Echometer D Operating Manual

Echometer Operating Manual

Model D with Compact Gas Gun

REVA

WICHITA

PHONE: (940)

E-MAIL:

MS

1950 -REV

A "MODEL D

WI

COMP

ECHOMETERCOMPANY

5001 DITTO LANE

FALLS, TEXAS 76302 USA

767-4334 FAX: [phone]

[e-mail]

WWW.ECHOMETER.COM

ACT

GAS

GUN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

PRINCIPALS OF ACOUSTIC LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT

II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

A.

AMPLIFIER-RECORDER

B. WELLHEAD ATTACHMENT

C.

ACCESSORY COMPONENTS
III. OPERATION
IV. INTERPRETATION

V.

PROBLEM WELLS

VI. BATTERY INFORMATION

VII.

TESTING THE ECHOMETER

VIII. MAINTENANCE

IX.

X.

PARTS LIST AND DRAWINGS

·APPENDIX
RATE OF FILL-UP AND INFORMATION

TECHNIQUE

FOR
C02 INFORMATION
N2 INFORMATION
ANALYZING

WELL
ACOUSTIC STATIC BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURES
ACOUSTIC PRODUCING BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURES

DETERMINING CHART

PERFORMANCE

SPEED

PRECAUTIONS

1. Read

2.

Manual

Operate

before

the

equipment

operating

safely

3. Securely connect Echometer
threads
dislodged by casing

The

4.
gas
Open valve to
flow.

Wellhead

5.

The
like-new condition.

Usually

6.

~

fittings on

working
gas

7.

Clean
occurs first. Inspect

if

necessary.

gas

valve should

gun

pressure

Do

not

Pressure

working

the

pressure

gun

into

wellhead

Tighten

pressure

be

gauge

pressure

open

the

valve

Rating.
Working
Test

Pressure

pressure

The

gas

gun

volume

the

well. However,

rating

a closed valve

attachment

and

in

will indicate

slowly.

Pressure

ratings

ratings

of

replace

equipment.

at

all

times.

gas

gun

assembly to

securely so

the

and/or shock from

the

open position

casing

For

safety, open valve a

any

more

until

on

the

Echometer wellhead, fittings, nipples, etc., apply to

must

be lowered

chamber

if

the

connections on

the

pressure

gas

gun

as a dangerous

the

Echometer

the

when

pressure

the

pressure

if

is less

volume

the

pressure

every 500 shots, monthly,

any

worn

or

bad

parts.

casing

annulus

wellhead will

opening.

not

become

discharged pressure wave.

the

gas

gun

is

when

slight

installed

the

casing valve is opened.

amount

on a well.

until

gas

equalizes. Then, fully open valve.

1500

PSI

4000

PSI

wear

or

than

chamber

well, do

may

or

corrosfon

the

pressure

not

result.

whenever dirty, whichever

has

working

discharge

occurred.

pressure

exceeds

the

gas

Clean

begins

of

the

in

The

to

the

the

8.

9.

10.

11.

When

See

Do

assembling

Page

not

breathe

Recharge
first.

Package

the

wellhead,

install

VIII.

excessively

battery

when

high

concentrations

voltage drops

in

properly for shipment. Remove

Microphone

of

yeUow arc,

all

heavy

after

installing

C02 or

N2 gas.

or

once a month, whichever occurs

the

Housing Cap.

objects from amplifier-recorder case.

I

PRINCIPALS

A pressure pulse is

casing

annulus

valve.
by collars, liquid level,
converts
strip
determined by

the

pressure pulses

of paper. The

multiplyin~

The Echometer

the

most advanced

the

liquid level

by

the

labeling of controls to

can

generated

The

pressure

and

other

chart

shows

the

is

a precision

instrument

be

accented for

into

Echometer Company offers schools
invited to
Canada

us.

attend

will be

free

sent

of

upon

Echometer Company

Thank

you.

charge. A

request.

has

OF

ACOUSTIC LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT

from a wellhead

pulse

travels

obstructions. A microphone

electrical pulses which

the

number

number

of

of

tubing

THE

ECHOMETER

attachment

down

tubing

collars by

the

casing

in

are

amplified, filtered

collars to

the

that

is connected to

annulus

the

wellhead

the

liquid level. The depth is

aver~ge

.,

instrument

available

maximum

indicate

the

ECHOMETER

list

of

an

excellent service policy.

for

determining

regardless of price. The

accuracy. Yet,

functions performed.

SCHOOL

on

the

use

and

applications of

the

schools which

If

are

we

the

depth

upper

collars, deep collars, or

it

is

simplified for easy operation

the

located

can

throughout

be of service, please contact

the

gas

and

is reflected

attachment

and

recorded on a

tubing

to liquid

length.

in

a well.

Echometer. You

the

surface

It

are

U.S.

and

is

A

portable
distance
properties

to

an

are

laptop
anomaly

known.

COMPUTER & SPECIAL APPLICATION

computer

or liquid level

Contact

is

available for calculating bottomhole pressures. Also,

can

be

calculated from accoustic

us

for

additional

information.

travel

time

the

when

gas

A.

AMPLIFIER-RECORDER

The

amplifier-recorder receives

the

filters

paper.

The

signals

controls

to accent desired information,

and

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ECHOMETER

the

their

functions follow:

signals

from

and

the

microphone, amplifies

records

the

information on

these

heat

II

signals,
sensitive

AMPLIFIER

Ur.its
energizes
amplifier circuit for

the

amplifier power switch is

record

Units

switch to "On"
will

automatically

POWER SWITCH

built

after

the

amplifier circuit for four to five minutes.

is

completed.

built

before

and

June

1, 1985. Momentarily placing

an

additional four to five minutes. Additional

momentarily

June

1, 1985. A toggle switch controls power to

allow

ten

seconds for stabilization. As a safety precaution, a safety switch

turn

off

the

power

SENSITIVITY

Two sensitivity controls
sensitivity control,
DEEP

COLLARS. The lower knob controls

and

it

controls

are

FILTER

The

Echometer uses a very effective filter system. The filter is labeled
DEEP
the

which
medium
accents deep collars for

COLLARS

type

of signal desired.

result

in

band

and

LIQUID LEVEL.

UPPER

the

collars being recorded

signals

and

records

greater

accuracy

low frequency signals found from

when

located on

the

sensitivity when

The

COLLARS

as

these

signals

in

the

liquid level

the

switch

Turning

placed

the

the

the

in

the

"Off' position immediately

lid is closed.

panel. The

the

higher

filter is

sensitivity when

various filter positions

tunes

the

amplifier to

sharp,

deep

distinct "kicks".

similar

w~lls.

to smooth sine waves.

LIQUID LEVEL

in

deep, low pressure wells.

on

the

battery

knob is

in

the

filter is

tune

high
DEEP

in

the

"On" position

chart

drive energizes

life will be obtained

the

amplifier.

the

COLLAR

UPPER

COLLARS or

in

LIQUID LEVEL.

UPPER

the

system

COLLARS,

frequency

COLLARS passes

DEEP

tunes

the

system

after

the

Turn

to record

signals

COLLARS

to

the

the

if

the

The
pressure
"sharp"

kicks.

The
4000 feet.
is

strong

UPPER

wells,

DEEP

With

and

COLLARS filter position is used on shallow wells (less

dirty

wells,

and

COLLAR filter position

normal conditions,

distinct,

but

the
COLLAR filter position will accent
and

result

the

lower collars recorded.

in

the

recording

of

than

wells

with

is

the

upper

lower collars

these

signals while removing undesired

irregular

recommended for most low pressure, deep wells below

collars

are

weak

length

are

strong

and

they

tubing. The collars

and

distinct,

become indistinct.

lower collars. This is a more accurate record

4000 feet),

are

recorded

and

the

The

background

than

a record

high

as

liquid level

DEEP

noise

without

11-1

PRESSURE SWITCH (Only on

The

pressure

in

the

HIGH position. This switch is used

response from

switch reduces

the

microphone can be controlled by

units

built

the

signals from

before

in

MICROPHONE CABLE

A shielded cable connects

removing

the

cable, hold to

CABLE BODY. Cable

length

the

amplifier-recorder to

the

cable connector only. DO NOT PULL ON THE FLEXIBLE

can be

in

excess of 50 feet
negligible loss of signals. The shielded cable
lines

and

other

electrical disturbances. Echometer cable is superior to

should be

TEST

RECORDER

drive.
necessary for
(push back
with

used

OUTPUT

See

Section VII

The

chart

Turn

the

printed

for

best

AND

PAPER

drive

and

ON

the

chart

the

pen

and

lift)

and

side up. Replace

results.

