Dwyer Instruments AFG-2, AFG-1 User manual

Series AFG Averaging Flow Grid

Specifications - Installation and Operating Instructions

SECTION A-A

1/64

[.396]

SCALE 2:1

A

Bulletin F-AFG

The Series AFG Flow Grid is an outstandingly simple yet accu-

rate and cost effective alternative to other duct mounted pressure
sensors. Once installed and connected to a suitable measuring
instrument, the device will provide years of trouble free monitoring
of both air and gas flow. Fitting the AFG Flow Grid is simple, with
the unit supplied in kit form to allow both workshop and on-site
installation into a wide range of square and circular ducts.

The AFG Flow Grid is a fundamental pressure-sensing device
designed to transmit a continuous differential pressure signal.
When this output is connected to a suitable measuring instrument
(i.e. manometer, pressure transducer, etc.) it may be used to
determine air velocity and volume flow rate.

HOW THE AFG FLOW GRID WORKS

The AFG Flow Gird consists of two tubes mounted diagonally
across a square or rectangular duct, or diametrically across a
round duct. The tubes are drilled with a series of equi-spaced
holes.

The holes in one tube face directly upstream and sense total pres­sure, while the pairs of holes in the second tube also face forward
but at an included angle of 79 degrees, sensing static pressure.

The total and (sub) static pressures are averaged along the length
of each tube and provide pressure signals at connectors outside
the duct wall. The pressure differentials across these connectors
constitute the output signal.

CONSTRUCTION

The AFG Flow Grid tubes are stainless, steel, PVC, Polyurethane,
acetyl plastics, and neoprene rubber.

ØA

2

A

B

[27]

[51]

1-3/16

[30.16]

1-11/16

[42.86]

[2.38]

1-1/16

SPECIFICATIONS
Service: Monitor air or compatible gas flow .
Wetted Materials:304 SS, PVC, Polyurethane, acetyl plas-

tics, and neoprene rubber.

Accuracy: ±5%.
Maximum Temperature: 176ºF (80ºC).
Velocity Range:295.2 ft/min to 5904 ft/min (1.5 to 30 m/sec).
Diameter of T ubes:5/16˝ (8 mm) or 5/8˝ (16 mm).
Max Duct Diagonal: 60.4˝ (153.4 cm).
Max Duct Diameter: 59.4˝ (150.9 cm).
Process Connections: 5/16˝ barbed.
Weight: AFG-1: 1 lb (454 g); AFG-2: 3 lb (1361 g).

APPLICATIONS

The AFG Flow Grids will give useful and reliable readings in a wide
variety of ‘in duct’ locations often where other flow rate measuring
devices are found to be unsatisfactory.

However , AFG Flow Grids should not be used in conditions of high
humidity or where material of a sticky nature is present in the air
stream, as a build-up of deposits on the pressure tubes or in the
pressure holes will affect calibration. Where a high dust burden is
likely to be encountered, it is advisable to provide access for
cleaning when installing an AFG Flow Grid.

Positioning in Ducts:
The AFG Flow Grids should be positioned in straight lengths of
duct and at right angles to the axis of the duct. The following cri­teria should be complied with when positioning an AFG Flow Grid:

5/32

The output connectors are 1/4" diameter and are intended for use
with plastic tube.

The AFG Flow Grids must not be used in air temperatures above
176ºF (80ºC).

1. Allow at least 3.5 diameters (3.5D) of duct upstream from 1D
bends and minor obstructions.

2. Major obstructions such as right angled bends and opposed
blade dampers require greater lengths of upstream duct (See the
last page).

3. Allow at least 1D of duct downstream of the AFG Flow Grid
before any change to the duct cross section or obstruction to the
flow. Shorter lengths are likely to increase pressure loss.

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Phone: [phone] www.dwyer-inst.com

P.O. BOX 373 • MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA 46361, U.S.A. Fax: [phone] e-mail: [e-mail]

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4. Avoid a sudden expansion immediately before an AFG Flow
Grid (See Fig. 2a).

