Dwyer Instruments UL series Specifications-installation And Operating Instructions

Series UL Transmitters

Specifications - Installation and Operating Instructions

Bulletin L-UL

DWYER INSTRUMENTS, INC.

P.O. BOX 373 • MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA 46361, U.S.A. Fax: [phone] e-mail: [e-mail]

Phone: [phone] www.dwyer-inst.com

Table of Contents

Table of Figures

Chapter 1. Introduction

Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Measuring Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Chapter 2. Installation

Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Installing the Unit on Threaded Flange/Thread-Free Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Installing the Unit via Extension Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Using a Conduit Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Non-Intrinsically Safe Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Power Supply and Load Resistance Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Chapter 3. Set Up

Series UL Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Set Up and Function Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Resetting the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Entering Distance to Empty Level (Tank Height) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Defining Interfering Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Configuring 4 mA Current Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Configuring 20 mA Current Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Selecting Low/High Dynamic Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Defining Working Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Selecting Distance or Level Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Entering Factor for Gas Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Restoring the Default Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Shifting the Blocking Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Verifying the Version Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Defining 22 mA Signal Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Chapter 4. Open Channels (ULF)

Selecting the Flow Measurement Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Open Channel Flow Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Flume/Weir Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Flumes/Weirs - European Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Rectangular Suppressed Sharp - Crested Weir (Type 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Rectangular Contracted Sharp - Crested Weir (Type 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp - Crested Weir (Type 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

V-Notch (Triangular) Sharp - Crested Weir (Type 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Khafagi-Venturi Flume (Type 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Parshall Flume (Type 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Palmer Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal Throat Cross-Selection (Type 7) . . . . . . . . .12

H Flume (Type 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Neyrpic Venturi Flume/Long-Base Weir (Type 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Flumes/Weirs – American Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Rectangular Suppressed Sharp - Crested Weir (Type 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Rectangular Contracted Sharp - Crested Weir (Type 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp - Crested Weir (Type 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

V-Notch (Triangular) Sharp - Crested Weir (Type 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Parshall Flume (Type 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Palmer Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal Throat Cross-Selection (Type 6) . . . . . . . . .14

H Flume (Type 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Leopold-Lagco Flume (Type 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Figure 1: Front and Side View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Figure 2: Threaded Flange/ Thread - Free Flange Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Figure 3: Extension Pipe Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Figure 4: Conduit Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Figure 5: Non-Intrinsically Safe Positive Ground Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Figure 6: Non-Intrinsically Safe Negative Ground Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Figure 7: Functions Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Figure 8: Display and Function Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Figure 9: Scan Distance Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Figure 10: Defining Working Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Figure 11: Rectangular Suppressed Sharp - Crested Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Figure 12: Rectangular Contracted Sharp - Crested Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Figure 13: Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp - Crested Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Figure 14: V-Notch (Triangular) Sharp - Crested Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Figure 15: Khafagi-Venturi Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Figure 16: Parshall Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Figure 17: Palmer Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal Throat

Cross-Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Figure 18: H Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Figure 19: Neyrpic Venture Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Figure 20: Long-Base Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Figure 21: Rectangular Suppresses Sharp - Crested Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Figure 22: Rectangular Contracted Sharp - Crested Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Figure 23: Trapeziodal (Cipolletti) Sharp - Crusted Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Figure 24: V-Notch (Triangular) Sharp - Crested Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Figure 25: Parshall Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Figure 26: Palmer Boweus Flume Trapezoidal Throat

Cross-Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Figure 27: H Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Figure 28: Leopold Lagco Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Figure 29: Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Chapter 5. Troubleshooting

22 mA Signal Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Appendix A – Gas Factor Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Appendix B – Installation Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Appendix C – Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Page 1

Chapter 1: Introduction

The UL is an ultrasonic, continuous-level measurement gage. The unit is available
in two separate series: The Series ULB for solids and the Series ULF for fluids.

Depending on the series, the unit can be used for the following measurement tasks:

• Dust-free tanks with solids

• Open channel flow

• Liquid tanks with calm surfaces (upon request)

The ULF unit has a range of up to 49.21 ft (15 m) with an accuracy of 0.25% of the
maximum measuring range (version dependent).
The ULB unit has a range of up to 28 ft (8.5 m) with an accuracy of 0.25% of the
maximum measuring range (version dependent).

SPECIFICATIONS
Service: ULB: Bulk solids, ULF: Compatible liquids.
Wetted Materials: Sensor: Polypropylene, Acoustic Window: ECTFE.
Ranges: (see “Measuring Ranges”).
Accuracy: 0.25% of max range (at 20°C).
Resolution: 0.04˝ (1 mm).
Blind Zone: ULB-11 and ULF-X1-XXX: 0.8 ft (.25 m); ULB-12 and ULB-X2-XXX:

1.96 ft (0.6 m).

Beam Angle: 5° @ 3db point.
Temperature Limits: -40 to 158°F (-40 to 70°C).
Temperature Compensation: Automatic.
Pressure Limits: 13.5 psi (0.9 bar) to 30 psi (2 bar).
Power Requirement: 18 to 28 VDC.
Output Signal: 4 to 20 mA.
Max. Loop Resistance: 750 Ω at 28 VDC.
Electrical Connection: Screw terminal.
Conduit Connection: 1/2˝ NPT conduit or cable gland (optional).
Process Connection: 2˝ NPT or 2˝ BSP (optional).
Enclosure: Plastic enclosure: ABS and UV resistant body.
Enclosure Rating: NEMA 4 (IP65).
Mounting Orientation: Vertical.
Memory: Non-volatile.
Display: 4 character LCD.
Units: ft, m (upon request).
Programming: 4 button.
Weight: 3.1 lb (1.4 kg).

