
JP3

CPU Core Voltage (Vcore)

2.5V
1

JP7

2

2.8V

Onboard VGA
Enable

JP8

Disable

JP8

Clear CMOS
Normal

JP10

Clear

JP10

2.9V

JP7

1

2

JP7

1

2

9

3.2V
1

9

JP7

10

2

10

9

3.3V
1

9

JP7

10

2

10

9

10

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.6

Onboard Connectors
Name Function Description

J1 Keyboard & Mouse Stacked PS/2 ports, keyboard lower, mouse upper
J2 ATX Power Connects to 20-pin ATX power supply lead
J3 USB Port 1 & Port 2 Stacked Universal Serial Bus ports
J4 Serial Port Two Connector for external 9-pin serial port port bracket is

COM2

can be set to COM4
J5 Serial Port One Onboard 9-pin serial port is COM1, can be set to COM3
J6 Parallel Port Standard 25-pin parallel Printer port
J7 External VGA External VGA port connector
J8 Floppy Drive Controller 34-pin connector connects to 2-device cable;

End device is Drive A:, middle is Drive B:
J9 Second IDE Channel 40-pin connector connects to 2-device cable;

End device is Secondary Master, middle is Slave
J10 First IDE Channel 40-pin connector connects to 2-device cable;

End device is Primary Master, middle is Slave
J11 Audio jacks Jacks for Line-In, Line-Out & microphone
J12 Video Feature VGA feature connector & ATi AMC connector
J13 SODIMM Socket for display memory upgrade
J14 CD-In CD-ROM dive audio cable connector
J15 TV Out Connector for an optional external TV port module
J16 Hard Disk LED Connector for case-mounted hard disk activity indicator

LED
J17 FIR header (optional) Connects to optional Fast IR infrared module cable
J18 Intel IR header Connects to optional IrDA or ASKIR infrared module cable

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.7

Name Function Description

J19 Power Button Connects case-mounted power push-button
J20 CPU Fan power For power management-enabled cooling fan power cable

J21 Intrusion Detector Connects to chassis intrusion detector cable
J22 Case Features Connects to case features:

Pin 2-3:Power On LED; Pin 4-5: Suspend Switch;
Pin 6-7:Turbo Switch; Pin 9-10: Reset Switch

Pin 11-15: Keyboard Lock; Pin 17-20: Speaker
P1 Game Port Standard external game port
JP9 Suspend LED Connects to case-mounted Suspend mode indicator
JP11 Modem Ring Wake-up Connects to internal modem for system wake-up on

modem ring

J22: Case Features Connector

3–25–47–610–9

15 – 1120 – 17

Pins 2-3: Power On LED
Pins 4-5: Suspend Switch
Pins 6-7: Turbo Switch
Pins 9-10: Reset Switch
Pins 11-15: Keyboard Lock
Pins 17-20: Speaker

19 – 20

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.8

Supported CPUs

This mainboard can use CPUs from Intel, Cyrix, IBM and
AMD. The board’ s switching CPU power design and jumper con­figuration options allow the use of all Pentium class processors
from all three vendors, including those with MMX features. The
correct jumper configuration automatically sets the required
power configuration for the CPU.

Processor speeds from 75MHz to 200MHz are supported as
well as single and split voltage CPUs.

Intel CPUs Supported:

Pentium P54C, P54CTB, P54CT, P55C

Cyrix & IBM CPUs Supported:

6X86, 6X86L, 6X86MX

AMD CPUs Supported:

K5, K6

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.9

AMD K5 CPU Markings

P–Rating: 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 166

Interpreting CPU Markings

If you are installing a CPU and you do not have the informa­tion needed to set the CPU jumper configuration you can usually
get it from the makings on the CPU. The following information
is a guide to reading the markings.

