Domino A-SERIES Operation And Maintenance Manual

DOMINO A--SERIES

INK JET PRINTER

OPERATION AND

MAINTENANCE

MANUAL

DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

We,

Domino UK Ltd, Bar Hill, Cambridge CB3 8TU

declare under our sole responsibility that the products,

Domino A300 and Pinpoint, A200 & A100 Printers

to which this declaration relates, are in conformity with the following
standards:

EN50081--2 1992 Class B : Electromagnetic Compatibility
(Conducted),
EN50082--2 1992 : Electromagnetic Compatibility, General
Immunity Standard
EN55022--1 1987 Class A : Electromagnetic Compatibility
(Radiated)
EN60204 Part 1 : Safety of Machinery -- Electrical Equipment of
Industrial Machines
EN60950 : Safety of Information Technology Equipment, including
Electrical Business Machines

following the provisions of:

73/23/EEC : Low Voltage Directive
89/336/EEC : EMC Directive.

Bar Hill,
Cambridge,
17th July 1998 D.W. Reed

(2) 27080 Issue 1 Sept 98

DOMINO A--SERIES

INK JET PRINTER

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

This manual, Domino Part No. 27080, is for use in the maintenance of
Domino A300 and Pinpoint, A200 and A100 printers.

For instructions on how to operate the printer, refer to the Domino
A--Series Operator’s Pocketbook, Domino Part No. 27090.

Users of this ink jet printer are warned that is is essential to read,
understandandactaccordingtotheinformationgiveninPart1:Health
andSafety. Thispartofthemanualalsospecifiesasetofsymbolswhich
are used elsewhere in the manual to convey special warnings or
requirements. It is,therefore,essentialthat users arealso familiarwith
these symbols and act accordingly.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored on a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Domino UK Ltd.

Domino UK Ltd has a policy of continuous product improvement,the
Company therefore reserves the right to modify the specification
contained in this manual without notice.

E Domino UK Ltd 1998

For sales, service and inks please contact:

Domino UK Ltd Domino Amjet Inc

Bar Hill 1290 Lakeside Drive
Cambridge CB3 8TU Gurnee IL.60031
England U.S.A.
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]

27080 Issue 1 Sept 98 (3)

FCC Notice

Thisequipmenthasbeentestedandfoundtocomplywiththelimitsfor
a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These
limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful
interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial
environment.

Thisequipmentgenerates,usesandcanradiateradiofrequencyenergy
and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction
manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communication.
Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause
harmfulinterference,in whichcase,the userwillbe requiredtocorrect
the interference at his own expense.

Ifthis equipmentdoes causeharmful interferencetoradioortelevision
reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and
on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or
more of the following measures:

D Re--orientate or relocate the receiving antenna
D Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver
D Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from

that to which the receiver is connected

D Consultthedealeroranexperiencedradio/TVtechnicianforhelp.

Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the
manufacturercouldvoidtheuser’sauthoritytooperatetheequipment.

(4) 27080 Issue 1 Sept 98

DOMINO A--SERIES

INK JET PRINTER

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 Part 1 Health and Safety

Basic requirements and symbol
explanations.

Part 2 Introduction

Including printer specification, menu map
and use of the front panel.

CHAPTER 2 Part 3 Operation

Start up, shut down, cartridge and
reservoir replacement and how to create a
message.

Part 4 Display Messages and Fault Finding

Message interpretation and basic
fault--finding.

Part 5 Reference

Glossary of terms and screen descriptions
with details of the options.

CHAPTER 3 Part 6 Printer Description

Print head, cabinet, electronics and ink
systems.

Part 7 Maintenance

General and periodic maintenance, jet
alignment and ink changes.

Part 8 Repair

Print head, electronics system and ink
system.

Part 9 Spares and Accessories

Accessories, consumables, tools and
spares.

Part 10 Options

Additional parts for the printer.

Appendix A Installation

Installation and preparation for use.
Index To locate a subject in the manual.
Appendix B Compressor Driven Airdryer

Instructions and maintenance.
Appendix B Air Driven Airdryer

Instructions and maintenance.