Measuring Ranges

Standard

ULB for solids

Extended
Range

0.82 ft to 11.5 ft

0.25 m to 3.5 m

1.96 ft to 28 ft

0.6 m to 8.5 m

Figure 1 : Front and Side View

ULF for fluids

Short
Range

Standard

0.82 ft to 16.4 ft

0.25 m to 5 m

1.96 ft to 49.2 ft

0.6 m to 15 m

Page 2

Chapter 2: Installing the Unit

Precautions

• Ensure that the unit is mounted in an area that meets the stated temperature,
pressure and technical specifications.

• Ensure that high-voltage sources or cables are at least 40˝ (1 m) away from the
sensor and its cable.

• Use round cables with minimum diameter of 0.24 to 0.28˝ (6 to 7 mm) to ensure
that the unit remains sealed per IP65 standards.

• Ensure that cables are routed correctly and tightened along walls or pipes.

• Installation and operation of this product should be performed, according to the
Product User Manual and Product Certification. Otherwise the use of this product
is prohibited.

When installing the unit ensure that it is:

• Mounted above the dead-zone area.

NOTE: If the device enters the blocking distance (dead
zone), it will not measure correctly.

• Positioned at least 1.64 ft (0.5 m) away from the tank walls.
Add 4˝ (10 cm) spacing for each 40˝ (1 m) in range.

Installing the Unit on Threaded Flange/Thread-Free Flange

The unit is available in 2˝ NPT or 2˝ BSP (upon request).

The unit can be installed with threaded-flange mounting or with thread-free flange
mounting, as shown below:

Figure 2: Threaded Flange/Thread-Free Flange Mounting

NOTE: When installing a thread-free flange mounted unit, you will need a 2˝

(50.8 mm) locking nut to secure the unit inside the tank.

To Install the Unit:

1. Insert the threaded end of the unit into the opening at the top of the tank or pipe.

2. Bolt the unit into place in one of the following ways:

• Threaded-flange mounting: Screw the unit into a flange with a threaded
2˝ (50.8 mm) hole.

• Thread-free mounting: Place the unit in the flange, and bolt it from within
the tank with a 2˝ (50.8 mm) locking nut.

• Perpendicular to the surface of the target.
NOTE: Even the slightest difference in angle may affect echo
quality.

• Placed as far as possible from noisy areas, such as a filling
inlet.

NOTE: When installed in a humid environment it is
recommended to position the sensor on a tripod on top of the
vessel.

NOTE: Tighten nut hand tight only. When tightening the nut, hold the lower part of
the unit. Make sure that the seal is leak proof.

Page 3

Installing the Unit Via Extension Pipes

If the level of the measured surface falls within the dead-zone area, you should use
an extension pipe to mount the unit.

When using an extension pipe, ensure that:

• The sensor is positioned in the center of the pipe.

• The pipe extension is exactly perpendicular to the surface
of the target.

• The internal pipe diameter is at least 3.0˝ (76.2 mm) wide.

• The pipe is preferably made of plastic and must have a
smooth interior surface.

• The pipe should not protrude inside the tank.

• The tank drilling should be at least the size of the internal
pipe diameter and have a smooth edge.

When installing the unit with extension pipes, measure from sensor’s lower edge
and follow these specifications:

Non-Intrinsically Safe Connections

Figure 5: Non-Intrinsically Safe Positive Ground Connection

Pipe Length

1.64 ft (0.5 m)

NOTE:

1. It is always recommended to use interference signal feature (Pr03) to locate

interfering signals when using an extension pipe.

2. The sensor's lower edge may be

a) aligned with the extension pipe's upper edge or
b) protrude it by up to 2.56˝ (6.5 cm). See Figure 3 below:

Using a Conduit Adapter

1. Remove the four retaining screws from the conduit adapter cover.

2. Pull the electrical wires through the 1/2˝ NPT conduit connection.

3. Connect the -24 V wire to Terminal 1, connect the +24 V wire to Terminal 2 on

the wiring block.

4. Return the adapter's cover to its place properly. Make sure that the O-ring is

placed correctly. Fasten the four retaining screws.

Internal Pipe Diameter

≥ 3.0˝ (76.2 mm)

a

Figure 3: Extension Pipe Recommendation

b

Figure 6: Non-Intrinsically Safe Negative Ground Connection

Power Supply and Load Resistance Recommendations

The following table specifies the recommended resistance range for each power
supply voltage (Non-Intrinsically Safe).

Power Supply
Voltage

15 V
18 V
24 V
28 V

NOTE: The resistance value is the total sum of the series resistor (or PLC
resistance) and the lines resistance. The minimum voltage level on terminals
should not be less that 15 VDC.

To maintain a proper seal, make sure that conduit is firmly screwed to the conduit's
adaptor.

Ripple/Noise Parameters Recommended for the Power Supply

The following ripple/noise parameter are recommended for the power supply:

• 100 mV p-p max.

Power Supply Types Recommendations

• Prefer a regulated switching power supply.