Package Type
A=SPGA (296-pin)

AMD – K5 – PR100 A B Q

100MHz

Internal Clock Speed

Operating Voltage
B = 3.45V ~ 3.60V
C = 3.30V ~ 3.465V
F = 3.135V ~ 3.465V

(Vcore/Vio)
H = 2.76V ~ 3.0V / 3.135V ~ 3.465V
J = 2.57V ~ 2.84V / 3.135V ~ 3.465V
K = 2.38V ~ 2.63V / 3.135V ~ 3.465V

CPU Model

Case Temperature
Q = 60°C
R = 70°C
W = 55°C
X = 65°C
Y = 75°C
Z = 85°C

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.10

Cyrix 6x86 CPU Markings

P–Rating: 90+, 120+, 133+, 150+, 166+, 200+

CPU Model

6x86

6x86L

Core Voltage
Range Midpoint

3.3V

3.2V

2.5V

2.7V

6x86 – P166+ GP
133MHz

3.52V (028)

VCC Specification
Full-spec = 3.15V ~ 3.7V
C-spec (16) = 3.15V ~ 3.45V
C-spec (028) = 3.4V ~ 3.7V

Internal Clock Speed (Core Frequency)
100, 110, 120, 133, 150

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.11

System Memory Specifications

The memory subsystem on this mainboard has three 168-pin
DIMM sockets. The sockets function independently and can use
either EDO DRAM or SDRAM 3.3–Volt modules. Single or
double-sided modules from 8MB to 128MB are supported up to
a total memory capacity of 256MB.

Memory Configurations

You can install any combination of module sizes as long as
you follow these requirements:

• All modules must be 3.3–Volt

• All modules have same operating speed, e.g. 60ns

Other than these requirements, there is no limitation on the
variety of combinations, so they are not listed here. We recom­mend using one type of DRAM, either EDO or Synchronous.
SDRAM is faster than EDO.

Note: It is possible to install more memory than the board
supports. Do not install more than 256MB on this mainboard,
the system will ignore additional memory.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.12

CMOS Setup Utility Summary

This section explains the entries in the CMOS Setup Utility
program. This utility is permanently stored on the BIOS chip on
the mainboard. It creates a record of the mainboard’s and some
system configuration information and stores it in battery-sup­ported memory on the mainboard. This record must be intact
and accurate in order for the mainboard to operate.

After a brief explanation of how to operate the utility there is
a summary of the entries and options for all sections of the util­ity. Under normal conditions, once your system is set up, you
should have little or no need to use this utility.

Using the CMOS Setup Utility

This mainboard uses the Award system BIOS. It is stored in a
Flash ROM memory chip on the mainboard. The BIOS uses a
software program, also stored on the same chip to create a sys­tem configuration record which is saved in a small amount of
special “CMOS” memory on the mainboard.

Accessing The CMOS Setup Utility

When you turn on your computer, a message appears on the
screen indicating you can run the Setup program by pressing the
Del key (it’s on the keypad.) The message appears after the POST
(Power On Self Test).

If you want to run Setup but you don’t respond in time before
the message disappears, you can reset the system by pressing the
Ctrl + Alt + Delete keys at the same time, or by pushing the
system Reset button. The message will then reappear.

After you press the Del or Delete key the program menu screen
will appear, displaying the Setup utility section names and some
command instructions.

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.13

P5TX–AR User’s Manual

4: Reference Information – 4.14

Menu Commands

If you look at the lower portion of the screen illustration you’ll
see a section that lists the control commands for this level of the
program. You execute a command by pressing the key for that
command. The program commands are :

Quit

This command will close the Setup program when you press

the ESC key.
Save & Exit Setup

This will save the current settings and close the Setup pro-

gram when you press the F10 key.
Select Item

You can use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move around

the screen and select a menu item. An item is highlighted when

it is selected.
Change Color

Change the program color scheme by pressing Shift + F2.

The section at the bottom of the screen displays a brief expla­nation of a highlighted menu item’s function.

There are six main sections to the Setup program:

• Standard CMOS Setup

Date, time, disk drive, video display and error handling

• BIOS Features Setup

System customization features and video display settings

• Chipset Features Setup

Chipset settings, memory configuration feature for special-

ized add-on cards and VGA memory configuration

• Power Management Setup

Sets up the “green” power management features

• PNP/PCI Configuration

PCI expansion slot and system resource settings

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• Load BIOS Defaults

Loads minimum settings from the BIOS ROM.

• Load Optimum Settings

Loads optimized settings from the BIOS ROM.