DRIVE

electrical

drive when

to

heat.

then

writing

ready

The

chart

removing

the

pen

pen

paper

the

cover plate. Be careful

June

1, 1985)

the

the

LOW position

the

prevents

are

activated

microphone to

size of

the

stray

the

microphone. When

if

desired for special conditions

kicks generated by overhead power

by

the

with

the

charge from

standard

the

toggle switch

amplifier when

gas gun, since

the

gas gun.

installing

coaxial cable

near

operated

the

and

with

the

to record. Approximately 12" of paper discharge

is replaced by removing

used

paper

roll. Place

the

paper

not

to damage

the

galvanometer

in

the

the

chart

pen.

plate

drive

and

chart

is

THE

GALVANOMETER AND

The galvonometer does

The

pen

is replaced

and

lifted. Remove
Remove
grams
90° clockwise
approximately 5
having a red
are

to

bent

the

get

up to

pen

and

adequate

after

grams

wire

attached

prevent

VOLTMETER

See Section VI

TIMER

The
and
generated

SWITCH (Manufactured after

A

timer

places a

mark

on

should

the

be

opposite side

manually

PEN

not

require

by

removing

the

two screws holding

insert

the

"Battery

on

a new one. The

writing

pen

touches

pen

tension. Connect

as

before. Reconnect

the

tabs

Information" for details of

mark

on

the

printed

when

darkness

from

the

the

by depressing

REPLACEMENT

maintenance

the

galvanometer cover plate. The plate should be pushed

the

pen

pen

and

proper

the

paper

support roller (no

the

restricting

July,

1984)

chart

at

the

side of

initial

the

the

chart

wave is a rarefaction wave. The

Timer

switch.

except for

leads

teJ:lsion on

pen

red

wire

the

black

pen

movement.

battery

initial

pulse generation & each second

if

the

pen

and

the

screw holding

the

paper

response.

Turn

paper

on

the

pen

wire. Be sure

operation.

initial

wave is a compression wave,

replacement

and

the

support should be

the

pen tension screw

installed) to obtain

to

the

terminal

that

the

tabs

timing

marks

adjustment.

back

pen body.

about

block

on

the

thereafter.

can

5

pen

be

BNC

ATTACH CABLE FOR

MICROPHONE OUTPUT.

CONNECTOR

PRESSURE

GAUGE

s MEASURES PRESSURE

IN

GAS

GUN

VOLUME

CHAMBER.

TRIGGER~

PULL

TO

RELEASE

GAS VALVE.

FILLER-BLEED
CHAMBER VALVE

GAS

CAN

BE

INJECTED

INTO

THE GAS

VOLUME
SPECIAL
ATTACHED
CONTAINER. GAS CAN
BE

THE KNOB CLOCKWISE.

CHAMBER USING

BLED

GUN

ADAPTOR

TO

C02

BY

ROTATING

COCKING

LIFT

ARM

TO

..-~~_J!!:::::::::L..~~~..-~..::..~~-...

/

ANO CLOSE

GAS VALVE.

ARM

THE COCKING

DEPRESS

THE

0

~CASING

QUICK

PERMITS EASY
DETERMINATION
PRESSURE

AN

ADAPTOR ATTACHED

A PRESSURE

~CASING

BLEED

TURN

ANO

POPPET

PRESSURE

VALVE

THE

PULL

VALVE.

PRESSURE

CONNECTOR

BY INSERTION OF

ARROW

TO

UP-DOWN

OPEN THE

OF

GAUGE.

CASING

TO

GAS GUN DISCHARGE

B.

WELLHEAD

The

wellhead

The

microphone converts acoustical signals into electrical signals.

ATTACHMENT

attachment

consists

of

two parts:

electrical receptacle to become damaged or wet.

The

gas

gun

consists

valve will open

pressure

is

pressure pulse

rapidly

greater

is

generated.

chamber, a rarefaction (or negative)

A discussion

the

gas

gun

of

drawings.

in

the

when

the

parts

of

a 10 cubic

the

volume

If

the

on

trigger

chamber

pressure

pressure

the

gas

inch

volume

is

pulled. This

than

is

pulse

gun

will be beneficial

the

Do

not

chamber

the

greater

is

microphone

and

the

Do

change pressure rapidly.

with

a%"

outlet

generates

casing

in

the

annulus,

a pressure pulse.

a compression (or positive)

casing

annulus

generated.

in

operating

gas

gun.

not

permit

valve.

than

the

the

equipment. See

the

The

If

the

volume

II-2

outlet

PRESSURE

The

pressure

valve

is

open,

valve.

CASING

a
obtain
gauge

COCKING

If

A

casing

mating

the

and

The

the

PRESSURE

adaptor

cocking

GAUGE

the

casing

pressure

casing
adaptor

ARM

arm

gauge

gauge

annulus

QUICK

measures

indicates

valve is open,

CONNECTOR

the

the

pressure
pressure

quick connector is located on
will fit into
pressure

simply

is

the

casing pressure quick connector to enable

when

greater

push

into

the

lifted to depress

in

the

gas

gun

volume chamber.

between

the

gauge indicates

accuracy

the

gas

gun

and

the

casing pressure.

the

side. A lower

at

low pressures is needed.

range

casing pressure quick connector.

and

close

the

gas

valve.

·?

If

the

the

casing

annulus

pressure gauge
the

operator to

The

pressure

gas

gun

with

II-3

CASING PRESSURE

The casing

the

valve,

the

turn

gas valve is sudden. Be careful

The casing

the

open
until
from
pulse being

casing

the

record is obtained.

the

liquid level is obtained. Closing

generated

BLEED

pressure

the

knob

pressure

pressure

VALVE

bleed valve is a poppet

until

the

arrow

not

bleed valve

bleed valve

Do

not

and

multiple

FILLER-BLEED CHAMBER VALVE

The filler-bleed
remove gas from
mating

quick connector
Gas is bled from
filler-bleed
volume

chamber

chamber

chamber

the

chamber.

the

chamber

valve

thru

the

valve is used to pressurize

Gas

attached

results

to a pressurized gas source into

by

rotating

in

filler-bleed

TRIGGER PAWL

The

volume

trigger

chamber

pawl

or

on

is

pulled

the

end

to

release

of

the

type

to blow

can

and

close

is

up

- down
sand

be used to

allow

it

the

casing

the

casing

valve to bleed

and

pull

or

debris which could injure personnel.

generate

to

remain

the

open

pressure

pressure

the

casing pressure. To open

out

the

knob. The discharge from

initial

pressure

and

bleed gas from

bleed valve before

bleed valve will

reflections will be obtained from down

the

gas

gun

volume

is

added

depression

chamber

gas

to

the

gas

gun

volume

the

knob clockwise. Clockwise

of

the

valve core

valve.

the

gas

valve.

If

sufficient

valve,

the

gas valve will open.

chamber

the

filler-bleed

and

hence bleeding

pressure

the

result

the

well.

chamber

by

insertion

rotation

exists

pulse. Rapidly

the

well

reflection

in

another

or

to

of

a

chamber

of

in

the

of

valve.

the

the

MICROPHONE

The

microphone is a twin-disc pressure-sensitive device

C.