• A rectified power supply is not recommended.

• When powering by a battery, avoid the using of switched charger.

Minimum
Resistance Value

0 Ω
0 Ω
41 Ω
68 Ω

Maximum
Resistance Value

136 Ω
272 Ω
545 Ω
727 Ω

Figure 4: Conduit Adapter

NOTE: The conduit adapter should not exceed a torque of 50 lb-in.

To maintain a proper seal, make sure that conduit is firmly screwed to the conduit's
adaptor.

Feeding Via PLC

• Verify that the voltage level on the unit’s terminals is at least 15 VDC.

• Check PLC specifications for grounding options.

• It is good practice to add a 150 Ω series resistor between the unit's positive
terminal and the PLC.

Page 4

Chapter 3: Setting Up and Calibrating the Unit

This chapter explains how to set up and calibrate the unit for accurate
measurement monitoring.
The unit is supplied with preprogrammed default settings, making it ready for
immediate operation. There is no need to change the default settings, unless you
wish to calibrate the unit for your specific requirements; however, it is
recommended that you replace the default tank height value with the actual tank
height, as described on page 6. When using the unit, the tank height is calculated
as the distance from the surface of the sensor to the bottom of the tank. You should
enter this value whenever tank height is required. (For flow measurement, enter the
precise flume height.)

The ULF unit contains eleven programs and the ULB unit contains nine programs.
These programs are referred to as functions, which enable you to change the
default settings and calibrate as required. These functions are accessed from a
functions menu. The functions Pr01, Pr02, Pr04 and Pr05 are the most important
to ensure correct usage of your device (with the addition of Pr00 if using the
appropriate ULF series). Function Pr03 may be used if there are interfering signals.
The remaining functions (Pr06, Pr07, Pr08, Pr09 and Pr10) enable you to
customize the unit for your monitoring requirements or to restore factory default
settings.

The diagram below shows the functions available in the functions menus for the
Series ULF and Series ULB. Some functions are only relevant for particular series.

Using Series UL Functions

The LCD display screen, functioning in "normal" mode, provides continuously
updated measurement readings. The display screen is also used to view the
menu options, function settings and data values, accessed by using the function
buttons.

The picture below shows the upper part of the unit.

Figure 8: Display and Function Buttons

The function buttons are used to perform various operations, summarized in the
following table.

Button

Uses Include:

• Accessing the functions menu (when pressed

simultaneously with )

• Selecting functions

• Progressing to the next step of a function

• Moving from left to right between displayed digits

• Saving changes to data

• Accessing the functions menu (when pressed
simultaneously with )

• Exiting the functions menu to restore the
distance reading

• Moving from right to left between displayed digits

• Exiting a function without saving changes

• Clearing error messages

• Scrolling through the functions menu

• Scrolling through available data values in
functions

• NEXT button only: Recording interfering signals

or

Figure 7: Function Menus

Setting flow measurement parameters (function Pr00) for the Series ULF (Open
Channels) is described in Chapter 4, Open Channels (ULF). Setting parameters
for all other functions and accessing the functions are described in this chapter.

NOTE: Within some functions, the digits in the displayed value can be individually
modified. This is indicated by a flashing digit (flashing digits are shown in gray in
the display illustrations. In this case, the ENT and ESC buttons enable you to move
between the digits. Each flashing digit can be modified using the BACK and NEXT
buttons.

Start Up and Function Access:

Page 5

Press/Action

Connect unit to
power supply

After a brief pause

and

(simultaneously)

or

Display:

For example:

For example:

Explanation

Temporary display while
unit takes a reading.

Distance reading.

Enters the functions
menu.

Used to search for the
required menu selection.

Accesses the selected
function.

NOTE: If an error message appears, press the ESC button to return to the
main menu.
Values are displayed in feet and inches or meters and centimeters (model
dependent).

The PR01 function enables you to do a reset by refreshing the measurement
reading. (Other saved function settings are not changed.) After resetting, the actual
reading is displayed on the LCD, and the unit begins to scan (same as in turning
the unit on/off).

The reset function may sometimes be required after changing one of the settings
or after receiving an error message.

NOTE: During reset the unit will display 8.8.8.8 followed by 22 mA current output.

To Reset The Unit:

Press/Action

Resetting the Unit

and

(simultaneously)

After a brief pause

and

(simultaneously)

Display

For example:

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Temporary display while
unit takes a reading.

Distance reading.

Returns to the functions
menu.

The Pr03 function enables you to locate and store up to six interfering signals (false

Defining Interfering Signals

echoes) in the unit’s memory to avoid having obstructions, such as a tank agitator
or a sidewall, interfering with the measurement of the contents. Defining interfering
signals is done while the tank is empty.

Figure 9: Scan Distance Process

Each reading (scan distance) taken using the Pr03 function is stored as an
interfering signal, until a reading is achieved that indicates the real echo. If six
interfering signals are already stored, the next read values will not be saved.

NOTE: The reading of the actual target height may not be exact, for example, a
target height of 19.69 ft (6 m) may give a reading in the range 19.62 to 19.75 ft (5.98
to 6.02 m).

The displayed values are in distance units.