5. A local contraction at the plane of the AFG Flow Grid is a use­ful technique to increase pressure differential when velocities are
low (See Fig. 2b).

6. Where persistent swirl is expected it is advisable to install an
anti-swirl device at least 1D upstream from the AFG Flow Grid.

Note: For rectangular duct D = Width + Height of Duct/ 2

a) Unacceptable

b) Acceptable

Fig. 2

INSTALLATION

The AFG Flow Grids are supplied in kit form, and tube lengths are
cut to suit the required duct size by the customer.

page 2

Table 2: Included Parts

Description

Adapter & Pressure Tube
Adapter Plate
Duct Cap
Cap Plate
Adapter Drilling Template
Duct Cap Drilling Template
Diaphragm
Elbow
Tube Cap
Grommet
Cap Seal
Adapter Seal
Screws, Self Tapping No. 6 x 5/8˝

Decide on the best location for your AFG Flow Grid.
The AFG Flow Grid is designed to fit into the shortest duct sides

of a rectangular duct or across a duct diameter. Mark out the duct
to the dimensions shown in Fig. 4 and 5. Attach the self-adhesive
templates supplied, and produce the holes to the sizes indicated
on the templates. DEBURR the 1.26˝ (32 mm) diameter holes.

Quantity

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

16

The AFG Flow Grid is available in two tube diameters and lengths
(See Table 1).

Table 1: Dimensions

Tube & Adapters

Tube Diameter “A”

5/16˝ (8 mm)
5/8˝ (16 mm)

Fig. 3

Supplied Length Size “B”

27˝ (688 mm)

59-4/5˝ (1518 mm)

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Introduce tubes into the duct and secure at the adapter end using
the clamping plate and No. 6 self-tapping screws supplied (See
Fig. 6 and 7). Note position of tubes relative to the direction of flow
(See Fig. 7).

They may be used in square, rectangular or round ducts.
Unpack your AFG Flow Grid. The kit should contain the following

parts:

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Fig. 6

Position and secure diaphragms and duct caps over protruding
tubes using clamping washers and No. 6 x 5/8” screws, etc. (See
Fig. 10 & 11).

Fig. 10

Fig. 7

Bias protruding ends of tubes towards the edge of the 1.26” (32
mm) diameter hole while cutting to length, and cut tubes 0.20” to

0.28˝ (5 to 7 mm) from the outside of the duct wall. DEBURR and
REMOVE SHARP EDGES from the tube ends and slide tube caps
over tubes (see Fig. 8 & 9). Fit the grommets as shown.

Fig. 8

Fig. 11

Push the elbows into the adapters. These may point in any direc­tion to suit tubing runs to differential pressure measuring instru­ments (See Fig. 12 & 13).

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 9

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Instrumentation and Completing the System:

The AFG Flow Grid is not a complete measuring system. To com­plete the system it is necessary to convert the output signal into a
more useful form.

For occasional checking of the AFG Flow Grid, differential pressure
portable instruments may be used.

A pressure transmitter may be used to give an electrical output
proportional to the pressure signal or include a square rooting
function to indicate velocity directly.

If the AFG Flow Grid is to be used as part of an alarm system, to
warn for example, if the volume flow rate drops below a certain
limit, a manometer fitted with alarm trips may be used.

To complete the installation, fit flexible tubing from the elbows at
the ends of the AFG Flow Grid to the chosen instrument. The
elbow connector is 6 mm outside diameter.

Interpretation of Output:

Duct mean velocity:
The differential pressure signal obtained across the output tap­pings of the AFG Flow Grid is proportional to the duct mean veloc­ity pressure and to the square of the duct mean velocity.

The relationship between the differential pressure and the velocity
pressure is the magnification factor M.

M= (ΔP)/(Pû)
AFG Flow Grid: M=1.0

Table 3: Calculating Velocity from Differential Pressure

Fig. 14: Typical Performance Graphs

DUCT MEAN VELOCITY v ft/min

5/16˝

(6 mm) Tube

4000

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5
FLOWGRID DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE ΔP IN Wg.