ACCESSORY COMPONENTS

The

standard

accessories include recording paper, eleven point dividers, a choice
microphone cable, a 110 VAC
recharger,
Three
are

standard

specified.

and

7.5 ounce
unless

Extra

an

operating

C0

containers

2

the

manuals

optional

are

automatic

recharger, a 12 VDC automobile cigar

manual. A gas

with

quick connect filler connector, a refill

5#

bottle

free.

that

is

vibration

supply cylinder is necessary

with

hose

and

quick connect filler connector

on

low
adaptor

cancelling.

length
lighter
pressure

and

wells.

scales

are

III

Operation

The

the

casing
approximately
obtain

A.

pressure

of

the

Echometer

compact gas

gun

pressure. Use

100 PSI. Use

a good record.

EXPLOSION of compressed

pulse.

1.

2.

The

pressure

Securely

Close

Casing

attach

valve slowly.

Pull

3.

4.

5.

6.

trigger

adaptor

Lift

Fill
the
records

Turn

if

cocking

volume

liquid level response

are

amplifier

with

is to

the

Explosion

the

pulse

Echometer

Pressure

ring

and

desired).

arm

to

chamber

obtained

ON

Compact

be

operated

Implosion

gas

from

is positive. (Use

Bleed Valve

measure

close

with

at

lower pressures.

and

Gas

Gun

Wellhead

in

the

Explosion or Implosion mode

technique

technique

the

gas

gas

valve.

gas

(C02 or N

is

not

when

the

casing

when

the

Echometer gas

with

gun

to

casing valve.

and

Filler-Bleed

casing

pressure. (Use precision

)

2

gun

less

than

to 150 PSI.

distinct. Less pressure should be

pressure

casing

can

pressure

be

100

Chamber

Use a higher

PSI

is

used

casing

Valve.

pressure

used

depending

less

is sufficient to

to

generate

allow 10 seconds for stabilization while connecting cable.

than

pressure).

Open

casing

gage

pressure

if

satisfactory

upon

the

with

only

if

7.

Select

type

of

collar

response

response is 1/s". (Reduce well noise

Turn

chart

drive

8.

9.

10.

Generate

Turn

amplifier

pressure

ON

OFF

pulse

after

and

by

desired

run

12 inches of

pulling

operation:'

and

increase collar

if

necessary).

trigger

chart

ring.

paper.

sensitivity

until

pen

B.

IMPLOSION

to

generate
between
satisfactory

100

1.

of

the

pressure

PSI

and

records

Securely

compressed

pulse.

the

working

are

obtained).

attach

Echometer

gas

The

pressure

from

the

pressure

gas

casing

pulse

rating

gun

annulus

is

negative.

of

1500 PSI. Use

to

casing

into

valve.

the

(Use

Echometer

when

the

at

lower

gas

casing

pressures

gun

is

pressure

if

III-1

used

is

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Casing

Close
slowly
second.

Pull
adaptor

Lift

Bleed
clockwise
below
lesser

Turn

Select
response

Turn

Generate
negative.

Turn

open

Damage

trigger

cocking

gas

the
response is desired.

amplifier

type

chart

amplifier

Pressure

casing-valve. Do

to

the

ring_

and

if

desired.)

arm

to close

gun

pressur.e

until

~he

gas

casing

is

pressure
Chart

pressure.

ON

and

of

collar response

1/s".

(Reduce well noise

drive-

ON

pulse

i;esporrse

OFF

Bleed

Valve

not

microphone

-

measure

gas

valve.

through

gun

pressure

Use

allow 10 seconds for stablization while connecting cable.

and

run

by

pulling

direction

after

operation.

and

allow

can

casing

Filler-Bleed

has

greater

desired

12

and

if

necessary).

inches

trigger

will

Filler-Bleed

pressure

result

pressure.

or

be

Chamber

been

lesser

increase

of

chart

ring.

reversed.

when

Chamber

to

increase over 500

rapid

pressure

(Use precision

Valve

decreased to

differential

collar

sensitivity

paper.

The

generated

Valve

and

PSI

changes

pressure

by

rotating

approximately

pressure

pressure

gage

if

until

greater

very

per

occur.

with

knob

200

pen

pulse

PSI

or

is

Comments

Before

1.

pressure
Turn
valve,

On

2.
position

On

3.

to

removing

bleed

arrows

the

valve

deep wells,

accents

shallow

UPPER

COLLARS.

up-doWn. Be careful.

wells

the

gas

gun

valve. Tlie

will open itself.

the

filter

the

or

casing

should

lower collars.

if

the

upper

from

pressure

If

be

collars

the

casing

If

sufficient

the

pressure

in

DEEP

are

valve, bleed

bleed

valve is

pressure

is low,

COLLAR position.

not

distinct

the

exists

pull

on a deep well,

gas

solid

the

by

behind

opening

%"

knurled
the

poppet

valve open.

DEEP

COLLAR

set

the

the

casing
knob.

filter

4.

If

the

fluid

level

step

7 above, place filter
sensitivity
generating
response
LEVEL

has

so

knob

the

that

diminished

LEVEL.

is

not

recorded,

in

until

pen

response

pressure

pulse, note

to

the

amplifier will be

(especially on deep, low pressure wells),

LIQUID LEVEL position

is

1/s".

Then

set

filter to collar position. After

the

pen

response carefully. When collar

1/s"

background noise, switch

tuned

to

the

response from

and

increase

the

the

filter to LIQUID

the

LIQUID

111-2

after

lower

5. All
is

If

6.
between
pressure.

7.

Operating
PSI. Only
gas
will

When

8.
working

pen

responses will be reversed

negative

a

larger

above 300

result

liquid

the

Do

the

one-half

in

using

pressure

in

comparison to

level response

gas

gun

not

use a larger

gas

gun

as

PSI

(at

considerably more

nitrogen

rating

the

volume

chamber

differential

at

300

PSI

many

shots will be obtained from a cylinder. When

normal

gas,

temperatures), liquid

use a regulator

of

1500 PSI.

in

the

IMPLOSION technique since

normal

is

positive

desired, use a

pressure

pressure

requires

gas

being used

twice

so

that

pressure

greater

and

differential

the

casing

unless needed.

as

much

may

form

per

shot.

the

pressure

pulse.

gas

as

in

pressure

annulus

operating

the

gas

cannot

the

pressure

gas

at

using

gun

exceed

150

C0

which

the

2

III-3

DETAILS

as

possible to
desired downhole signals. Longer
distinguish from collar reflections.
directly into
are

generally satisfactory
number
well.

difficult,
unfavorable surface connections

The
vibrations,
conditions. This background noise is
wave is generated.
background noise will

reflected by collars
collar reflections become

OF

OPERATION

Attach

Echometer wellhead to casing valve.

the

casing

the

well

of

unfavorable conditions which

If

the

well is easy to test,

the

unfavorable surface conditions

Proper sensitivity

setting

indicates

leaking

gas connections, downhole gas "popping" out of liquid,

Do

Background noise

and

annulus,

preferably

lengths

Use a

if

possible. Two

if

the

length

then

a few unfavorable conditions can

interfere

setting

the

is very important. Increase sensitivity

background well noise level. Background noise is caused by surface

not a part

not

increase

be

recorded.

must

be considered.

the

liquid level. The top collar reflections

much

the

weaker.
a shallow high-pressure well to a very
stronger
must

than

be

reduced

background noise

if

the

recording

can

be recorded.

of

lower collars

pressure well. More background noise

the

desired signals
sufficient on shallow
satisfactory

results

are

stronger.

and

higher

In

general, a background noise sensitivity

pressure

on a deep low-pressure well.

The

Echometer microphone should be

within

5 feet.

Short

lengths of pipe can

will give multiple reflections which

minimum

inch

connections

of

90°

ells

are

preferable

and

tees

of 1" pipe is held to a minimum.

can

be

tolerated

may

more

with

of

sensitivity

The

pressure wave travels down

prevent

the

after

are

determined

a satisfactory record. Normally,

collar

than

with

signals

that

result

the

pressure wave is generated or

are

The

liquid level reflection varies from a strong signal

weak

signal

can

be tolerated

wells, while a

in

a deep low-pressure well. Only signals

It

is obvious

and

liquid level is obtained

in

that

high

setting

strong background noises

pressure, shallow wells because

of 5-10

as

mask

are

hard

to

and

direct

but

one inch connections

The

by

be

tolerated.

the

amount

the

difficulty of

If

blast

and

the

liquid level response.

until

pen

response is 1/s".

and

other

unstable

when

the

pressure

the

well

and

strong,

may

and

the

in

a deep, low

setting

be

required for

of

lower

3-5 is

near

the

the

well is

is

in

·?