Use Pr02 function to enter the distance from sensor face to empty level of the tank.
When sensor face coincides with tank top, enter the height of the tank. Default
value is the maximum range for your model. If you enter a value that exceeds this
highest value, an Err error message is displayed and the value is not saved.

NOTE: For flow measurements, enter the precise distance from the sensor to the
bottom of the flume.

Modified to read between 0 and 5 (feet) U.S. Standard Units or between 0 and 1
(meters) metric units (model dependent).

To Enter Tank Height Value:

Press/Action

Entering Distance to Empty Level

Display

For example:

or

or

OR

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Indicates the measurement unit in feet
or meters (upon request).

Displays last saved tank height or
default value (maximum value in range).

Used to enter a new value.

To save the new value, press when
standing on the far right digit. After YES
is displayed, the display returns to the
functions menu.
To return to the main menu without
saving, press when standing on the
far left digit.

To Define Interfering Signals:

Press/Action

or

After a brief pause

NOTE: If the value represents an interference, false echo or false target: press
NEXT. If the value represents the real target, real distance: press ENT.

Display

For example:

For example:

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Select Search to locate acoustic
interferences, or Clear to delete stored
interferences.

Displayed after the selection for 3
seconds and then the menu returns to
Pr03.
Temporary display while the unit
searches for interfering signals.

Depth to interfering signal.

Saves the interfering signal, then
searches again and displays the next
reading. Continue to press this button to
save up to six interference readings.
Actual target height reading indicates
that there are no more interfering
signals.
Saves the entered values.

Page 6

Pr04 function enables you to enter values to be used as the 4 mA mark for remote
monitoring. You can define the 4 mA values for level, distance or flow
measurements (depending on series). The measurement value types should be
defined in Pr04. These definitions will be applicable as well for the 20 mA values
defined in Pr05.

To set 4 mA and 20 mA for level measurements you should configure Pr04 and
Pr05 for level values.
For example, if we measure a tank with tank height configured for 16.4 ft (5.0 m),
the 4 mA values will represent zero tank level and 20 mA values will represent full
tank level. Therefore, the value entered in Pr04 will be 0.0 ft (0.0 m) and the value
entered in Pr05 will be 16.4 ft (5.0 m).

When setting 4 mA and 20 mA for distance measurements, 4 mA values will
represent the minimal distance between the surface of the target and the sensor
and 20 mA values will represent the maximal distance between the sensor and the
surface of the target. Therefore, 4 mA represents the full part of the tank and 20 mA
represents the empty part of the tank.

Press/Action

Configuring 4 mA Current Output

Display

For example:

or

For example:

or

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Select the format for 4 mA and 20 mA
values to level (L000), distance (d000)
or flow (F000) (depending on model).

Last saved 4 mA level or zero default
value.

Used to enter a new value.

The Pr05 function enables you to enter values to be used as the 20 mA mark for
remote monitoring.

To Enter 20 mA Values:

Press/Action

NOTE: The type of measurement (level, distance or flow) selected in Pr04 is also

applicable for Pr05.

The values for 4 mA and 20 mA must be different; otherwise an Err (error message)
is displayed.

Configuring 20 mA Current Output

Display

For example:

or

or

OR

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Last saved 20 mA level or default value
(maximum value in range).

Used to enter a new value.

To save the new value, press when
standing on the far right digit. After YES
is displayed, the display returns to the
functions menu.
To return to the main menu without
saving, press when standing on the
far left digit.

or

To save the new value, press when
standing on the far right digit. After YES
is displayed, the display returns to the
functions menu.
To return to the main menu without
saving, press when standing on the
far left digit.

NOTE: The values for 4 mA and 20 mA must be different, otherwise an Err (error
message) is displayed.

The values for 4 mA and 20 mA should not be greater than the value used for the
tank height (Pr02). Because of the dead-zone, the distance between the sensor
and the surface of the target at its highest level should be a minimum of 0.82 ft
(0.25 m) for ULB Standard-Range and ULF Short-Range models, or 1.96 ft (0.6 m)
for ULB Extended-Range and ULF Standard-Range models.

The first digit of the 4 mA value can be modified to read between 0 and 5 (feet) for
U.S. Standard Units or between 0 and 1 (meters) metric units (upon request).
After accessing the Pr04 function, the unit generates a fixed current of 22 mA on
the 4 to 20 mA line. When the unit reverts to regular scanning mode, the 4 to 20
mA line returns to regular functioning.

The default values for 4 mA and 20 mA in both the ULB and ULF Liquid Series are
level.

The default values for 4 mA and 20 mA in ULF Open Channel Series are flow.
When changing from one measurement mode to another, the measurement units
will be changed automatically (for example, when changing from level mode to flow
mode, the units will change from feet to GPM or meters to M3/H (depending on the
model).

The values for 4 mA and 20 mA should not be higher than the value used for the
tank height (Pr02).

The first digit of the 20 mA value can be modified to read between 0 and 5 for U.S.
Standard Units or between 0 and 1 for metric units (model dependent).

After accessing the Pr05 function, the unit generates a fixed current of 22 mA on
the 4 to 20 mA line. When the unit reverts to regular scanning mode, the 4 to 20
mA line returns to regular functioning.

Please refer to Chapter 5 Troubleshooting for 20 mA error indications.