• Integrated Peripherals

Settings for the IDE channels and onboard ports

The other main menu items are affected by these items :

• Supervisor Password & User Password

Sets a system password which is configured by the Security

Option item in BIOS Features Setup.

• IDE HDD Auto Detection

Automatically detects the drive parameters of any installed

IDE hard disk drives and enters them automatically in the Stan-

dard CMOS Setup .

• Save & Exit Setup

Saves the current settings and exits the program.

• Exit Without Saving

Discards any changes made during the current session and

exits the program.

To enter a section of the Setup program, highlight the menu
item and press the Enter key.

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Note:

Due to a technical limitation
in producing the illustration of
this screen, the memory fig­ures shown are not standard.
Your system will display the
figures for the memory in­stalled on the mainboard.

Standard CMOS Setup

To enter this section, highlight this menu item in the main
menu and press the Enter key. The screen above will appear.

Menu Commands

If you look at the lower portion of the screen illustration you’ll
see a section that lists the control commands for this level of the
program. You execute a command by pressing the key for that
command. The program commands are :

Quit

This command will close the Setup program when you press

the ESC key.

Help

This displays information about the highlighted item when

you press the F10 key.

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Select Item

You can use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move around

the screen and select a menu item. An item is highlighted when

it is selected.

Change Color

You can change the program color scheme by pressing Shift +

F2.

Modify

T o change the setting of a highlighted selection you can press

either the Page Up (PU) and Page Down (PD) keys or the Plus

(+) and Minus (–) keys. Pressing a key once will switch to the

next setting option for the selected item.

If your mainboard is already installed in a working system the
proper entries are already entered on this screen and you shouldn’t
change them except for adjusting the Date and Time entries if
necessary.

Date & Time

The first two lines on the screen are the date and time settings
for the system clock.

Hard Disk Type & Parameters

For an IDE hard disk drive, you should set the entries to “Auto”
and the BIOS will automatically detect all drive information
needed.

You can also use the IDE HDD Auto Detection feature, de­scribed later, to automatically enter the drive parameters of IDE
hard disk drives in these fields. If you have only SCSI hard disk
drives installed in your system leave the settings here at None.
Only hard disk information needs to be entered here. Other IDE
devices do not use this.

If you use the IDE HDD Auto Detection utility to supervise
the auto-detection process, leave the drive items set to “None”.
You can also enter specifications manually by setting a line to the
“User” option.

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Large Hard Disk Modes

The last of the drive parameter entries – Mode – has four op­tions, Normal, LBA, Large and Auto. The Mode settings are for
IDE hard disks only.

Normal

For IDE hard disks of 528MB or less.

LBA

This stands for Logical Block Addressing, the current standard

access mode for large IDE hard disk drives. It allows the use of

hard disks larger than 528MB by causing the IDE controller to

translate between the logical address it creates and the hard

disk’s actual physical address. The maximum drive size sup-

ported is 8.4GB.

Large

For 1GB or smaller drives with more than 1024 cylinders and

no LBA support. This access mode causes the Operating Sys-

tem to treat the drive as if it has fewer than 1024 cylinders by

dividing the cylinder total in half and doubling the number of

heads. Drives needing this mode are less common.

Most large IDE hard disk drives currently available use the
LBA mode. Use the AUTO setting to automatically detect the
correct mode for new drives.

Floppy Disk Drives

The two floppy disk drive items set the drive type for drives A
and B, and must be entered manually. The options are

360KB, 5.25 in.

1.2MB, 5.25 in.
720KB, 3.5 in.

1.44MB, 3.5 in.

2.88MB, 3.5 in.
None

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Highlight the listing after each drive name and select the ap­propriate entry.

Floppy 3 Mode Support

3 Mode is a Japanese 3.5-inch floppy disk drive specification.
If this type of drive is installed you should enable this feature.
The default setting is Disabled.

Video Display Types

You set this according to the type of display card in your sys­tem. This should normally be left on EGA/VGA. The options are:

EGA/VGA
Mono (for Hercules or MDA)
CGA 40
CGA 80

Error Handling

The last line – Halt On – sets when the system stops if an
error occurs. The options are:

All Errors (Default)
No Errors
All, But Keyboard
All, But Diskette
All, But Disk/Key

When you are finished in this section, exit to the main menu
screen by pressing the Esc key.