III-4

Background noise

noise can be

Then

close

movement

easily

the

reduces,

down-hole noise

movement
leakage
Surface noise
but

if
stopped for
engines,

remains

from

the

wellhead

better

chattering

extraneous

generally

noises include
lines

leading

The

movement

from

main

occurs

casing

leaking

source

can

be classified

determined

valve

between

the

noise is

or

noise

caused

the

same,

lines connected on

originates

attachment

records on deep low-pressure wells.

check valves,

gas

connections,

the

casing

of

downhole noise is

at

sensitivity
"Analyzing Well Performance"
casing leaks.

The

filter

can

be

used

to remove background noise
necessary.
often gives

increasing
low pressures,
depresses a solid

The

best

Generally,

the

filter

position

results.

the

downhole noise
casing
an

pressure.

increase

liquid

column

of

as

surface noise

by

increasing

the

originating

by

surface

then

the

the

microphone

from

gas

noise is

the

from surface vibrations.

vibrates,

and

signals

other

operating

leaking

annulus.

gas

"popping"

settings

in

which

Continue

10

PSI

about

of

less

than

the

appendix. Downhole noise

has

the

highest

can

be reduced

to

pump

casing

pressure

30 feet.

sensitivity

and

the

other
leakage
either

surface

same

side of

are

generated.

Vibrations

surface

valves,

5,

always

sensitivity

in

relation

the

well

almost

or

down-hole noise.

until

pen

the

casing

side

of

the

on

the

other

vibrations

the

casing

The

microphone is shock

Wellhead

result

equipment.

and

operating

out

of

a gaseous column.

check for a gaseous column. See

can

in

many

cases.

settings

to

the

with

the

always

The

source

movement

annulus.

is obtained.

If

the

random

valve which would be

side of

the

valve.

or

noise caused

valve

as

the

wellhead.

If

mounted,

Vibrations

from

running

Other

regulators.

should

gas

possible

Close

When

also

result

from

tubing

Try

all

3 filter positions

for

1/s"

pen

response

desired

gas

improves

reflected

vent

valves closed.

the

signals

record

of

the

the

by

gas

surface

all

other

pen

At

and

pen

pen

be

&

if

by

If

the

liquid level

a

larger

signal

pulse.

Increasing

more difficult

from

the

and

signal

the

liquid

Sensitivity

is

not

recommended.

is

not

level

above

obtained

can

the

due to excessive surface noise

be

obtained by

background noise level

generating a larger

makes

interpretation

or

downhole noise,

initial

pressure

much

INTERPRETATION

IV

The normal

chart

has

a kick

at

the

beginning of
pulse, a series of small evenly spaced kicks indicating
the

liquid level. On some

the

liquid level

other

charts,
level kick.
extrapolate to

and

the

collars

In

such cases,

the

liquid level
distinguishable collars. Often
in

the

lower portion of

The

change is caused by
slower
is
temperature.
count
cases,

best

the
portable computer

initial
be recorded.

in

a heavy gas. The collars become closer together

being

vented

the

the

collars

The

liquid level

The

collars

collars

and

at

the

higher

as

are

count from

acoustic velocity from

can

On

an

average well,

blast. A series of

If

the

chart
kick. This reflected liquid level
reflected by
the

well;
initial
level kick
levels

The
annulus.
waves
the

chart

the

liquid level

and

again

blast

to

the

first liquid level

and

the

second reflected level kick. Multiple liquid level reflections on shallow liquid

can

be misinterpreted. ·

direction of kick indicates

Objects which reduce

and

are

recorded

is to

the

left.
level. Conditions increasing
and

are

or

parted

recorded

tubing.

as

If

charts,

each collar

cannot

count

the

chart

heavier

surface

temperature

accurately

indistinct.

depth

can

gas

the

collars

can

be counted. The spacing divider can be used

can

be distinguished from

be distinguished clearly

the

collars down to

using

the

the

collars

on wells which

gas

and

the

as

possible down to

Set

the

the

instant

spacing dividers

near

settling

bottomhole temperature- is

causes

spacing divider for .the same spacing

of "blast" to

the

are

in

the

an

increase

the

top of

not venting

lower portion of

the

the

also be determined by measuring

property

data.

Acoustic velocity

be used. Information is available on reque·st.

the

following

small

kicks will indicate

is allowed to

kick

back

it

is reflected

the

as

downward kicks (toward

Such

objects would be liners,

the

upward

the

kicks.

Implosion technique is used,

events

run,

another

is caused by

to

the

surface, is

by

the

liquid level back to

kick

will be equal to

enlargement

cross-sectional

cross sectional

Such

conditions

will be recorded on

the

kick will often occur below

the

again

.)

and

area

the

area

of

are

reversed.

the

run

signifying

the

collars,

all

the

way down

last

distinguishable collars. Then,

set

with

the

chart

gas

near

the

in

the

velocity

last

distinguishable collars.

liquid level

the

charts

collars,

blast

a:nd

which

reflected by

the

surface. The distance from

the

distance between

. -

reductions .in

of

the

annulus

printed

tubing

the

side of

anchors, paraffin deposits or liquid

annulus

the

and

the

the

the

same spacing

are

closer
from
the

well. Sound

bottom of

higher

than

of

using

travel

are

available. Also, a

the

chart.

then

the

travels

the

down

the

casing

cross sectional

result

the

result

large kick indicating

top of

the

the

this

liquid level kick will

chart)

in

perforations, "shot" holes,

the

direction

of

pen

response will be

initial

pressure

the

if

desired. On

chart

to

as

together

chart

the

the

than

casing annulus.

travels

the

hole when gas

the

surface

sound. Be

as

In

shown

sure

some

by

spacing.

time

and

knowing

A kick will show

the

liquid level

the

well, is

head

back down

the

first liquid

area

in

compression

when

the

rarefaction waves

parted

casing,

to

liquid

last

those

to

the

the

the

of

the

top of

The

liquid

feet

or

so
reflected from
kick

at

the
between
kick
reflection
generates a rarefaction
it

is recorded.

the

and

level is recorded

in a "shot"

the

liquid

liner,

and

liner

kick

the

liner

reflection kick.

signal

is

hole,

travelling

as a downwarn

the

pen

level. Recording

downward

and

wave

kick

the

liquid level

upward

which

would

at

The

and

returns

first

the

the

kick

liner

passes

kick. (See

kick

upward

liquid

level below a

liquid level,

is

equal

reflection

to

the

the

liner

bottom

kick

chart

then

and

an

to

the

results

increase

and

below).

down

upward

distance between

then

If

the

as

the

liner

would show a

kick.

when

the

in

cross-sectional

travels

sound

liquid level

to

liquid

The

distance

the

the

surface

level is 20

wave

was

downward

liquid

area.

level

This

where

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'J"OlkTS

1'

PROBLEM WELLS

The

problem of

obtaining

a good record is generally caused

by

excessive surface vibrations,
excessive downhole noise (gaseous liquid columns), improper wellhead connections,
microphone

and

electrical connections, or low casing pressure.

v

dirty

Excessive surface vibrations

permits

valves should
from

connectors

The

the

Keep

an

actual

wellhead

casing

the

are

measure

attachment

be

closed to

can

cause misleading reflections from

microphone cable connectors clean

dirty. Also, keep

Gaseous liquid columns caused
pressure by closing
Only a small discharge
completion.
tubing
using

Larger

completions. Any well

casing

gas
gaseous column
compression of
gradient.

is

to cause

and

See "Analyzing Well Performance"

The

best

way

the

such

a movement verifies a liquid level. A
casing pressure.
approximately
Fillup

should be
"kicks"

Graph

If

numerous

taken

are

not

the

surface casing valves will generally

of

quantities

to operate

can

be

determined

the

gaseous column

to verify a liquid level

liquid level to move.