The measurement mode selected for the 4 to 20 mA values will not influence the
measurement mode selected for the display (Pr08). In case of power rest,
measurement configuration (level, distance, flow) will be saved according to the
unit's last configuration.

Page 7

The Pr06 function enables you to choose the required speed level. There are two
settings available:

• SE 0: Low dynamic mode (default setting). This mode provides slower readings

• Fail Safe: 10 minutes.

• SE 1: High dynamic mode. This mode provides faster readings but with less

• Fail Safe: 3 minutes.

NOTE: Fail Safe timer determines the waiting period from an echo loss until a
transmission of an error signal.

To Select the Speed Mode:

Selecting Low/High Dynamic Speed (ULF Series Only)

with a greater degree of accuracy (rate of up to 31˝/80 cm per min).

precision (rate of up to 39˝/100 cm per min).

Press/Action

Display

Explanation

Required menu selection.

To Define a Working Area:

Press/Action

or

Display

For example:

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Displayed when entering the function.

Displays the value last saved in the tank
height (default). The entered value
should not be more than double the tank
height and should not exceed the unit's
maximum measuring range.
Used to enter a new value.

Displays the current

or

or

Defining Working Area

The Pr07 function allows you to add distance range that exceeds the tank's height,
thus enabling accurate readings of complicated tank shapes with conic ending. This
may be required when the vessel has a conical bottom shape, which is causing
false echoes and consequently faulty measurements. The minimal value can be the
entered tank height and the maximal value can be double the value of the entered
tank height. The default setting is the entered tank height.

operation mode setting.

Used to toggle between
the operations modes.

Saves the selected
operation mode.

or

Saves the entered value.

Used to move on to the next function.

or

The Pr08 function enables you to choose whether the unit displays either distance
or level measurements. There are two settings available:

• d000: Distance mode (default setting): In this mode, the unit displays the distance

• L000: Level mode: In this mode, the unit displays the level of the contents from

NOTE: The measurement mode selected for the display will not influence the
measurement mode selected for the 4 to 20 mA values (Pr04). The ULF Open
Channel only displays open channel flow measurement.

To Select Distance or Level Display:

Selecting Distance or Level Display (for ULB and ULF Liquid Only)

from the sensor to the surface of the contents.

the bottom of the tank.

Press/Action

Display

or

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Displays the current
distance/level mode setting.

Figure 10: Defining Working Area

NOTE: It is recommended to use the Pr07 function only in distance mode.

Used to toggle between the
modes.

or

Saves the selected mode.

Page 8

Function Pr09 enables you to compensate for sound velocity changes in different

Entering Factor for Gas Compensation

types of gasses. You can enter the appropriate factor for each type of gas listed on
the “Gas Factor Table” (Appendix A). For example, the sound velocity in air (at
room temperature) is 1125 ft/sec (343 m/sec) and for Methane (Ch
(445.82 m/sec). Therefore, a factor of 1463/1125 = 1.30 should be entered to

) 1463 ft/sec

4

compensate for this type of gas. This factor will compensate in cases when the gas
compound consists of 100% Methane. In case the gas is not pure, the sound
velocity cannot be estimated and therefore a minor deviation could appear. It is
recommended to use a reference measurement indicator (using a tape or other
measuring device) and compare the measurement results between the unit and the
reference measurement indicator. If the result is correct, press ENT. If the accuracy
deviation is higher than expected, continue and calibrate the factor to meet the gas
maintained in the vessel. For example, if the gas composition consists of water and
gas you can add ± 0.01 to the factor figure already entered, to meet your
application requirements.
The “Gas Factor Table” supports up to 32 different types of gasses. For any other
type of gas, not included in this table, please contact Dwyer Customer Support,
(www.dwyer-inst.com).

Press/Action

Display

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Shifting the Blocking Distance

This function enables you to define an area in which measurement results would
be ignored. This option is applicable for installations requiring extension pipes or
nuzzles positioned above the material level. This area should approximately fit the
pipe/nuzzle length to eliminate false echoes and to provide accurate and stable
measurement readings.

• To Shift the Blocking Distance:

Follow the directions given for Entering Distance to Empty Level (Tank Height),
page 6. Instead of entering the tank height value, enter 00.01, and continue as
follows:

Press/Action

Display

Explanation

Insert this code to enter the blocking
distance area.

This message will flash for a few
seconds, indicating an entry to the
blocking distance area.

or

For example:

Shifts the blocking distance to 2.46 ft
(0.75 m).

Default screen.

Default value.

Choose a factor from the “Gas Factor
Table” (Appendix A).

or

or

For example:

This is the factor for Ethanol.

Saves the chosen gas factor.

NOTE: Repeat this procedure if the measurement results differ from the actual
material level measured with a reference tape (or other reference measurement
method). Add or reduce 0.01 to calibrate the factor figure already entered.
Updated on-screen results may take a few seconds to appear.

Restoring the Default Settings

The Pr10 function allows clearing all user-defined settings and reverting to the
default factory settings.

Default factory settings are:

Pr00: GPM 1U01 or M³/Hr 1E01
Pr02: Sbd 00.00, E000, Tank Height =default
Pr03: Resets all interfering signals
Pr04: Solid/Liquid device L000, 00.00 or

Flow device F000, 00.00

Pr05: Solid/Liquid device Tank Height = Pr.02

Flow device 55500 M³/Hr or 244400 GPM
Pr06: SE 0 (Liquid and Flow)
Pr07: Tank Height = Pr.02
Pr08: Solid/Liquid device d000
Pr09: 01.00

or

Saves this entry and returns to Pr02.