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BIOS Features Setup

T o enter this section of the Setup program, highlight this menu
item in the main menu and press the Enter key. The following
screen will appear.

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Menu Commands

If you look at the lower portion of the screen illustration you’ll
see a section that lists the control commands for this level of the
program. You execute a command by pressing the key for that
command. The program commands are :

Quit

This command will close the Setup program when you press

the ESC key.
Help

This displays information about the highlighted item when

you press the F10 key.
Select Item

You can use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move around

the screen and select a menu item. An item is highlighted when

it is selected.
Modify

T o change the setting of a highlighted selection you can press

either the Page Up (PU) and Page Down (PD) keys or the Plus

(+) and Minus (–) keys. Pressing a key once will switch to the

next setting option for the selected item.
Change Color

Change the program color scheme by pressing Shift + F2.
Old Values

If you make changes during the current session and you don’t

want to keep them you can recall the last set of saved values

for this page by pressing the F5 key.
Load BIOS Defaults

Pressing F6 loads the BIOS Default settings for this page.
Load Optimum Settings

Pressing F7 loads the Optimum settings for this page.

If your mainboard is already installed in a working system the
proper entries are already entered on this screen and you shouldn’t
change them.

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Virus Warning

This protects the primary hard disk’s boot sector and partition
table from infection. Any attempt to write to them will halt the
system and produce a warning message. If this happens, you can
either allow the system to continue or stop it and boot from a
virus-free bootable floppy disk. Use an anti-virus utility located
on the floppy disk to check the hard disk. The default setting is
Disabled.

CPU Internal Cache

This enables CPU’s Level 1 built-in cache. Leave it enabled to
maintain system performance. The default setting is Enabled.

External Cache

This is the Level 2 external cache of either 256KB or 512KB.
Leave this enabled to maintain system performance. The default
setting is Enabled.

Quick Power On Self Test

This feature speeds up the Power On Self T est (POST) by skip­ping some parts of the POST. If your system is functioning nor­mally , you can enable this feature to speed the boot process. The
default setting is Enabled.

Boot Sequence

This determines the order in which the computer checks drives
for an operating system. In addition to the drive A: floppy disk
drive and the drive C: boot hard disk, you can configure the or­der to include another IDE hard disk drive or CD-ROM drive or
a SCSI device. The options are:

A, C, SCSI C, A, SCSI SCSI, A, C SCSI, C, A
D, A, SCSI E, A, SCSI F, A, SCSI
C, CD-ROM, A CD-ROM, C, A
C Only

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Swap Floppy Drive

This switches the floppy drive assignments so that drive A is
treated as drive B: and drive B: as drive A: under DOS. The de­fault setting is Disabled.

Boot Up NumLock Status

This item allows you to select which mode the numeric key­pad on an IBM-compatible extended keyboard is set to when the
computer boots up. The options are:

On – Numeric keypad mode (Default)
Off – Cursor control mode

Boot Up System Speed

This item sets the system speed at boot-up. Use the default
setting. The options are:

High – Maximum CPU speed (Default)
Low

Typematic Rate Setting

When enabled, you can set the two keyboard typematic con­trols that follow. The default setting is Disabled.

Typematic Rate (Char/Sec)

Adjusts the keystroke repeat rate. The choices range from 6 to
30 characters per second. The default is 6.

Typematic Delay (Msec)

Adjusts the character display interval (the time between the
display of one character and the next. There are four delay rate
choices measured in milliseconds: 250, 500, 750 and 1000. The
default is 250.

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Security Option

This sets when password protection is active. The two op­tions are:

System – Password required at boot up
Setup – Password controls access to Setup utility

You create a password using the Password Setting option in
the main menu. With no password set, the system ignores this.

PCI/VGA Palette Snoop

If your video display card has an MPEG card attached to the
feature connector, the display may invert to black on white while
booting. If this happens, set this line to Enabled to correct the
problem. The default setting is Disabled.

OS Select For DRAM >64MB

If your system has more than 64MB of system memory and
the OS/2 operating system is in use, set this to the OS2 setting.
The default setting, Non-OS2, is for all other operating systems.