An

increase

30 feet.

for

and

The

the

amount

"kicks"

compared to

are

duplicated,

described above.

and

downhole noise should be reduced. The SENSITIVITY

of extraneous noise. See Section III - Details of Operation.

should be

obtain

the

the

gas is necessary to form a gaseous column

are

venting

an

engine

of

10

liquid level will rise

of

time

recorded on a

the

stray

noises caused

attached

best

records.

directly to

Attaching

the

and

dry.

the

casing valve,

the

Echometer wellhead over 5 feet

collar response.

Stray

signals will

and

result

microphone clean.

by

gas bubbling

necessary to cause gaseous columns

gas to

the

should be checked.

by

a casing

with

casing pressure to

in

in

a producing well from

The

liquid level is

PSI

in

the

casing

through

atmosphere,

presure

the

build-up test. Another technique is

appendix.

the

high

level

pressure

when

a producing well is shut-down. See

oil

can

result

venting

The

amount

determine

only "kick"

can

be depressed

will depress

be a problem. Increasing

in

a liquid level reflection.
in

a small

in

large casing,

gas to

other

the

of liquid

the

present

gaseous columns

"kicks" (such

that

can

move

by

increasing

the

liquid level

required for liquid level rise .

chart

. )

which

are

difficult to

interpret,

first test. All "kicks" should be duplicated on each

them

and

these

stray

noises should be stopped

annulus

flow line, or

another

all

other

when

as

in

the

small

in

a

linets)

a well

the

Rate

test

chart.

gas

of

If

as

The

effect

of

wells.

Increasing
Atmospheric
and a large

On

rare

pressure

"blast"

occasions,
conditions which
In

extreme

conditions,

material.

pressure

the

casing

and

may

be necessary.

paraffin

make

the

it

is

very

important.

pressure

vacuum

by 10

wells do

deposits,

counting

may

be necessary to clean

of

collars

PSI

not

dirty

Stronger

is beneficial
return

tubing
or

the

the

signals

strong

or

are

returned

in

deep, low-pressure wells.

signals from down

other

conditions

determination

tubing

and

in

high

pressure

the

annulus

can

result

of

the

liquid level difficult.

in

downhole

casing to remove foreign

V-1

VI

BA'ITERY

A sealed,

INFORMATION

rechargeable,

amplifier-recorder.

The

Echometer

cord

which

A 110 V AC
power
charger
which
ma

rate.

the

charger

battery

fully charged.

Continuous

,

When

an

operating

driven

_short

permanently

The

which

is

outlet.

will

indicates

The

is

until

charging

operating

for 8

hours.

time

will

battery

is

the

plugged

charger

Approximately

charge

the

red

in

the

The

automobile

charge

attached

top

The

will

into

the
battery

light
trickle
red

light

battery

does

with

Attaching

to

should

of

the

lead

battery

is

operate

the

automobile

permits

14

battery

on

is

the

at

almost

charger

charge,

goes

out

should

not

damage

the

cigar

system

the

a low

battery

the

car

be

charged

yellow arc.

cell, 2.5

similar

from

charging

hours

a 250

the

be

in 5 to

power cord

amp

to

the

the

self

contained

cigar

of

the

is

required
ma

rate

fully charged.

is

ON

when

light

is

OFF.

and

ceases to

recharged

the

battery.

lighter

power cord,

15.

minutes,

to

hour,

12 volt

new, sealed,

lighter.

Echometer

to

charge

until

Then

the

The

turn

at a temperature

and

the

cigar

sufficiently for a few tests.

battery

when

The

if

desired.

the

battery

operating

can

be

battery

12

volt

rechargeable

battery

a discharged

the

battery

the

charger

charger

charger

ON

the

will

is

whould be

and

OFF.

battery

be

completely

lighter

The

voltage drops

charged

more often

is

used

in

the

automobile

battery

battery.

or

from a

from a common 110 V AC

battery.

voltage

charging

will

reaches
trickle

at

left

Then

the

of

approximately

will be

with

the

partially

engine

power cord

to

approximately

if

The

charge

high

connected

battery

charged

running

can

desired.

about

rate.

70°F (20°C).

charged

if

be

power

110

VAC

15

volts

at

a 25

When

to

the

is

almost

by

the

car

for a

11.3 volts

is

Best

f·l5°C

to

indicated

operating

+ 50°C).

if

the

performance will be

The

test

battery

procedure

has

obtained

with

less capacity· aJld voltage

given

in

Section VII does

Temperature-

oF

oc

104 40

77

24

32 0

-4 -20

*Amplifier

A fully

requires

about

and

charged

25

rolls

chart

battery

of

paper.

drive

ON:

operating

Turning

battery

at

70°F

ON

fully charged.

has

the

amplifier

hours. -

battery

not

Battery

sufficient

temperatures

at

lower

produce

Life*

Hours

4

3.5

3

2

energy

to

only will

of

0°F to 120°F

temperatures.

the

desired

test

discharge

1000

results.

wells

the

Failure

which

battery

is

in

24

VI-1

Excessive storage periods
battery
in

that

will discharge

50

months

the

battery

at

23°F (-5°C). A discharged

should be

VOLT-AMP METER

The

VOLT-AMP

being

charged or not.

charge,

or

the

battery

VOLTAGE

The

voltmeter

The

approximate
voltage.
the

The

following

With
performed.
the

normal

the

The

operating

reads

battery

chart

does

amplifier

red

arc

without

without

use

recharged

meter

The

drain.

has

volt-amp

The

battery

percent

should

Battery

not

charge

be

apply.

Voltage

12.5+

12.2

12.0

11.8

and

chart

indicates

mode because

charging

in

15

months

at

least

3 functions'.

meter

functions of

will severely reduce service life. A fully

at

77°F (25°C),

battery

only

monthly

The

switch does

measures

each

deteriorates

with

position follows:

voltage from 10 to 16 volts.

of

the

about

drive ON,

that

battery

battery

70°F (20°C)

the

an

unstable

condition is indicated.

can

and

the

yellow

condition will probably exist. VOLTAGE is

the

not

the

battery

be

estimated

amplifier

Percent

arc

indicates

in 6 months

at

113°F (45°C), or

rapidly. Experience

110 V AC

control

whether

voltage,

by

measuring

ON

and

charger.

or

the

chart

Charge
60+
40
20

0

when

charging

has

the

battery

battery

the

drive

should be

charged

indicated

is

battery

OFF

or

CHARGE

The

CHARGE position
adaptor
switches

of zero,

the

to

must

The

110 V

until

The

auto

battery.

the

instrument.
be
AC

the

cigar

OFF

to

charger

battery

lighter

DRAIN (OR OPERATE)

This

position

indicates

to 1 amp. Approximate

Item

Amplifier
Amplifier,

ON

chart

measures

The

meter

read

the

initially

is

charged

power cord will

the

current

current

requirements

motor & pen

the

measures

current

charges

and

then

used

ON

current

to

the

at

250

drops to 25

have

by

are:

which is supplied

from 0 to 2.5 amps.

battery.

ma

rate,

which is

ma.

a charge

the

rate

instrument.

depending

This

through

The

amplifier

the

first

upon

meter

Current,

120

- 750

550

the

charging

and

mark

to

the

condition

measures

ma.

motor

the

right

of

from zero

Vl-2

Charging

Procedure

Turn

1.

2.

Place VOLT-AMP

3. Attach

4.

Observe meter.
A.

The 110 V
charged

OFF amplifier

either

110 V

AC

and

charger

then
required to charge a fully discharged battery.
but

a 250

ma

charge

the

fuse is open, replace

B. The cigar

lighter
Echometer battery.
becomes charged.
discharged Echometer
a cigar lighter, excessive
fuse

and

try

charging
drops below 1.25 amp. Then,
Echomter

battery

prevent blowing

A very small charge will be indicated
charged.