27080 Issue 1 Sept 98 (5)

(6) 27080 Issue 1 Sept 98

DOMINO A--SERIES

INK JET PRINTER

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

AMENDMENT RECORD

Amendment Date

All Parts at Issue 1 September 98
Appendix B : Compressor Driven Airdryer April 98
Appendix B : Air Driven Airdryer April 98

27080 Issue 1 Sept 98 (7)

(8) 27080 Issue 1 Sept 98

DOMINO A--SERIES

INK JET PRINTER

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

In order that the machine continues to comply with the standards
required by the certification, the following components must not be
altered in any way or replaced by other types.

COMPONENT DOMINO

PART NO.

HV PSU 12170 Advance HI Volt GM7--19

PSU Assy 37758 Bulgin Power

Filter

Mains/Power

Switch

Mains/Power

Plug 3 Way

Mains/Power

Socket 7 Way

Mains/Power

PCB Assy

External

Interface

Fuse 20x5 (T)

1A

Fuse 20x5 (T)

4A

13492 Shaffner

37744 EAO 61--8420.12

13496 Bulgin PX0730/P

13498 Bulgin PX0744/S

25109 Domino 25109

01210 Little Fuse 213.001.MA000

01229 Little Fuse 218.004.MA000

MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURER

PART NO.

SAX110--34

Source

FN332--3/05

Bulgin

PS02/A0320/63

27080 Issue 1 Sept 98 (9)

(10) 27080 Issue 1 Sept 98

PART 1 : HEALTH AND S AFETY

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Page 1--3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Basic Requirements 1--3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Storage 1--4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fire Risk 1--4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spillages and Disposal 1--6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SYMBOLS 1--7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27080 Issue 1 August 98 1--1

HEALTH AND SAFETY

1--2 27080 Issue 1 August 98

HEALTH AND SAFETY

HEALTH AND SAFETY

INTRODUCTION

Domino supplies Safety Data Sheets (SDS’s)giving specific safety
information with each of its ink, make--up and wash fluids. There are
also warnings on each container. The following notes are for general
guidance only.

Basic Requ irements

When used correctly, printing inks do not cause problems. However,
everybody using them should be familiar with the appropriate safety
standards and be aware of the precautions that should be taken. The
following are basic requirements.

D Proper standards of industrial practice relating to cleanliness and

tidiness must be maintained

D Inks and their containers must be stored and handled with care
D All who come into contact with inks must be properly instructed

in their use.

Directions for safe working practices vary according to the
environment. The following are broad principles so that necessary
precautions may be taken.

D Contact with the mouth must be avoided. Therefore eating,

drinkingorsmoking, or any personal habits oractionswhichmay
transfer ink to the mouth, must be avoided

D Contact with the eyes must be avoided. Suitable eye protection

must always be worn whenever there is any risk of splashing or
misting. If ink does get into theeyes,firstaid treatment is toflood
theaffectedeyefor15minuteswithsalinesolution,(orcleanwater
ifsalinesolutionisnotavailable),takingcarenottoallowthewater
to run into an unaffected eye. Medical aid must be obtained
immediately

D Most inks contain solvents which may injure the skin. Warning of

this is given on the SDSs. Barrier creams should be used and
protective clothing worn

27080 Issue 1 August 98 1--3

HEALTH AND SAFETY

D Many inks contain materials which vaporise easily and can be

inhaled. Good ventilation is necessary

D Any usedcleaning materials,e.g.rags, paperwipes,are apotential

fire hazard. They must be collected for safe disposal after use

D After exposure to ink, all possible traces must be washed off as

soon as possible at the nearest washing facility.

Certain inks are allowed for use where they can be in indirect contact
with food. In these cases, the following precautions must be observed
in addition to those appropriate to hygiene:

D The inks must only be used in printers supplied from new for use

with these inks. Any repairsand replacementsmust use genuine,
new and unused spare parts

D The inks must not be used in printers which have previously been

used, at any time, for any other purpose.

In other words, a printer using ”food grade” ink can be converted for
use with other inks, but a printer which has used other inks must not
be converted for use with food grade ink.

Storage

Printing inks must be stored in well--ventilated buildings, or in areas
set aside for the purpose, chosen for safety in case of fire. Materials
based on volatile, flammable solvents must be stored in accordance
with local regulations.

Fire Risk

For an electrical fire, do not use water. If water must be used, such as
inthe caseof aNitro--cellulose inkfire (seebelow) thepowerMUST BE
REMOVED first.