Video BIOS Shadow

This copies the video display card BIOS into system DRAM
to increase display speed and is required for system performance.
The default setting is Enabled.

Shadowing Address Ranges

The next six lines, from C8000-CBFFF Shadow to DC000­DFFFF Shadow are address ranges for shadowing other expan­sion card ROMs. If there are any expansion cards with ROMs
installed in your system, you have to know the address range
they use to shadow them specifically. The default setting for all
of these is Disabled.

When you are done in this section press the Esc key to return
to the main menu.

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Chipset Features Setup

T o enter this section of the Setup program, highlight this menu
item in the main menu and press the Enter key. The following
screen will appear.

Menu Commands

The menu commands for this screen are the same as for the
BIOS Features Setup screen.

Auto Configuration

Everything on this screen except for the Memory Hole item is
either an optimum setting or set automatically when auto-con­figuration is active. If you disable it you can set the DRAM tim­ing values manually . W e recommend against making any manual
settings in this section unless you know what you are doing. The
default setting is Enabled.

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Memory Hole At 15M–16M

Some special add-on cards require a 1MB address space be­tween 15 and 16MB. The documentation for this type of card
should tell you if it needs this. The default setting is Disabled.

To return to the main menu press the Esc key.

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Power Management Setup

T o enter this section of the Setup program, highlight this menu
item in the main menu and press the Enter key. The following
screen will appear.

Menu Commands

The menu commands for this screen are the same as for the
BIOS Features Setup screen.

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What Power Management Does

Power management lets you set up your computer to save
electricity when it is not actively in use by putting the system
into progressively greater power saving modes. In the power man­agement scheme there are four system states which proceed in
the following sequence:

Normal
Doze
Standby
Suspend

Power Management

This controls the entire power management scheme. There
are four settings:

User Defined

You set the power saving options manually
Disable

Turns off all power management
Max Saving

Maximizes power saving by activating maximum power sav-

ing settings after one minute of system inactivity
Min Saving

Produces less power saving by activating moderate power sav-

ing settings after one hour of system inactivity

PM Control By APM

When this is set to Yes the Advanced Power Management fea­ture in Microsoft Windows controls power management opera­tion. The default setting is No.

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Video Off After

This governs when the video display gets turned off. The op­tions are:

Suspend Off after system enters Suspend mode
Standby Off after system enters Standby mode
Doze Off after system enters Doze mode
N/A No display shut off

Doze Mode

This sets the period of system inactivity after which the sys­tem goes into Doze mode, the most limited power saving state.
The settings range from 1 minute to 1 hour and can be set manu­ally when power management is in User Define mode. The de­fault setting is Disabled. When the system goes into power sav­ing mode, power management will skip to the next mode in the
sequence if this is disabled.

Standby Mode

This sets the period of system inactivity after which the sys­tem goes into Standby mode, the intermediate power saving state.
The settings range from 1 minute to 1 hour and can be set manu­ally when power management is in User Define mode. The de­fault setting is Disabled. When the system goes into power sav­ing mode, power management will skip to the next mode in the
sequence if this is disabled.

Suspend Mode

This sets the period of system inactivity after which the sys­tem goes into Suspend mode, the maximum power saving state.
The settings range from 1 minute to 1 hour and can be set manu­ally when power management is in User Define mode. The de­fault setting is Disabled. When the system goes into power sav­ing mode, power management will skip to the next mode in the
sequence if this is disabled.

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HDD Power Down

This shuts down IDE hard disks that support a power saving
mode after a specified time period. The settings range from 1 to
15 minutes and can be set manually when power management is
in User Define mode. HDD Power Down does not affect SCSI
hard disks. The default setting is Disabled.

The system automatically resumes from any power saving
mode when there is system activity such as keyboard activity or
an IRQ wake-up event like mouse movement or a modem ring.

Suspend Mode Option

This sets what happens when you suspend the system.
PowerOn Suspend is the standard suspend mode, which sus­pends the system while the power is turned on. With Suspend to
Disk, initiating suspend mode saves the system state to the hard
disk and you can turn the system off. When you turn the system
on again it will recover the suspended state. The options are:

PowerOn Suspend Default
Suspend to Disk

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Throttle Duty Cycle

This line sets the percentage by which the CPU speed is cut
back when power saving initiates. The settings are:

62.5% Default
75%

87.5%

12.5%
25%

37.5%
50%

ZZ Active In Suspend

This item puts the cache controller into sleep mode when the
system is in Suspend mode to achieve additional power saving.
The default setting is Disabled, the option is Enabled.