External

Power Fuse

A 3 amp fuse protects

the

charge is not indicated when

and

chart

meter

AC

switch

charger

will charge

trickle

rate

charge

is

the

will

charge

The

charge

The

charge

battery.

currents

with

is extremely low,

the

fuse.

charging

it

should be.

circuit from excessive currents. Check

drive.

in

CHARGE position.

or cigar

not

at

at

lighter

a 250

a 25

power cord.

ma

rate

ma

rate. Approximately, 14 hours is

If

indicated, check

until

the

the

battery

the

EXTERNAL POWER fuse.

fuse.

at a rate

rate

current

depending upon

will decrease

can

be over 3 amps when

as

the

the

Echometer

condition of

When charging a very low Echometer

may

blow

the

fuse.

If

the

the

automobile engine not

run

the

car

engine to increase

the

110

VAC

if

the

Echometer

running

charger

battery

may

battery

is

partially

is almost fully

discharged,

the

battery

charging

a fully

battery

fuse blows, replace

until

the

current

the

charge

have

is

rate.

to be used to

already

the

fuse

fully

if

If

a

If

from

the

the

Battery

Sulfanation

A very deeply discharged

come

ON

when using

cigar
will
the

the

lighter

not
battery
battery

charger.

be ON,

but
is accepting a charge.
is charged.

battery

the

110 VAC charger,

To

recharge

after

a period

may

the

of

time

Then

not

nor

battery,

up

to

after

accept a charge normally.

is a charge

use

the

6 hours,

about 14 hours,

-?

current

110

VAC

charger

the

red light will come ON indicating

the

red

The

indicated

..

At

light

will

red

when

first,

go

light

using

the

red

out

indicating

does not

the

light

IMPORTANT

1.

Charge

instructions.

equipment.

2.

When

place.

3.

Do

not
protected
may

still

4.

Keep

the

battery

5.

Under

case.

6.

Do

not

7.

Do

not
may

release

corrosive.

before

not

in

short

with

cause

away

•••

no

circumstances

expose

drop,

electrolyte

INSTRUCTIONS

using.

Use

use

circuit

internal

severe

from

it

fire

may

remove

Read

only

battery

self-resetting

damage

and

explode.

battery
hit

or

abuse

as

FOR

the

from

do

should

to

moisture

well

RECHARGEABLE

your

equipment

charger

equipment

terminals.

fuses,

to

the

battery.

not

incinerate

you

attempt

or

the

battery

as

expose

BATTERIES

that

and

rain.

•••

cell

manual

comes

store

Some
but

when

to

open

it
contents

for

with

in

batteries

short

disposing

the

will

charging

your

cool

circuits

battery

break
which

dry

are

of

and

are

1.

It

is

touch

2.

as

use

during

Running

"2-hour"

of

the
demands
computers

time

include

dialogue

screen.

3.

The

long

4.
cycles

5.

years

as

New

before

Nickel

without

charged

6.

Sealed

months

without

charged

place.

perfectly

charging

time

battery

equipment.

extra

power

features

disc

or

music,

life

1,000

of

charge-discharge

batteries

they

cadmium

harm.

periodically

lead

acid

harm.

after

every

SOME

normal

depends

refer

and
which
drives,

as

the

may

achieve

batteries

and

batteries

8

NOTES

for

and

discharging.
on

to

Use

shortens

use

hard

well

battery

require

their

However,

stored

However,

months

ON

BATTERY

the

the

power

laboratory

of

special

run

extra

drives,

as

the

und~r

cycles.

four

designed

may

for

in

may

for

of

storage

battery

time.

power

normal

be

best

a

cool

be

stored

best

USE

to

demanded.

tests

features

In

and

shorten

programs

intensity

conditions

or

five

capacity.

stored

as

results

dry

place.

as

results

and

stored

become

warm

Statements

of

simple

and

the

accessories

case

of

battery
which
of

use

your

may

charge-discharge

long

they

long

they

as

in

as
should

should
a

to

the

such

non-stop

laptop

run

audio

backlit

be

2

to

12

to

cool

dry

as

3

be

18
be

7.

It

is

normal
storage.
after

it

Always

has

been

for

fully
stored

a

battery

charge
for

over

to

"self-discharge"

your

1

battery

week

at

before

a

time.

itself

you

during

use

it

Low Voltage Indicators

Amplifier-recorder

indicating low voltage to

units,

having

the

operator. Units,

a serial

voltage protector which consists of a circuit
and

chart

drive.

number

having

breaker

above 326,

a serial

number

to disconnect

have

an

audible

below 327, use a low

the

battery

from

alert

the

VI-3

for

amplifier

Serial

When

battery

the

voltage drops to approximately

is

at a minimum

charge

condition for satisfactory operation.
sufficient energy for a few more tests,
as

possible.

used

below

to protect

the

meter. Use a 1.5 amp fuse.

A BATTERY fuse is

the

located to

battery

right

voltage

and

if

the

BATTERY fuse

Number

but

recharging

the

is

blown.

11

amplifier

Serial Number Below 327

A Low Voltage Protector is used to prevent damage to

operating

the
battery

the

battery

right

and

below

the

from

the

amplifier

The voltmeter will

If

the

Low Voltage Protector circuit

1.

turn

OFF

the

2.

push

in

the

red

3. charge

the

battery

4. check voltage,

below 10.6 volts. The Low Voltage Protector circuit

voltmeter. The circuit

and

chart

drive when

read

zero volts

if

breaker

the

Low Voltage Protector

breaker

amplifier

shaft

if

the

and

on

with

reading

chart

drive,

the

Low Voltage Protector circuit

the

110 V

AC

charger or

is

not

obtained,

breaker.

Above 326

volts,

an

audible

the

battery

and

chart

the

and

the

battery

disconnects

the

push

alert

The

should

indicates

battery

be

that

the

should

accomplished

have

as

dirve circuits. The fuse is

The

voltmeter does

battery

which

breaker

not

can

result

is located to

indicate

when

control electronics will disconnect

voltage drops below 10.6 volts.

the

circuit

battery

breaker

from

is open:

the

instrument.

breaker,

cigar

in

lighter

the

Low Voltage Protector circuit

power cord,

and

soon

the

VII

TESTING

1. To

2. To

THE

ECHOMETER

test

the

amplifier-recorder
A. Check
B.

Attach

C.

Turn

D.

See Sensitivity controls to

battery

the

amplifier ON.

voltage, recharge

cable to

the

E. Depress TEST button,

sample charts). Test
to

insure

If

pen

does

test

A.

Perform above

correct response

not

the

Microphone:

respond,

test

in

try

to

prove condition of amplifier-recorder

wellhead including microphone.

B.

C.

Attach
Attach

cable to
test

bulb. Close

INPUT

bleed valve.

D.

Turn

amplifier ON.

E.

Set

filter to LIQUID LEVEL.

Set

the

F.
G.
H.

Depress
Pen

LIQUID LEVEL sensitivity to

rubber

bulb sharply, delay,

response should be

and

cable:

if

needed.

INPUT

and

TEST connectors.

6.

then

release button.

UPPER

another

and

gas

COLLARS,

in

all

three

cable.

Microphone.

valve by lifting cocking arm. Close casing pressure

then

in

excess of

112".

Pen

should respond

DEEP

COLLARS

filter positions.

1.

release bulb suddenly.

(See sample chart).

1

/2"

and

and

cable. Clean

or

LIQUID LEVEL

greater

(see

The microphone could have a resistance
excess

Do
gain

unauthorized

of

0.02 microfarads.

not

attempt

to

repair

the

amplifier unless familiar

transistorized amplifiers. The

repair

station

without

warranty

prior permission.

in

excess of 10 megohms

with

is voided

·!

if

repairs

and

a capacitance

complex, low frequency,

are

performed

by

an

in

high

ECHOMETER TEST

RECORDS

AMPLIFIER-CABLE

UPPER COLLARS

SENSITIV/Tr

DEEP

COLLARS

SENSITIVITY=-

.:

_

APPROXIMATELY

APPROXIMATELY

TEST

PRESS

TEST

BUTTON

J

v

ECHOMETER

7

COMPANY

(Normal on

6

5001 DITIO

Model

LANE

WICHITA

B-1)

RELEASE

TEST

BUTTON

\

I -

FALLS,

TEXAS

76302

FLUIO LEVEL

SENSITIVITY=

AS

711!02

-

MICROPHONE

SENSITIVITY

.:

-

ECHOMETER

APPROXIMATELY

TEST

APPROXIMATELY

COMPANY 5001

6

PRESS

BULB

2

DITTO

LANE

WICHITA

FALLS,

TEXAS

76302

FLUID LEVEL

RELEASE

81.JLB

POSITION

ECHOMETER

ac.M.