Manyinks usedin inkjetprintingcontainNitro--celluloseas thebinder
and remain highly flammable when dry. Observe all warnings given
on the machine and the following safety instructions:

D If there has been an accumulation of dried ink, do not use ferrous

metal (iron or steel) scrapers to remove it, as they can produce
sparks

1--4 27080 Issue 1 August 98

HEALTH AND SAFETY

D If dry Nitro--cellulose based ink ignites, it will generate its own

oxygenand canonly beextinguished bylowering thetemperature
with water

D If a Nitro--cellulose fire occurs, ENSURE THAT THE

ELECTRICAL POWER IS IMMEDIATELY REMOVED FROM
THE PRINTER BEFORE water is used to extinguish the fire.

Fire risk is a most important consideration where printing inks are
storedandused. Thedegreeoffirehazardwillvaryconsiderablyfrom
one type of ink or wash to another.

Water--based inkswillnot burn, althoughinksbased on water--alcohol
mixtures may burn if there is sufficient alcohol present. Prolonged
exposureof water--based systemstohigh temperatures mayevaporate
the water to give a flammable residue.

Solvent--based inks offer a greater degree of hazard depending on the
particular solvent or solvent combination. When there is a particular
hazard the appropriate information is given on the SDS.

Ink jet printers place small electrostatic charges on the ink drops used
for printing. In most circumstances, such as when they arrive at the
print surface, these electrostatic charges are either conducted away or
cannotaccumulate. However,duringmaintenance,printdropsmaybe
collected in a container, such as a beaker. It is essential that this
container is made of conducting material and is securely connected to
ground/earth. The electrostatic chargeswill then be safely conducted
to ground/earth.

If there is a fire, there is a likelihood that dangerous fumes will arise
from printing inks. For this reason ink must be stored where it can be
reached quickly by the fire fighting service, and where it will not
spread beyond the store.

27080 Issue 1 August 98 1--5

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Spillages and Disposal

WARNING: Some dried inks are highly flammable. Clean up

allink spillagesimmediately. Do notallow theink
to dry or allow any build--up of dried ink spills.

Spillages must be cleaned up as soon as possible with the appropriate
solventmaterials andwith regardtothesafetyofpersonnel. Caremust
be taken to prevent spillages or residue from cleaning up entering
drains or sewage systems.

Inks and associated fluids are materials which conduct electricity.
Therefore, power to the printer must be switched off while spillages
inside the printer cabinet are being cleaned up.

Printing inks and associated fluids must not be treated as ordinary
waste. They must be disposed of using approved methods according
to local regulations.

1--6 27080 Issue 1 August 98

HEALTH AND SAFETY

SYMBOLS

The following symbols are used in this manual. Where they appear
next to a procedure or instruction, they have the significance and
importance of written warnings and cautions.

Eye protection must be worn.

Protective clothing must be worn.

The equipment must be switched off and power removed.

Only trained personnel should carry out this procedure.

Beware of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD). Electrostatic precautions
must be used.

D Switch off machine first
D Wear a wristband connected to ground
D Avoid wearing clothing which can build up electrostatic voltages
D Use ESD protective bags to transport PCBs
D Only place PCBs on a mat made from a material which will

dissipate electrostatic voltages and which is connected to ground.

27080 Issue 1 August 98 1--7

HEALTH AND SAFETY

1--8 27080 Issue 1 August 98

PART 2 : INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS

GENERAL Page 2--5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PRINTER SPECIFICATION 2--6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Print Head 2--6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cabinet 2--6.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Input 2--6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ink System 2--7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Environment 2--7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General 2--7.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PRINTER CONTROL 2--8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Front Control Panel 2--8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Display 2--8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

On/Off Switching 2--9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Topic Keys 2--11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General Purpose Keys 2--12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Help Key 2--13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Currency Key 2--13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Password System 2--13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unicode Character Entry 2--14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Importing and Exporting Data 2--14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

User Port 2--14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FRONT PANEL TOPIC KEY MENUS 2--15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27080 Issue 1 August 98 2--1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL

This manual provides:

D A basic introduction to the printer and how to use the front panel,

with procedures that demonstrate how to manage the printer

D Reference sections describing the functions and messages

presented through the front panel

D A full description of the ink and electronics systems
D Maintenance and repair procedures.

Theprinterconsistsofaprinthead connectedtoastainlesssteelcabinet
by way of a flexible conduit. The cabinet contains an ink system and a
controlling electronic system operated through a panel on the cabinet
upper door. The printers are shown on pages 2--2, 2--3 and 2--4, with
internal views of thecabinetupper(electronic) and lower (inksystem)
compartments shown on pages 6--7 and 6--8.