VGA Active Monitor

When this line is set to the default, Enabled, the system will
not initiate power saving while there is display activity . The other
option is Disabled.

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Soft-Off By PWR-BTTN

This line controls the function of a power switch attached to
the J19 Power Push Button connector. When set to the default,
you must press the power switch for four seconds or more to
turn the system off. Pressing it for less than four seconds will put
the system into Suspend mode. If your system has a separate
Suspend switch you can set this to Instant Off and the power
switch will only function to turn the system on and off.

Delay 4 Sec. Default
Instant Off

CPU Fan Off In Suspend

In the default Enabled setting, when a CPU Fan is connected
to one of the fan power connectors on the mainboard, the fan
will turn off when the system is in Suspend mode. The other
option is Disabled.

Resume By Alarm

You can set the system to wake up at a certain date and time
by setting this line to Enabled. When enabled, two more lines
appear to allow you to set the wake-up date and time. The date is
a day within the current calendar month. The screen on the next
page illustrates this. The default setting is Disabled.

Break Event From Suspend

The two lines in this section control whether the system will
wake-up if either of the events noted occur. The defaults are shown
on the screen illustration on the next page.

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Reload Global Timer Events

The system will restart the power saving count-down when
an event generates from any of the items in this section that are
set to Enabled. The defaults are shown above.

When you are finished in this section, press the Esc key to
return to the main menu.

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PNP/PCI Configuration

T o enter this section of the Setup program, highlight this menu
item in the main menu and press the Enter key. The following
screen will appear.

Menu Commands

The menu commands for this screen are the same as for the
BIOS Features Setup screen.

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Resources Controlled By

When this line is set to Auto the BIOS will automatically con­figure IRQ and DMA resources. This is the recommended set­ting. If you set this line to Manual, the screen changes as shown
above and allows manual configuration. In general you should
only need to do this if you are installing an ISA card that requires
manual configuration.

Reset Configuration Data

The default setting is ‘Disabled’. If you need to clear the ESCD
data, set this to ‘Enabled’. The data will clear automatically and
the BIOS will reset this line to the ‘Disabled’ setting.

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PCI IDE IRQ Map To

Most of PCI IDE cards are non-PCI compliant. This line de­fines the IRQ Routing to make them work properly. The avail­able settings are:

PCI-AUTO (default)
ISA
PCI-SLOT1
PCI-SLOT2
PCI-SLOT3
PCI-SLOT4

If you set this option to ‘ISA’, both the ‘Primary IDE INT#’
and ‘Secondary IDE INT#’ options below it will not appear on
the screen.

Primary/Secondary IDE INT#

These define the primary/secondary IDE INT# of a PCI IDE
card. The setting options are:

A (Primary IDE INT# default )
B (Secondary IDE INT# default )
C
D

When you are finished you can press the Esc key to return to
the main menu.

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Load BIOS Defaults

T o use this command highlight it in the main menu and press
Enter. A message will appear asking if you want to load the BIOS
Defaults. Press the Y key and then the Enter key. The BIOS de­fault settings will load. Press the N key if you want to cancel.

This loads a set of troubleshooting default values permanently
stored in the BIOS ROM. The settings are not optimal and turn
off all the performance features. Standard CMOS Setup is not
affected by this command.

Load Optimum Settings

T o use this command highlight it in the main menu and press
Enter. A message will appear asking if you want to load the Op­timum Settings. Press the Y key and then the Enter key . The opti­mum default settings will load. Press the N key if you want to
cancel.

This loads a set of optimized default values permanently stored
in the BIOS ROM. Use this command to load default settings for
normal system operation. Standard CMOS Setup is not affected
by this command.

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Integrated Peripherals

This section sets the IDE transfer mode for all IDE channels. It
also configures the other onboard ports.

Menu Commands

The menu commands for this screen are the same as for the
BIOS Features Setup screen.