NOTE: Shifting of the blocking distance is limited to 4.9 ft (1.5 m). The value
entered to the SBD incorporates the Dead Zone Value.

Pr10 (Clear) reverts the blocking distance to its default.

Echo received from the defined blocking distance area will be ignored by the unit
and the measurement result will be based on the next echo.

When installing via extension pipe, it is recommended to keep approx. 2˝ (5 cm)
gap between the shortest distance to target (maximal level) and the lower pipe
edge. Set the SBD length to a value that is 2˝ (5 cm) smaller than the distance from
the sensor's lower edge to pipe's lower edge, in order to avoid second harmony
interference.

Verifying the Version Number

In addition to the functions described, you can verify the UL series version
number.

• To Verify the Version Number:

Follow the directions given for Entering Distance to Empty Level (Tank Height),
page 6. Instead of entering the tank height value, enter 00.17, and continue as
follows:

Press/Action

Display

Explanation

After a brief pause

Displays the version number.

NOTE: If you decide not to revert to the default settings, press ESC when CLCL is
displayed. A redo option is not available when ENT has been pressed.

To Restore the Default Settings:

Press/Action

Display

Explanation

Required menu selection.

Reverts all settings to default factory
settings.

Page 9

Defining 22 mA Signal Error Messages

The unit allows you to define if the following signal error indications: Near Zone and
Lost Echo, will be active when the current output reaches 22 mA. The default
setting enables 22 mA analog current and error messages to appear on its LCD
display.

Chapter 4: Open Channels (ULF)

This section describes how to set flow measurement parameters for open channels
and explains the flume/weir codes methodology used when setting up flow
measurements.

Near Zone - Whenever the distance is below the defined Dead Zone (depending
on the series you are using) message will be displayed on the LCD.

Lost Echo - Whenever the echo is lost, or in cases when the measurement results
exceed the tank height or when a returned echo is not received message will
be displayed on the LCD.

You can choose to enable or disable these error messages and 22 mA analog
signal as follows:

• d000: Disable

• E000: Enable (default setting)

Refer to Chapter 5, Troubleshooting for a detailed list of the 22 mA signal error
messages.

• To Disable/Enable 22 mA Signal Error in the Unit:

Follow the directions given for Entering Distance to Empty Level (Tank Height),
page 6. Instead of entering the tank height value, enter 00.16, and continue as
follows:

Press/Action

Display

Explanation

Choose disable.

Used to toggle between the modes.

or

Disables the 22 mA error messages.

NOTE: When the error signals are disabled the following current outputs will be
displayed:
(Level or flow measurement): F.F.F.F will indicate 20 mA and E.E.E.E will indicate
4 mA.
(Distance measurement): F.F.F.F will indicate 4 mA and E.E.E.E will indicate
20 mA.

The Pr00 function enables you to select one of the preset flumes/weirs settings for

Selecting the Flow Measurement Settings

flow measurements. This function is available only in the ULF Open Channel
series. When setting flow measurement parameters in the Pr00 function, the
flume/weir type value (X) is entered first, followed by the letter (U) or (E) that
represents either American (USA) or European standard flume/weir. The code
value (YY) represents the appropriate flume/weir dimensions in the following
format: . The open channel types and codes are described in Open Channels
Flow Measurement.

NOTE: Refer to Chapter 3, Setting Up and Calibrating the Unit, for an explanation
of accessing and using the functions menu.

All flow measurement values are displayed divided by 1000.

• To Select the Flow Measurement Settings:

Press/Action

Display

Explanation

Required menu selection.

For example:

Indicates the measurement unit for flow
in GPM (American standard) or M

3

/h

(metric standard) (upon request).

Displays last saved flow measurement
setting or default value, with first digit
flashing U – American standard or E –
European standard (upon request).

Use to select a new type value (X).

or

Last two digits of the display flash.

Use to select a new flume/weir length
code (YY).

or

Selected values are saved.

Open Channels Flow Measurements

The flume/weir type code methodology used when setting up open channels is
based on three digits: X(U/E)YY

Where:
X refers to the particular flume/weir type
U/E refers to either American or European standard flumes/weirs
YY refers to the specific flume/weir dimensions

The types of flumes/weirs are available in American standard or European standard
(upon request). When working in American standard the default flow measurement
units will be GPM, and in European standard the default flow measurement units
will be M³/Hr.