0

20

FlowGRID DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE Δ p Pa

500

400

300

200

100

5/8˝

(16 mm)

3000

15

1000

0

0

5

2000

10

DUCT MEAN VELOCITY m/s

Fig. 14 (above) shows AFG Flow Grid differential pressure against
duct mean velocity.

This graph is drawn for standard air conditions of 1.2 kgs/m
(0.075 lbs/ft3) and may be used if lower levels of accuracy (See
page 1 & 3) are acceptable. If higher levels of accuracy are required
on site calibration is essential (See next page).

3

Volume Flow Rate:
The most useful information obtainable from an AFG Flow Grid is
the volume flow rate in the duct in which it is fitted.

Table 4: Calculating Volumetric Flow from Differ ential Pressur e

Losses:
Introducing an AFG Flow Grid into a duct causes a very small pres­sure loss, which should be known when calculating the energy
requirements in a ducted system. The loss is measured as the
pressure drop between tapping points situated D/2 upstream and
downstream of the grid.

Fig. 15 shows magnification factor M and pressure loss factor L
plotted against mean velocity for a typical AFG Flow Grid installa­tion. It will be seen that these values remain sensibly constant over
the useful range of the AFG Flow Grid.

Fig. 15: Magnification and Pressure Loss Factors

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page 5

Calibration on Site:

To achieve the best possible accuracy, the AFG Flow Grids must
be calibrated on site and the following method of site calibration
and subsequent calculation is advised.

Any valid method of determining the volume flow rate may be used
in establishing the flow rate to differential pressure characteristic.

The following method and theory applies to the use of Pitot static
tubes, as the primary means of determining volume flow rate by
the velocity traverse technique.

To calibrate an AFG Flow Grid:

1. Install the AFG Flow Grid as described (See installation pages 2
& 3) and connect to a suitable manometer.

2. Prepare holes in the duct wall upstream of the AFG Flow Grid
for the Pitot static tube traverse to give an adequate survey of the
duct velocity pattern and mean duct velocity.

Table 6: Example: K Factor Calculation (Metric)

PITOT STATIC TUBE TRAVERSE DATA

Average

Average

Pitot Tube Traverse

Readings Pv Pa

& Pv

Reading

No.

1

250

Pv
Pv

15.81
96

Pv

9.80

Pv
Pv

48

Pv

6.93

DUCT AREA A = 250 X 500 mm = 0.125 m

2

230

15.17
92

9.59
46

6.78

3

260

16.12
99

9.95
47

6.86

4

240

15.49
96

9.80
51

7.14

5

212

14.56
90

9.49
45

6.71

of

Pv

15.43

9.73

6.88

2

of

Pv

238.08

94.67

47.33

Flow-

grid
Diff

Δp

514.2

199.8

98.1

AVERAGE k1 = 0.1107

Mag­Factor

p = M

Δ

Pv

2.160

2.110

2.072

Flow
Constant
K1 =
Ax1.291

CF

M

0.1095

0.1108

0.1118

3. Operate the system to give a typical flow rate through the Flow
Grid and take records of Pitot static tube traverse readings and the
Flow Grid differential pressure readings.

4. If possible, arrange the system flow rate to be changed to give
additional sets of readings covering the range over which the sys­tem is intended to be used.

5. The theory of the AFG Flow Grid for normal atmosphere condi­tions is shown on page 4.

(Δp)/(Pv)= M (See page 4).
Measure the ambient temperature ‘t’, the ambient barometric

pressure ‘B’ and the duct static pressure Ps. Calculate the cor­rection factor CF in the appropriate units.

Hence calculate the flow constant ‘K’ for each set of readings
taken.