COMPANY 5001

DITTO

LANE

WICHITA

FALLS,

TEXAS

76302

Al.JGl.JST,

1968

MAINTENANCE

The

Echometer amplifier-recorder should be clean. Keep proper

Section IL Charge

occurs first.

The
to check
or

deterioration exist, replace before using. Replace

Do

gas
all

threads,

deterioration exists. Lubricate

The

microphone is located
by unscrewing a
microphone

or

the

battery

not

jar

unit.

gun

should be cleaned every 500 shots or monthly, whichever occurs first. Be

the

10-32 x 1

installing a

when

the

voltage drops into

moving gas valve,

the

gas valve

at

the

lower

%"cap

new

screw. Be

microphone.

and

end

sure

SPECIAL PRECAUTION

and

all

all

of

the

pen

the

yellow arc or monthly, whichever

other

pieces thoroughly.

the

o-rings when

0-rings

the

0-rings

with

gas gun. The microphone

are

any

light

installed before replacing

tension described

If

any

signs of wear

sign of

wear

or

oil before assembly.

can

be

removed

VIII

in

sure

the

When

the

Cap to Housing

to

the

Microphone Electrical Wire Tube.

gas

with

gun

is disassembled, always remove

4 bolts before

installing

the

microphone first. Assemble Housing

microphone. Improper assembly

·?

can

cause damage

IX

Part

No.

MS139

RE140
RE395
MS175
MS200

MS115
MS120
MS125
00334
00301
MS195

Compact Gas Gun

C02 Containers

PARTS

LIST

Description

Chart Paper, 125'/Roll
(Usually supplied
Battery
Writing Pen,
Eleven Point Dividers
Supply Box
Cables:
5'

Length

10'

Length

25' Length .

Microphone Test Bulb

Set

of 0-Riilgs

Owners

See,

See Drawings at end
Information in Appendix

Manual (D with Gas Gun)

Drawing in this Section

50 rolls to the case)

12

VDC

of

C0

2

x

USE OF RATE OF

The accompanying

rate

of

fill up between casing

FILLUP

graph

GRAPH

shut-in.

The

chart

is

read

as

follows:

bottom scales corresponding to

indicating
point on

indicating

scales
rate
the

fill

For

fill

up

BPD

USE OF RATE

If

and

the

feet due to

error

the

pipe sizes,

the

top scale corresponding to

the

pipe sizes,

are

ten

times

the

then

then

lower

by 10, 100, 1000, etc., to locate

up

rate

example,

rate

is 2.2 feet

will

have

a well is

initial

the

could be

obtained

if

an

OF

shut
fill-up
shut

as

high

on

the

a well which

per

minute.

initial

fill

FILLUP

INFORMATION

down for

rate

ist1~

in

time. flowever,

as

350 feet.

up

is very useful

and

tubing

If

the

the

producing

read

to

read

to

and

left scales. For over 1000 BPD rates, divide

the

right

scale.

has

2"

A well

rate

of 59 feet

ten

minutes

11ly

1.3 feet

in

liquid level work.

in

a well for a

well produces less

rate,

read

the

left to find fill

the

producing rate,

the

right

to find fill up

rate

on

the

upper scale,

tubing

with

2112"

per

and

minute.

1

5

/2"

tubing

certain

than

straight

up

casing is producing 60 BPD,

The

producing

100 BPD, find

up

rate.

For

read

down

rate.

then

and

4112"

for surface connection work prior to a liquid level shot

per

if

the

minute,

fill up

then

rate

the

maximum

is 35 feet

per

graph

indicates

rate

after

the

point on

until

intersecting

over 100 BPD, find

until

intersecting

Note

that

the

top

the

multiply

this

casing, producing

error

would be only 13

minute,

the

maximum

the

initial

the

well is

the

the

line

the

the

line

and

right

producing

figure times

the

initial

at

700

The fill-up
annulus.
pressure.
support
found on

approximately 2500 feet

This

For

the

rate

found

rate

decreases

example,

chart

would

if

reservoir pressure would

to

one-half by

the

time

the

in

the
as

the

static

be

within

support

well

chart

is

the

initial

the

pressure

in

reservoir pressure is 1000 PSI,

of

liquid (assuming low casing pressure), so

10% for

the

only 900 feet of liquid,

had

filled

with

rate

at

which liquid will fill

the

well bore approaches

the

first 600 feet or so. However,

then

the

fill-up

600 feet of liquid.

-?

the

casing

the

static

reservoir

reservoir pressure will

the

fill-up

if

the

rate

would be reduced

rate

static

RATE OF FILL-UP

0

100

200

JOO

400

500 600

700

800

900

1000

lOH-t-t-t-t-t--Ht--Ht--H:-H:-H-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-++-++-t-t-++-++-++-++-t-1--++-++-+++++++++++-++-++-+++++++++-++-++-+-+-+-+-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-~~1--1-H-1--1-HlOO

1~-1--+-++-++-t--+-Hf-+-+--+-++-++-t--+-+-lf-+-+--+-++-++~-l~l-l-++-+-l-ll-rt-l--t-+-l--+-H-l-H-+-+-++-+-+-H-l-H-++++-H-HH-H-++++-+-+-+-IH-H-++-H-l-H-+-+-++-+-+-~-H

-H-+-+--t-+-+-+-t--t-t-t-t-++-t-+-+-+-H-t-H-+-t--t-+-+--t-HH-H-++-+-+-HH-H-++-l--+-H-l-H-+-+++-+-+~~-l-l-l--+-+-++-+-+-+-l-l-H--1-1-++-1--4-+--IH-H-++-l-l-+-IH-+-+-++-+-+~

~-H-+-t--t-+-+-+-t--t-t-H-t--i--t-+-+-+-t--t-t-H-++-t-+-t-t-t--tl-t-t-+-++-H-Hl-t-H-++--t-~-1-1-1-H-H--~-+-+-H-t-l-l--++++-+-+-H-t-~~++++-+-+-HH-H-+++-l-hH--+-+-++-+-+~

-

1-+-+--+--+-+-++-++-1-l-1-1-+-++--1-1--1-~--1-1~1-1-+--+--1-1-~--1-1-1-+--+--1-~-1-~--1-i-1-+--+--1-1--l-1--~-1-

1

.\-=l.+--1-++-+-+-l-H-++++--1--+-l-l-!-l-l--l-l-4-l--+-+-+-1-1-1-+--~--1--+--i-J

H--H--J:rl9---+l

8 I I

,~'(\

~,,

8Q

-

--t--t--+-i•-t-+--t--+-+

----

·-+-+-1-t--+-t

·-

-t-+-+-+-t-+-+-+'--t

··-

----------

PIPE

SIZES

2

11

x

7"

Barrels

Per

lOOO

Feet

36.o

33.5

1"'

).

,..·......,....:i-1-1-1-1-1-1~

I

i'

1:.~~++-++-+-1-~l-H-I

l-~·l-l-+-1-~--l-l-~H-+-+--l-~-+-+-+-l-t-H-++++-+-+~~H-H-·~-1--++~~-~'l-l-+-+~~-t-H-++--H-+-

H-++-H--i-IH-l-l-·~~++-H--l-IL~H-+-!-++-H--1-11-1-·~~-l-l-++-H-h_l--'F-~·~++-H-H~~+-~4-+-+-I--+--~

i

0

I,

i I

~

t-+--+-l++-+-1--1-1--1-+

2

1/2"

x 7"

2"

x 5

1/2

11

2

1/2

11

X 5

1/2

11

2

11

x 4

1/2"

18.9

16.4

~

f--+-1

+--+-+-+-++-1--1-J.