27080 Issue 1 August 98 2--5

INTRODUCTION

PRINTER SPECIFICATION

Print Head

Standard Finish: Aluminium alloy, Tufram coated
Dimensions: Width: 40mm (1.575”)

Depth: 42.5mm (1.673”)
Height: 280.5mm (11.05”)

Weight: 1.0kg (2.2lbs)
Nozzle size:
Pinpoint only:
Spacing from print surface:
Pinpoint only:
Working height relative to

cabinet base:

Conduit Length: 3 or 6 metres (10ft and 20ft)

60 or 75 micron

40 micron

12mm (0.47”) nominal

4mm (+/-- 1mm)

3m conduit: +/--2m (8ft 2ins)

6m conduit: +/--3m (10ft) (A300/A200

only)

A300 Pinpoint and A100: 3m only

Cab inet

Standard Finish: Brushed 316 stainless steel (A300)

Brushed 304 stainless steel (A200 & A100)

IP Rating: A300 is IP65 (1977)

A200/A100 are IP53 (1977)

Dimensions (A300 &
A200):

Width: 475mm (18.7”) --not incl. handles

Depth: 245mm (9.65”) --not incl. front panel
Height: 715mm (28.15) --not incl. feet

Weight (A300 & A200)
(incl. fluids):

Dimensions (A100): Width: 450mm (17.7”) -- not incl. handles

Weight (A100) (incl. fluids): 33kg (72.6lbs)
Control Panel: Polyester, Membrane touch button

For cabinet and print head installation dimensions, see Installation
page A--13.

36kg (79lbs)

Depth: 245mm (9.46”)
Height: 650mm (25.6”)

Data Input (Optional)

Interface: Serial, RS232, RS485
Rate: 110 -- 38.4kBaud software configurable

2--6 27080 Issue 1 August 98

INTRODUCTION

Ink System

Ink Capacity (Reservoir): 1.2 litres (0.32 US gall.) -- automatically

metered
Ink Capacity (Cartridge): 825ml (0.218 US gall.)
Make--up Capacity

(Reservoir):
Make--up Capacity

(Cartridge):
Ink Viscosity Control: Automatic Viscometer
Ink Bleed Control: Automatic Start--Up/Shut--Down
Working Pressure:
Pinpoint only:

600 ml (0.16 US gall.) nominal --

automatically metered

825ml (0.218 US gall.)

Automatic, 2900mBar (42 psi) nominal

Automatic, 4000mBar (60psi) nominal

Environment

Temperature Range
(working):

Temperature Range
(Storage):

Humidity: 10 -- 90% RH (non--condensing)
Electrical Supply: 90--132V/180--264V 50/60Hz single phase

+5° to +45°C (42°F to 112°F)

--20° to +60°C (--4°F to +140°F) (machine dry
storage, wet dependent upon fluids)

Auto ranging, 200VA, internal fuse rating 4A

General

Acoustic Noise Level: Not more than 70 dBA
Positive Air Pressure (print

head):

Product detector/Shaft
encoder connectors:

Shaft Encoder Input: Open collector or TTL encoder
Beacon Connector (option): Bulgin ”Buccaneer” 7 way socket
Alarms Connector (option): Bulgin ”Buccaneer” 9 way plug
User Port Connector (option): Bulgin ”Buccaneer” 25 way socket
Communications Port

connector (option):
Power connector: Bulgin ”Buccaneer” 3 way plug,

Internal or external supply. Max
external supply pressure to cabinet
1 bar. (A100 is internal only)

Bulgin ”Buccaneer” 6 way socket.
12V 100mA for photocell or

proximity detector

Bulgin ”Buccaneer” 9 way socket

cable supplied

27080 Issue 1 August 98 2--7

INTRODUCTION

PRINTER CONTROL

The printer is switched on by pressing the black button--switch on the
side of the cabinet. This supplies power to the whole printer and after
a short period control of the printer is transfered to the front panel.

Control Panel

Theprinter iscontrolledexclusivelythroughthefrontpanel. Thereare
two types of keys:

D Permanent keys with fixed functions (these form the majority of

keys)

D Function keys with functions which can change under software

control.

The main areas of the front panel are identified in the diagram below.