Table 5: Calculating Flow Constant K

SI Units

K1= A x 1.291 CF

M

Where =

Δp = X Flowgrid differential pressure
M = X Flow grid magnification factor
Pv = duct mean velocity pressure Pa
A = cross section area of duct m

2

CF = correction factor
Take the average K1and plot the
curve of Q v Δp

Where

1

Δp

Q = K
Q = volume flowrate m3/s

K1= A x 4005 CF

Δp = X Flowgrid differential pressure in. wg.
M = X Flowgrid magnification factor
Pv = duct mean velocity pressure wg
A = cross section area of duct ft
CF = correction factor

1

Q = K
Q = volume flowrate ft

Δp

Imperial Units

M

3

/min

2

6. Suggested format for results using worked examples:
Metric Units (example- using AFG Flow Grid in duct size 250 mm

x 500 mm)

Table 7: Graph Plotting Information Derived from Traverse
Data (metric)

MX Flow Grid

Diff Δp Pa

Δp

Vol Flow

Rate

Q = K

ΔpM3/s

1

25

5

0.553

50

7.07

0.783

100

10

1.107

200

14.14

1.565

300

17.32

1.917

400

20.0

2.214

500

22.36

2.475

600

24.43

2.704

Imperial Units (example- using AFG Flow Grid in duct size 10” x
20”)

Table 8: Example: K Factor Calculation (Imperial)

PITOT STATIC TUBE TRAVERSE DATA

Average

Average

Flow-

Mag-

Pitot Tube Traverse

Readings Pv Pa

& Pv

Reading

No.

1

0.95

Pv

Pv

0.975

0.48

Pv

0.693

Pv
Pv

0.23

Pv

0.480

DUCT AREA A = 10˝ X 20˝ = 1.388 ft

2

0.99

0.995

0.50

0.707

0.25

0.50

3

1.03

1.015

0.52

0.721

0.25

0.50

4

1.06

1.030

0.53

0.728

0.24

0.49

5

0.99

0.996

0.49

0.70

0.22

0.469

of

of

Pv

1.004

1.002

0.504

0.710

0.238

0.488

2

grid

Pv

Diff

Δp

2.169

1.063

0.493

AVERAGE k1 = 3824

Factor

p = M

Δ

Pv

2.160

2.110

2.072

Flow
Constant
K1 =
Ax4005

CF

M

3781

3828

3863

Table 9: Graph Plotting Information Derived from Traverse
Data (Imperial)

MX Flow Grid

Diff Δp Pa

Δp

Vol Flow

Rate

Q = K

Δpft3/min

1

0.5

0.707

2703

1.0

1.0

3824

1.5

1.225

4684

2.0

1.414

5408

2.5

1.581

6046

(see Fig. 17 for Graph)

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Table 10: Uncertainty and Repeatability of Measurement

Expected uncertainty of measurement with typical system obstruc­tions:

Straight Upstream Length

Required to Maintain

Obstruction

Right Angle Bend
Radius Angle Bend
r=1D or less
Opposed Blade Damper
30° Bend
Tapered Contraction
Sudden Contraction

Note: For rectangular ducts D= Width + Height of Duct/2
On any particular installation repeatability of signal output is likely

to be better than ±5%.
When calibrated on site (See Previous Page) uncertainty of mea-

surement is likely to be better than ±5%.

±10%

10.0D

10.0D

10.0D

3.5D

3.5D

3.5D

±15%

3.5D

3.5D

3.5D

2.0D

2.0D

2.0D

Fig. 16

MAINTENANCE

No maintenance is normally required except where a high dust
burden is likely to be encountered in the air stream. Deposits in the
pressure holes will affect calibration and it is advisable to provide
some means of access for cleaning when installing the AFG Flow
Grid. The Series AFG Flow Grid is not field serviceable and should
be returned if repair is needed (field repair should not be attempt­ed and may void warranty). Be sure to include a brief description
of the problem plus any relevant application notes. Contact cus­tomer service to receive a return goods authorization number
before shipping.

Fig. 17

©Copyright 2005 Dwyer Instruments, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. 12/05 FR# R1-443394-00

DWYER INSTRUMENTS, INC.

Phone: [phone] www.dwyer-inst.com

P.O. BOX 373 • MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA 46361, U.S.A. Fax: [phone] e-mail: [e-mail]

Find Quality Products Online at: [e-mail]

www.GlobalTestSupply.com