~

~

~

-

-1-1-1-+-!--t-t--t-+

>:..

0

10

2

1/2

11

x 4

1/2"

20

10.8

8.2

JO

40

50

60

PRODUCING

RATE,

BARRELS

PER

DAY

70

ECHOMETER

COMPANY

5001

DITTO

LANE

WICHITA

FALLS, TEXAS

80

90

Introduction

60

electric

fed

into
Then,
The

actual
per

60

length

chart

second

Procedure

Technique

hertz

energy
lines,
the

Echometer

cycles

of

60

speed/second

is

used

and
can

cycles

for

Determining

is

lights.

amplifier

be

measured

in

the

present

is

measured

since

United

The

Chart

around

60

hertz

and

and

marked

and

a

frequency

States.

Speed

electric

signal

recorded

the

on

length

of

equipment,

can

on

the

the

chart.

60

cycles

be
chart.

indicates

Example

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Straighten

of

small

Insert
amplifier

Turn
Place

amplifier

filter

Increase
is

obtained.

Turn

Count

chart

60
Measure
The

length

a

wire

wire

INPUT.

Sensitivity

drive

cycles.

the

represents

paper

about

into

in

clip

6"

the

gold

POWER

ON.

UPPER COLLARS.

until

ON

ana

length

of

or

long.

run

60

chart

locate

connector

1/8"

chart

cycles.

speed

pen

a

short

in

response

6-8

per

piece

the

inches.

second.

~<~~~~._3.625

0

inch/sec

ECHOMETER COMPANY 5001

01no

LANE. WICHITA FALLS.

60

TE>CAS

76302 PAINTfO

...

us

A

CARBON DIOXIDE INFORMATION

(C0

)

2

Carbon
and

one

refrigeration,

one-half

C02 is

used

dioxide is a

times

in

the

in

canned

l/OO

/OoQ

loo

600

.s-oo

"/()(}

3()0

nonflammable,

as

heavy

carbonation

food products,

as

air.

of

/

colorless, ordorless,

It

is commonly available.

soda pop,

and

many

as

other

an

inert

/

v

/

/

v

/

slightly

agent

in

applications.

/

/

acid gas.

fire extinguishers,

/'

It

is approximately

c.r.

in

Below 88°F, confined

the

above
PSIA.
vapor
withdrawn

graph.

As

gas

is

pressure.

from

/

0

-10

For

removed

When

the

-lC

VAPOR PRESSURE VS. TEMPERATURE

C02 liquid

example, a container

from

all

the

liquid

cylinder.

-ID

the

cylinder,

0

Temperature

and

gas

of

has

been

So

/~

are

in

equilibrium

C02 liquid

the

liquid vaporizes

vaporized,

20

and

the

75"

30

at a vapor

gas

at

into a gas

gas

pressure

/()0

iO

pressure

70°F

has a pressure

which

will reduce

shown on

of

maintains

as

gas

840

the

is

Above 88°F,

indication

The

amount

it

and

then

Do

not

C02 becomes a fluid. Liquid will

of

the

volume

of

subtracting

overfill a

of

C02 in

the

container

C02 fluid

a cylinder is

weight

of

or

dangerous

present

in

the

determined

the

empty

C02 CAUTION

pressures

not

be present.

tank.

by weighing

cylinder.

can

result.

The

the

pressure

cylinder

in

the

having

tank

the

is

an

C02 in

C02 is

leaking
increase
C02 can
p.p.m. Do

heavier

cylinder

in

the

paralyze

not

breathe

than

air

and

in

a closed automobile.

C02 inhaled

the

respiratory

air

will

having

may

collect

cause

an

system.

excessive

in

C02 is

increased

The

normal

amount

confined,
the

regulator

rate

concentration

of

C0

unventilated

of

the

breathing

of

breathing.

of

.

2

areas.

In

high

C02 in

Do

not

permit

function,

and

concentrations,

the

air

is 300

a

an

·?

HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

Never

Do

drop cylinders or

not

discharge

C02 in

permit

confined, poorly ventilated areas, since displacement of

cause asphyxiation and/or increased

Spillage of liquid

when

handling

Do

not

store

leaking

gas could cause suffocation.

C02 leaks

can
squeeze bottle containing aqueous
a

white

ammonium

C02 on

liquid

C0

C02 cylinders

be detected by

the

skin

•

2

in

sub-surface or closed areas.

painting

ammonia

carbonate cloud). See your local gas supply dealer for

additional instructions on container

Vapor

Density,
Critical

Pressure@

Gas@

70°F., 1 atm.

Temperature

70°F.

Critical Density
Critical

Specific

Specific Volume @ 70°F., 1

Pressure
Gravity

atm

them

to

strike

each other violently.

breathing

can

if

present.

rate.

cause frostbite. Wear protective clothing

suspected

in

the

areas

with soap solution, or

area

(leaks will be indicated by formation

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

or
or

C02 is

830

heavier

p.s.i.g.

than

other

precautions. See

0.1146 lb./cu. ft.

87.8°F. (31°C)

0.468 g./ml.
1072 PSIA (73 atm.)

1.53

8.

76 cu. ft./lb.
15,000 cu. in./lb.
950 cu. in./oz.

air

and

air

and

by

holding a

can

gloves

of

7.5

oz

C0

2

D

c:::i

CONTAINER

CAP,

GG-200

11

1/4

11011

RING,

11

WASHER,

GG-201

GG-202

3/16

c=

'

I

rn

C)

'

VALVE CORE,

11

5/16

'o"

RING,

VALVE

BODY,

FILLER

11

5/16

VALVE CORE,

1

0

GG-204

GG-218

GG-205

BODY,

11

RING,

GG-234

GG-226

GG

-238

--~~~

7.5

OZ. CONTAINER

GG-41

GGl432

C02

(VALVE+HANDLE

FOR

C02

CYLINDER

BOTTLE}

w/

HOSE

GGJ481

(C02

HEX

NUT)

GG3487

(C01

NIPPLE)

5

2.5

LB.

LB.

C02

CYUNDER

GG-0430

C02

CYUNDER

GG-0470

M4LVE BODY, GG-2050

5/:L6',. O..flING,

VAL.VE CORE, GG-20-40 /

:t/

4"

WASHER,

11

3/Jfi

O-RJN4 .(iG·20.tQ /

GG-2220

GG-2020

____,..\

__/'

GG14G8

c?

\.

./-v-

/

e::;

(BRASS

(\

HOSE

END)

CAPFVR QUICK CONNECTOR, GG-2000 _,,,.;"" \.,>

NITROGEN INFORMATION (N

)

2

Nitrogen
combined
Nitrogen

Nitrogen

comprises approximately 79% by volume of

in

many

forms.fa nature. Nitrogen will

is

normally available

is used as

an

inert

in

cylinders compressed to 2200 PSI.

gas

in

electrical systems,

not

burn

packaging industry. Nitrogen also finds extensive use as
of some incandescent lamps.

to

sustain

Never

Never

other

Nitrogen

precautions.

is

nontoxic

but

life.

drop cylinders or

tamper

with

safety devices

can

act

HANDLING

permit

as

an

asphyxiant by displacing

PRECAUTIONS

them

to

strike

in

valves or cylinders. See your local

each other violently.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Molecular
Density @ 70°F., 1
Critical
Critical

Specific

Weight

atm
Temperature
Pressure

Volume,@

70°F., 1 atm.

the

air.

It

is found chemically.

and

the

an

will not

chemical

inert

support

industry,

atmosphere

the

necessary

28.016

0.17247

lb./cu. ft.

-232.87°F. {-147.15°C.)

492.45 PSIA
(33.5 atm.)

13.8 cu.

ft./lb.

or 31,000 cu. in./lb.

combustion.

and

in

and

in

the

amount

gas

supply dealer for

the

food

filling

of

air