Page 10

Flume/Weir Types

This is the first value (X) entered for the Pr00 function. The following flume/weir
types are available both in European and American standard:

European Standard

Type (X)

Flumes/Weirs - European Standard

Pages 11-13

Rectangular Suppressed

1

Sharp-Crested Weir, Page 11
Rectangular Contracted Sharp-

2

Crested Weir, Page 11
Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp-

3

Crested Weir, Page 11
V-notch (Triangular) Sharp-

4

Crested Weir, Page 11
Khafagi-Venturi Flume, Page 12

5

Parshall Flume, Page 12

6

Palmer Bowlus Flume

7

Trapezoidal Throat Cross­Selection, Page 12
H Flume, Page 12

8

Neyrpic Venturi Flume/Long-

9

Base Weir, Page 13

American Standard
Pages 13-14

Rectangular Suppressed Sharp­Crested Weir, Page 13
Rectangular Contracted Sharp­Crested Weir, Page 13
Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp­Crested Weir, Page 13
V-notch (Triangular) Sharp-Crested
Weir, Page 13
Parshall Flume, Page 14
Palmer Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal
Throat Cross-Selection, Page 14
H Flume, Page 14

Leopold-Lagco Flume,
Page 14

Rectangular Suppressed Sharp-Crested Weir (Type 1)

Code (YY)

Figure 11: Rectangular Suppressed Sharp-Crested Weir

Rectangular Contracted Sharp-Crested Weir (Type 2 )

Code (YY)

Crest Length (cm)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

Crest Length (cm)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

20
40
60

80
100
150
200
300

20

30

40

50

60

80
100
150
200
300

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp-Crested Weir (Type 3)

Code (YY)

Figure 13: Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp-Crested Weir

V-Notch (Triangular) Sharp-Crested Weir (Type 4)

Code (YY)

Crest Length (cm)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

V-Notch Angle (°)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07

British Standard

08
09
10

30
45
60

80
100
150
200
300

90
60

53.8
45
30

28.4

22.5

90
45

22.5

Figure 12: Rectangular Contracted Sharp-Crested Weir

Figure 14: V-Notch (Triangular) Sharp-Crested Weir

Page 11

Khafagi-Venturi Flume (Type 5)

Code (YY)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09

Flume Type

QV 302
QV 303
QV 304
QV 305
QV 306
QV 308
QV 310
QV 313
QV 316

b0 (cm)

12
30
40
50
60

80
100
130
160

Palmer Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal Throat Cross-Selection (Type 7)

Code (YY)

Conduit Diameter (in) D

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

6

8
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30

Parshall Flume (Type 6)

Figure 15: Khafagi-Venturi Flume

Code (YY)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15

Throat Width (in)

1
2
3
6

9
12
18
24
36
48
60
72
96

120
144

Figure 17: Palmer Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal Throat Cross-Selection

H Flume (Type 8)

Code (YY)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

Flume Size (ft)

0.5

0.75
1

1.5
2

2.5
3

4.5

Figure 18: H Flume

Measurement Point (cm)

5
7

9
14
18
23
28
41

Figure 16: Parshall Flume

Page 12

Neyrpic Venturi Flume/Long-Base Weir (Type 9)

Code (YY)

Figure 19: Neyrpic Venturi Flume

Code (YY)

Figure 20: Long-Base Weir

Flumes/Weirs - American Standard

Rectagular Suppressed Sharp-Crested Weir (Type 1)

Code (YY)

Venturi Flume Type

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09

Long Base Weir Type

10
11
12
13

Crest Length (in)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09

1253AX
1253AY
1253AZ

1253A
1253B
1253C
1253D
1253E
1253F

1245A
1245B
1245C
1245D

12.00

18.00

24.00

30.00

36.00

48.00

60.00

72.00

96.00

Rectangular Contracted Sharp-Crested Weir (Type 2)

Code (YY)

Figure 22: Rectangular Contracted Sharp-Crested Weir

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp-Crested Weir (Type 3)

Code (YY)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09

Crest Length (in)

12.00

18.00

24.00

30.00

36.00

48.00

60.00

72.00

96.00

Crest Length (in)

12.00

18.00

24.00

30.00

36.00

48.00

60.00

72.00

96.00

Figure 21: Rectangular Suppressed Sharp-Crested Weir

Figure 23: Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp-Crested Weir

V-Notch (Triangular) Sharp-Crested Weir (Type 4)

Code (YY)

01
02
03
04
05

Figure 24: V-Notch (Triangular) Sharp-Crested Weir

Page 13

V-Notch Angle (°)

90
60
45
30

22.5

Parshall Flume (Type 5)

Code (YY)

Figure 25: Parshall Flume

Palmer Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal Throat Cross-Selection (Type 6)

Code (YY)

Throat Width (in)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Conduit Diameter (in) D

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

1
2
3
6

9
12
18
24
30
36
48
60
72
96

120
144

4
6

8
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
42
48
60
72

H Flume (Type 7)

Code (YY)

Leopold-Lagco Flume (Type 8)

Flume Size (in)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

Code (YY)

Figure 28: Leopold-Lagco Flume

Measurement Point (in)

6

9
12
18
24
30
36
54

Figure 27: H Flume

Crest Length (in)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17

10
12
15
18
21
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72

1.96

2.75

3.54

5.51

7.08

9.05

11.02

16.14

4
6
8

Figure 26: Palmer Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal Throat Cross-Selection

Page 14

Chapter 5 Troubleshooting

This chapter describes how to resolve problems that may occur when calibrating
the unit as follows:

Error

Description

1. Noise in area.
(Indicated by 22 mA if the
Error Signals are Enabled).

2. Inappropriate power
supply/no grounding.

Faulty power supply.

Sensor disconnected.

Any combination of three 8s and
one 1: Indicates an electrical
shortage caused by depressing
the buttons for too long.

Appears for several seconds
after restarting the unit. If it is
displayed for more than several
seconds, it may be due to one
of the following:

• Power supply voltage is too

low

• Load resistor resistance is too

high or unnecessary

• A random pulse that causes

the unit to automatically restart
Measurement value is greater
than 9999.