Topic Keys

Jet

On/Off

Key

Character

Set Keys

A1006_1

Displa y

Display

Front Panel Keyboard Layout

Cursor Keys

Data Entry Keys

Increment

Keys

Function

Keys

The display presentation has the following basic structure.
Alertbar shows amessagewhen a printeralertis raised. Themessage

flashes until acknowledged bypressingany character key or thespace
key,after whichthe messageis displayedcontinuously. Whenthealert
condition is cleared,themessageis cleared. If two or more alerts exist

2--8 27080 Issue 1 August 98

INTRODUCTION

Alert Bar

Status Bar

Working Area

Information Bar

Key Option Bar

Screen Number

Print Symbol

Scroll Arrow

simultaneously, the highest priority alert is displayed. An
unacknowledged alert is always at a higher priority than any other
acknowledged alert. Screen messages are detailed in Part 4.

Status bar shows status and other non--alert information.
Working area provides a general presentation area for the function in

use.
Informationbar usually showswhich levelis currentlyselected, but is

also used for general information.
Key option bar shows up to four key options at any one time,

presentingthemaslabelsforthefour functionkeysimmediatelybelow
the screen. The options are scrolled left and right in groupsof four by
the keys on each side of the function keys, which appear when thereis
morethanfourkeyoptions. Scrollingresultsinthekeylabelschanging,
with the functions of the keys also changing to correspond with the
labelling.

Screen n umber provides a numerical identity for each screen.
Scroll arrow shows that the screen detail extends off the display. The

up-- and down--cursor keys must be used to show the hidden detail.
Print symbol shows printing as each Print Go signal is received. At

very slow print rates the symbol will appear to flash, but typical print
rates will give the appearance of a continuous symbol.

Jet On/Off Switching

TheJetOn/Off switchispressed toswitchon the jetandpressedagain
to switch off the jet. It is necessary to press the switch for two seconds
as a precaution against accidental use. The switch also carries the
following indicators:

Power On Indicator shows when the power is switched on at the
switch on the side of the cabinet.

Red Alert Indicator shows the printer has a fault which prevents
printing. The indicatorflasheswhilethe alert is unacknowledged and

27080 Issue 1 August 98 2--9

INTRODUCTION

Power On

Indicator

Jet On/Off

Key

Red Alert

Indicator

Amber Alert

Indicator

Green

Indicator

displays steadily when the alert is acknowledged. It is extinguished
when the fault is cleared.

Amber Alert Indicator shows the printer has a fault that requires
attention. Theindicatorflasheswhilethealertisunacknowledgedand
displays steadily when the alert is acknowledged. It is extinguished
when the fault is cleared.

Green Indicator flashes while the printer is starting up or shutting
down and displays steadily when the printer is printing or ready to
print. It is extinguished by a fault or when the jet is not running.

2--10 27080 Issue 1 August 98

INTRODUCTION

Topic Keys

Thetopic keyseach opensets ofscreenoptions. These areshown inthe
diagram on pg. 2--8 and described in detail in Part 5 : Reference.

Message Editor Provides access to the message

creation utilities.

Message Store Provides access to the stored

Messages.

Print Setup Provides access to the utilities

controlling the message being
printed, e.g. message
orientation.

Machine Setup Provides access to adjustments

in setting up the printer.

Service Provides access to the printer for

the Service engineer.

Memory Card Provides access to the PCMCIA

utilities.

Message
Monitor

Shows the message currently
being printed.

Lock--out Switches on password

protection, where used.

27080 Issue 1 August 98 2--11

General Purpose Keys

Cursor Keys Four permanent keys used to

Increment Keys Two permanent keys used to

INTRODUCTION

move the cursor around the
screen.

increment and decrement values
shown on the screen and
marked with the highlight bar.
The effect of these keys on
settings and values is
immediate.

Option Key Bar
Scroll Keys

Two keys used to scroll the
functions in the keybar.

Function Keys Keys with functions identified

by the names in the keybar
immediately above.

Delete Key Deletes entries marked by the

highlight bar.

Alternative
Character Set -­Left (Blue)

Press this key to select the top
left blue character on each
character key. Also (used with
the + and -- keys) controls screen
contrast.

Alternative
Character Set -­Right (Green)

Press this key to select the top
right green character on each
character key.

Shift Lock Key Changes characters to lower case

until pressed again to return to
upper case characters.

Shift Key Hold down to change characters

to lower case.

Enter Key Press this key to put data into

the system to complete an
action.

2--12 27080 Issue 1 August 98