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IDE HDD Block Mode

Enables hard disk drive block transfer mode . The setting op­tions are:

Enabled (default)
Disabled

IDE Primary/Secondary Master/ Slave PIO

These four lines set the hard disk PIO transfer mode, which
affects the hard disk data transfer rate. The system will auto­detect the PIO mode of a device in any of these positions when
they are set to ‘Auto’, the recommended setting. Alternatively,
you can set the mode manually. Modes 0 to 4 are supported.

Primary/Master Master/Slave UltraDMA

These four lines enable hard disk UltraDMA transfer mode,
which requires a drive that supports this data transfer method.
The system will auto-detect an UltraDMA device in any of these
four positions when they are set to ‘Auto’, the recommended
setting. The other setting is ‘Disabled’. You can leave these set to
Auto without effect if there are no UltraDMA devices installed.

On-Chip Primary/Secondary PCI IDE

Enables or Disables the Primary or Secondary PCI controllers.
Selecting “Disabled”

Enabled (default)
Disabled

releases IRQ14.

USB Keyboard Support

Enables or Disables support for a USB keyboard. Enable this if
you connect a USB keyboard. The default is Disabled.

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Onboard FDD Controller

Enables or Disables the onboard Floppy Drive controller.

Onboard Serial Port 1/2

Sets the I/O address for serial ports 1 & 2.

3F8/IRQ4 Onboard serial port COM1 default
2F8/IRQ3 Onboard serial port COM2 default
3E8/IRQ4
2E8/IRQ3
Disabled

UART 2 Mode

Sets mode for the second serial port UART. If you select an IR
module type, the second serial port will not be available. The
setting options are:

Standard (default) – (used by COM2 serial port)
ASKIR
HPSIR

The infrared mode you select here should be the same as the
infrared module you are connected to the mainboard. You can
also manually configure the Duplex, RxD and TxD settings if the
defaults are not correct for the installed module. See the screen
illustration on the next page.

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Onboard Parallel Port

Sets the I/O address for the onboard parallel port. The setting
options are:

378H/IRQ7 (default)
Disabled
278H/IRQ5
3BCH/IRQ7

If you set this option to ‘Disabled’, the next option, ‘Onboard
Parallel Mode’,

will not appear on the screen.

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Onboard Parallel Mode

Selects the parallel port mode. The setting options are:

SPP (default)
ECP/EPP
EPP/SPP
ECP

If you set this option to ‘SPP’ or ‘EPP/SPP’, the ‘ECP Mode
Use DMA’ option will not appear on the screen. If you set this
option to ‘SPP’ or ‘ECP’, the ‘Parallel Port EPP Type’ option will
not appear on the screen.

ECP Mode Use DMA

Selects the ECP Mode DMA channel. The setting options are:

3 (default)
1

Parallel Port EPP Type

Sets the EPP protocol version. The setting options are:

EPP 1.7 (default)
EPP 1.9

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Password Setting

T o use this command, highlight it in the main menu and press
Enter. A message will appear prompting you to enter a password.

Type in a password. The password is case sensitive, and can
be up to 8 alphanumeric characters. Press Enter when you finish
typing in the password.

If you typed in a password, the message “Confirm Password”
will appear. Confirm the password by typing it again and press­ing Enter. The message box will close.

If you decide you don’t want to set a password after you acti­vate this command, or if you want to eliminate an existing pass­word, press Enter without typing anything else. The message
“Password Disabled” will appear and the message box will close.

When you set a password, the Security Option line in BIOS
Features Setup controls when the password is required. You can
set the option to require the password when the system boots up
or when calling up the CMOS Setup utility . The mainboard ships
with no password.

IDE HDD Auto Detection

When you install an IDE hard drive, you can use this feature
to automatically detect the drive parameters and enter them in
the appropriate Hard Disk section of Standard CMOS Setup.
However, since the Auto settings in Standard CMOS Setup per­form the same function, you do not need to configure IDE hard
disk drives from here. If you want to use this feature, highlight it
in the main menu and press the Enter key.

Save And Exit Setup

When you select this and press Enter the values entered dur­ing the current session are recorded in CMOS memory.

Exit Without Saving

When you select this and press Enter the Setup Utility closes
without recording any changes made during the current session.

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