In flow mode, appears when the
entered tank height is incorrect.

Solution

1. Get away from noise source.

2. Check that the power supply is
appropriate/ check grounding
connection.

Make sure that the power supply
corresponds with the specifications
described in Chapter 2, Installing
the Unit. If the problem persists,
replace the power supply.
Contact Dwyer Technical Support.

Contact Dwyer Technical Support.

Make sure that the power supply
corresponds with the specifications
described in Chapter 2, Installing
the Unit. If the problem persists,
replace the power supply.

Double check the unit configuration
(Tank h, type of flume, 4 to 20 mA
settings.)
Decrease the tank height value.

22 mA Signal Error Messages

The following list of messages will appear on the display and coincides with a 22
mA analog current error output signal (when the error signals messages are
enables):

Error

Description

Sensor disconnected.

Near dead zone. (Depends on
the measurement definitions).
Tank empty. (Depends on the
measurement definitions).

1. Noise in area.
(indicated by 22 mA if the
error signals are enabled).

2. Inappropriate power supply/
no grounding.

Faulty power supply.
(indicated by 22 mA if the error
signals are enabled).

Solution

Contact Dwyer Technical Support.

Move the sensor farther from the
dead zone area.
Check the level of material in the
tank.

1. Get away from noise source.

2. Check that the power supply is
appropriate/check grounding
connection.

Make sure that the power supply
corresponds with the specifications
described in Chapter 2, Installing
the Unit. If the problem persists,
replace the power supply.

Page 15

Appendix A

Appendix B

Gas Factor Table

The following table contains 32 different types of gasses and their factor for
compensating the sound velocity:

Factor

0.62

0.63

0.74

0.54

0.99

1.26

0.92

0.53

0.41

0.37

0.56

0.77

1.01

0.38

0.68

0.71

0.90

0.71

0.95

2.93

3.79

0.89

0.62

1.29

0.71

1.30

1.01

0.63

1.02

0.72

0.61

0.57

Symbol

C

2h4o2

C3h6o
C

o

2h4

C

o

2h3c1

C

2h2

H3n
Ar
C

6H6

Br

2

Cbrclf

2

CH3COCH2CH
CO

2

CO
CCI

4

Cl

2

C2h6o
C

2h6

C2h6o
C

2h4

He
H

2

H2S

o

C

3h8

CH

4

Ch6n

2

Ne
N

2

CH3NO

2

O

2

C3H

8

C3H8O
C

O

4H8

Gas

Acetic Acid
Acetone
Acetaldehyde
Acetyl Chloride
Acetylene
Ammonia
Argon
Benzene
Bromine
Bromochlorodifluoromrthane
Butanone

3

Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorine
Dimethyl Ether
Ethane
Ethanol
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Sulfide
Isopropyl Alcohol
Methane
Methyl Hydrazine
Neon
Nitrogen
Nitromethane
Oxygen
Propane
Propanol
Tetrahydrofuran

Installation Tips

Distance to tank walls

Surface
Acoustic noises

Electrical interference

Tank installation

Tank installation

Sensor

Extension pipes (1)

Extension pipes (2)

Extension pipes (3)

Voltage

A battery

Ripple and noise
Type

Rechargeable supply

PLC Connections

Barrier

Tank Height,
Level/Distance
4 to 20 settings

5 cm margin

Scan distance (1)

Scan distance (2)

Scan distance (3)

SBD (1)

SBD (2)

1) Choosing Location

Must Be

At least 19.69˝ (50 cm) from
walls + 3.94˝/3.28 ft (10 cm/1
m) range.

Must Be
Must Be

Fixed on a horizontal surface.
Far away from acoustic
noises and vibrations.

Must Be

Shielded away from power
and sensor cables.

Must Be

Far away from tank inlets,
outlets, physical obstacles.

Must Be

Far away from tank inlets,
outlets, physical obstacles.

Must Be

Exactly perpendicular to the
surface of the target.

2) Handling Dead Zone

Must Be

At least 3˝ (7.62 cm) internal
diameter and 19.69˝ (50 cm)
long (from sensor low edge to
pipe low edge).

Must Be

With completely smooth
interior surface.

Must Be

Installed with a flange/not
protruding into the tank.

3) Power Source

Must Be

At least 12 VDC on unit
terminals.

Must Be

Rated higher than 12 volts
due to normal voltage drop.

Must Be
Must Be

Not exceeding 100 mV.
Preferably regulated switching
PS (avoid rectified PS).

Must Be

Non operational when
switched to recharge.

4) 2-Wire Interface

Must Be

As specified in the user
manual, preferably grounded.

Must Be

Connected in EX zones,
grounded.

5) Configuration

Must Be

Must Be

Configured correctly.

Defined (consider the
extension pipe).

Must Be

Kept between pipe low edge
and full level.

Must Be

Preferably be executed in all
applications.

Must Be

Executed when the tank is
empty.

Must Be

Performed after the old stored
data is cleared.

Must Be

Set up in flange and
extension pipe installations.

Must Be

At least 1.97˝ (5 cm) before
the pipe edge.

Page 16

Appendix C

Figure 29: Nomenclature

Page 17

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